BI TP PHNG TRNH VI PHN

CHNG I: PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1

Phng trnh bin s phn ly, phng trnh thun nht
Cu 1. Gii cc phng trnh bin s phn ly sau

1. (x2 yx2 )y + y 2 + xy 2 = 0,

2. y cos(2y) sin y = 0,

3. y + sin(x + y) = sin(x y),

4. y = cos(x y),

5. y = x2 + 2xy 1 + y 2 ,

6. y =

1
xy

+ 1.

Cu 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau

1. xdy ydx = x2 + y 2 dx,

2. xyy + x2 2y 2 = 0,

3. (3x2 + y 2 )y + (y 2 x2 )xy = 0,

4. 2(x + yy )2 = y 2 (1 + (y )2 ),
5. x cos xy (ydx + xdy) = y sin xy (xdy ydx).
Cu 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau

1. x y 1 + (y x + 2)y = 0,

2. (x + 4y)y = 2x + 3y 5,

y+2
3. y = 2( x+y1
)2 ,

4. (y + 1) ln y+x
=
x+3

y+x
,
x+3

5. (2x y + 4)dx + (4x 2y)dy = 0, y(0) = 1.

Cu 4. Xt phng trnh y = f (y), trong f (y) lin tc trn (a, b). Bit rng tn
ti nghim y0 (x) ca phng trnh trn sao cho lim y0 (x) = c (a, b). Chng minh
x

rng hm y(x) = c cng l nghim ca phng trnh.

Cu 5. a. Tm ng cong m i vi n giao im ca tip tuyn bt k vi trc honh
cch u tip im v gc to .
b. Tm ng cong sao cho khong cch gia tip tuyn bt k ca n ti gc to bng
honh tip im.

Cu 6. a. Tm ng cong sao cho t s gia on thng trn trc Oy b ct bi tip

tuyn v on thng trn trc Ox b ct bi php tuyn k t tip im l mt i lng
khng i.
b. Tm ng cong m i vi n t s gia on thng b ct bi php tuyn trn trc
Ox v bn knh vct ti tip im l mt i lng khng i.
Cu 7. Chng minh rng bt k ng cong no nhn c t ng cong tch phn ca
phng trnh thun nht bng php bin i ng dng, tm ti gc to cng l ng
cong tch phn.

Cu 8. Chng minh rng mi ng cong tch nghim ca phng trnh y = 3 xy 4+1

+1
c hai tim cn ngang.
Cu 9. Tm tt c cc hm f (x) sao cho
f (x + y) =

f (x) + f (y)
1 f (x)f (y)

Phng trnh tuyn tnh, phng trnh Bernoulli

Cu 10. Gii cc phng trnh sau

1. 2x(x 1)y + (2x 1)y + 1 = 0,

2. x(1 + x2 )y (x2 1)y + 2x = 0,

3. xy y = x2 arctan x,

4. y + tan y =

x
,
cos y

5. (x 2xy y 2 )y + y 2 = 0,
6. (x + y 2 )dy = ydx.
Cu 11. Gii cc phng trnh sau

1. xy 2 + x2 (1 + x)yy + 3x 5 = 0,

2. y + xy = x3 y 3 ,
x

3. y + y = e 2 y,

y(0) = 94 ,

4. ydx + (x + x2 y)dy = 0,

5. y (x2 y 3 + xy) = 1.
Cu 12. Gii cc phng trnh tch phn sau:
1. y(x) =

x
0

y(t)dt + 1 + x,

2.

(x t)y(t)dt = 2x +

3. x

y(t)dt,

y(t)dt = (x + 1)

ty(t)dt.

Cu 13. Xt cc phng trnh

y + p(x)y = q(x) (1)

y + p(x)y = 0 (2)
Chng minh rng
1. Hiu hai nghim ca (1) l mt nghim ca (2),
2. Tng mt nghim ca (1) v mt nghim ca (2) l mt nghim ca (1),
3. Nghim tng qut ca (2) cng vi mt nghim ring ca (1) cho ta nghim tng
qut ca (1).
Cu 14. Chng minh rng

1. phng trnh x(x2 + 1)y (2x2 + 3)y = 3 c mt nghim l tam thc bc hai.
Gii phng trnh y.
2. hm s y = x

et dt l nghim ca phng trnh xy y = x2 ex . Tm nghim

ring ca phng trnh y tho mn iu kin y(1) = 1.

Cu 15. Cho y1 , y2 l hai nghim khc nhau ca mt phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1. Hy
biu din nghim tng qut ca phng trnh qua hai nghim ny.
Cu 16. Da vo dng ca phng trnh Bernoulli hy chng t trc Ox l ng cong
duy nht c th cho ta nghim k d ca phng trnh .
Cu 17. Chng minh rng nghim ca phng trnh tuyn tnh

y + p(x)y = q(x)
tho mn iu kin u y(x0 ) = y0 c th vit di dng

y=e

x
x0

p(t)dt

[y0 +

q(t)e

t
x0

p(s)ds

].

x0

Cu 18. Chng minh rng mt trong cc nghim ca phng trnh

(0 x < +)

y + ky = kq(x),
trong k l hng s, l biu thc y(x) = k

ny tn ti).

q(x t)ekt dt (vi iu kin tch phn

Cu 19. Chng minh rng, phng trnh

y + ay = P (x),
trong a = const, P (x) l a thc cp m ca x, c nghim ring dng y1 = Q(x),
Q(x) l a thc cp m.
Cu 20. Chng minh rng bt k phng trnh tuyn tnh

y + p(x)y = q(x)
c nghim ring dng y1 = b, l phng trnh bin s phn ly.
Cu 21. Chng minh rng phng trnh tuyn tnh

y = ky + f (x),
trong k = 0, f (x) l hm tun hon chu k T c mt nghim ring duy nht l hm
tun hon chu k T . Hy tm nghim ring .
Phng trnh vi phn ton phn
Cu 22. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1. (x + y + 1)dx + (x y 2 + 3)dy = 0,
2. (6xy 2 + 4x3 )dx + (3y 2 + 6x2 y)dy = 0,
3

3. 3x2 (1 + ln y)dx + ( xy 2y)dy = 0,

2

y
1
1
4. [ (xy)
2 x ]dx + [ y

x2
]dy
(xy)2

= 0.

Cu 23. Gii cc phng trnh sau y, bit rng chng c tha s tch phn dng (x)
hoc (y):
1. (x2 + y)dx = xdy,
2. (2xy 2 y)dx + (y 2 + x + y)dy = 0,
3. ( xy + 1)dx + ( xy 1)dy = 0,
4. (x cos y y sin y)dy + (x sin y + y cos y)dx = 0.
Cu 24.

1. Tm tha s tch phn dng (x + y) v gii phng trnh:

(2x3 + 3x2 y + y 2 y 3 )dx + (2y 3 + 3xy 2 + x2 x3 )dy = 0.

2. Tm tha s tch phn dng (xy) v gii phng trnh:

xdy + ydx xy 2 ln xdx = 0.

3. Tm tha s tch phn dng (x2 y) v gii phng trnh:

( x2 y + 2x)dx dy = 0.
Phng trnh cp mt cha gii ra o hm
Cu 25. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

1. yy 2 (xy + 1)y + x = 0,

2. y 3

y
4x

= 0,

3. y 2 (1 + y 2 ) = a2 ,

4. y =

y2
2

+ ln y ,

5. y 3 + y 3 3ayy = 0,

6. y 3 + (x + 2)ey = 0,

7. (xy + 3y)2 = 7x,

8. y (2y y ) = y 2 sin2 x,

9. y 2 2xy = x2 4y,

10. x2 y 2 = xyy + 1,

11. 5y + y 2 = x(x + y ),

12. y 3 + y 2 = xyy ,

13. y = xy x2 y 3 ,

14. 2y = xy 2 2y 3 .
Bi ton qu o
Cu 26. Lp phng trnh vi phn nhn h ng cong sau lm h nghim
1. y = Cx3 ,
2. y = sin(x + C),
3. Cy sin(Cx) = 0,
4. (x C)2 + y 2 = 1,
5. x = y 2 + 2y + C.

Cu 27. a. Lp phng trnh vi phn ca h ng trn bn knh bng 1 v tm nm trn

ng thng y = 2x.
b. Lp phng trnh vi phn ca nhng ng trn tip sc vi c hai trc to .
c. Lp phng trnh vi phn ca nhng parabol c trc song song vi Oy v tip sc vi
cc ng thng y = 0 v y = x.
Cu 28. Hy vit phng trnh ca qu tch nhng im (x, y) l im cc i hoc

im cc tiu ca nghim phng trnh y = f (x, y). Lm th no phn bit c

im cc i v im cc tiu.
Cu 29. Tm qu o trc giao ca nhng h ng cong sau:
1. (x2 + y 2 )2 = 2 xy,
2.

x2
a2

y2
b2

= , (a, b cho trc),

3. (x )2 + y 2 = a2 , (a cho trc),
4. x(x2 + y 2 ) = (x2 y 2 ),
5. x3 + (x 2)y 2 ,
6. r 2 = ln tg + ,
7. r 2n 2r n an cos(n) + a2n = b2n , (a, n cho trc).

CHNG II: PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP CAO

Phng trnh vi phn cp cao h cp c
Cu 30. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. x + sin y + 2y = 0,

2. x = ey + y ,
3. y 2 + y = xy ,
4. (1 x2 )y + xy = 2,

5. xy = y + x sin yx ,
6. y = 2(y 1)cotgx.
Cu 31. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. y = 2yy ,
2. yy + 1 = y 2 ,

3. y (1 + y 2 ) = ay ,
4. y 2 = (3y 2y )y ,
5. (y + 2y)y = y 2 ,
6. 2yy = y 2 + y 2 ,
7. yy + y = y 2 .
Cu 32. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. xyy xy 2 = yy ,
2. (1 + x2 )(y 2 yy ) = xyy ,

3. yy = y 2 + 15y 2 x,
4. x2 yy = (y xy )2 ,
5. y +

y
x

y
x2

y
y

6. x2 yy = (y xy )2 ,
Cu 33. Tm ng cong tch phn ca phng trnh yy + y 2 = 1 i qua im (0, 1)
v tip sc vi ng thng x + y = 1 ti im . C bao nhiu ng cong nh vy?.
Phng trnh tuyn tnh
Cu 34. Cho h hm y1 (x), y2 (x), . . . , yk (x) lin tc trn on [a, b]. Chng minh
rng h hm trn ph thuc tuyn tnh trn on khi v ch khi

 b
b

2
y
(x)dx
y1 (x)y2 (x)dx

1
 a
a
b
b 2

y2 (x)dx
 y2 (x)y1 (x)dx
a
a


...
...
b
b


 yk (x)y1 (x)dx
yk (x)y2 (x)dx

a

...
...
...
...



y1 (x)yk (x)dx

a

b


y2 (x)yk (x)dx
 = 0.
a


...


b 2
yk (x)dx 
b

Cu 35. Chng minh rng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh khng thun nht cp n vi
cc h s lin tc trn (a, b) c ng n + 1 nghim c lp tuyn tnh trn (a, b).
Cu 36. Bit rng nh thc Wronsky ca cc hm s y1 , y2 , . . . yn bng 0 ti im x0
v khc 0 ti im x1 . C th ni g v s ph thuc tuyn tnh hoc c lp tuyn tnh
ca h hm trn khng?.

Cu 37. Chng minh rng hai nghim y1 (x), y2 (x) ca phng trnh y + p(x)y +
q(x)y = 0 (p(x), q(x) lin tc trn (a, b)) cng t cc tiu ti mt im th chng
ph thuc tuyn tnh.

Cu 38. Hai nghim y1 (x), y2 (x) ca phng trnh y + p(x)y + q(x)y = 0

(p(x), q(x) lin tc trn (a, b)) c th ct nhau c khng, c th tip sc vi nhau
c khng?.
Cu 39. Tm phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh nhn h hm sau y lm h nghim c
bn:
1. 1, x, x2 ;
2.

cos
x , sin
x;
x
x

3. cos2 x, sin2 x.
Cu 40. Gii cc phng trnh sau nu bit mt nghim ring ca phng trnh thun
nht tng ng
1. y + x2 y + y = 0, y1 =

sin x
.
x

2. y sin2 x 2y = 0, y1 = cotgx.
3. x2 y 2xy + 2y = 2x3 , y1 = x.
4. y +

x
y
1x

1
y
1x

= x 1, y1 = ex .

Cu 41. Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

x3 y 3x2 y + 6xy 6y = 0,
bit hai nghim ring ca n l y1 = x, y2 = x2 .
Phng trnh tuyn tnh h s hng
Cu 42. Gii cc phng trnh sau
1. y 7y + 6y = sin x,
2. y + 9y = 6e3x ,
3. y 3y = 2 6x,
4. y 2y + 3y = ex cos x,
5. y + 4y = 2 sin(2x),
6. y + 2y + y = 4ex ,
7. y + 2y + 5y = 2xex cos(2x),
8. y + y = x2 cos2 x,
9. y 3y = e3x 18x,
10. y 2y + (1 + 2 )y = (1 + 42 ) cos(x),

y(0) = 1, y (0) = 0,

11. y (m + 1)y + my = ex x 1.
Cu 43. Chng minh rng nghim y(x) ca phng trnh
y + 2 y = f (x)

vi iu kin u y(0) = y (0) = 0 c dng

x
sin (x t)f (t)dt.

y(x) =
0

Cu 44. Cho phng trnh

y + ay + by = 0.

Tm iu kin ca cc hng s a, b tho mn

1. Mi nghim ca phng trnh u b chn trn [0, +).
2. Mi nghim ca phng trnh u dn n 0 khi x +.
Cu 45. Tm mi gi tr ca p, q cho mi nghim ca phng trnh
y + py + qy = 0
l nhng hm tun hon ca x.
Cu 46. Vi gi tr no ca k v th phng trnh
y + k2 y = sin(x)
c t nht mt nghim tun hon.

CHNG III: H PHNG TRNH VI PHN

Cu
Gii cc h phng trnh vi phn {
sau
{ 47.

y = 4y 3z
y = 4y 2z
2.
1.

z = 3y + 4z
z =y+z
{
{
y = y + 8z
y =zy
4.
3.

z
z
=
3z

y
= 2y + z

dx
dx

=
x
+
y
+
z
=x+y

dt
dt

dy
dy
6.
5.
=xy+z
= x + 2y + z

dt
dt

dz
dz

=x+yz
=x+z
dt
dt

Cu
sau
48. Gii cc h phng trnh vi phn

y
y = 1
z
2.
1.

z =
yx

y
y =
z
3.
4.

z =
z
2

=
=
=
=

y
2y + 3z
z
2y + 3z
x
yz
x
y2

Cu
Gii cc h phng trnh vi phn {
sau bng cc phng php khc nhau
{ 49.

y = 2y 4z + 4e2x
y = 3y + 2z + 4e5x
2.
1.

z = 2y 2z
z = y + 2z
{
{
y = y + 2z + 16 + ex
y = 4y 3z + sin x
3.
4.

z = 2y 2z
z = 2y z 2 cos x