Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E CNG ON TAP MON TOAN LP 8 HOC K II i s: A.ph-ng trnh I . ph-ng trnh bc nht mt n: 1. nh ngha: Phng trnh bac nhat mot an la phng trnh co dang ax + b = 0 , vi a va b la hai so a cho va a 0 , V du : 2x 1 = 0 (a = 2; b = - 1) 2.Cach giai phng tr nh bac nhat mot an : Bc 1: Chuyen hang t t do ve ve phai. Bc 2: Chia hai ve cho he so cua an ( Chu y: Khi chuyen ve hang t th phai oi dau so hang o) II Ph-ng trnh -a v ph-ng trnh bc nht: Cch gii: Bc 1 : Quy ong mau roi kh mau hai ve Bc 2:Bo ngoac bang cach nhan a thc; hoac dung quy tac dau ngoac. Bc 3:Chuyen ve: Chuyen cac hang t cha an qua ve trai; cac hang t t do qua ve phai.( Chu y: Khi chuyen ve hang t th phai oi dau so hang o) Bc4: Thu gon bang cach cong tr cac hang t ong dang Bc 5: Chia hai ve cho he so cua an ng nh V d: Gii ph- tr
x + 2 2x + 1 5 M u chung: 6 = 2 6 3 3( x + 2) - (2 x + 1) = 5.2 6 x + 6 - 2 x - 1 = 10
6 x + 2 x = 10 - 6 + 1 8 x = 5 x =
5 8
5 8
V y nghi ca ph- tr l x = m ng nh BI tp luyn tp: Bi 1 Giai phng tr nh a. 3x-2 = 2x 3 b. 2x+3 = 5x + 9 c. 5-2x = 7 d. 10x + 3 -5x = 4x +12 Bai 2: Giai phng tr nh a/ b/
e. f. g. h.
11x + 42 -2x = 100 -9x -22 2x (3 -5x) = 4(x+3) x(x+2) = x(x+3) 2(x-3)+5x(x-1) =5x2
x x-2 x+4 -x+4= 3 2 5 5x + 2 8x - 1 4 x + 2 d/ = -5 6 3 5
3x + 2 3x + 1 5 = + 2x 2 6 3 4 x + 3 6x - 2 5x + 4 = +3 5 7 3
c/
Nm hc 2010-2011
Phng tr nh tch: Co dang: A(x).B(x)C(x).D(x) = 0 Trong o A(x).B(x)C(x).D(x) la cac nhan t. Cch gii: V d:
A( x) = 0 B( x) = 0 A(x).B(x)C(x).D(x) = 0 C ( x) = 0 D( x) = 0 1 2
(2 x + 1)(3x - 2) = 0 3x - 2 = 0 x =
1 2 V y: S = - ; 2 3
2 3
2/ (x + )(x- ) = 0
3/ (3x-1)(2x-3)(2x-3)(x+5) = 0 4/ 3x-15 = 2x(x-5) 2 6/ x2 2x = 0 5/ x x = 0 7/ x2 3x = 0 8/ (x+1)(x+4) =(2-x)(x+2) IV.ph-ng trnh cha n mu: Cch gii: Bc 1 :Ph tch m u thnh nh t n n Bc 2: Tm KX cua phng trnh Tm KX cua phng trnh :La tm tat ca cac gia tr lam cho cac mau khac 0 ( hoac tm cac gia tr lam cho mau bang 0 roi loai tr cac gia tr o i) Bc 3:Quy ong mau roi kh mau hai ve . Bc 4: Bo ngoac. Bc 5: Chuyen ve (oi dau) Bc 6: Thu gon. + Sau khi thu gon ma ta c: Phng trnh bac nhat th giai theo quy tac giai phng trnh bac nhat + Sau khi thu gon ma ta c: Phng trnh bac hai th ta chuyen tat ca hang t qua ve trai; phan tch a thc ve trai thanh nhan t roi giai theo quy tac giai phng trnh tch. Bc 4: oi chieu KX e tra li. V d: Gii:
2 1 3 2 1 3 = (1) = 2 x + 1 x - 1 ( x - 1)( x + 1) x +1 x -1 x -1 2
2 3
1 2
2 1 3 = 2 x +1 x -1 x -1
Nm hc 2010-2011
KX :
x - 1 0 x 1 x + 1 0 x -1
MC: ( x + 1)( x - 1) Ph- tr (1) 2( x - 1) - 1( x + 1) = 3 2 x - 2 - x - 3 = 3 ng nh k) V nghi ca ph- tr l x = 8. y m ng nh x = 8 (tm / Gii ph- tr ngh nh: Gii :
2x 5 x 2x 5 x (2) = = 2 x - 2 x + 2 ( x - 2)( x + 2) x-2 x+2 x -4 x - 2 0 x 2 KX : x + 2 0 x -2
x 2x 5 = 2 x-2 x+2 x -4
b)
b)
IV.ph-ng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i: Khi a 0 th a = a Can nh : Khi a < 0 th a = -a bi tp luyn tp Gi i ph- tr ng nh: a/ x - 2 = 3
b/ x + 1 = 2 x + 3
c.giI bi ton bng ch lp ph-ng trnh. 1.Phng phap : Bc1: Chon an so: + oc that k bai toan e tm c cac ai lng, cac oi tng tham gia trong bai toan
3
Nm hc 2010-2011
+ Tm cac gia tr cua cac ai lng a biet va cha biet + Tm moi quan he gia cac gia tr cha biet cua cac ai lng + Chon mot gia tr cha biet lam an (thng la gia tr bai toan yeu cau tm) lam an so ; at ieu kien cho an Bc2: Lap phng trnh + Thong qua cac moi quan he neu tren e bieu dien cac ai lng cha biet khac qua an Bc3: Giai phng trnh Giai phng trnh , chon nghiem va ket luan bi tp luyn tp Bai 1 Hai th vien co ca thay 20000 cuon sach .Neu chuyen t th vien th nhat sang th vien th hai 2000 cuon sach th so sach cua hai th vien bang nhau .Tnh so sach luc au moi th vien . Luc au Luc chuyen Th vien I x X - 2000 Th vien II 20000 -x 20000 x + 2000 S: so so sach luc au th vien th nhat 12000 so sach luc au th vien th hai la 8000 Bai 2 :So lua kho th nhat gap oi so lua kho th hai .Neu bt kho th nhat i 750 ta va them vao kho th hai 350 ta th so lua trong hai kho se bang nhau .Tnh xem luc au moi kho co bao nhieu lua . Lua Luc au Luc them , bt Kho I Kho II S: Luc au Kho I co 2200 ta Kho II co : 1100ta Bai 3 : Mau so cua mot phan so ln hn t so cua no la 5 .Neu tang ca t ma mau cua no them 5 n v th c phan so mi bang phan so Luc au t so mau so Phng trnh :
x+5 2 = Ph s l 5/10. n x + 10 3 2 .Tm phan so ban au . 3
Luc tang
Bai 4 :Nam nay , tuoi bo gap 4 lan tuoi Hoang .Neu 5 nam na th tuoi bo gap 3 lan tuoi Hoang ,Hoi nam nay Hoang bao nhieu tuoi ? Nam nay 5 nam sau Tuoi Hoang Tuoi Bo
4
Nm hc 2010-2011
Phng trnh :4x+5 = 3(x+5) Bai 5: Mot ngi i xe ap t A en B vi van toc 15 km / h.Luc ve ngi o i vi van toc 12km / HS nen thi gian ve lau hn thi gian i la 45 phut .Tnh quang ng AB ? S(km) V(km/h) t (h) i Ve S: AB dai 45 km Bai 6 : Luc 6 gi sang , mot xe may khi hanh t A e en B .Sau o 1 gi , mot oto cung xuat phat t A en B vi van toc trung bnh ln hn van toc trung bnh cua xe may 20km/h .Ca hai xe en B ong thi vao luc 9h30 sang cung nagy .Tnh o dai quang ng AB va van toc trung bnh cua xe may . S V t(h) Xe may O to 3,5x 2,5(x+20) x x+20 3,5 2,5
Van toc cua xe may la 50(km/h) Van toc cua oto la 50 + 20 = 70 (km/h) Bai 7 :Mot ca no xuoi dong t ben A en ben B mat 6 gi va ngc dong t ben B ve ben A mat 7 gi .Tnh khoang cach gia hai ben A va B , biet rang van toc cua dong nc la 2km / h . Ca no S(km) V (km/h) t(h) N- c yn lng x Xuoi dong Ngc dong Phng trnh :6(x+2) = 7(x-2) Bai 8:Mot so t nhien co hai ch so .Ch so hang n v gap hai lan ch so hang chuc .Neu them ch so 1 xen vao gia hai ch so ay th c mot so mi ln hn so ban au la 370 .Tm so ban au . So ban au la 48 Bai 9:Mot to san xuat theo ke hoach moi ngay phai san suat 50 san pham .Khi thc hien , moi ngay to a san xuat c 57 san pham .Do o to a hoan thanh trc ke hoach 1 ngay va con vt mc 13 san pham .Hoi theo ke hoach , to phai san xuat bao nhieu san pham ? Nang suat 1 ngay ( So ngay (ngay) So san pham (san san pham /ngay ) pham ) Ke hoach x Thc hien
5
Nm hc 2010-2011
Phng trnh :
Bai 10: Mot bac th theo ke hoach moi ngay lam 10 san pham .Do cai tien ky thuat moi ngay bac a lam c 14 san pham .V the bac a hoan thanh ke hoach trc 2 ngay va con vt mc d nh 12 san pham .Tnh so san pham bac th phai lam theo ke hoach ? Nang suat 1 ngay ( So ngay (ngay) So san pham (san san pham /ngay ) pham ) Ke hoach x Thc hien B.Bt ph-ng trnh Bat phng trnh dang ax + b < 0 (hoac ax + b > 0, ax + b 0, ax + b 0) vi a va b la hai so a cho va a 0 , c goi labat phng trnh bac nhat mot an . V du : 2x 3 > 0; 5x 8 0 ; 3x + 1 < 0; 2x 5 0 Cach giai bat phng trnh bac nhat mot an : Tng t nh cach giai phng trnh a ve bac nhat.r i biu di nghi trn trc n m s . Chu y : Khi chuyen ve han gt th phai oi dau so han g o. Khi chia ca hai ve cua bat phng trnh cho so am phai oi chieu bat phng trnh bi tp luyn tp Bi 1: a/ 2x+2 > 4 b/ 3x +2 > -5 c/ 10- 2x > 2 d/ 1- 2x < 3 Bi 2: a/ 10x + 3 5x 14x +12 b/ (3x-1)< 2x + 4 d/ x2 x(x+2) > 3x 1 c/ 4x 8 3(2x-1) 2x + 1 e/
3 - 2x 2 - x > 5 3
x x + 13 =1 50 57
e/
x - 2 x -1 x 6 3 2
-------------------------------HNH HOC 1. nh l TaLet tr ong tam giac : Neu mot ng thang cat hai canh cua mot tam giac va song song vi canh con lai th no nh ra tren hai canh o nhng oan rABC, BC //BC thang tng ng t le .
GT B AB
KL
Nm hc 2010-2011
A
B'
C'
2. nh l ao cua nh l TaLet :Neu mot ng thang cat hai canh cua mot tam giac va nh ra tren hai canh nay nhng aon thang tng ng t le th ng thang o song song vi canh con lai .
A C'
B'
3.He qua cua nh l TaLet : Neu mot ng thang cat hai canh cua mot tam giac va song song vi canh con lai th no tao thanh mot tam giac mi co ba canh tng ng t le vi ba canh cua tam giac a cho rABC : BC // BC; GT (B AB ; C AC) KL
AB ' AC ' B ' C ' = = AB AC BC
4. Tnh chat n g phan giac tr ong tam giac :Trong tam giac , ng phan giac cua mot goc chia canh oi dien thanh hai oan thang t le vi 2 canh ke hai oan A ay .
3 6
GT KL
rABC,ADlaphangiaccua BAC
DB AB = DC AC
B D C
5. Cac cach chn g minh hai tam giac on g dan g : Neu mot ng thang cat hai canh cua mot tam giac va song song vi canh con lai th no tao thanh mot tam giac mi ong dang vi tam giac a cho Neu ba canh cua tam giac nay t le vi ba canh cua tam giac kia th hai tam giac o ong dang .(canh canh canh) Neu hai canh cua tam giac nay t le vi 2 canh cua tam giac kia va hai goc tao bi cac cap canh o bang nhau , th hai tam giac o ong dang (canh goc canh) Neu hai goc cua tam giac nay lan lt bang hai goc cua tam giac kia th hai tam giac o ong dang vi nhau .(goc goc)
7
Nm hc 2010-2011
6. Cac cach chn g minh hai tam giac vuon g on g dan g : Tam giac vuong nay co mot goc nhon bang goc nhon cua tam giac vuong kia(gg) Tam giac vuong nay co hai canh goc vuong t le vi hai canh goc vuong cua tam giac vuong kia. (Canh - goc - canh) 7.Ty so 2 n g cao , ty so dien tch cua hai tam giac on g dan g : T so hai ng cao tng ng cua hai tam giac ong dang bang ty so ong dang
A' H ' A' B ' = =k AH AB
A A'
B' H'
C'
Ty so dien tch cua hai tam giac ong dang bang bnh phng ty so ong dang
8. Con g thc tnh the tch , dien tch xung quanh , dien tch toan phan cua hnh hop ch nhat , hnh lap phng , hnh lan g tr u n g Hnh Dien tch xung Dien tch toan The tch quanh phan Sxq = 2p.h Stp = Sxq + V = S.h Lang tru ng P:na chu vi 2S S: dien tch C B ay ay D h:chieu cao h : chieu cao A G
V = a.b.c
V= a3
Nm hc 2010-2011
Hnh chop eu
bi tp luyn tp Bai 1: Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD co AB = 8cm , BC = 6cm .Ve ng cao AH cua D ADB . a) Tnh DB b) Chng minh D ADH ~ D ADB c) Chng minh AD2= DH.DB d) Chng minh D AHB ~ D BCD e) Tnh o dai oan thang DH , AH . Bai 2 : Cho D ABC vuong A , co AB = 6cm , AC = 8cm .Ve ng cao AH . a) Tnh BC b) Chng minh D ABC ~ D AHB c) Chng minh AB2 = BH.BC .Tnh BH , HC d) Ve phan giac AD cua goc A ( D BC) .Tnh DB Bai 3 : Cho hnh thanh can ABCD co AB // DC va AB< DC , ng cheo BD vuong goc vi canh ben BC .Ve ng cao BH , AK . a) Chng minh D BDC ~ D HBC b) Chng minh BC2 = HC .DC c) Chng minh D AKD ~ D BHC d) Cho BC = 15cm , DC = 25 cm .Tnh HC , HD . e) Tnh dien tch hnh thang ABCD. Bai 4 Cho D ABC , cac ng cao BD , CE cat nhau tai H .ng vuong goc vi AB tai B va ng vuong goc vi AC tai C cat nhau K .Goi M la trung iem cua BC . a) Chng minh D ADB ~ D AEC b) Chng minh HE.HC = HD.HB c) Chng minh HS , K , M thang hang d) D ABC phai co ieu kien g th t giac BHCK la hnh thoi ? Hnh ch nhat ? Bai 5 : Cho tam giac can ABC (AB = AC) .Ve cac ng cao BH , CK , AI . a) Chng minh BK = CH
9
Nm hc 2010-2011
b) Chng minh HC.AC = IC.BC c) Chng minh KH //BC d) Cho biet BC = a , AB = AC = b .Tnh o dai oan thang HK theo a va b . Bai 6 : Cho hnh thang vuong ABCD ( A = D = 90 0 ) co AC cat BD tai O . a) Chng minh D OAB~ D OCD, t o suy ra b) Chng minh AC2 BD2 = DC2 AB2 Bai 7 : Hnh hop ch nhat co cac kch thc la 3 2 cm ; 4 2 cm ; 5cm .Tnh the tch cua hnh hop ch nhat . Bai 8 : Mot hnh lap phng co the tch la 125cm3 .Tnh dien tch ay cua hnh lap phng . Bai 9 : Biet dien tch toan phan cua mot hnh lap phng la 216cm3 .Tnh the tch cua hnh lap phng . Bai 10 :a/Mot lang tru ng co ay la mot tam giac vuong , cac canh goc vuong cua tam giac vuong la 3 cm , 4cm .Chieu cao cua hnh lang tru la 9cm .Tnh the tch va dien tch xung quanh, dien tch toan phan cua lang tru . b/Mot lang tru ng co ay la hnh ch nhat co cac kch thc la 3cm , 4cm .Chieu cao cua lang tru la 5cm . Tnh dien tch xung quanh cua lang tru . Bai 11 : The tch cua mot hnh chop eu la 126cm3 , chieu cao hnh chop la 6cm .Tnh dien tch ay cua no . -----------------------------------&--------------------------------------DO CO = DB CA
10