Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG B CNG THNG TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

HCM VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM

BO CO TIU LUN MN DINH DNG HC CC AXIT AMIN THIT YU CHO NHU CU DINH DNG CA CON NGI

GVHD : ThS. H XUN HNG SVTH : HTP6CLT - NHM 38 TH NGC THO NGUYN TH THO QUYN TRN TH KIM XUN TRN TH PHI THNG NGUYN TH BCH THY 10314041 10323501 10343471 10318081 10324581

TP. H Ch Minh, thng 11 nm 2011

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG LI M U Axt amin (amino acid) l thnh phn chnh to nn gi tr dinh dng ring bit ca cc phn t protein, rt cn cho s sng. Trn thc t, c 8 loi axt amin lin kt cht ch vi nhau, kch thch c th pht trin mnh m, vi tr em thm hai loi axit amin na. Nu thiu 1 trong 10 loi quan trng ny c th dn n mt s bnh nguy him ng tic xy ra. V th tm hiu v cc axit amin thit yu cho nhu cu dinh dng ngi nhm gip nhm em hiu nhiu hn v cc loi axit amin ny. t c nhng hiu bit v s dng ng. Cng vi s hng dn ca c Xun Hng v s tn tnh, c gng ca cc thnh vin trong nhm, nhm hon thnh bi bo co. Tuy nhin bi s c nhiu sai st mong c gip bi c hon thin hn.

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG CHNG 1: GII THIU V AXIT AMIN 1.1 Axit amin( amino acid) l g: Amino axit l n v cu trc c bn ca protein, hay ni cch khc axit amin l nhng vin gch xy nn cc ta lu i mun hnh mun v ca phn t protein.[1][95]. Cc amino axit u c cu to chung ging nhau: c nhm cacboxyl(-COOH), v nhm amin(-NH2) gn vo nguyn t C , cc amino axit khc nhau v tr mch bn (-R). Tnh cht ca tng amino axit ph thuc vo cu to, kch thc v din tch ca(-R). Ti PH=7 nhm cacboxyl ca amino axit nm dng bazo tng ng(COO-) v nhm amino nm dng axit (NH3+). Do amino axit mang c tnh bazo ln tnh axit. Trong t nhin, thng thng s in tch m v dng tng ng nhau. Vy amino axit cn l cht lng tnh. Hnh 1.1 cu to axit amin c bn Trong thc t ta thng gp 20 amino axit cn bn, ngoi ra protein cn cha mt s amino axit ci bin.Amino axit u tin c pht hin cy mng ty vo 1806 l asparagine. Amino axit cui cng trong s 20 amino axit cn bn c pht hin vo nm 1938, l threonine. Cc amino axit thng c gi tn theo ngun gc to ra chng . Do tn gi cc amino axit c gi theo tn thng thng.[2] Ngoi cc axit amin nu trn cn c amino axit khng tham gia vo thnh phn cu to ca protein (amino axit phi protein) nhng tm thy trong c th nh: ornithinic, citrulline l sn phm trung gian quan trng ca qu trnh trao i cht v mt s dng axit amin t gp trong protein nh: gamma cacboxylglutamate, selenocystein,desmosine.... cc axit amin ny thng l dng hiu chnh ca cc axit amin thng gp, qu trnh hiu chnh xy ra khi chui phn ng polypeptid c tng hp.Cc amino axit ny cng c vai tr sinh hc quan trng i vi c th chng hn nh cacboxylglutamat m bo thc hin vai tr ca protrombin trong qu trnh ng mu v.v.. Amino axit trng thi tinh th rn, khng mu hu ht ha tan d trong nc. S d amino axit c nhit nng chy cao v ha tan nhiu trong nc v chng tn ti dng ion lng cc hay mui ni phn t (nhm COOH, sau khi cho H+ mang in tch m v nhm NH2, sau khi nhn H+ mang in tch dng).

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG C nhiu loi c v ngt kiu ng nh glycine, alanine, valine, serine, histidine, tryptophan; mt s loi c v ng nh isoleucine, arginine hoc khng c v nh leucine. Bng 1: cc axit amin c bn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Alanin Arginine Asparagine Aspartic Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine Ala Arg Asn Asp Cys Glu Gln Gly His Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val

1.2 Vai tr axit amin: Acid amin l thnh phn chnh ca phn t protein. Do kt hp vi nhau trong nhng lin kt khc nhau, chng to thnh cc phn t khc nhau v thnh phn v tnh cht. Gi tr dinh dng ca protein c quyt nh bi mi lin quan v s lng v cht lng ca cc acid amin khc nhau trong protein . Nh qu trnh tiu ho protein thc n c phn gii thnh acid amin. Cc acid amin t rut vo mu v ti cc t chc, ti y chng c s dng tng hp protein c hiu cho c th. Sau qu trnh phn gii cc i phn t protid s bin thnh nhng acid amin v hp thu vo c th qua ng tiu ha di tc dng ca dch tiu ha. Ngi ta phn loi c nhiu acid amin khc nhau v nhng acid amin ny s gip c th khe mnh khi chng c hp thu vo c th. Nu thiu mt trong nhng acid amin cn thit s dn n ri lon cn bng m v ri lon s dng tt c cc acid amin cn li. m thc vt nhn chung km gi tr hn m ng vt do thiu hay hon ton khng c mt s cc acid amin cn thit. Vai tr ca cc acid amin khng ch gii hn s tham gia ca chng vo tng hp m c th m chng cn c nhiu chc phn phc tp v quan trng khc Cc acid amin ny tham d vo nhiu qu trnh chuyn ha trong c th nh tng hp cc cht dn truyn thn kinh, i mi cc si c bp do vy nhu

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG cu cho c th bao gi cng ch p ng , tha hoc thiu u gy nn bt li cho c th. Ngoi vic tng hp protein, cc axit amin cn c vai tr sinh hc quan trng khc. Glycine v glutamine l tng hp cc cht dn truyn thn kinh. Nhiu axit amin c dng tng hp cc phn t khc nh: + Trytophan l tin cht ca cht truyn thn kinh serotonin. + Glycine l mt trong s cc cht phn ng trong qu trnh tng hp porphyrin + Arginine c dng tng hp hocmon nitric oxide. Nhiu amino axit c dng trong y hc cha bnh, lm thc n cho c th ngi bnh nh methionine lm thuc b gan, mui natri ca axit glutamic lm gia v cho thc n. Mt s amino axit c dng lm nguyn liu cho vic sn xut t tng hp(axit -amino enantoic dng sn xut t enan). 1.3 Cc axit amin thit yu ca c th: Trong 20 axit amin thng gp trong phn t protein c mt s axit amin m c th ngi v ng vt khng th t tng hp c m phi a t ngoi vo qua thc n gi l axit amin cn thit hoc axit amin khng th thay th. Khi thiu, thm ch ch mt trong s cc axit amin cn thit, c th lm cho protein c tng hp t hn protein b phn gii kt qu dn n cn bng nit m. Cc axit amin cn thit i vi c th cn ty thuc vo nhng iu kin ring bit loi ng vt, la tui. theo nhiu ti liu c tm axit amin cn thit cho ngi ln: valin, lxin, izolxin, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, triptophan v lyzin. i vi tr em c thm hai axit amin cn thit: arginine v histidin Hm lng cc axit amin khng thay th v t l gia chng trong phn t protein l mt tiu chun quan trng nh gi cht lng protein.[1][99] bng 1.2 Nhu cu ti thiu ca cc acid amin cn thit ca ngi (Hong Tch Mnh v H Huy Khi, 1977)

a. Khi lng cysteine y , b. Khi lng tyrosine y

T l cn i gia cc acid amin cn thit theo F.A.O l Tryptophane-1, phenylalanine v threonine-2, methionine + cystine, valine-3, isoleucin v leucine-3,4. Theo Leverton (1959) khi nh gi t l cn i ca cc acid amin cn thit th ch cn tnh theo b ba:

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG tryptophane, lysine v acid amin cha lu hynh (methionine + cystine) v t s gia chng nn l 1: 3: 3.[4] 1.4 Kh nng s dng cc axit amin: C th khng hon ton s dng acid amin c trong thc n. Lng thng gim v nhng l do sau: - S tiu ho v hp thu khng hon ton - S c mt ca mt s cht c ch cc men tiu ho mt s thc n - S bin cht protein v cc acid amin do nhit hoc cc tc dng khc T l hp thu cc acid amin rt cao phn ln cc protein ng vt nhng protein thc vt thng km hn. ch n hon ton ngun gc thc vt, lng nit ca phn ln ti 20% lng nit n vo hoc hn. Khi cha b nhit lm gim hot tnh, cc cht c ch c hiu cc men tiu ho cng lm gim tiu ho v hp thu protein. Tc dng nhit qu mnh cng lm gim mc s dng v hp thu protein. Tc dng ny hay gp nht l thc n giu carbohydrate. Lysine v cc acid amin cha lu hunh chu nh hng nhiu nht.

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG CHNG 2: CC AXIT AMIN THIT YU 2.1 Histidine (acid -amino -imidasolyl propionic): Cng thc phn t: C6H9N3O2

M di truyn: CAU, CAC. Khi lng phn t: 138.16 Dalton. Hnh 2.1 CTCT

Histidine l mt acid amin thit yu, rt ph bin trong t nhin. L-histidine khng th t tng hp c m phi c cung cp bi ch n ung cho c th. Histidine c gi l bn-acid amin thit yu (protein xy dng khi) bi v ngi ln c th t tng hp c nhng tr em th khng th. Histidine l tin thn ca histamine, n cng l mt ngun quan trng ca cc phn t cacbon trong qu trnh tng hp purin. Chui bn ca histamine tham gia vo cc chc nng xc tc ca chymotrypsin.[6] Histidine l mt acid amin thit yu v ln u tin c phn lp bi bc s ngi c Albrecht Kossel nm 1896. Histidine l mt acid amin thit yu ngi v ng vt c v khc. Histidine cng l mt tin cht ca histamine, l cht amino axit cn thit cho tr em ln bnh thng, thay th cc t bo b thng, b bnh.[5] Vai tr:[7] Histidine gip c th pht trin v lin kt m c bp vi nhau. N cn c tc dng hnh thnh mng chn myelin, mt cht bo v bao quanh dy thn kinh v gip to ra dch v, kch thch tiu ha. Kt hp vi km lm tng s hp thu km rut. C th s dng histidine sn xut histamine v histamine chu trch nhim mt lot cc qu trnh sinh l. C nhiu trong hemoglobin. Khi thiu histidine mc hemoglobin trong mu h thp. Histidine c vai tr quan trng trong s to thnh hemoglobin. Khi cn thit hemoglobin c th b phn gii gii phng histidine. Kh carboxyl: Hemoglobin Histidine Histamin. Histamin l cht gi vai tr quan trng trong vic lm gin mch mu. Liu dng[5] - Liu lng 80-10 mg mi ngy cho mi kg trng lng c th. - S dng tt vi vitamin B3 ( niacin ) v B6 ( pyridoxine ). c tnh v cc triu chng [5] C khng triu chng ph vi Histidine, nhng mc qu cao ca Histidine c th dn n cng thng v ri lon tm thn nh lo u v nhng ngi c bnh tm thn phn lit c nghin cu l c nng cao ca Histidine.

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG i vi ngi ln Histidine lm cho mch mu n rng, lm gim p huyt. Qu nhiu Histidine sinh ra d ng. Nu b nh hng di truyn c th khng th bin to c cht Histidine con ngi sinh ra bnh ni ngng. Thiu hay tha histidine lm gim st cc hot ng c iu kin. - Thiu ht Histidine: nhiu ngi khi thiu Histidine thng dn n vim khp dng thp, thiu ht tr s sinh gy ra bnh chm. C th b c thy tinh th, lot d dy, t trng.Lm gim nng km v c th gy ra phn ng d ng hoc hen suyn. Nhiu Histidine c th lm thiu ht ng v tng nng cholesterol trong mu. Ngun thc phm ca histidine [6] Histidine c hu ht cc loi thc n: bao gm c u, men bia, cm go nu, caseinate, cc sn phm sa, trng, tht, hi sn, u nnh, ng ccSa, tht, gia cm v c cha ngun histidine nhiu nht. 2.2 Lysine : (acid , diamino propionic): Cng thc ha hc: C6H14N2O2 Cng thc cu to: -

Tn quc t : 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid Khi lng phn t gam: 146.188 g/mol M di truyn: AAA, AAG Lysine l mt -amino acid Lysine l mt acid amin khng thay th, v th n khng c tng hp trn c th con ngi. - Lysine l mt axit amin thuc h aspartat, c tng hp qua con ng trao icht phn nhnh. Qua con ng ny cn c metionin, treonin, izoloxin cng c to thnh. Lysine l mt axit amin rt cn cho hot ng sng ca ngi v ng vt. Ngha l c th khng t tng hp c n, phi ly t ngun cung cp bn ngoi, hayni cch khc l ly t ngun thc n(chng thuc loi axit amin khng thay th). Lch s pht hin: Trong sn xut cng nghip, ngi ta thng s dng nhng chng vi khun t bin sn xut lysine. Trong t nhin c nhiu vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh tng hp lysine, nhng s chng vi khun c kh nng sinh tng hp tha lysine c th s dng sn xut theo qui m cng nghip khng nhiu.[5] Vai tr : - L-lysine l thnh phn quan trong ca nhiu protein. N cng trc tip tham gia sn xut L-carnitine - cht cn tht cho s vn chuyn v s dng cc cht bo.

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Hai chc nng khc ca lysine l lu gi canxi trong c th v duy tr h min dch. Lysine l mt acid amin quan trng ti cn thit cho s pht trin ca xng tr em v gip hp th canxi mi la tui. Lysine cn tng cng s ng ha v hp thu canxi, m bo cho s hnh thnh sn, xng, m lin kt v collagen ng thi ngn cn s bi tit khong cht ny ra khi c th, gip cho xng chc khe, chng lo ha ct sng, duy tr trng thi cn bng nit c trong c th, do trnh c hin tng gin c v mt mi. Lysine gi vai tr sng cn trong s tng hp protein. N l cha kho trong vicsn xut cc enzyme, hoocmon v cc khng th gip c th tng cng sc khng v chng tr vi bnh tt, c bit ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun gy bnh mn rp mi hay mn rp sinh dc. Lysine gip tr n ngon ming, gia tng chuyn ho hp thu ti a dinh dng v pht trin chiu cao. N cng gip tng cng hp thu calci, ngn cn s bi tit khong cht ny ra ngoi c th nn n c tc dng tng trng chiu cao, ngn nga bnh ci xng, long xng. Vic thiu ht cht ny c th khin tr chm ln, bing n, d thiu men tiu ha v ni tit t. Lysine c nhiu trong trng , tht , sa, c, u nnh nhng d b ph hu trong qu trnh ch bin, nu nng thc n . Triu chng thiu Lysine : Thiu ht Lysine xy ra thng xuyn nhng ngi khng tiu th bt k sn phm ng vt hn so vi nhng ngi s dng. Thiu Lysine c th xy ra bi mt ch n ung khng y , bi mt lng arginine qu mc. Lysine thiu ht c th nh hng n tng hp carnitine v c tc ng bt li khi chuyn ha cht bo thnh nng lng. Thiu Lysine cng c th dn n mt canxi, c th lm tng nguy c pht trin bnh long xng. Cc triu chng ca thiu Lysine bao gm mt mi, bun nn, chng mt, mt cm gic ngon ming, kch ng, mt ngu, tng trng chm, thiu mu, ri lon sinh sn. C th ngi v ng vt thiu Lysine c th s kh hot ng bnh thng, c bit ng vt cn non v tr em s xy ra hin tng chm ln , tr tu pht trin km, d thiu men tiu ho v ni tit t. Chnh v th Lysine l mt loi axt amin thng c thm vo khu phn n ca tr em v ca gia sc. Thiu Lysine trong thc n dn n ri lon qu trnh to mu, h thp s lng hng cu v hemoglobin. Ngoi ra khi thiu Lysine cn bng protein b ri lon, c suy mn, qu trnh ct ho b ri lon v c hng lot cc bin i gan v phi.[6] c tnh:

B sung Lysine c xem l an ton v khng c hi. Cc tc dng ph cha c bo co vi vic s dng cc Lysine, mc d liu rt cao (hn 10 gam mt ngy) c th gy ra cc triu chng tiu ha, chng hn nh bun nn, au bng v tiu chy. S dng Lysine cn thn khi ung vi thuc khng sinh. Vi liu lng rt ln (t 10 n 30 gram mt DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 10

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG ngy), Lysine tng c tnh ca thuc khng sinh aminoglycoside nh gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin. Khng ung sa cng lc vi Lysine. [6] Ngun Lysine - Ngi bnh thng mi ngy cn 1 g Lysine. Tuy nhin, c th khng t tng hp c cht ny m phi c cung cp qua thc phm (nh lng trng, c, tht, cc loi u v sa ti) hoc b sung di dng thuc. Trong khu phn n ca ngi Vit Nam, lng ng cc chim n 70-80% nn thng b thiu Lysine, c bit l nhng ngi n chay (ch yu dng ng cc v mt lng rt nh rau h u), vn ng vin, bnh nhn bng, mn rp.[6] - Cung cp Lysine qua thuc l khng cn thit i vi ngi bnh thng. Hn na, vic dng thuc phi c s ch nh, hng dn ca bc s v tun th ng cc hng dn , v mi loi dc phm khi dng khng ng u c th gy hi. Ring vi Lysine, liu lng qu cao c th gy chng cng c bng v bnh tiu chy. . . Ngi ta sn xut Lysine trong cng nghip dc phm nh vo qu trnh ln men ca vi khun Corynebacterium glutamicum, mt loi vi khun gram dng hnh que. - Lysine c ch yu trong fromage, tht, c, cha khong 1,5 g lysine/100 g thc phm v c nhiu trong sa v cc ch phm ca sa, tht, nhiu nht trong m c-miosin v m mu hemoglobin. Lysine hin din rt t trong ng cc. Liu lng s dng:[6] Theo cc chuyn gia dinh dng, cch cung cp lysine tin li v hiu qu nht l s dng cc loi thc phm ch bin sn c b sung cht ny vi mt lng nh, va cho nhu cu ca ngi bnh thng, chng hn nh sa ti. - i vi tr em la tui 2-12: Khuyn ngh 23 mg/kg c th/ ngy. Khng s dng cc thc phm b sung lysine cho tr di 2 tui. Nhu cu lysine tr cao gp i ngi trng thnh: mi ngy tr t s sinh n 6 tui cn 99mg/kg th trng, t 7-15 tui cn 44mg/kg th trng, t 16 tui tr ln cn 12mg/kg th trng. - i vi ngi t 13 tui tr ln: khuyn ngh 12mg/kg c th/ ngy. ch li ca Lysine :[6] - Lysine l mt acid amin thit yu m c th con ngi khng th t tng hp c. - Lysine c kh nhiu trong mt s loi thc phm. Tnh trong 100g thc phm th trng c 1.070mg, tht b, tht nc, tm ng, c nc t 1.400-1.500mg, u xanh 1.150mg, u nnh 1.970mg, u phng 990mg lysine. Tuy nhin, khi un nu, lng lysine mt i kh ln. - Lysine c nhiu vai tr: gip hp th canxi v to collagen. Canxi lm xng pht trin. Collagen lm thnh mng li cn bn cho m lin kt, da, sn v xng. S chuyn ha lysine ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh vitamin C, B6, B2, PP, acid glutamic, st. - Trong sa m c lysine nn tr b m thng c lysine. T khi tr n dm tr i nu khng bit chn thc phm giu lysine th s thiu lysine. Khi thiu lysine DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 11

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG hoc thiu cc yu t chuyn ha lysine th tr bing n, chm ln, suy gim h min dch. i vi tr thiu cn, nu b sung lysine th tc tng cn s cao hn 40% so vi tc tng cn trong giai on khng b sung. Lysin dng cho tr bing n thng ch di dng sir phi hp vi cc vitamin nhm B (B1, B6, B12), vitamin C, vitamin A v D, cc mui khong. Trong hn hp ny thng b tr cn i liu lysine v liu vitamin A v D. Khi ang dng ch phm ny th khng dng thm cc ch phm cha vitamin A v D khc. Ngoi dng sir cha cc cht phi hp trn, lysine cn c ch di dng vin 200mg, dng ng (ung) 30mg. Trong cc dng ny thng c s phi hp lysine vi cc cht khc nh tryptophan, vitamin B12. Nhng ch phm ny dng cha suy gim chc nng, suy dinh dng, thiu mu cho c tr em v ngi ln. C th b sung lysine t cc loi tht, trng hay ng cc giu lysine nhng cn bit cch ch bin gim thiu s hao ht. Ngoi ra, tr cn bing n do nhiu l do khc trong c nhng l do rt n gin ta khng nh: thc n n iu nhm chn, tr ham chi, ham tp ni hoc do cc yu t bnh l khc nh thiu men tiu ha... Cn tm nguyn nhn gii quyt trong c vic ci thin ch n, tp cho tr thi quen v to ra nhng yu t tm l tt cho tr khi n l rt quan trng. Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu ch phm c cha cycloheptadin (dng cha d ng v cha chn n tm thi cho ngi ln) v cc sn phm ng dc gi mo c trn ln cycloheptadin v c dexamethason (dng lm thuc mp). Cycloheptadin l cht i khng vi histamin, gy thm n nhng nhc im ca thuc l lm bun ng, gi nc gy bo gi. Vi tr nh n lm chm s hon thin no, dng lu di c th nguy hi cho s pht trin tr tu. V th khng dng cho tr nhng sn phm ny. Ti sao phi c bit quan tm n lysine nc ta?[8]

C 4 acid amin thit yu hay b thiu ht trong khu phn n nc ta: l lysine, threonine, tryptophan v methionine. Trong , lysine c quan tm hn c v c nhu cu kh cao nhng li thng b thiu ht nht trong cc khu phn n ch yu da vo ng cc (chim 70-80% nng lng) nh nc ta hin nay. Mc khc, lysine d b ph hy trong qu trnh ch bin nu nng thc n, v c th tuyt i khng th tng hp c lysine (cc acid amin thit yu kia c th c tng hp t cc acid amin khc qua qu trnh chuyn i amin). Do , thiu lysine rt ph bin, c bit tr nh. Thiu lysine dn n gim tng hp protein c th, lm cho tr chm ln, ci cc, bing n, hay bnh, thiu men tiu ho, thiu ni tit t... Lm th no trnh thiu lysine? Bin php ti u vn l ba n a dng hp l, c cc cht dinh dng trong c lysine. Thc n giu lysine l trng, sa, tht, c, cc loi u, nht l u nnh. Cng c th b sung lysine vo thc phm. Mt cch d thc hin khc l c th b sung thm bng thuc b c lysine. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 12

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG 2.3 Threonine (-Amino--hydroxybutanoic acid ) Cng thc phn t C4H9NO3

hnh 2.2 CTCT LYSINE M di truyn : ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG Khi lng phn t : 101.12 Dalton Axit amin cn thit s dng to hot ng ca enzyme. Threonine l mt acid amin thit yu, l mt trong 20 axit amin to thnh protein, khng c tng hp bi c th, ch c p ng thng qua thc phm. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi n chay kh c th m b sung threonine, v tht l ngun cp threonine rt cao, trong khi ca ht l rt thp. Threonine c th tn ti trong bn hnh thc c th c hoc hai hnh thc L-threonine. Tn L-threonine l ch yu c s dng cho hnh thc duy nht c bit n ha hc (2S, 3R)-2amino-3-hydroxybutanoic axit. L threonine l mt trong ba axit amin khng th thiu k t khi ng vt c v khng c cc enzyme cn thit cho s chuyn i ca threonine. Threonine l mt acid amin thit yu thc y tng trng bnh thng bng cch gip duy tr s cn bng protein thch hp trong c th. Ngoi ra, cn h tr gan, tim mch, thn kinh trung ng, v chc nng h thng min dch. Vai tr Threonine c lin quan n s hnh thnh ca collagen, elastin v men rng. N to ra glycine, serine, hai axit amin cn thit cho vic sn xut collagen, elastin, v cc m c. Threonine gip cc m lin kt v c bp trn ton c th mnh m v n hi, bao gm tim, ni n c tm thy vi s lng ng k, v c th tng tc cha lnh vt thng hoc phc hi sau chn thng. Threonine tham gia vo vic phn tn ca cht bo trong gan v cung cp mt chc nng rut tt, n s kt hp vi cc axit amin acid aspartic v methione gip gan c chc nng lc, hoc tiu ha cht bo v acid bo. Nu khng c threonine trong c th, cht bo c th xy dng trong gan v cui cng gy ra suy gan. Threonine tham gia vo vic hnh thnh cc khng th v gip n hot ng hiu qu hn, bng cch thc y chc nng v s lng t bo mu trng chng nhim trng v ngn nga bnh, cng vi n cng gip kh nng min dch mc t bo, bng cch thc y h thng min dch ca t bo. Threonine gip chng nhim trng v khng th chng li bnh tt. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi n chay cn phi cn nhc loi axt amin ny v n tn ti ch yu trong tht. V b sung threonine, bn c th n ph mt lm t sa

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 13

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG gn kem, go tm, u ti, lc, ht iu. Th nhng hm lng amin ny trong cc ngun trn li rt thp, nn buc phi dng sinh t b sung. Ngun Threonine:[6]

Threonine c tm thy trong hu ht cc loi tht v c, thc phm t sa, trng, la m, chui, c rt, cc loi ht, u v ht. Cc ngun phong ph ca threonine bao gm cc loi tht, thc phm t sa v trng. Mm la m, nhiu cc loi ht, u, v cc loi ht v rau qu c cha mt t threonine. Thiu ht: [6] Trong ch n ung thiu Threonine s lm gim s pht trin ca rut non, gan, v c xng tr em. Khi thiu threonine s lm ng rut nh hn, t m nim mc (t bo hp th ca rut), v t mucin ng rut (Mucine l nim mc ng b mt bn trong ca cc c quan tiu ha nh rut non) so vi ngi ln. Mucins ng rut rt quan trng trong hot ng bnh thng ca rut. Mucin ngn nga tiu ha ca rut bi cc enzyme tiu ha, s mt nc t thnh rut, vi khun t tun th cc t bo ng rut v cc cht c c hp thu vo c th. Nu khng c threonine trong c th, cht bo c th xy dng trong gan v cui cng gy ra suy gan. Lng threonine khuyn ngh:[6] Tr s sinh: 68mg cho mi kg trng lng c th . Tr em: 28mg cho mi kg trng lng c th Ngi ln: 8-20mg cho mi kg trng lng c th c tnh:[6]

Threonine khng c vn ln i vi c nhn khe mnh, nhng mt s ngi ung b sung threonine cn gp bc s c t vn: - Nhng ngi c gan hoc bnh thn - Nhng ngi vi bt k loi iu kin y t. - Ph n ang mang thai hoc cho con b. 2.4 Arginine: Arginine(vit tt l Arg hoc R) l mt -amino axit trong 20 axit amin t nhin ph bin nht. cp di truyn phn t, trong cu trc ca mRNA ca axit ribonucleic, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG, c s ca ba nucleotide ny h thng ha cho arginine trong qu trnh tng hp protein. Trong ng vt c v, arginine c phn loi nh l mt axit amin bn cn thit hoc cn thit, ty thuc vo giai on pht trin v tnh trng sc khe ca mi c th. Thng thng th c th ngi ln c th t tng hp c acid amin ny, nhng trong c th tr em li cha tng hp c acid amin ny. Cng vi Histidin vic b sung Arginine vo c th tr bng ngun thc phm l rt cn thit cho s pht trin c th tr. V tr nh cn t thng khng th t tng hp hoc to arginine - mt trong cc axit amin dinh dng cn thit. Trong mt s iu kin, nhu cu v acid amin arginin gia tng trong c th, l khi c th c mt s chn thng phi phu thut, nhim trng huyt v bng. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 14

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Arginine ln u tin c phn lp t mt chit xut cy con mt loai u vo nm 1886. nh ha hc Thy S Ernst Schultze. Cu trc: Chui bn ca arginine bao gm mt chui 3-carbon bo thng, cui xa b gii hn bi mt nhm guanidinium phc tp.

Hnh 2.3: cu trc ha hc ca acid amin arginin Trong cu trc hnh hc ca arginine ta thy acid amin ny c kh nng hnh thnh nhiu cu ni arginine l tng lin kt cc nhm tch in m. V l do ny, arginine thng bn ngoi ca cc protein n c th tng tc vi mi trng cc. [9] S hp thu trong c th: Khi mt protein thc n (food protein) c phn r, th mt lng acid-amin c to ra v chng li c s dng ti tng hp protein t bo (tissue protein) mi. Nu d tha, th chng s c thi hi qua nc tiu. Bn cnh , nu thiu s cn bng gia cc amino acids, hoc, mt loi acid-amin, v d cysteine, ch c mt mnh (lc ny n c xem l amino acids t do) qu trnh tng hp cng khng th xy ra, v c th xy ra nhng hiu ng khc.[10] V d: Mt loi acid amin khc l arginine, tn ti trong tht g ty. V tht g ty l cht cung cp rt nhiu acid amin khc nhau. Nu arginine dng t do, th n c kh nng gip xy dng t bo ca h min dch, bn cnh dng t do ca amino-acid ornithine. [10] Hu ht cc vitamin u c s dng cc dng t do ca acid-amin nhm cung cp lng acid-amin t do cn thit cho c th. [10] Arginine c tng hp t Citrulline hot ng thng qua cc enzym synthetase argininosuccinate cytosolic (ASS) v argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). Vic tng hp ny tn km nng lng cung cp nh s tng hp ca mt phn t ca argininosuccinate i hi phi c s thy phn ca adenosine triphosphate (ATP) thnh adenosine monophosphate (AMP), qu trnh ny mt hai ATP. [9] Citrulline c th c bt ngun t nhiu ngun: T arginine qua nitric oxide synthase (NOS). T ornithine qua qu trnh d ha ca proline hoc glutamine / glutamate. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 15

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG T g dimethylarginine (ADMA) khng i xn thng qua DDAH. Cc ng lin kt arginine, glutamine, v proline l hai chiu. V vy, vic s dng mng li sn xut ca cc axit amin l ph thuc nhiu vo loi t bo v giai on pht trin. [9] Trong c th, vic tng hp arginine xy ra ch yu cc trc ng rut, thn, trong cc t bo biu m ca rut non, sn xut Citrulline ch yu t glutamine v glutamate, phi hp vi cc t bo ng ln gn ca thn, trch xut Citrulline t vic lu thng v chuyn i n arginine, l quay tr li lu thng. Kt qu l, khi chc nng ca rut non hoc thn suy gim c th lm gim tng hp arginine ni sinh, do lm tng cc yu cu ch n ung. [9] Vic tng hp arginine t Citrulline cng xy ra mc thp trong nhiu t bo khc, v kh nng di ng tng hp arginine c th c tng ng k trong nhng hon cnh khc nhau. V vy, Citrulline, mt sn phm ngc ca phn ng xc tc NOS-, c th c ti ch to arginine theo con ng Citrulline-NO-arginine Citrulline. iu ny c chng minh bi thc t rng trong nhiu loi t bo, Citrulline c th thay th cho arginine mt mc no trong vic h tr NO tng hp. Tuy nhin, ti ch khng phi l phng php tt v Citrulline tch ly cng vi nitrate v nitrite, v sn phm n nh ca NO. [9] Cc thc phm c cha arginine: D hu ht arginine c c th t tng hp khng cn ly trc tip thng qua ch n ung. Tuy nhin con ng sinh tng hp ny khng sn xut arginine, v mt s vn cn phi c b sung qua ch n ung. Ngi thiu dinh dng hoc cc iu kin khc lm thiu lng arginine nht nh c th c t vn tng lng thc phm c cha arginine. [9]. Arginine c tm thy trong nhiu loi thc phm, bao gm: ng vt: Sn phm t sa (v d nh pho mt cottage, ricotta, sa, sa chua, ung protein whey), tht b, tht ln (v d, tht xng khi, gim bng), gelatin, tht gia cm (v d nh tht g v tht g ty nh sng), tr chi hoang d (v d nh g li, chim ct) , hi sn (v d, c bn, tm hm, c hi, tm, c, c ng). [9] T thc vt: Mm la m v bt kiu mch, granola, bt yn mch, u phng, cc loi ht (da, h o, ht iu, qu c ch, hnh nhn, qu hch Brazil, qu ph, pinenuts), ht ging (b ng, vng, hng dng), u xanh, u nnh nu chn, canariensis Phalaris. [9] Tc dng i vi c th: Arginine l mt acid amin bn thit yu c phn lp nm 1886. Cc acid amin lin kt vi nhau to nn cc Protein. Chng ta n cc loi Protein nh tht nc, c, lng trng trng khi qua h tiu ha cc protein ny s b men tiu ha ca c th ct ra thnh cc mnh nh l cc acid amin. Sau cc acid amin ny c hp thu vo mu xy dng nn cc Protein ca c th nh c bp, da, cc c quan.. Ngoi chc nng tng hp protein, Arginine cn c 3 chc nng quan trng khc: Nm 1932, cc nh khoa hc bit c Arginine cn to ra Ur kh c NH3 v tng cng chc nng t bo gan, t Arginine c s dng rng ri lm thuc gii c gan (Eganin, Daganin 200mg).[11] Nm 1939, cc nh khoa hc cng khm ph ra Arginine cn to ra Creatine l yu t to nng lng v pht trin ca t bo c. T Arginine c ung b sung DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 16

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG hng ngy tng pht trin c, tng cng nng lng, tng sc mnh, tng sc bn th lc (c bit l cc vn ng vin th thao). [11] Nm 1998, gii Nobel y hc v tim mch mang tn Nitric Oxide (NO). Nitric Oxide l yu t thit yu v then cht bo v h thng tim mch. Nitric Oxide c tng hp trong t bo ni m ng mch t nguyn liu duy nht l arginine. T nm 2004 arginine c ung b sung hng ngy t thc tng cng hoc phng chng cc bnh cao huyt p, x va ng mch, bnh mch vnh, t qu no, bin chng bnh tiu ng, v tng cng chc nng tnh dc (Viagra hot ng qua c ch NO). [11] Arginine ng mt vai tr quan trng trong phn chia t bo, cha lnh cc vt thng, loi b amoniac thot ra t c th, chc nng min dch, v sn xut hormone. Arginine kt hp vi proanthocyanidins hoc yohimbine, cng c s dng nh l mt iu tr ri lon chc nng tuyn sinh dc. Nhng li ch v chc nng nu ung trc tip b sung L-arginine bao gm: Tin thn cho s tng hp nitric oxide (NO) Gim thi gian lnh vt thng tch (c bit l xng) Cc hn thi gian sa cha cc m b h hi Gip gim huyt p [9] Kt hp protein, arginine cng c th c chuyn i thnh Citrulline enzyme PAD. Ngoi ra, arginine c th c methyl ha methyltransferases protein. Precursor Arginine l tin thn ca NO cn thit cho s tng hp ca creatine v cng c th c s dng tng hp polyamine (ch yu l thng qua ornithine v n mt mc thp hn thng qua agmatine), Citrulline , v glutamate. L mt tin cht ca oxit nitric, arginine c th c mt vai tr quan trng trong iu tr mt s bnh gin mch. S hin din ca bt i xng dimethylarginine (ADMA), mt h hng ca arginine s c ch s phn ng oxit nitric, do , ADMA c coi l mt bo hiu ca bnh mch mu, cng ging nh L-arginine c coi l mt du hiu ca mt lp ni mc khe mnh. iu tr hypersensitivity Arginine ng rng (8%) trong cc sn phm nha khoa (v d, kem nh rng) cung cp tr th hiu qu t rng nhy cm bng cch t mt khong cht ging nh ng rng, c cha canxi v phosphate, trong ng ng rng v trong mt lp bo v trn ng rng b mt. Mui ca arginine cng c th c s dng trong iu tr vim gan do ru v x gan tin tin. Theo nghin cu s b ca vic b sung L-arginine v cc vitamin chng oxy ha cho thy rng s kt hp ny c th gip chng vic cao huyt p cao bt thng trong ph n trong thi thai k nguy c cao.[9] Chc nng gii c gan: Arginine tham gia vng Ur gip c th loi b cht c NH3, qu trnh ny din ra ch yu ti t bo gan. ng thi Arginine tng to Glutathione do tng chuyn ha thi cc cht c cho gan (dc phm, ru, yu t c hi). Arginine cng tng bo v mng t bo gan, mng ty lp th t bo t gim men gan GOT, GPT[11] DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 17

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Amino acid L.Arginine tham gia vo chu trnh to ra ure gan, iu ho nng NH3 b tng mt s bnh gan, thc y qu trnh tng hp protid trong c th.[11] Amino acid L.Arginine ngoi sinh c tc dng bo v vi tun hon gan trong cc tn thng do thiu mu cc b. Thiu mu cc b ti gan gy ra do s mt cn bng gia cht vn mch ni sinh v NO dn ti co mch, ri lon v vn mch, lm gim lu lng mu do gy ra gim oxy trong mu v gy tn thng cho gan . Qua nghin cu ca D.Uhlmann v cng s cho thy, vic b sung thm L-arginine s ci thin vi tun hon ca gan, ci thin tnh trng thiu mu cc b ti gan. L-arginine c tc dng bo v gan thng qua vic lm gim nng amoni trong mu. [12] Khi nng amoni trong mu tng cao c th dn n cc triu chng ca bnh no gan. Arginine l thuc gii c gan c s dng rt rng ri trong bnh vin. Nhng bnh nhn b vim gan B, x gan, ung nhiu ru, hoc trong qu trnh iu tr bnh no phi ung nhiu loi thuc c vi gan, th nhng bnh nhn ny u phi ungArginine hng ngy gii c gan. Nu bn nm trong s nhm ngi ny, ung L-Arginine mang li 2 iu tuyt vi: tt cho gan v sinh ra NO tt cho tim. [12] L- Arginine l mt amino acid rt an ton v c th tip nhn 4000-6000mg m khng c bt k lo lng no v s nhim c cho c th. Thc t nhng liu mc cao hn cng khng gy tc ng bt li no. Khng c tc dng ph no c ghi nhn trong cc ti liu y khoa lin quan n L- Arginine. [11]Arginine tham gia tng hp Creatine ti gan v thn. 95% Creatine c d tr c. Creatine c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh to nng lng c v kch thch s pht trin ca c. Ti th vn hi Barcelona 1992, ln u tin Creatine chnh thc c s dng tng thnh tch ca cc vn ng vin. [3].Ngy nay hu ht cc vn ng vin th thao u ung b sung hng ngy3000-6000 mg L-Arginine v khong 5000mg Creatine tng cng nng lng, tng sc mnh, tng sc chu ng- sc bn ca c bp, tng kch thc v s pht trin ca c. [10]. LArginine sn sinh ra Nitric Oxide trong t bo ni m ng mch. Nitric Oxide l cht m nhim vai tr phng chng cc bnh tim mch. [11] 2.5 Methionine (acid -amino -methionine n-butyric): Methionine thuc loi acid amin cha lu hunh. Lu hynh ca methionine bn vng i vi kim hn cc acid amin c cha lu hunh khc (cystine v cysteine). DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 18

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Methionine c vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ho vt cht, c bit l qu trnh gn v trao i nhm methyl trong c th. Methionine l ngun cung cp chnh cc nhm methyl d bin trong c th. Cc nhm methyl c s dng tng hp choline, mt cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao. Choline cn l cht tng hp m mnh nht: ngn nga m ho gan. Ngoi ra cn c nh hng c th vo chuyn ho lipid v phosphatid trong gan v gi vai tr quan trng trong vic ngn nga v cha x va ng mch.. Ngun methionine tt nht l sa, fromage, lng trng trng. Methionine cn hin din trong u nnh, bt m, c thu, tht g, b, th.. [13] Cu to ha hc:

Hnh 2.4 cng thc ca methionine Cng thc phn t: HO2CCH (NH2) CH2CH2SCH3 Tnh cht vt l: Tinh th trng flaky hoc dng bt tinh th. Vi mi c bit. V ngt. Nhit nng chy 280 ~ 281 C(phn hy). 10% dng dung dch gi tr PH ca 5,6 ~ 6,1. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 19

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Mt lun chuyn (mt nguyn t cacbon chiral). S n nh nhit v khng kh. S bt n nh vi cc acid mnh ,c th dn n demethylation. Ha tan trong nc (3.3g/100ml), pha long acid v kim. Kh ha tan trong ethanol, v khng ha tan trong ether. L mt -amino - axit amin thit yu trong nhm khng phn cc. iu ny axit amin c m ho bi ribonu th tm, cn c gi l cc b ba bt u, v n ch ra mRNA m ha khu vc protein bt u.[13] Ngun thc phm cung cp methiomine: Mc cao ca methionine c th c tm thy trong ht m, qu hch Brazil, c, tht v mt s ging cy trng khc, methionine cng c tm thy trong ht ng cc. Hu ht cc loi tri cy v rau qu cha rt t ca n. Hu ht cc cy h u cng thp methionine. B sung ng cc (methionine) v cc loi u (lysine), cung cp mt loi protein hon chnh, [13] l mt s kt hp c in, tm thy trn khp th gii, chng hn nh trong go v u, bnh ng v u. Racemic methionine l i khi c thm vo nh l mt thnh phn thc n vt nui Bng 2.1 Ngun thc n ca Methionine Thc phm Hnh nhn u, pinto, nu chn Qu hch Brazil Tht g, g hoc fryers, rang Chickpea Ng, mu vng Trng, mu trng, kh, ng bt, gim C, c ng u lng, nu chn Yn mch u phng Go, mu nu, trung bnh ht, nu chn Sesame ht ging bt (t cht bo) Protein u nnh tp trung Mm la m Protein u nnh tp trung Sesame ht ging bt (t cht bo) Go, mu nu, trung bnh ht, nu chn g/100kg 0.151 0,117 1,008 0,801 0,253 0,197 3,204 0,755 0,077 0,312 0,309 0,052 1,656 0,814 0,456 0,814 1,656 0,052

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 20

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Hp thu trong c th: Cng vi cysteine, methionine l mt trong hai proteinogenic axit amin cha lu hunh. S-adenosyl thuc nhm methionine (SAM) ng vai tr cung cp cc methyl. Methionine l mt trung gian trong sinh tng hp ca cysteine, carnitine, taurine, lecithin, phosphatidylcholine v phospholipid khc. Chuyn i khng ng cch ca methionine c th dn n x va ng mch.[14] Amino acid ny cng c s dng bi cc nh my tng hp cc etylen. Qu trnh ny c gi l Chu k Yang hoc chu k methionine. [13] Methionine l mt trong hai loi axit amin c m ha bi mt ribonucleotic duy nht trong m di truyn chun (tryptophan, m ha bi UGG, khc). Thng tin ca ribonucleotic ny cng l tin nhn "bt u" cho mt ribosome nh tn hiu bt u ca protein t mRNA. Kt qu l, methionine tch hp vo cc v tr N-thit b u cui ca tt c cc protein trong t bo nhn chun v vi khun c trong bn dch, mc d n thng c loi b bng nhng thay i ca dch protein. vi khun, dn xut Nformylmethionine c s dng nh axit amin bt u. [13]

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 21

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.5 Chu trnh Yang

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 22

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Methionine l mt axit amin thit yu, khng c tng hp trong c th ngi, do chng ta phi b sung t ngun thc phm c cha methionine hoc methionine. Trong thc vt v vi sinh vt, methionine tng hp thng qua mt con ng s dng c acid aspartic v cysteine. u tin, acid aspartic i thng qua -aspartyl-semialdehyde vo homoserine, vo cc cp ca cc nhm methylene tip gip. Homoserine chuyn i thnh O-succinyl homoserine, sau phn ng vi cysteine to ra cystathionine, c phn ra thnh nhng homocysteine. Methyl ha tip theo ca nhm thiol folate thnh methionine. C hai cystathionine -synthase v cystathionine--lyase cn c pyridoxyl-5'phosphate nh l yu t cn thit, v yu t cn c homocysteine methyltransferase lvitamin B12.[13] Cc enzym tham gia vo sinh tng hp methionine: aspartokinase 2.-aspartate-Semialdehyde 3.homoserine 4.homoserine 5.cystathionine--synthase 6.cystathionine--lyase 7.methionine synthase ( ng vt c v, bc ny c thc hin bi homocysteine methyltransferase) 2.6 Isoleucine (vit tt l Ile hoc I) Cng thc ha hc HO2CCH (NH2) CH (CH3) CH2CH3. dehydrogenase dehydrogenase O-transsuccinylase

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 23

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.6 cng thc phn t ca isoleucine N l mt acid amin thit yu v khng th thay th v con ngi khng th tng hp c, v vy n c hp thu t ngun thc phm ngoi. Chui ribonu ca n l AUU, AUC v AUA. [15] Vi mt chui ph hydrocarbon, isoleucine c phn loi nh l mt axit amin k nc. Cng vi threonine, isoleucine l mt trong hai axit amin ph bin c mch nhnh. Bn phn lp th ca isoleucine bao gm c hai diastereomers ca isoleucine-L. Tuy nhin, isoleucine c mt trong t nhin tn ti trong mt hnh thc enantiomeric, (2S, 3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid. [15] Isoleucine l mt trong ba axit amin c chui hydrocarbon bn nhnh. N thng c hon i cho nhau vi leucine v i khi vi valine trong protein. [16] Cc chui bn ca cc axit amin khng phn ng v do khng tham gia vo bt k ha hc lin kt ha tr trong trung tm hot ng enzyme. [16] Cc phn t lin kt vi protein ng vai tr trung tm trong s n nh protein. Cng lu rng cacbon ca isoleucine quang hc hot ng, cng ging nh cacbon ca threonine. Hai axit amin, isoleucine v threonine c trong thc t rng h c hai trung tm chiral ph bin. [16] ng phn ca isoleucine Bng 2.2 Hnh thc ca isoleucine Tn thng gp isoleucine Disoleucin e DLisoleucin e

Lisoleucine

allo-Disoleucine

allo-Lisoleucine

allo-DLisoleucine

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 24

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Tn khc (R)Isoleucin e L(+)Isoleucine (R,R)isoleucin e alloisoleuci ne (R)Isoleucine

Hnh 2.7:Cc ng phn ca isoleucine Ngun thc phm c cha isoleucine Isoleucine l mt acid amin thit yu trong c th. iu ny c ngha l n phi c b sung y qua ch n ung p ng nhu cu ca c th. Axit amin ny c lu tr vi s lng ln ng vt. Thc phm c s lng cao ca isoleucine bao gm trng, protein u nnh, rong bin, g ty, tht g, tht cu, pho mt, v c, u lng, u H Lan... Isoleucine c coi l mt acid amin thit yu c tm thy trong rt nhiu cc protein. Ni cch khc, acid amin ny c th thu c thng qua ch n ung vi s lng p ng nhu cu ca c th con ngi. Isoleucine l mt ng phn ca Leucin v l mt trong ba nhnh chui axit amin trong gia nh axit amin chui nhnh. Ba axit amin (isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) chim gn 70% ca tt c cc axit amin trong protein ca c th. Nh vy, gi tr ca chng trong vic hnh thnh v duy tr tnh ton vn v cu trc v chc nng trong con ngi l v hn.[19]

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 25

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Bng 2.3 Ngun Thc phm c cha isoleucine cao bao gm: [18] Cottage pho mt (kh) Cottage pho mt (crmd) C v hi sn khc Tht Gia cm Sesame ht ging Kh, u lng ton b u phng rang 2.475 mg / cup 1.769 mg / cup 4,000-6,000 mg / lb 1,500-6,000 mg / lb 2,000-4,500 mg / lb 2.000 mg / cup 2.500 mg / cup 3.000 mg / cup

Nhng ngi hot ng th thao thng xuyn, hoc c mt ch n ung thp protein nn xem xt b sung Isoleucine trong khu phn n. S cn bng l tng l 2 mg leucine v valine cho mi 1 milligram ca isoleucine. B sung kt hp cung cp tt c cc ba acid amin nu trn nhn c kt qu tt nht. [19] Hp thu trong c th Isoleucine l nhng acid amin c mch nhnh. Isoleucine th c to thnh t treonin. Di tc dng ca enzym reonindehydratase, treonin b chuyn ha thnh cetobutirat.-cetobutirat s ngng t vi acetaldehid hot ha (acetaldehid hot ha l nhm oxyetyl ca cht oxyetyl 2 tiaminpirophosphat) to thnh acid aceto oxybutyric mt sn phm trung gian then cht trong vic tng hp isoleucine. [20] S tng hp isoleucine t sn phm ny tin hnh rt ging s tng h p valine t acetolactat. giai on cui cng trong phn ng chuyn amin ha, c hai phn ng lin tip nhau u ch c cng mt loi enzyme xc tc. Tuy nhin tng hp valine c hai transaminase u c s dng, cn tng hp isoleucine th ch c mt enzyme c s dng. iu gii thch hin tng l trong thin nhin c tn ti nhng bin chng cn isoleucine v khng cn valine. [20] Cn ch rng isoleucine c ch hon ton enzyme treonindehydratase (ng hn l enzyme treonindezaminase) l enzyme xc tc phn ng u tin ca Isoleucine l nhng acid amin c mch nhnh. Isoleucine th c to thnh t treonin. Di tc dng ca enzym reonindehydratase, treonin b chuyn ha thnh cetobutirat.- cetobutirat s ngng t vi acetaldehid hot ha (acetaldehidhot ha l nhm oxyetyl ca cht oxyetyl 2 DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 26

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG tiaminpirophosphat) to thnh acid aceto oxybutyric mt sn phm trung gian then cht trong vic tng hp isoleucine. [20] S tng hp isoleucine t sn phm ny tin hnh rt ging s tng hp valine t acetolactat. Hnh nh, giai on cui cng trong phn ng chuyn amin ha, c hai phn ng lin tip nhau u ch c cng mt loi enzyme xc tc. [20] Tuy nhin tng hp valine c hai transaminase u c s dng, cn tng hp isoleucine th ch c mt enzyme c s dng. iu gii thch hin tng l trong thin nhin c tn ti nhng bin chng cn isoleucine v khng cnvaline. [20] Cn ch rng isoleucine c ch hon ton enzyme treonindehydratase (ng hn l enzyme treonindezaminase) l enzyme xc tc phn ng u tin ca chui ph nng sinh tng hp isoleucine. S km hm treonindehydratase y mang tnh cht canh tranh v i lc cc enzyme vi L isoleucine ln hn v i L treonine 100 ln. [20] Isoleucine c th c tng hp trong mt quy trnh nhiu bc bt u t bromobutane-2 v diethylmalonate tng hp isoleucine ban u c bo co vo nm 1905. sinh tng hp L mt acid amin thit yu, isoleucine l khng tng hp c ng vt, do c tiu ha t ngun bn ngoi t cc thc phm c cha isoleucine. Trong thc vt v vi sinh vt, n c tng hp thng qua mt s bc, bt u t axit pyruvic v alphaketoglutarate. Enzyme lin quan n sinh tng hp ny bao gm: Acetolactate synthase (cn gi l enzym tng hp acid acetohydroxy) Acetohydroxy axit isomeroreductase Dihydroxyacid dehydratase Valine aminotransferase Qu trnh d ha Isoleucine l mt glucogenic v mt axit amin ketogenic. Sau khi s chuyn ha amin vi alpha-ketoglutarate qua khung carbon c th c chuyn i vo mt trong hai Succinyl CoA, v a vo chu trnh TCA cho qu trnh oxy ha hoc chuyn i thnh oxaloacetate cho gluconeogenesis (glucogenic). N cng c th c chuyn i thnh Acetyl CoA v vo chu trnh TCA ngng t vi oxaloacetate hnh thnh citrate. ng

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 27

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG vt c v Acetyl CoA khng th chuyn i tr li carbohydrate nhng c th s dng trong tng hp ca c quan xeton, axit bo. Do , Biotin( c gi l Vitamin B7 hoc Vitamin H) l mt yu t cn thit cho cc qu trnh d ha isoleucine (cng nh leucine). Nu khng c y biotin, c th con ngi s khng th s dng y isoleucine v leucine. iu ny c th dn n nhiu vn sinh l (lin quan n bo tr c bp v tng hp protein, chuyn ha lipid v chuyn ha acid bo), cng nh cc vn nhn thc kt qu t s tht bi chung con ng trao i cht v nhng tc ng kh chu ca hydroxyisovalerate, mt sn phm ph ca isoleucine d ha khng y . Isovaleric acidemia l mt v d v mt ri lon gy ra bi d ha khng y ca leucine. [21]

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 28

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.8 Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation [23] DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 29

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Tc dng Cc nghin cu cho thy rng cc proteins c cc tc ng khc nhau trn chc nng no b. Mt s protein c hi c tm thy trong mu. Trong c chy mu do v gin tnh mch thc qun s lm mt mu nng. Cc thnh phn ca mu c hp thu vo rut non. Cc c cht to ra do qu trnh vi khun tiu ha protein c hp thu ti rut gi. Chy mu do v gin tnh mch thc qun thng xy ra sau khi c cht trong mu gia tng. Tht, c v trng cng c cha mt s protein c hi. Cc rau c l ngun protein t c tc dng c hn v v vy dung np tt hn. [23] Vic la chn cc acid amin thch hp l quan trng. Trong mu cc bnh nhn x gan thng b thiu cc acid amin chui phn nhnh v tha acid amin thm. Cc thc phm c t l cao cc acid amin chui phn nhnh gm c sa v cc ch phm ca sa v cc thc phm c ngun gc t thc vt. Tht v c cha mt t l cao cc acid amin thm. Cc acid amin chui phn nhnh (valine, leucine, isoleucine) nga bnh l no do gan, cn cc acid amin thm (tyrosine, phenylalanine) v methionine th ngc li. Cc acid amin chui phn nhnh c chuyn ha ngoi gan v khng lm gia tng nng cc c cht khi chng b chuyn ha. Cc acid amin chui phn nhnh ngn nga s thoi ha protein c. Khi c s cnh tranh vn chuyn xuyn qua hng ro mu no do hiu qu m tnh ca cc acid amin thm m chng s c a vo no mt lng tng cao. Trong no cc acid amin ny s c ch chc nng ca no. Cc cht ny l nhng cht vn chuyn thn kinh gi. T l acid amin chui phn nhnh (valine, leucine, isoleucine) / acid amin thm (tyrosine, phenylalanine) c gi l ch s Fischer. ngi khe mnh l 3 (acid amin chui phn nhnh nhiu gp 3 ln acid amin thm trong mu). nhng bnh nhn b x gan t l ny vo khong 1 - 2. hn m v trm trng ca bnh l no do gan lin quan cht ch vi t s ny. [23] Isoleucine c th rt hu ch trong vic ngn nga bnh v c v thc y vic sa cha m sau khi phu thut hoc chn thng. Isoleucine c th h tr hiu ng ng ha ca cc chui axit amin phn nhnh trn tng hp protein c. Isoleucine tc ng tch cc trn protein c bp nhng ngi b mt protein c. Amen v DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 30

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Yoshumira trnh by chng c ch ra rng isoleucine, leucine, v valine rt quan trng trong vic kch thch chc nng ng ha ngi. V c bn, isoleucine c cng nhn l mt axit amin c th lm tng sc bn v gip cha lnh cc t bo c. N l c bit khuyn khch cho cc vn ng vin chuyn nghip v xy dng c th, nh chc nng chnh ca isoleucine trong c th c tng ln cc mc nng lng v gip c th phc hi t cc hot ng th cht nng. Isoleucine l mt acid amin c bit n vi kh nng ca mnh tng sc chu ng v gip cha lnh v sa cha cc m c v tng tc dng ng mu ti ca chn thng. Acid amin ny c bit quan trng i vi cc vn ng vin nghim trng v xy dng c th bi v chc nng chnh ca n trong c th l tng nng lng v gip c th phc hi t cc hot ng th cht nng. Isoleucine l chui axit amin phn nhnh (BCAA). C ba axit amin chui nhnh trong c th, isoleucine, valine, leucine, v tt c chng gip thc y phc hi c bp sau khi tp th dc. Isoleucine thc s l chia nh cho nng lng trong cc m c. Cng gi mc nng lng bng cch gip iu ha lng ng trong mu n nh, s thiu ht ca isoleucine triu chng tng t nh h ng huyt, v c th bao gm nhc u, chng mt, mt mi, trm cm, ri lon, v kch thch. Isoleucine, cng vi hai nhnh chui-amino-acid thc y phc hi c bp sau khi tp th dc ring ca mnh n l cn thit cho s hnh thnh ca hemoglobin cng nh h tr vi quy nh ca lng ng trong mu cng nh mc nng lng. N cng tham gia vo vic hnh hnh cc ng mu. Nghin cu cho thy amino acid ny c c tnh rt thp cc cp pharmatological ln n 8% ca gii php tp trung chut. Isoleucine cng h tr trong vic ngn nga lng ph c. Axit amin c bit l thc y vic sa cha m sau khi b thng hoc phu thut. Hn na, c mt bng chng ng k c bo co trong cc ti liu m gia nh axit amin chui nhnh c tc ng ng ha vo qu trnh tng hp protein c. l l do ti sao mt b sung vi isoleucine tch cc c th nh hng n ni dung c tng protein trong c th con ngi b mt protein c bp. Mt s tc gi trnh by mt bng chng cho thy rng ba axit amin c xem xt l rt quan trng kch thch chc nng ng ha ngi. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 31

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Isoleucine cng c chuyn i trong gan n nh lng ng trong mu, do , n c th hu ch trong vic duy tr mc ng huyt thch hp. Nu s dng isoleucine gia 200 v 2.000 mg mi ngy. Thiu isoleucine l ch tm thy nhng ngi thiu protein nhng cc triu chng c th bao gm nhc u, chng mt, mt mi, trm cm, ri lon cng nh kh chu. Cc triu chng ca thiu ht c th bt chc cc triu chng ca h ng huyt. Cht dinh dng ny cng c tm thy thiu nhng ngi c ri lon tm thn v th cht, nhng nhiu nghin cu hn l yu cu v iu ny.

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 32

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.9 sinh tng hp Methionine Cc con ng sinh ha khc: Mc d c th ngi khng th tng hp methionine, nhng vn c th s dng n trong mt lot cc con ng sinh ha T homocysteine Methionine c chuyn i S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) bt u t methionine adenosyltransferase. SAM hot ng nh l nh cung cp methyl trong nhiu Phn ng methyltransferase, v c chuyn i sang adenosylhomocysteine-S (Sah). DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 33

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Adenosylhomocysteinase hnh thnh cysteine.[22] Ti sinh ca methionine Methionine c th c ti sinh t homocysteine qua enzym tng hp methionine trong mt phn ng cn c Vitamin B12 l yu t cn thit nht. Homocysteine cng c th c remethylated bng cch s dng glycine betaine (NNN-trimethyl glycine, TMG) methionine qua enzyme betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (EC2.1.1.5, BHMT). BHMT chim 1,5% tt c cc protein ha tan ca gan, v bng chng gn y cho thy rng n c th c mt nh hng ln hn trn ni cn bng methionine v homocysteine hn so vi methionine synthase. Chuyn i cysteine Homocysteine c th c chuyn i sang cysteine. (5) Cystathionine--synthase (mt loi men ph thuc vo PLP) kt hp homocysteine v serine sn xut cystathionine. Thay v lm gim cystathionine qua cystathionine-lyase, nh trong con ng sinh tng hp, cystathionine chia nh cysteine v ketobutyrate thng qua (6) cystathionine-lyase-.(21) -ketoacid dehydrogenase enzyme chuyn i -ketobutyrate propionyl-CoA, chuyn ha succinyl-CoA trong mt qu trnh gm ba bc (propionyl-CoA).[22] chuyn i Sah homocysteine. C hai ng dng ca homocysteine: n c th c s dng ti to methionine, hoc

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 34

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.10 tng hp methionine Racemic methionine c th c tng hp t phthalimidomalonate natri diethylankyl ha vi chloroethylmethylsulfide (ClCH2CH2SCH3) tip theo l thy phn v decarboxylation. [22] Vai tr trong c th: Methionin l mt acid amin thit yu gip cho qu trnh c th v loi b cht bo. N cha lu hunh, mt cht cn thit cho vic sn xut cc cht chng oxy ha t DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 35

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG nhin ca c th di do nht, glutathione. C th cng cn rt nhiu methionine sn xut hai axit amin cha lu hunh l cystein v taurine, gip c th loi tr c t, xy dng cc m t bo khe mnh, v thc y sc khe tim mch. [20] Methionine l mt lipotropic, hoc mt cht ha hc gip gan loi bt cht bo (lipid). Khc lipotropics bao gm choline, inositol, v betaine (trimethylglycine), tt c u gip ngn nga s tch t cht bo trong gan v do m bo gan hot ng bnh thng loi b c t khi c th. Methionine cng h tr chc nng gan bng cch iu chnh ngun cung cp glutathione, glutathione l yu t cn thit gip trung ha cc c t trong gan. [20] Methionine l Axit amin lu hunh thit yu, c lin quan cht ch vi chuyn ha cc hp cht lu hunh v trong c th . Khi thiu methionine, n s gy ra n mt ngon, tng trng chm hoc tng cn, thn sng v tch t st hin tng gan, dn n hoi t gan hoc x ha. [21] Chng oxy ha mnh m v mt ngun tt ca lu hunh, trong ngn chn cc ri lon v tc, da v mng tay, gip phn hy cht bo, do gip ngn nga s tch t ca cht bo trong gan v cc ng mch, c th gy cn tr lu lng mu n no, tim v thn, gip gii c cc tc nhn c hi nh ch v cc kim loi nng, gip gim suy nhc c bp, ngn nga tc gin, bo v chng li cc nh hng ca bc x mang li li ch cho ph n dng thuc trnh thai v n thc y s bi titestrogen, lm gim mc histamine trong c th m c th lm cho no b chuyn tip tin nhn sai; hu ch cho cc c nhn b tm thn phn lit.[22] Methionin cng c th s dng methyl ca n a ra chng li mt cht c, thuc chi methyl ha v vai tr ca cai nghin. Nh vy, methionine c th s dng cho cng tc phng chng v iu tr cc bnh vim gan mn tnh hoc cp tnh, x gan v cc bnh gan khc ,cng c th s dng gim bt asen, chloroform, tetraclorua carbon, benzene, pyridin v quinoline, v cc cht c hi khc ra ng c. [21] N l mt trong nhng n v c bn ca protein, l ch c acid amin c cha lu hunh trong axit amin thit yu, trong lin quan n vic chuyn giao methyl v pht DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 36

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG pho trong c th chuyn ha v epinephrine, tng hp choline v creatine; l s tng hp protein vvt cht Cystatin acid , cung cp methyl. N c D-, L-v DL-3 loi. ni chung ch c axit L-amino l con ngi c th s dng, nhng methionine-D c th s dng gin tip trong c th bng vic s dng L-type. [21] Methionine l cn thit cho creatine, mt cht dinh dng t nhin tm thy ch yu trong m c cung cp nng lng cho c bp v c tm thy tng hiu sut th thao trong thi gian ngn, tp luyn cng thng. Creatine cn thit cho tt c cc chc nng c bp, h tr hot ng bnh thng ca h thng tim mch v tun hon. [20] Methionine rt cn cho s hnh thnh ca collagen gp phn to thnh da, mng tay, v m lin kt, v gip lm gim mc d ng vim trong c th thng thy nhng ngi gp kh khn trong vic sn xut histamine qu mc, chng hn nh vim v d ng mn tnh, c th iu tr bng vic b sung methionine. [20] Nghin cu s khi cho thy rng methionine cng c th gip iu tr cc triu chng ca vim ty v bnh Parkinson. N cng c chng minh l hu ch vi vic iu tr cc bnh nhim trng ng tit niu, methionine gip ngn nga vi khun bm vo v sinh si trong cc vch mng ca ng tit niu. [20] Methionine l mt vitamin cn thit, c ngha l n phi c thng qua cc ngun thc phm. N c tm thy trong mt lot cc ngun thc n t nhin, bao gm u, trng, c, ti, u lng, tht, hnh, u nnh, ht ging, v sa chua. N cng c sn ti cc ca hng thc phm sc khe v t nh phn phi trc tuyn dng vin nang v cc hnh thc bt. [20] Ngi ln yu cu kch thc trung bnh khong 800 n 1.000 mg mi ngy methionine. iu quan trng l cn lu l tiu th qu mc methionine, cng vi lng khng y cc acid folic, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, c th tng vic chuyn i methionine cht homocysteine lin quan n bnh tim mch. Tuy nhin, b sung 2 gam hng ngy methionine trong thi gian di ca thi gian khng c bo co gy ra bt k tc dng ph nghim trng. [20]

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 37

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG 2.7 Valin Tn khc : axit -amino-izovaleric

Hnh 2.11 cng thc cu to valin Cng thc phn t: C5H11NO2 Khi lng phn t: 117.15 g/mol Tnh cht: phn t khng phn cc v k nc hon ton(pI 5.96), n c th qua mng t bo bng s dung hp. Valin l mt chui amino axit phn nhnh cng vi leucine, isoleucine. S hnh thnh valin cng ging nh alanin, leucine u xut pht t puruvat. Vai tr vi c th: Valin l mt acid amin rt cn thit cho con ngi v cc ng vt xng sng khc. Valin c c th hp thu v c s dng nh l thnh phn cu to protein, v c nh hng ln trong qu trnh cun li ca phn t protein. Valin rt cn thit duy tr v thc y qu trnh pht trin, cha lnh t bo c v hnh thnh t bo mi, gip cn bng nito cn thit, iu chnh lng ng trong mu v n c kh nng phn hu ng glucose trong c th cung cp nng lng cho hot ng sng. Ngoi ra valin cn gip kch thch h thn kinh trung ng. Valin gip ngn nga s phn hu ca c bp bng cch cung cp cc c bp vi ng thm cho sn xut nng lng trong qu trnh hot ng th cht cng cao. Valin cng gip loi b nito c kh nng c hi d tha t gan v c th vn chuyn nito n cc m khc trong c th khi cn thit. Valin c th iu tr bnh gan v ti mt, cng nh thit hi cho cc c quan ny gy ra bi chng nghin ru v lm dng ma tu. Valin c th gip iu tr bnh no gan thm ch o ngc, hoc tn thng no lin quan n ru. Valin l mt acid amin thit yu, iu c ngha rng n khng th c sn xut trong c th v phi c thng qua cc ngun thc phm. Mc d hu ht mi ngi c valin t ch n ung ca h, c ghi nhn trng hp thiu valin. Maple xi-r nc tiu bnh(MSUD) l do khng c kh nng chuyn ho leucin, isoleucin v valin. S thiu ht valin cng c th nh hng n myelin bao gm cc dy thn kinh, v gy ra nhng iu kin thoi ho thn kinh. Nhng ngi tp th dc rt nhiu, c mt ch n t protein hoc nghim tc c gng xy dng khi lng c nn xem xt b sung valin. Valin c sn trong hnh thc b sung c lp, nhng phi lun lun c thc hin cng vi hai chui nhnh axit amin l isoleucine v leucine. S cn bng l tng l 2mg leucin va valin cho mi miligram ca isoleucin. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 38

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Mt lng qu cao valin c th gy ra mt cm gic da b v thm ch o gic. Qa nhiu valin trong ch n ung cng c th ph v chc nng gan v thn, lm tng lng amoniac trong c th. Tiu ho v hp thu axit amin: Ti rut non, proteins trong thc n b "b gy" ra thnh cc mnh nh nht gi l amino acids v sau cc mnh ny c a n gan. Gan s tng hp cc amino acids ny thnh cc proteins chuyn bit ca c th. Proteins khng d tr ti gan. Thng thng th proteins c dng to ra cc cht ca c th (v d: ni tit t, albumin) v ch dng to nng lng khi c tnh trng khn cp (chuyn ha khi b i). Tt c cc axit amin do tiu ho thc n (ngun gc ngoi sinh) v do thoi bin protein t chc (ngun gc ni sinh) hp li thnh mt ngun axit amin s dng chung cho mi nhu cu ca c th. Chuyn ho axit amin Kh amin : ng vt, qu trnh kh amin bao gi cng l kh amin oxy ho, to thnh axit alpha xtonic v NH3 . y l mt phn ng hai chiu : ngc vi phn ng kh amin l phn ng amin ho, ngha l tng hp axit amin t axit alpha xtonic v NH3 . Phn ng kh amin chu nh hng ca mt s yu t : men aminooxydaza, oxy, vitamin C, PP, B2,) phn ng kh amin b km hm, gy tng o thi axit amin theo nc tiu, gim tng hp ure. - Trao i amin : trong phn ng ny, mt axit amin chuyn gc amin ca n cho mt axit alpha xtnic, bin axit ny thnh mt axit amin v axit amin mt gc amin tr thnh mt axit alpha xtnic. S trao i amin c thc hin nh tc dng xc tc ca cc men trao i amin (transaminase) m coenzym l pyridoxal photphat (vitiamin B6). - Kh Cacboxyl : y l mt phn ng kh ph bin cc t chc ng vt to ra nhng amin tng ng. Men xc tc phn ng ny l decacboxylaza cng c coenzym l pyridoxal photphat. Men decacboxylaza ca axit amin rt ph bin cc vi khun ng rut. Do rut c nhiu sn phm kh cacboxyl : histamin t histidin, tyramin t tyroxin, serotonin t 5-hydroxytryptophan, vv... Mt phn cc sn phm ny c hp thu qua mng rut. Cc amin l nhng cht rt c. Trong iu kin bnh thng, cc amin to thnh c kp thi kh amin oxy ho, nh men aminooxydaza to thnh NH3 v aldehyt. Ngoi ra cc amin cn b trung ho bng cch kt hp vi protein. Tng lng amin trong t chc v trong mu xy ra trong trng hp tng hot tnh men decacboxylaza, gim hot tnh men aminooxydaza hoc ri lon kt hp amin vi protein. Cc loi thc phm cha: Sa, tht, ng cc, nm, u tng v lc. Nhu cu ti thiu valin ca ngi: + Tr em(mg/kg): 105 + N trng thnh(g/ngy): 0.65 + Nam trng thnh(g/ngy): 0.80 2.8 Tryptophan Tn khc : axit -amino--indolylpropionic -

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 39

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.12 Cng thc cu to trytophan Cng thc phn t: C11H12N2O2 Khi lng phn t: 204.23 g/mol Vai tr vi c th:

y l mt trong nhng acid amin quan trng nht m vai tr ca n lin quan cht ch vi tng hp t chc, cc qu trnh chuyn ho v pht trin. Cn thit cho s pht trin ca tr em, duy tr sc sng, iu ho chc nng ca tuyn ni tit, m bo cho s pht trin ca tinh trng, tham gia tng hp Hemoglobin ca hng cu. Tryptophan gip lm du thn kinh, gy bun ng do lm tng nng serotonin trong no( tryptophan l tin cht ca cht truyn thn kinh serotonin). Khng nn dng nhiu cht bo nh b, cc mn xo, chin nhiu du m, tht xng khi, bnh kem... (v y l nhng thc phm cn tr tin trnh tng hp tryptophan). Ng l thc phm c protid khng cn i 2 mt: mt mt do hm lng leucine qu cao lm tng nhu cu isoleucine ca c th, gy ra thiu ht th pht isoleucine, mt khc ngho lysin v trytophan. Tht c y cc aa cn thit vi t l cn i, tha lysin h tr cho ng cc, ngoi ra cn c colagen v elastin, kh hp thu, gi tr dinh dng thp, v thnh phn ca n hu nh khng c cystin v tryptophan, loa ny tp trung nhiu phn bng, th, chn gi. Khi c th thiu tryptophan nh hng ln n tinh thn, suy gim tr nh, d cu gin v gy mt ng, ph hu tuyn ni tit, gim khi lng c th. Thiu tryptophan ko di gy c tu tinh th chut nht, gim nng protein huyt tng tr em. Gim protein huyt tng gy ri lon vn chuyn nhiu cht : cation (Ca2+, Mg2+,vv... ), hormon (thyroxin...) bitiamin (c bit nhm B), bilirubin v nhiu cht khc, do gy ra mt lot cc ri lon chc nng : ni bt ln hng u l thiu vitamin. Nhng biu hin sm ca gim protein huyt tng l ri lon hot ng men DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 40

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG chuyn ho gluxit, lipit, v protein; trc tin l gim hot tnh men kh amin, chuyn amin, v tng hp axit amin (c bit r gan), nh hng ti tng hp protein gan v cc c quan khc, hot tnh men to ure gim, nn ure mu gim, NH3 mu tng. Cc loi thc phm cha : Tryptophan c nhiu trong yaourt, ph mai, sa, tht, c, trng, ht hng dng, ht b , m, u phng, chui, u phng, go, b ... Ngoi ra cn c nhiu trong m la m, u nnh..

Bng 2.4: Thnh phn acid amin khng thay th trong mt s loi thc n Acid amin Histidine Thc n La m Ng tng Lc Sa b Trng g 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,1 2,6 2,1 2,7 2,0 5,8 3,0 7,5 7,2 1,2 0,8 1,2 1,0 1,6 1,5 5,7 5,0 5,7 5,4 5,7 6,3 4,5 5,0 4,2 8,0 8,4 7,3 2,5 3,1 2,0 1,2 3,4 4,1 3,3 3,7 4,0 1,5 4,5 4,9 6,8 22,0 6,6 7,0 11,3 9,2 Leucine Tryptophan PhenylValine alanine onine nine MethiThreoLeucine Izol eucine 3,6 4,0 6,7 3,0 8,5 8,0

Nhu cu ti thiu tryptophan ca ngi: + Tr em(mg/kg): 22 + N trng thnh(g/ngy): 0.15 + Nam trng thnh(g/ngy): 0.25 Ri lon tiu ho v hp thu axit amin Ri lon tit dch ca d dy, ni chung khng nh hng su sc ti qu trnh chuyn ho protein. Qu trnh tch cc axit amin ng tiu ho din bin c khc, tu thuc loi axit amin. Th d : tyrosin v tryptophan bnh thng c tch ngay trong d dy, cn cc axit amin khc phi vo ti rut non mi c tch ra. Ri lon tch tyrosin v trypyophan pht sinh trong trng hp thiu dch v v ct on d dy. Ri lon hp thu axit amin pht sinh trong vim v ph nim mc rut non. Trong t bo, d ch thiu mt loi axit amin cn thit cng gy ri lon tng hp protein, ng thi gy tng tng i cc axit amin khc vi hu qu l cc sn vt trung gian ca cc axit amin ny. Tng hp axit amin pht sinh ri lon khng nhng do thiu axit amin cn thit m cn do ri lon t l gia lng cc axit amin cn thit a vo c th. Cc axit amin cn thit cho vic tng hp cc hormon, cc cht trung gian ho hc, cc cht c hot tnh sinh vt. C th thiu cc axit amin cn thit khng nhng gy ra ri lon chuyn ho protein ni chung m cn nh hng su sc ti tng hp nhng protein ni ring, gy ra nhng ri lon c hiu. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 41

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG 2.9 Phenylalanin Tn khc : Axit -amino--phenyl

hnh 2.13 Cng thc cu to phenylalanin Cng thc phn t: C9H11NO2 Khi lng phn t: 165.19 g/mol Vai tr vi c th: Phenylalanin tham gia vo vic tng hp tyrosine (l cht tin thn ca adrenalin) v l loi acid amin chnh trong vic to thnh m tuyn gip. C chc nng duy tri s hot ng bnh thng ca tuyn gip trng, tuyn thng thn, tham gia to sc t v thnh thc ca tinh trng.

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Phenylalanine l mt axt amin c chc nng bi b no, tng cng tr nh, v tc ng trc tip n mi hot ng ca no b. Ngoi ra, n c th lm tng lng cht dn truyn xung ng thn kinh, v tng t l hp th tia UV t nh sng mt tri, gip to ra vitamin D nui dng ln da.

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.14 ph hp thu nh sng cc tm ca tryptophan v tyrosine Phenylalanin thng b coi l cht c bi v n dc s dng lm v ngot cho noncarbohydrate cho nc ngt( c s dng vi aspartame) v nhiu ngi cho rng n l nguyn nhn dn n s nguy him cho tri c, v c th dn n nguy c ung th. Tha phenylalanin dn n triu chng nhc u, cao mu, bn nn, au tim v thn kinh tn hi. Cc loi thc phm cha: Phenylalanine c trong sa, hnh nhn, b, lc, cc ht vng, pho mat, qu hch v cc ht ging Nhu cu ti thiu phenylalanin ca ngi: + Tr em(mg/kg): 90 + N trng thnh(g/ngy): 0.22 + Nam trng thnh(g/ngy): 1.1-0.3(*) (*): khi lng tyrosin y khi c mt Tyrosine trong thc n th nhu cu Phenylalanine s gim. Chuyn ho phenylalanin phenylalanine c th chuyn ha thnh tyrosine, nhng n cng c cn ti vi mt s lng ln khi m khu phn n thiu tyrosine. Tyrosine l thit yu cho nhng ngi mc bnh thiu nng tr tu PKU (phenylketonuria). Qu trnh sinh tng hp trong c th nhng bnh nhn ny khng th chuyn ha phenylalanine thnh Tyrosine. 70 - 75% nhu cu ca phenylalanine c th c tho mn bng tyrosine.

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.15 tng hp tyrosine t phenylalanin 2.10 Leucine: Leucin l mt -amino acid mch nhnh vi cng thc ha hc HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH(CH3)2. Leucin c phn loi l mt axit amin k nc do n c chui isobutyl bo. N c m ha bi: UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG v l mt thnh phn chnh ca cc tiu n v trong ferritin, astacin v cc protein m khc. L mt acid amin thit yu, leucine khng th c tng hp bi ng vt. Do , n phi c tiu ha, thng l mt thnh phn ca protein. Trong thc vt v vi sinh vt, leucine c tng hp t axit pyruvic bi mt lot cc enzyme sau:

Acetolactate synthase Acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase Dihydroxyacid dehydratase -Isopropylmalate synthase -Isopropylmalate isomerase Leucine aminotransferase

Leucin c s dng trong gan, m m, m c. Trong m v m c, leucine c s dng trong s hnh thnh ca sterol. Leucin l axit amin c kh nng kch thch tng hp protein c trong ch n ung. [27] Cng thc cu to

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 2.16 Hnh cng thc cu to ca Leucine [27 ] Chc nng Leucine c th c chuyn i thnh glucose nhanh hn valine v isoleucine. Leucine tng i quan trng trong qu trnh iu chnh hm lng ng trong mu; nn s tt cho bnh nhn mc chng hyperglycemica, hoc nhng ngi mong mun t chy cht bo nhanh chng. Hn na, loi axt amin ny cn c chc nng duy tr lng hormone tng trng thc y qu trnh pht trin m c. Nhim v quan trng nht ca loi axt amin ny l kh nng hp th canxi, gip cho xng chc khe, chng lo ha ct sng, duy tr trng thi cn bng nit c trong c th, do trnh c hin tng gin c v mt mi. Ngoi ra, leucine cn c tc dng gip c th to ra cht khng th v iu tit hormone truyn ti thng tin. Ngun thc phm Leucine c tm thy ch yu trong cc loi thc phm cht lng cao cha nhiu protein nh u, men bua, cm go nu, caseinate, ng, sn phm t sa, trng, c, ht cy gai du, rau, tht, cc loi ht, hi sn, u nnh. Lng leucine khuyn ngh Liu dng hng ngy ca leucine l khong 16mg/kg cn nng c th, v c nh th, v d: mt ngi n ng nng 70 kg s cn 1120 mg leucine mt ngy. Thiu ht leucine Nhng trng hp b thiu ht loi acid amin ny, khi mun b sung vo thc n cn ch n nhng mc c hi ca n i vi c th, gy ra tnh trng nt da do thiu ht niacin trong mu. Cc triu chng ca ri lon ny bao gm tiu chy, pht ban v mt cn bng, ri lon tm thn.

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

CHNG 3: PHNG PHP XC NH AXIT AMIN

3.1 Phng php xc nh acid amin u N, C

Vic xc nh c amino acid u N v u C cho php xc nh s lng si polypeptide to nn phn t protein v nh gi mc ng nht ca mu protein. Ngoi ra bit c amino acid u N cho php kim sot qu trnh tch phn on i vi phn t protein.

3.1.1 Xc nh amino acid u N 3.1.1.1 Phng php Sanger

Xc nh amino acid u N c Sanger xut vo nm 1945. gm cc bc ch yu sau: Da vo phn ng ca nhm - NH2 ca amino acid u N vi 2,4 dinitroftorbenzol to ra dn xut dinitrophenyl (DNP) ca amino acid cn xc nh c mu vng. Sau tin hnh thu phn bng acid HCl 5,7N ct ton b amino acid c mt trong si polypeptide v dn xut mu vng ca DNP aminoacid u N. Tch dn xut trn bng cch chit sut eter v xc nh dn xut trn l ca amino acid no bng phng php sc k bn mng.

Hnh 3.1 Hnh s phng php Sanger [3] DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 47

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

3.1.1.2 Phng php Dansyl

Do harly ra vo nm 1963, bn cht ca phng php ny cng tng t phng php Sanger gm cc bc: u tin cho dansylchloride tc dng vi nhm NH2 ca amino acid u N to ra dansyl-peptide. Tin hnh thy phn si polypeptide bng acid HCl 5,7N 105C trong khong 12- 16h s gii phng phc dansyl-amino acid u N pht hunh quang = 365 nm. Sau xc nh dansyl- amino acid l phng php sc k bn mng 2 chiu hoc gn y ngi ta s dng phng php sc k ct lng ngc pha c phn gii cao s dng detector hunh quang.

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 48

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Hnh 3.2 s Dansyl [3]

3.1.1.3 Phng php Edman

Phng php ny cho php xc nh ln lt th t amino acid t u N nh phn ng ca nhm NH2 ca amino acid u N vi phenyllisothiocyanate (PITC). Gm hai giai on: To phenylearbamat-peptide Tch amino acid u N dng dn xut phenylthihydantoin (PTH) ca amino acid u N, tch v xc nh dn xut bng phng php sc k bn mng ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng phng php enzyme aminopeptidase.

3.1.2 Xc nh amino acid u C 3.1.2.1 Phng php hydrazyl ho

Do gio s Akabori xut. Bn cht ca phng php ny l ngi ta cho hydrazine tc ng vi nhm cacbonyl ca amino acid u C. Tch phc trn bng phng php sc k bn mng v xc nh tn ca amino acid. Tuy nhin phng php ny c hn ch l mt s amino acid b phn hy khi to phc hp vi hydrazine nhit kh cao 100 = 120oC.

Hnh 3.3 Hnh s phn ng hydrazyl ha [3] 3.1.2.2. Phng php oxazolone
Do nh khoa hc ngi Nht Matsuo xut. Bn cht ca phng php ny l: cho nhm COOH ca amino acid u C tc ng vi acetate anhydride to ra cu trc mch vng oxazolone. Trong mi trng kim cho mt nguyn t H ca mch vng ny trao i vi ng v H3 to ra dn xut phng x. Tin hnh sc k tch v xc nh amino acid u C trn nh phng php chp phng x. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng phng php thy phn nh enzym carboxypeptidase ct ring v xc nh amino acid u C. DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 49

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG 3.2 Cc phn ng nhn bit cc acidamin c trng

3.2.1. Phn ng ninhydrin

Tt c cc -acid amin ca protein u phn ng vi ninhydrin to thnh hp cht mu xanh tm(hp th cc i bc sng 570nm). Phn ng ny rt nhy c th pht hin n microgram acid amin,v vy c dng nhiu trong phn tch nh tnh v nh lng acid amin(trong phng php sc k v in di). C ch phn ng kh phc tp v c nhiu ch cha thng nht. C th nu mt s phn ng chnh nh sau: Di tc dng ca ninhydrin nhit cao,acid amin to thnh NH3, CO2 v andehit tng ng c mch carbon ngn hn acid amin 1 carbon;ninhydrin chuyn thnh aminodixetohydrinden. [1]

Hnh 3.4 Hnh s phn ng ninhydrin [3] Aminodixetohydrinden, NH3 mi to thnh tip tc phn ng vi 1 phn t ninhydrin khc to thnh hp cht mu xanh tm c cng thc nh sau:

O N

O
O

O
O

c bit ring aminoacid nh prolin khi to phc cht vi ninhydrin s c mu vng, khc bit hn vi mu do acid amin khc to nn trong phn ng. Do vy, ninhydrin cn c s dng cho phn ng mu c trng pht hin prolin.

Hnh 3.5 s phn ng pht hin Prolin [3] DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 50

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

3.2.2 Phn ng Xantoprotein vi acid amin vng

y l nhng phn ng c trng cho nhng protein c cha acid amin vng nh phenilalanin,tirozin, tryptophan. Khi un nng dung dch protein vi HNO3 m c to thnh dn xut Nit mu vng. Khi thm dung dch kim vo s to thnh mui c cu to Quinoit mu da cam. Ngc li, cc protein khng cha acid amin vng nh gelatin khng cho phn ng ny. [3]

Hnh 3.6 s phn ng Xantoprotein vi acid amin vng

3.2.3 Phn ng Millon c trng cho tyrozin

Thuc th Millon l hn hp cc mui Nitrat v nitric thy ngn c ha tan trong HNO3. Khi thuc th tc dng vi nhn phenol ca tyrozin s to nn hp cht nitrotyrozin thu ngn c mu . [3] Phn ng Millon c dng pht hin tyrozin v cc hp cht phenol.

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 3.7 s phn ng Millon

3.2.4 Phn ng Adamkievic c trng cho tryptophan

Trong mi trng acid, tryptophan phn ng vi nhiu loi aldehid to thnh nhng sn phm ngng kt c mu tm c trng. [1]

Hnh 3.8 s phn ng Adamkievic

3.2.5 Phn ng Sakagichi c trng cho arginin

y l phn ng pht hin arginin: khi tc dng vi hypobromit(NaBrO) v naphtol,arginin s to sn phm mu cam. [3]

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

Hnh 3.9 s phn ng Sakagichi

3.2.6 Phn ng ca cc acid amin cha lu hynh (phn ng Folia)

Cc acid amin cha lu hynh nh cystin, cystein, methionin di tc dng ca kim b phn hy to thnh natri sunfua( Na2S) [3]: RSH + 2 NaOH Na2S + ROH + H2O

Thm ch acetat v Na2S s phn ng to thnh kt ta nu en ca ch sulfua (PbS): Na2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 2(CH3COO)Na + PbS (kt ta mu en)

3.2.7. Phn ng ca prolin vi thuc th Isatine

Ngoi phn ng mu c trng vi ninhydrin, prolin cn c th pht hin c d dng nh phn ng vi thuc th Isatine. [3]

Hnh 3.10 s phn ng ca Prolin vi thuc th Isatine 3.2.8. Phn ng Pauli pht hin histidin v tyrozin Khi tc dng vi acid diazobenzosunfonic (thuc th diazo), histidin to thnh phc cht mu da cam. [3] Cng thc ca phn ng nh sau: DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 53

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG S to thnh aciddiazobenzosunfonic:

Phn ng ca tyrozin:

Hnh 3.11 s phn ng Pauli

3.2.9. Phn ng vi acid nit (HNO2) (phng phpVan Slyke)

Di tc dng ca HNO2 , acid amin b dezamin dezamin ha to thnh nitow dng kh. Phn ng ny c s dng nh lng cc -acid amin( phng php Van Slyke). [3] DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 54

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG Phn ng xy ra nh sau:

3.2.10. Phn ng vi nit pruxit c trng cho cc acid amin, protein cha lu hunh
Phn ng din ra tng t nh phn ng Folia, nhng phn ng ny, natri nitropruxit thay th v tr ca ch axetat. [3]

Hnh 3.12: Hnh s phn ng vi nit pruxit c trng cho cc acid amin, protein cha lu hunh

3.3. Cc phng php nh lng axit amin 3.3.1. Phng php ha l t lu vic phn tch nh tnh v nh lng acid amin thng l s kt hp ca nhiu phng php ha l v sc k. C th da vo ph hp th cc acid amin khng ging nhau phn tch. Hoc da vo cu trc acid amin t do sau khi chui Polypeptide b thy phn, c th nh lng acid amin u N - tn
DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 55

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

cng bng phn ng Sanger hoc Edman. Cng nh vy, c th xc nh acid amin u C tn cng nh phn ng kh nhm Carboxyl vi tc nhn kh NaBH4 hoc s dng enzyme carboxypeptidase 3.3.2. Sc k Ngi ta c th dung nhiu phng php sc k khc nhau, y ch gii thiu nguyn tc ca mt s phng php thng dng phn tich acid amin 3.3.2.1. Sc k giy Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l da vo s phn b gia hai pha dung mi: dung mi c nh v dung mi di ng. Dung mi c nh thng l nc gi giy sc k (trong iu kin bo ha hi nc, giy c th gi 15-20% nc tnh theo trng lng giy). Dung mi di ng thng l mt dung mi ha c bo ha nc di chuyn trn t giy theo mao dn ko theo cc cht trong dung dch. Tc di chuyn ca tng cht khng ging nhau v mi cht c c trng bi mt tr s nht nh c gi l Rf. Rf = a/b Trong : a: l khong cch dch chuyn ca cht phn tch b: l khong cch dch chuyn ca dung mi C nhiu sc k giy khc nhau l sc k mt chiu i xung, sc k vng nm ngang v sc k hai chiu..Loi giy thng dng l Whatman s 1 v Shleicher-Schull 2044 a v b, dung mi gm cc cht nh 4 Butanol: 1 Acetic acid: 5 nc (dng cho chiu th nht: 3 phenol: 1 nc (dng cho chiu th 2). 3.3.2.2. Sc k lp mng Nguyn tc ca phng php ny dc trn l thuyt ca sc k giy, ngha l cng da trn s phn b cc cht gia hai pha: cht hp ph c trn rng trn mt phin knh to thnh mt lp mng v pha di ng l dung mi thch hp. Dung mi di chuyn lm dch chuyn cc cht trong mu th. Cc cht hp ph thng dng l Silicagel, alumin acid,Sephadex,v.v c kt hp vi thch cao (gypse) dn vo phin knh. 3.3.2.3. Sc k kh Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l li dng tnh cht kh bay hi ca cc acid amin nn c th s dng chng trnh nhit chuyn chng thnh cc dn
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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

xut (thng l N-acetyl-amin). Cho tc dng acid amin vi cn amylic v HBr khan, sau cho tc dng hn hp ny vi anhydric acetic. Ct thng dng l loi Chromosorb W (60-80 mesh) c mt lp polyetylenglyco 1% (cobowax 1564 hoc 6000). Chng trnh nhit gia 1250C v 1550C, tc chy 60-240 ml/pht. 3.3.3. Phn tch bng my t ng 3.3.3.1. Xc nh trnh t (sequence) acid amin trong chui polypeptide My phn tch acid amin trong chui polypeptide t ng da trn nguyn tc ca phng php Edman, Ngha l tch ln lt cc acid amin u N tn cng v xc nh ln lt theo th t tng acd amin c tch ra , v vy c th xc nh chnh xc trnh t sp xp ca cc acid amin trong chui. 3.3.3.2. Xac inh thanh phn acid amin trong chui polypeptide bng may sc ky long cao ap-HPCL (Hight Liquid Pressure Chromatography) Trc ht protein hay peptide phai c thuy phn bng HCl 6N 1100C trong ng han kin cha Nitrogen ( tranh s oxy hoa pha huy acd amin) trong thi gian 12-15 gi. Sau o trung hoa hn hp dung dich thuy phn acd amin va cho vao may phn tich t ng HPLC thanh phn acd amin cung vi mu chun acid amin. May t ng se cho bit ham lng ( =ty l %) cua tng acid amin da theo cac inh (peak) cua acid amin chun. Cn nh may HPLC chi cho bit thanh phn (composition) cua tng acid amin ch khng cho bit trinh t cac acid amin. 3.3.4. in di Da vao tinh cht tich in cua cac acid amin trong mi trng co pH nht inh , ma co th phn tich cac acid amin bng ky thut in di. Di tac dung cua in trng cac acid amin tich in dng (+) se chay v phia cc m (-), cac acid amin tich in m s chay v phia cc dng. Do kha nng tich in khng ging nhau cua cac acid amin vi vy chung di chuyn khng ging nhau trong in trng. Kt qua cac acid amin phn b tri ra trn gia th (giy hoc tm polyamide). 3.3.5. Phn tich bng quang ph khi Quang ph khi (MS-mass spectrophotometer) la mt cng cu phn tich vi chinh xac cao. Nguyn tc cua phng phap nay la: dung mt chum electron bn vao mt lng cht th rt nho, cac phn t cht th trc ht c ph thnh nhiu mnh ion mang in dng trong iu kin chn khng. Cc mnh ion nh

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Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG

mt b phn pht in v ghi thnh pic vi cng khc nhau tng ng vi mi khi lng ca mi ion l khi ph. C nhiu loi my quang ph khi vi mc phn gii khc nhau, my c phn gii cao l my c kh nng tch c hai mnh ion c khi lng ch chnh nhau phn trm n v khi.

DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 58

Tiu lun Dinh Dng Hc GVHD:Th.s H XUN HNG TI LIU THAM KHO 1. L NGC T, LA VN CH, NG TH THU, NGUYN TH THNH, BI C HI, L DON DIN- Ha sinh cng nghip- nh xut bn khoa hc k thut H Ni. 2. Trng i hc cng nghip tp.HCM, khoa sinh hc v cng ngh thc phmgio trnh ha thc phm- lu hnh ni b 2006

3. Phm Th Anh Hng - K thut sinh ha - NXB i Hc Quc Gia TPHCM

4. http://voer.edu.vn/content/m10550/latest/ 5. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/8955223/1/ 6. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/8956287/1/ 7. http://www.dinhduong.com.vn/story/axit-amin-oi-ieu-can-biet 8. http://minhtien.net/index.php?nv=news&...s&IDCare=41 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine 10. http://www.vietnamen.org/bio/?p=5 11. http://giaiphapsuckhoe.com/vi/news/Tin-L-Arginine/Vai-tro-cua-L-Argininetrong-tang-cuong-chuc-nang-tinh-duc-tang-cuong-the-luc-phong-chong-benhtim-mach-va-bao-ve-gan-28/ 12. http://forum.buonchuyen.info/showthread.php?231685-Amino-acid-LArginine-Thuoc-chua-benh-gan 13. http://voer.edu.vn/content/m10550/latest/ 14. http://www.realtime.net/anr/aminoacd.html 15. http://vn.godowell.com/Nutrition-function-Add/485/ 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine 17. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/Isoleusine.html 18. http://www.springboard4health.com/notebook/proteins_isoleucine.html 19. http://www.peptideguide.com/amino-acids/isoleucine.html 20. http://www.vitaminstuff.com/amino-acid-isoleucine.html 21. http://www.scribd.com/doc/71269831/17/Methionine 22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine 23. http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?map00280 24. http://www.drthuthuy.com/Faq/Dimhduong.htm 25. http://vietsciences.free.fr/giaokhoa/chemistry/vohongthai/aminoacid.pdf 26. http://thuviensinhhoc.com/Baigiang/GPSLN/C7/Suhapthu.htm 27. http://www.ykhoanet.com/duoc/dinhduong/05_0162.htm 28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine DHTP6CLT-NHM 38 59

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