A.

PHN M U
- C ch phn ng l nhng con ng chi tit m phn ng tri qua to sn phm . - Xc nh c ch phn ng l mt vn phc tp , v phn ng hu c c th xy ra theo nhiu hng khc nhau , chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t bn trong v bn ngoi , v theo nhng c ch khc nhau . - nghin cu mt phn ng ngi ta ra mt s c ch c th v mt l thuyt ri tm d kin thc nghim chng minh cho mt c ch hp l hn c . - Ni chung khng mt d kin n c no c th dng lm dn chng chc chn cho mt c ch phn ng m phi tp hp nhiu d kin khc nhau. Trong cc k thi hc sinh gii quc gia gn y c nhiu dng bi tp v c ch phn ng ho hc, v vy vic a c ch phn ng vo ging dy cho hc sinh gii v dng cho GV nghin cu l cn thit. - V nhng l nn vic a c ch phn ng vo ging dy v bi dng hc sinh gii l vic kh vy nn ti thn trng la chn mt s c ch phn ng tiu biu , gn vi chng trnh sch giao khoa , thun tin cho gio vin v hc sinh tip thu kin thc nhm mc ch ging dy- hc tp tt hn .

B. ni dung
I. Cc c ch phn ng thng gp. 1. C ch gc t do (SR) a. Xy ra i vi ankan, v tr i vi ni i, i vi vng benzen, axit hu c. V du: CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH; CH3 - CH = CH2; C6H5- CH2 -CH3 a1. C ch: Gm 3 giai on: - Giai on kch thch - Giai on pht trin mch. - Giai on tt mch. s A VD: CH4 + Cl2 As Giai on 1: Cl : Cl Cl. + Cl. H = - 242 KJ Giai on 2: Cl. + CH3 CH3. + HCl (*) H = 8 KJ CH3. + Cl CH3Cl + Cl. (**) H = -111 KJ Giai on 3: Cc gc t do kt hp vi nhau. CH3. + CH3 CH3 - CH3 H = -242 KJ CH3 + .Cl CH3 - Cl H = -376 KJ Cl. + .Cl Cl - Cl H = -353 KJ a2. Quy tc th: - Nguyn t H C bc cao d th. - Phn ng th gc t do u tin. to gc t do bn vng nht. a3. Kh nng phn ng th vi Halogen. I2 < Br2 < Cl2 << F2 (hu) (Phn ng km) a4. Cch tnh t l % cc sn phm th: a%
n Hi ri 100 n Hi ri

Trong : nHi: S nguyn t H C bc i c th b th RHi: Kh nng phn ng tng i (tc th tng i Hi) A sn g VD1: CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3+ Cl2 4 sn phm mono Clo. CH3 ClCH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 (A) CH3 CH3 - CCl - CH2 CH3 (B) CH3 CH3 - CH - CCl - CH3 (C) CH3 CH3 - CH - CH2 -CH2Cl (D) CH3 Bit kh nng phn ng tng i: HI :HII :HIII = 1 : 3,3 : 4,4 C ch phn ng: 1. Giai on kch thch: Cl : Cl
h V

A% = (6.1 +3.1) + (2.3,3) +1.4,4 = 30%

4,4.1.100 = 30% 20 2.3,3.100 = 33% 20 3.1.100 = 15% 20

6.1.100

B% =

C% = D% =

2 Cl.
2

s 2. Giai on pht trin mch: CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3 + Cl A 4 gc CH3 . - HCl + CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3 (I) 1H ; + I secbutyl (ccbot do) 30%/6 CH3 . - HCl + CH3 - C - CH2 - CH3 (II) 8H ; +I 2CH3 + IC2H5- 22%/1 CH3 - HCl + CH3 - C(CH3) - .CH - CH3 (III) 4H ; +Ii - C3H7 33% /2 CH3 - HCl + CH3 - CH(CH3) - CH2 - .CH2 (IV) 4H ; +Ii -butyl 15%/3 CH3 Gc ccbo t do cng bn khi s H cng nhiu v c nhiu gc ankyl gy ra +I II bn vng nht (E thp) d to ra nht. * Nng lng lin kt ca C - H bc 1> C - H bc 2> C - H bc 3 Lin kt C - H bc 3 d b phn ct. ClCH2 - CH2 -CH2 - COOH (SPC) h H3 -C H2 -C H2-COOH + Cl2 vs CH3 - CHCl - CH2 - COOH Vd2: C CH3 - CH2 - CHCl - COOH

Gii thch: CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH : 2 H ; - I

COOH

yu (cch 3 lin kt xichma)

Bn nhtCH3 - .CH - CH2 - COOH : 5H ; - I COOH yu (cch 2 lin kt xichma) CH3 - CH2 - .CH - COOH : 2H ; - I COOH mnh (trc tip) b. Phn ng Nitrho ankan trng hi: (C ch gc t do ) CH4 - HNO3 CH3 - NO2 + H2O Fe/HCl
425o C

CH3 - NH2. Phn ng trn xy ra theo c ch th gc t do. C ch: HONO2 HO. + NO2 (Gc t do nitrni) . NO2 + CH3 - CH3 HNO2 + .CH2 - CH3 (gc ccbo t do etyl) CH3 - .CH2 + HO - NO2 CH3CH2NO2 + HO. * Tt mch phn ng: S kt hp cc cp gc t do. 2. C ch phn ng cng electrophin (AE) vo lin kt i, lin kt 3. C= C ; - C C-; C=C-C=C. a. C ch: 2 giai on. Giai on chm to Cacbocation. b. Hng cng: Quy tc Maccopnhicop tng qut: Phn ngAE u tin to cacbocation bn vng nht. c. Kh nng phn ng: Mt e II lin kt i hoc 3 cng cao th phn ng xy ra cng d.
3

VD: CH3 - CH = CH2 + Br2 C ch:

2 NaI ( baohoa)/HO

Nu c ch phn ng ?

CH3 - CHBr - CH2(+) + Br (-) , chm CH3 - CH + = CH -2 + Br - Br H O (I) CH3 - (+)CH - CH2Br + Br (-) bn: II > I (II) n hanh CH3 - CH I- CH2Br (1) 2SPC (+) CH3 - CH - CH2Br I 2SPP
2

n h a n h CH3

- CH Br- CH2Br (2)

Trong hai sn phm chnh, mun bit sn phm no nhiu hn, xt I ,Br(-) I(-) bn > Br(-). Tnh Nucleophin cng ln khi R ln v m in nh nn sn phm (1) nhiu hn sn phm (2) Kh nng phn ng: CH2 = CH - COOH < CH2 = CH2<CH3 - CH = CH2 ; HC CH < CH2 =CH2 Gii thch: CH2 = CH - c hiu ng- I ; -C lm gim mt e CH3 - lm tng mt e . m in Csp > Csp2 Csp gi cht e hn Csp2 Mt e /C2H2 tp trung vng gia 2 ht nhn nguyn t C kh tham gia phn ng AE; e /C2H2 tri rng ra hai pha tc nhn d tn cng. - Ring phn ng cng H2/ xc tc Ni, phn t C2H2 gn hn C2H4 nn d hp th trn b mt xc tc Ni phn ng d xy ra hn. Phn ng cng gc AR vo ni i C = C (4) p eox CH3 - CH= CH + HBr il CH3 - CH2 - CH2Br (SPC) Peoxit: R - O - O- R T 2RO. RO. + H : Br R - CH + Br.
(-)
0

Br. + CH3 - CH = CH2

CH3 - .CH - CH2 (1H ) CH3 - .CH - CH2Br (5H ) 2 bn hn 1 c u tin to ra trong phn ng .
1

Vd: CH3 - CH = CH2 + HBr sn phm ? C 2 kh nng: * Khng c peoxit, dung mi phn cc: AE: Quy tc Macopnhicop. * C peoxit, to, cng AR: Sn phm tun theo quy tc Kharat tri vi quy tc Macopnhicop. 3. Phn ng th nguyn t H vo nhn thm SE (Ar) sp2 sp3
H E

baz

E
4

( )

+ BH R

a. Phn ng halogien ho xc tc FeCl3, FeBr3, All3, AlBr 2Fe + 3Cl2 FeCl3 to xc tc xc tc

to

Cl - Cl + FeCl3 Cl

- Cl - .....FeCl3 Cl+FeCl(-)4 Tc nhnc i lc vi electron (electrophin)

H

Cl

+ Cl FeCl 4
+ -

cham

ClCl
n hanh

+ HCl + FeCl3

b. Phn ng nitr ho : HNO3 + H2SO4 HNO3 Tc nhn NO2 (electrophin) KNO3 + H2SO4 HONO2 + HOSO3H H2O(+) - NO2 + HSO4(-) H2O+ - NO2 + HOSO3H H3O++N+O2 + HSO4(-) + HNO3 + 2 H2SO4 H3O + N+O2 + HSO4(-) c. Phn ng sunpho ho oleum Tc nhn E+ l SO3 H2SO4 2H2SO4 SO3 + HSO4(-) + H3O(+)
H SO3H
ratcha m

+ SO3

chan

SO3

axit ben zen sunfonic.

Phn ng sunfoho khc nitroho : - Phn ng thun nghch - Phn ng trung ho v in - Giai on 2 quyt nh tc phn ng. d. Phn ng ankyl ho v axyl ho Friden - Grafts. *. Phn ng ankyl ho:
l l + CH3 - CH(CH3)- Cl AC cumen
3

CH((CH3)2

[ O ]

axeton phnol

CH3 - CH - Cl + AlCl3 CH3 Ch :

CH3 - C+H + AlCl4CH3

CH3 A lC + CH3 -C - CH2Cl l ? CH3

3

CH3 CH3 - C - CH2Cl + AlCl3 CH3

CH3 CH3 - C - C+H2 + AlCl4CH3

5

 chuyenvi CH3

+ CH3- C - CH2 - CH3 CH3

+

CH3 - C - CH2 - CH3 CH3 K M O CH3- COOK+ N +KOH+CO2

4

- C+ - CH2 - CH3 CH3

* Phan ng axyl hoa

Al l + CH3 - CO Cl C
3

-COCH3 +HCl clorua axetyl(clorua etanoyl)

C ch: CH3CO-Cl + AlCl3 + CH3 - C+=O HCl + AlCl3 CH3C+=O + AlCl-4

-C+=OCH3

A l l C4

-COCH3 +

*So sanh phan ng axyl hoa va phan ng ankyl hoa: + Nhc im cua phan ng ankyl hoa la khng dng lai mt san phm mt nhom th v khi co u mt gc ankyl ( lam tng kha nng up cua vong benzen). Nn phan ng ankyl hoa tip tuc cho san phm cha hay 3 nhom th. + San phm axyl hoa cho san phm co tinh khit cao. e.Quy lut th va kha nng phan ng *Kha nng phan ng: -Khi vong benzen co sn nhom y e ( tng mt e hoat hoa nhn thm) nn lam tng kha nng phan ng cua vong benzen (kR > kH ). -Khi vong benzen co nhom hut e th phan hoat hoa nhn thm V du: -I+C Cl -C NO2 +I+H CH3 +C OCH3

Kha nng phan ng cao nht: C6H5OH3 > CH3C6H5 > C6H6 > C6H5CL > C6H5NO2. * Quy lut th: - Cac nhom y u tin th v tr o, p. - Cac nhom hut u tin th v tr m (Tr halogen phan hoat hoa nhng u tin nh hng v tr o, p) *Giai thch: - Yu t tnh ( da vao phn b mt o e) -Yu t ng ( da vao bn cua phc ) 4.Phan ng th Nucleophin va phan ng tach loai V du: CH3CH2Cl + NaOH HO CH3CH2OH + NaCl (SN ) t (CH3)3CCl + HOH (CH3)3COH ++ HCl (SN)
2
0

(CH3)2CH2Cl KOH OH CH2=CH2 + HCl (E) /C H KOH / C H OH (CH3)3CCl CH3-C(CH3)=CH2 + HCl (E)
2 5 2 5

a1. Phan ng nucleophin n phn t SN1 xay ra i vi phan ng thuy phn dn xut halogen bc 3 hoc cac dn xut co kha nng tao cacbocation bn vng hoc phan ng th (-OH) cua ancol bc 3 trong mi trng axit. C ch SN1: (CH3)3CCl

H 2O / OH

(CH3)3C+
+

+ Cl-

(CH3)3C+ + HOH

nhanh / H

(CH3)3C-OH

Tc phan ng ch phu thuc vao nng RCl, axit, nc. Giai oan quyt nh tc phan ng ch do: [RCl].v=k[RCl] C6H5-CCl(CH3)2
H 2ON C6H5-C(CH3)2OH / S
1

(C bc 3 u tin SN1)

a2.Phan ng th nucleophin lng phn t (SN2) Xay ra i vi dn xut halogen bc 2 hay ancol bc 1 C2H5Cl + NaOH
H 2O /t
0

C2H5OH + NaCl (SN2)

C ch 1 giai oan qua tran thai chyn tip: H H H + AN2: HO- + C -Cl { HO ..... C.. ..Cl } + Cl . H CH3 H CH3 CH3

HO-CH2

Phan ng tach loai: E1: tach loai n phn t E2: tach loai lng phn t. V du: (CH3)3C-Br
KOH 2OH (CH3)2C=CH2 / C H5

+ HBr.

Tach E1: tng t SN1 : 2 giai oan: h (CH3)3CBr ca m (CH3)3C+ + Br(CH3)3C+

nhanh / H
+

(CH3)2C=CH2 + H+ .

Tach E2 : co mt mt baz manh , xay ra i vi C bc 1,2. V du: HO- + H-CH2CH2Cl { HO .. ..H.. ..CH2.. .. CH2.. .. Cl } Baz manh H2O + CH2=CH2 + Cl

Qui tc tach Zaixep trong phan ng tah loai E 1, E2: X ( Hal, -OH) u tin tach H nguyn t C bc cao va tao ra anken co nhiu H . 5. Phan ng cng Nucleophin vao nhom cacbonyl ( AN ). a.C ch phan ng: 2 giai oan, gai oan chm tao anion + CH3-CH =O + HCN CH3-CH(CN)OH (xianohirin) + m nhanh C ch: : CH3-CH =O + CN- ch CH3-CH(CN)O- H / H CH3-CH(CN)OH H O CH3-CH(OH)COOH + NH4+ / + + + b.V du: CH3-CH =O + CH3-CH2 -Mg Cl H CH3-CH(OMgCl)-C2H5 H O MgClOH + CH3-CH(OH)-C2H5. /
+

6.C ch phan ng este hoa va phan ng thuy phn este trong mi trng axit a.C ch phan ng este hoa va phan ng thuy phn este trong mi trng axit H RCOH +HO-R/ RCOR/ + H2O O O C ch: +H+ +R/OH OR/ -H2O + -H RCOH RC+OH RC-OH2+ RC+-OR / RCOR O -H + OH -R/OH OH +H2O OH +H+ O -Phan ng thun la phan ng este hoa -Phan ng nghch la phan ng thuy phn este. -H+ RCOH +HO-R/ RCOR/ + H2O O +H+ O +H2O 18 CH3CO C2H5 C2H5O18H + CH3COOH O Vai tro cua H2SO4 trong phan ng este hoa +Xuc tac(chnh) +Hut nc(phu) b.Phan ng thuy phn este trong mi trng kim khng thun nghch theo c ch AN OH + A (-) R-C -OR' + OH R-C-OR' R-COOH +OR(-) R-COO- + HOR' O O
N

II.CAC BAI TP V C CH PHAN NG TRONG CAC THI HOC SINH GIOI QUC GIA Bai1: Cu 3- thi hoc sinh gioi quc gia 1997 T mt loi tinh du ngi ta tch uc cht A cha 76,92%C, 12,82%H v 10,26%O trong phn t MA = 156vC, A cn c iu ch bng cch hiro ho xc lc cht 2 -isopropyl - 5 metypenol (B) 1. Xc inh cng thc cu to ca A.
9

2. Vit cng thc cc ng phn cis - trans ca A. 3. un nng A vi H2SO4 c thu c hai cht c cng cng thc phn t C10H18. Vit cng thc cu to ca hai cht v vit c ch phn ng. 4. So snh tnh axit A v B. Giai 1. t cng thc phn t cua A la CxHyOz : x=
76 ,92 .156 = 10 ; 12 .120 12 ,82 .156 = 20 1.100 10 ,26 .156 =1 16 .120

y=

z=

Cng thc phn t cua A: C10H20O B co cng thc cu tao: OH tao (II) :
CH(CH3)2 H3C H3C OH

A co cng thc cu
CH(CH3)2

So sanh cng thc phn t cua B (C4H10O) vi A (B kem A 6 nguyn t H) va da vao cng thc cu tao cua B (co vong benzen, phan ng hir hoa ch xay ra vong benzen, B cng 3 phn t H tao ra A suy r a cng thc cu tao cua A) (II) 2.A co 4 ng phn Cis-tran. n gian ta co th biu th cng thc cac ng phn: OH OH
H3C OH H3C C3H7 C3H7 H3C
H3C OH C3H7 OH2 C3H7
t
0

HC C3H7 3 C3H7

OH C3H7

3.

H3C

C3H7

(III)
OH2
+ +HH3C

(IV)
C3H7

C ch:
H3C

+H2O

H3C

H3C

C3H7

(III) +H+
H3C
C3H7

(IV) + H+

Bai 2: (Trch cu 4- thi HSG Quc gia) Co phng trnh phan ng sau:
OH
H 2 SO4 ,85 %, C 10
0

+ H 2O

(A) Vit c ch phan ng.

(B:Hiu sut 55%)

10

Giai Co phng trnh phan ng sau:

OH

+ H+
CH2

OH2

OH2 CH2
ch m

+
H ,nhanh
+

H 2O

Bai 3 (Trch cu 1, 2- thi HSG Quc gia) 1.Cho 4 dn xut clo cua hircacbon, chung u co cng thc phn t C4H9Cl. Cho dn xut clo mach khng nhanh trn tac dung vi Cl 2 (a s), theo ty l mol 1:1. Trnh bay c ch cua phan ng . 2. Iotbenzen c iu ch vi hiu sut cao theo s phan ng sau: 0 C6H6 + I2 + HNO3 5C C6H5I + NO + NO2 Cho bit vai tro cua HNO3? Nu tn c ch phan ng? Giai 1. ng phn mach thng cua C4H9Cl la: CH3CH2CHClCH3(A), CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl(B) * Giai oan 1: Cl-Cl a 2Cl. CH3CHCH2CH2Cl+HCl * Giai oan 2: Cl.+CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl CH3CH2CHCH2Cl +HCl CH 2CH2CH2CH2Cl+ HCl Gc t do 1bn nht (5H , -ICl yu) Nn san phm chim ty l cao nht la: 1,3-iclobutan * Giai oan 3: Cac gc t do kt hp vi nhau. Trng hep CH3CH2CHCl-CH3 san phm th vi clo chim ty l cao nht la 2,3-i clobutan 2. HNO3 la tac nhn oxi hoa I2 thanh I+ va oxi hoa HI (tao ra trong qua trnh phan ng) Phan ng xay ra theo c ch th electronphin vaovao vong benzen Bai 4: Hay cho bit cac phan ng di y thuc loai phan ng nao (oxi hoa kh hoc phan ng khac) a,C2H5OH CrO CH3CHO H CrO ,) CH3COOH , Piridin ,(1) (2
0

b,CH4 CH3OH (1)

HCOOH HCHO H2CO3.

(2) (3) (4)

11

c, d, + H2O e,

CH3CH2OH LiAlH ,TiCl CH3-CH3

4 4

CH=O
Br Br

CH(OCH3)2

H ,CH 3OH

+ Br2

g,

+ HBr

Br

Bai giai: a, CH3CH2OH (1) Phan ng oxi hoa b, CH4 H2CO3

CrO3 , piriin

CH3CH = O

(2) Phan ng oxi hoa HCOOH (3) Phan

O H 2C4 , 2

CH3COOH

(1)

CH3OH

(2)

H - CH = O (4) ng

Phan ng oxi hoa Phan ng oxi hoa c, CH3CH2OH d,

Phan ng oxi hoa

kh

CH3CH3 Phan ng kh
LiAlH4 ,TiCl4

CH=O

Phan ng th

H ,CH 3OH

CH(OCH3)2
Br Br

+ H 2O

e,

+ Br2 Phan ng oxi hoa

+

g,

HBr Br Phan ng cng

III. Mt s bai tp tng hp. Bai 1: Trong phan ng cua n - Butyl amin vi NaNO2 va HCl cho 2 ancol co cng thc phn t (C4H10O), 2 anken co cng thc phn t ( C4H8) va 2 dn xut halogen ( C4H9Cl) - Giai thch s xut hin cac hp cht trn bng mt c ch phan ng thch hp.

Giai:
12

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - NH2 + NaNO2 C+H2Cl- + N2 Amin beo, mach h, bc 1
NaNO2 , HCl
2

2 HCl (chm )

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 -

+ H2O Cacbocation butyl Na + ancol bc 1.

Amin beo, mach h, bc 2 NaNO , HCl Ancol bc 2 Amin bc 3 Khng phan ng. NaNO , HCl Amin thm bc 1 Hp cht az
2

(2H ) CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - C+H2 chuyn v

H H 2O ,

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - OH

Cl
H
+

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2Cl CH3 - CH2 - CH = CH2 CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3 OH CH3 - CH2 - CHCl - CH3
H 2O , H +
C l

CH3 - CH2 - C+H - CH3

CH3 - CH = CH - CH3 C ch thch hp: tao cacbocation bn.

H
+

Bai 2: Cho phan ng sau, cho bit c ch phan ng; Phan ng co bao nhiu san phm ? San phm chnh la g? H CH2 = C - CH = CH2 + H2O ? CH3
+

Giai: - Phan ng trn xay ra theo c ch AE: 2 giai oan - Co nhiu san phm. - San phm chnh la san phm cng 1,2 va san phm cng 1,4. (San phm chnh xut phat t cacbocation bn nht). + CH3 - C - CH = CH2 (6H ; + C) : Bn nht CH3 1 CH2 = C - CH = CH2 1 2 4 CH3 3
H + 2

C H2 -CH- CH = CH2 (1H )

+

CH3 CH2 = C - CH2 - CH2 (2H ) CH3 + CH2 = C - C H - CH3 (3H , + C) CH3
3

Vy cacbocation (1) bn nht, u tin tao ra trong phan ng. + + (1) CH3 - C - CH = CH2 hoc CH3 - C ..... CH ..... CH2 CH3 CH3
13

OH CH3- C - CH = CH2 CH3 SP cng 1,2 T cacbocation (4) CH2 = C _+

CH3 - C = CH - CH2 - OH CH3 SP cng 1,4

CH2 = C - CH - CH3 CH3 OH Cacbocation 2,3 khng bn % SP thp, chu yu SP tao ra t cation 1,4. Bai 3: Thuy phn 11,6g mt este quang hoat co C* (cacbon bt i ) co cng thc: C6H12O2 bng cach un vi lng d dung dch NaOH. Sau phan ng lc hn hp vi ete, tach ly lp ete, lam kh bng Na2SO4 khan (vi t H2O) ri chng ct ui ete c mt cht long quang hoat nng 7,4 gam (vi H% = 100%). Dung dch nc khng co tnh quang hoat. a, Xac nh cng thc cu tao cua este? Giai thch? b, Nu c ch phan ng? c, Mt este ng phn B cua A khi x l nh trnth cho dung dch nc co tnh quang hoat. Xac nh cng thc cu tao cua A. Hng dn giai: a, Lp ete co cha ru (do ru d tan trong ete) 7,4g cht long quang hoat o la ru no: CnH2n + 1OH n ru n chc = n este = 11,6 : 1,16 = 0,1 mol. MR = 7,4 : 0,1 = 74 C4H9OH co C* CH3 - CH2 - C*H - OH CT este: CH3 - C - O - CH - C2H5 CH3 O CH3 Kim chng. b, C ch phan ng: ACB2 c, B (C6H12O2) M + R co C* Cng thc cu tao B : C2H5 - C*H - C - OCH3 CH3 O

CH - CH3 CH3

H 2O, n a h hn

CH2 - C = CH - CH3 OH CH3

C. KT LUN
Vic nghin cu, hoc tp c ch phan ng hoa hoc giup ta hiu su sc ban cht cac phan ng hoa hoc, giup giai thch cac quy lut trong phan ng va nhiu hin tng khac. Bi vy vic nghin cu, hoc tp va giang day c ch phan ng hoa hoc la cn thit c bit trong cng tac bi dng hoc sinh gioi. tai nay ch giup mt phn nho ttrong cng
14

vic to ln o. Ti hy vong tai c on nhn va co ch cho moi ngi.

15