i hc in Lc nng l-ng

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PHN 1: GII THIU CHUNG

1.1. Vai tr ca ngnh gm s trong nn kinh t.
Ngnh gm s Vit Nam c vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn, to vic lm v thu nhp cho s ng lao ng mt s a phng trn c nc. Hin nay sn phm gm s gia dng mi p ng c gn 90% nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. Mi nm gi tr xut khu ca ngnh t trn 260 triu USD, chim 0,5% gi tr GDP. ( B cng nghip, nm 2003 ).

1.2. L do thc hin ti.

1.2.1. ). i vi ton ngnh cng nghip sn xut gm s nm 2005: Nhng loi nng lng c s dng ph bin: in, than, du (FO, DO), Tnh hnh s dng nng lng v pht thi kh CO2 ( nm 2005

gas (LPG). Mt s vng cn s dng mt s nhin liu khc nh rm, tru, ci, v ht iu Nng lng c s dng chy ng c in, sy v nung sn phm. Sn lng gm, s gia dng ton ngnh sn xut trong nm 2005 : 439,9 Gi tr sn xut ton ngnh nm 2005 tnh theo gi so snh 1994 l triu ci 16.980,14 t VN (tng ng 1.549,73 triu USD theo t gi gia VN vi USD nm 1994). Nng lng ton ngnh s dng nm 2005 tnh theo tn du quy i: 202.927,86 TOE. Trong : Than: 41,25 nghn tn= 18.548,49 TOE in: 46,19 triu kWh = 3.971,42 TOE Du DO: 69,48 nghn tn = 64.691,52 TOE Du FO: 15.298,13 nghn lt = 15.270,35 TOE Ci: 569,11 nghn m3 = 74.521,41 TOE
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Gas: 22.947,00 tn = 25.924,67 TOE

Khoa qun l

Tng chi ph nng lng ton ngnh nm 2005: 446 t VN/nm [CBC, 2006].

Trong : in: 47 t VN/nm,

Than: 24 t VN/nm, Du DO:0,55 t VN/nm, Du FO: 84 t VN/nm, Gas: 248 t VN/nm, Ci: 43 t VN/nm.

Tng pht thi kh CO2 ca ton ngnh gm s nm 2005: 520,49 nghn tn [CBC, 2006]. Bng1: S dng nng lng v pht thi kh CO2 trong nm 2005 ca ton ngnh snxut gm s (tng s v tng loi nng lng).
Nng lng s dng STT Loi nng lng n v Khi lng Gi tr (t VN) Pht phi kh CO2 (nghn tn)

in

Triu kWh Nghn tn Nghn lt

46,19 41,25 69,48

47,10 24,16 0,55

19,08 76,27 0.2 48,97 68,11

Than Du DO

3 Du FO 4 Gas

Nghn lt 15.298,13 84,19 Tn 22.947,00 247,82

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5 Ci

Khoa qun l

Nghn m3
Tng

569,11

42,55
446,38

307,86
520,49

Nh trn trnh by, ta thy gm s l ngnh cn s dng nhiu nng lng trong qu trnh sn xut, nhiu c s sn xut mang tnh lng ngh. V vy, ngnh ny cn tim n nhiu bin php tit kim nng lng. Xut pht t thc t trn, nhm sinh vin chng em i thc t ti Bt Trng v hon chnh ti: Nghin cu quy trnh cng ngh ngnh gm s, cc c hi tit kim nng lng.

Mt s hnh nh v chuyn i thc t:

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Khoa qun l

1.3. Lch s lng ngh sn xut gm Bt Trng.

Bt Trng l mt lng c nm bn sng Hng, x Bt Trng gm hai thn Bt Trng v Giang Cao thuc huyn Gia Lm, H Ni. Theo s sch th lng ngh Bt Trng cng c n 500 nm tui. Mt s th tch c c ghi vic thi L s, th k 15, cc cng phm triu nh cng np cho nh Minh bn Trung Quc gm cc sn vt qu nh gm, vc, la l, chu ngc , v c c gm Bt Trng. Nhng c th ni, ngh gm Bt Trng cc thnh l vo th k 16, th k 17. Nhiu th qu gi nhng nh, n, cha, miu cn n nay, thy c ghi tn tui nhng ngi cng tin v thi gian ch tc, th bit nhng gm Bt Trng cc k p c ct, dng, nt v men ra i vo thi Mc Mu Hp v thi L Trung Hng. T cc th k trc, gm Bt Trng ch yu l th. V sau gm Bt Trng c nhiu gia dng, ph bin nht l bt, a, bnh, l, m chn. V ngy nay, gm Bt Trng c kh nhiu mt hng phong ph v chng loi v kiu dng, bao gm c nhng mt hng m ngh nh a treo tng, l hoa, con ging, tng phin bn v ph iu vi k thut v cng ngh cao. Cc b su tp gm s Bt
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Nam.

Khoa qun l

Trng t ti nh cao ca ngh thut v k thut ch to gm s Vit

Ngoi bt a, m chn thng dng, Bt Trng cn lm nhiu hng khc, nh cc th t v cc cho trang tr ni, ngoi tht : c bnh, l, nh, n th, cc b tng tam a, tam thnh, chu hoa, con ging, gch trang tr cao cp... Hng Bt Trng t xa xa ni ting v cht men ph, ph bin l men mu bp dong, loi men ny sc trng hi ng xanh hoc xm, trong vo su. Sn phm gm s Bt Trng khng nhng ni ting trong c nc m cn c xut khu sang nhiu nc trn th gii t nm 1990 nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, M v cc nc trong khi EU. Nhiu sn phm gm c Bt Trng ang c lu tr ti mt s vin bo tng ln trn th gii nh Vin bo tng Royaux-B, Vin bo tng Guimet-Php. T nm 2002, cc ngh nhn Bt Trng bt u lin kt sn xut v tiu th sn phm thng qua Hip hi gm s Bt Trng. Nhng thnh vin ca hip hi khng ch l nhng gia nh sn xut gm m cn c c cc cng ty kinh doanh gm s. Thng qua hip hi, ngi Bt Trng c c hi tm hiu, nm bt thng tin v th trng, cc kin thc mi trong cng ngh sn xut gm s, phng thc bun bn thi thng mi in t v cch nng cao nng lc cnh tranh.

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PHN 2: TIT KIM NNG LNG TRONG NGNH GM S

2.1. c th tiu th nng lng.
2.1.1. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut gm s.

S : Cng ngh sn xut gm s

a)

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut gm s.

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Chun b nguyn liu.

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Nguyn liu gm c cao lanh, trng thch, t st trng. Cc nguyn liu trn c phi ch theo t l nht nh, ph hp vi nhit nung theo yu cu sn xut sn phm. t c nhit nung theo mun, c s sn xut nguyn liu xng men phi c cc cng thc phi ch ph hp. Sau khi nguyn liu c phi ch c a vo bnh nghin bi c cng sut t 8 12 tn/m v nghin trong 48 gi. Trc khi ly nguyn liu bt ra, cn b k thut phi kim tra nh ca ht. Nu m bo cc yu t k thut mi c ra bt.

My nghin nguyn liu.

Nguyn liu sau khi nghin c a qua b phn mc lc loi b tp cht v nhng ht c kch thc ln. Cn b k thut kim tra nh ca c ht nguyn liu, nu thy m bo mi c bm qua b phn kh t.

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Sn phm sau khi qua my nghin c a vo b lc.

Nguyn liu sch t b lc c bm vo my nn v p thnh tm.

Nguyn liu sch c a vo my p lc khung bn, c ly ra khi m nguyn liu ch cn 22 24%, a qua my luyn v a vo phng m t nht 15 ngy trc khi a vo sn xut.

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Sau cng tm t st c a vo my luyn.

Qu trnh c tc dng lm tng do ca nguyn liu, d to hnh trong qu trnh sn xut. Nguyn liu sau khi c a qua my luyn v ht chn khng sau ng vo ti nilon bo qun v vn chuyn. Trc khi a vo sn xut i tr, phi nung th nguyn liu kim tra nh gi cht lng nguyn liu. m bo tnh n nh, khng xy ra cc sai st, mi l hng c sn xut t 150 200 tn v c kim tra k v mt cht lng trc khi a vo sn xut i tr hoc bn. c c nguyn liu cht lng cao, c s sn xut phi tuyn chn cn thn nguyn liu u vo v cc nguyn liu trn phi c mua t cc nh cung cp c uy tn, vi s lng ln, cht lng n nh.

To hnh.

t do trc khi a vo to hnh s c a qua my luyn v ht chn khng ln hai v c n ra vi cc kch thc c ng knh khc nhau tu thuc vo loi sn phm. C nhiu phng php to hnh sn phm, chn cch to hnh no tu theo loi sn
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phm v trinh cng ngh ca c s sn xut.

Khoa qun l

Trc y khu to hnh c thc hin bng cc bn xoay hoc my p ln.

To hnh bng phng php nn th cng.

Hin nay c doanh nghip to hnh sn phm trn dy chuyn cng nghip hin i, to ra cc sn phm rt ng u. i vi mt s loi sn phm, ngi th gm s c th to hnh bng khun thch cao. Khun thch cao c c sn cho tng loi sn phm. Khun c cu to t n gin n phc tp. Loi n gin l khun hai mang, loi phc tp th thng c nhiu mang, tu theo hnh dng ca sn phm nh to. Cch to dng ny trong cng mt lc c th to ra hng lot sn phm ging nhau, rt nhanh v gin tin. To hnh sn phm c th bng phng php rt hoc p nn. Phng php rt: Nguyn liu c ho vi nc thnh dng h, hi st (h), sau vo khun thch cao, sau mt thi gian nht nh th ngi th h d ra. Khi sn phm tng i kh th m khun ra ly sn phm.

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Khoa qun l

Khun thch cao trc khi a vo s dng.

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Nguyn liu c rt vo khun.

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Lm kh v tho khun.

Khoa qun l

Phng php p nn: Nguyn liu c lm thnh tng tm, dy theo yu cu ca sn phm. Ngi th gm p vo trong khun to sn phm. Bng phng php rt hay p nn, sau khi to hnh th ngi th cng cn phi sa cha li sn phm cho hon chnh cc ng nt, hoa vn v loi b nhng ch d tha do rp khun to ra. Ch bin men.

Men gm s l mt lp thy tinh c chiu dy t 0,15 0,4 mm ph ln b mt ca sn phm. Lp thy tinh ny hnh thnh trong qu trnh nung v c tc dng lm cho b mt sn phm tr ln st c, nhn, bng. Phng php thng thng ch bin men l nghin phi liu trong my nghin bi gin on n khi mn qua ht sang 10.000 l/cm2. Trong qu trnh nghin, cn khng ch mn thch hp v nu nh nghin qu mn men s b cun hoc bong men, nu men qu th s gy nhm b mt v tng nhit nung mt cch ng k. i vi men trng ( c ) v men trong hoc men cho s cch in, sau khi nghin cn thit phi a qua my kh t loi b st v oxit st ( c trong nguyn liu hoc do s mi mn ca my nghin ). Thnh phn ca men bao gm nhiu oxit hoc mui kim loi khc nhau, hm lng ca chng to mu m, nht khc nhau do to mu sc cho sn phm l b quyt cng ngh ca cc nh sn xut gm s. Men gm s l mt h phc tp gm nhiu xt nh Li2O, Na2O, K2O, PbO, B2O3, CaO, ZnO, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2... c a vo di cc dng sau: Nguyn liu do : gm c cao lanh , t st , bt talc , betonit... Nguyn liu khng do di dng khong: gm c trng thch, lmt, vi, ct... Nguyn liu khng do di dng ha cht cng nghip: BaCO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, borax, axt boric, Cr2O3, ZnO... hoc cc loi frit. xt hoc mui ca kim loi c th lm cht to mu cho men, cng mu tu thuc vo hm lng (%) xt gy mu a vo v bn cht men. Nhng xt

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l: CoO, Co2O3, Co3O4, Co(OH)2: cho mu xanh. NiCO3: cho mu vng bn.

Khoa qun l

mu hoc mui ca chng khi a ring vo men gm s cho mu thng thng

CuO, Cu2O: cho mu xanh khi nung trong trong mi trng xy ho, mu trong mi trng kh. Cr2O3: Cho mu lc. Sb2O3, Sb2O5 cho mu vng. FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4: cho mu vng, vng v nu khi nung trong trong mi trng xy ho; xanh xm n xanh en trong mi trng kh. MnCO3: cho mu en, tm hoc en. SnO2: cho mu trng (men c). ZrO2: cho mu trng (men c). TiO2: cho mu vng. Trang tr v trng men. nng cao tnh ngh thut cho sn phm, ngi th gm s dng bt lng v mu ln sn phm vi loi hoa vn. Ngi th phi c tay ngh cao, hoa vn ha tit phi hi ho vi dng gm, cc trang tr ho tit ny nng ngh gm ln mc ngh thut, mi ci l mt tc phm. Mt cch trang tr khc l hnh in sn trn giy decal. Sn phm mc sau khi hon chnh c lau cho sch bi c em trng men hoc nung s b nhit thp ri mi trng men. K thut trng men c nhiu hnh thc nh phun men, di men nn b mt cc sn phm mc c ln, nhng men i vi loi gm nh. Sau khi trng men, ngi th kim tra k tng sn phm xem c ch no khuyt men th b sung v co b nhng ch tha trc khi a vo l nung.

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Khoa qun l

Giai on trng men

Qu trnh nung. Quy trnh nung t trong l th cng truyn thng: Qu trnh chun b:

Sn phm trc khi nung c t vo trong cc bao nung bng Samt. Khi xp vo trong l, nhin liu than v bao nung sn phm c xp xen k. Qu trnh chng l l mt qu trnh lao ng nng nhc vi hng chc tn hng c a ln cao t 6 n 7 m. K thut xp l do nhng ngi th giu kinh nghim thc hin. Trong qu trnh nung t, ngi th khng iu khin c nhit lng cung cp cho l nung. Mi trng nung khng sch. iu dn n cht lng sn phm v hiu qu sn xut khng cao. Theo tnh ton, t l sn phm thu hi khi nung bng l th cng truyn thng l 65 75%.

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Khoa qun l

Cc sn phm c sp vo bao nung.

Quy trnh chng l

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Khoa qun l

Nhin liu ch yu l loi than cm 5, cm 6. Trc khi a vo l nung t, than c pha trn theo cng thc 50% than cm, 50% cht n bao gm gi t, x than, bn v nc. Sau ng thnh cc bnh trn c ng knh khong 13 n 15 cm, phi kh trc khi a vo l t. Qu trnh nung t:

Cng on nung t l cng on tiu hao nng lng ch yu. Qu trnh nung gm 3 giai on: Giai on sy: Trc khi nung, sn phm c sy t 1 n 3 gi, tu thuc vo kch c ca sn phm. Cc sn phm c kch c ln phi c sy lu hn trnh b nt trong khi nung. Mc ch ca qu trnh sy l gim m trong sn phm nung, nhit sy thng vo khong 200 OC. Giai on nung (nhit t 200 1200 OC) Sau giai on sy, nhin liu c a thm vo bung t v t trong khong thi gian t 4 5 gi. Thi gian bo n l 30 pht. Khi ngn la trong gm gi sng trng l lc than trong l chy u, lc dng t ci than t chy trong l. Qu trnh ny ko di t 10 12 gi. Qu trnh nung t l than th cng c thc hin ch yu da vo kinh nghim nung t ca cc th l. Qu trnh chy trong l l mt qu trnh t nhin, nhit nung ph thuc vo cht lng than cm, cch phi liu, u ch v s lng than chng vo l. Theo kinh nghim khi chng l th lng than chng xung quanh tng l v ca l nhiu hn gia l. Than dng trong gm gi c u ch c t l than cao hn d bn trong qu trnh nung (t l than 80%, cht n 20%) Giai on lm ngui. Qu trnh lm ngui l mt qu trnh t nhin, thi gian t khi chng l n khi ra l phi mt t 4 5 ngy tu theo sn phm nung t ln hay nh. Trong qu trnh d l, v sn phm v nhin liu c xp chng xen k nn y cng l mt khu rt nng nhc, nh hng n sc kho ca ngi lao ng do bi than v hi nng.

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L ga con thoi.

Khoa qun l

L gas con thoi l l nung gin on theo chu k tng m mt, ph hp vi m hnh sn xut nh. Cng on xp, d c thc hin ngoi l trn cc xe gong nn rt thun tin.

Quy trinh xp sn phm trc khi a vo l gas con thoi.

Ca c lp gch hoc bng chu la v lp cch nhit m bo kn kh cho l. Khi l sau qu trnh nung theo knh khi trn mt xe gong ni vi knh dn i qua ng hu l theo ng khi thot ra ngoi.

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Khoa qun l

. Xe nung mt trn c cc knh dn khi, knh khi c thng vi ng khi qua vch hu l, ng khi c h thng iu chnh p sut trong bung nung. Nhin liu ca l gas con thoi l gas ho lng LPG gm 2 loi chnh l butan 50% C4H10 + propan 50% C3H8; nhit lng = 11.827 kcal/kg. Quy trnh vn hnh l ga con thoi:

Cc cng on lm mc nh l th cng truyn thng. L gas c trang b cc tm k nung bng vt liu chu nhit cao. Cng on chng xp l theo trnh t: tng lp sn phm trn mt xe, lp n cch lp kia bng cc cc k gia cc tm k, sn phm c xp dng nh cc gi hng. Lc xp sn phm, xe nung ngoi. Khi xp sn phm, chiu cao, xe c y vo bung l. Sau khi kim tra an ton, bt u chm la mt s bp phun dm sy (ch cha vi ng ca l trnh n khi lng gas trong l cao) khong 2 3 gi hoc di hn tu theo sn phm dy mng. Khi t c nhit sy nh yu cu th chm la ton b bp v iu chnh p theo quy nh tng giai on. Nng nhit theo quy trnh ng cong nung, ng h bo ti nhit thiu kt, tu theo chng loi sn phm m iu chnh p bo n di hay ngn nhm
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lm cho sn phm

Khoa qun l
kt khi.

Nguyn l chy ca l gas l nhin liu c phun t 2 hng bp b tr dc hai bn sn l, chy t nhin, chuyn ng theo hng ln nc v cun ngang, chy vo knh dn khi theo nguyn l la o, trn ng i dng kh chy cp nhit cho sn phm. Thi gian gia nhit v sut tiu hao nhin liu cho mt m l ph thuc vo chng loi sn phm v nhit thiu kt. Khi nung xong, l c lm ngui t nhin, nhit c h xung n 100 200 OC l an ton i vi sn phm. L tuynen:

L tuynen c dng ng hm thng, c ch lm vic lin tc v s dng cc dng nhin liu khc nhau. Sn phm nung c t trn cc toa xe gong chuyn ng ngc chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca kh nng. L c kch c rt khc nhau, dit25150m L c nhng b phn hi lu v trn kh, trnh s phn lp kh lm nhit l khng ng u. L c chia lm 3 vng: vng t nng, vng nung v vng lm ngui. Khng kh lnh dn c t nng ln sau khi lm ngui sn phm v c chuyn sang vng nung tham gia qu trnh chy. Khng kh nng c chuyn sang vng t nng sy kh sn phm mc v t nng dn chng ln trc khi chuyn sang vng nung. Khi l c thi ra ngoi qua ng khi nh qut ht. S tun hon ca kh thi cho php to ra ch nhit v ch m du hn, lm cho nhit ng u trn tit din l, gim tc ng c hi ca khng kh lnh lt vo. Nhin liu c np qua vi phun (bc du) nu s dng nhin liu lng thng l du FO. Vi l tuynen d dng c kh nng chuyn sang nhin liu gas.

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Khoa qun l

S :L tuynen

2.1.2. Nhn xt. Trong sn xut gm s c cc cng on quan trng l l to men, mu v nung sn phm. Cc b quyt cng ngh v s khc bit nm cc cng on ny. V ta thy, Cng on nung t l cng on tiu hao nng lng ch yu. 2.1.3. Danh mc thit b, my mc ang c s dng ph bin trong ngnh cng nghip gm s.

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STT Tn thit b, my mc STT

Khoa qun l

Tn thit, b my mc

My nghin bi nc

12

Bn sa my v th cng

My khuy huyn ph

13

My nn kh

My sang rung

14

My to mu khun

My kh t

15

My lau chn sn phm

My p khung bn

16

H thng l nung

My luyn ht chn khng

17

ng h o nhit

My nghin ba

18

ng h o p sut

My chng lng

19

H thng bung sy

My to hnh p do

20

Qut khi

10

My to hnh p ln

21

T iu khin bung sy

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11 My to hnh rt p lc 22

Khoa qun l

My mi chn sn phm

23

My ct ba ng hp sn phm

2.2.

C hi tit kim nng lng.

nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm trn th trng th chng ta cn xem xt n chi ph sn xut. sn xut sn phm gm s cn s dng hai loi nng lng chnh l nng lng in v nhin liu t l nh: than, ci,gasChi ph nng lng sn xut ra gm chim khong 30-60% ca sn phm. V vy, gim c chi ph nng lng u vo s a li li nhun ln hn cho nh sn xut gm s. 2.2.1. Trong lnh vc qun l. Cc doanh nghip cng nh cc h gia nh sn xut nh l Bt Trng cn nhn thc c vai tr ca tit kim nng lng trong cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh mnh dn u t i mi cng ngh, thit b nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng, bi trn thc t, li ch ca vic qun l nng lng lun cao hn so vi chi ph u t v li nhun thu c t TKNL c th b p cho chi ph u t ch trong mt thi gian khng lu. Cc bin php c th: R sot quy trnh bo dng, bo tr cc thit b. Lp k hoch lp t mi, ci to, sa cha thit b s dng nng lng ca

n v.

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s sn xut.

Khoa qun l

Gim st cc quy trnh hot ng ca h thng tiu th nng lng trong c Tt tt c cc bng n, iu ha khi khng c nhu cu s dng i vi cc thit b, my mc dng in, nhit cn phi c vn hnh theo

mt quy trnh k thut ph hp, c th tit kim c 5% in nng v nng lng tiu th cp cho l nung nu vn hnh my hp l iu i hi ngi s dng phi c trang b nhng kin thc c bn v cc phng php s dng nng lng hp l, an ton v tit kim nn phi c ti liu hng dn, tp hun Thng xuyn v sinh nh xng v cc thit b s dng in do mi trng lm vic y rt bi bm v bn

2.2.2. Lnh vc chiu sng.

Qua chuyn i thc t ti Bt Trng, nhm thy cn nhiu tim nng tit kim nng lng trong lnh vc chiu sng. V vy, chng em s a ra mt s gii php tit kim nng lng trong lnh vc chiu sng. S dng chiu sng t nhin. Tin ch ca vic chiu sng t nhin thay th chiu sng bng in vo ban ngy c nhiu ngi bit n nhng. Lu mt ng dng cn mc chiu sng l 500 lux. tnh ton tht thot do phn x v khuych tn bn trong h thng ca s trn nh, gi nh rng 40% nh sng mt tri xuyn qua ca s trn nh lan ta trong khng gian. Do vy, vo ngy c nng, khong 2% din tch trn nh c s dng lm ca s. b cho cc gc mt tri thp, iu kin sng m, ca s trn nh bn, vv. din tch ny tng gp i ln ti khong 4%. tnh ton cho iu kin my m trung bnh, con s ny tng ln ti 10% hoc 15%. Chiu sng theo cng vic . Chiu sng theo cng vic ngha l cung cp chiu sng tt theo yu cu ch tp trung vo din tch thc, cng vic c thc hin trong khi vic chiu sng chung cho xng hoc vn phng ch gi mc thp hn; v d n gn vo cc my mc hoc n bn. C th tit kim c nng lng bi v n c cng sut thp

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cng c th to ra chiu sng theo cng vic tt. Khi nim v chiu sng theo cng vic nu c thc hin mt cch hp l th c th gim s lng chm n chiu sng chung, gim cng sut ca n, tit kim ng k nng lng v cung cp vic chiu sng tt hn v cng to ra mi trng thm m v d chu hn. Thay th bng n: la chn n v b n hiu sut cao. Mt s c s sn xut Bt Trng vn dng loi bng n hunh quang T10, chn lu st t. Gii php: Thay th bng n T10 bng T8 v lp cha n. n T8 c cng sut 36W, ng knh l 26mm. Loi bng ny c ng knh nh nn hiu sut ngun pht sng c th ci thin khong 3%. Khng nhng vy, n cn tit kim in, c th tit kim n 10% nng lng v cht lng nh sng cc tt. Mt iu na l nu dng chn lu in t hin i thay th cho chn lu st t, lng tit kim c th ln n 25%. Bo dng chiu sng: Bo dng rt quan trng vi hiu sut nh sng. Mc sng s gim theo thi gian do s lo ho ca n v bi trong gi n, n v b mt phng. Cng mt lc cc yu t ny c th lm gim tng chiu sng khong 50% hoc hn,trong khi n vn tip tc s dng y in. Sau y l cc cch bo dng c bn gip nhn chn iu ny: Lau sch bi gi n, n v thu knh t 6 n 24 thng mt ln. Thay thu knh nu chng chuyn mu vng. Lau sch hoc sn li phng nh mi nm mt ln v phng ln 2 n 3 nm mt ln. Lau sch bi b mt n v bi lm gim lng sng. Nn ch tp hp treo n li. Nhng n thng dng, c bit l n nng sng v n hunh quang thng tht thot t 20% n 30% hiu sut sng qua thi gian hot ng. Nhiu chuyn gia v chiu sng xut nn thay ng thi tt c n trong h thng chiu sng iu ny gip tit kim nhn lc, gi chiu sng cao v trnh gy tc dng ng sut cho chn lu ca cc n sp hng.

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i hc in Lc nng l-ng 2.2.3. Tit kim in cho ng c.

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ng c v my bm l thit b tiu th in ln nht trong cc c s sn xut, chim khong 80% tng nng lng in ca mt c s sn xut. Vic p dng cc cng ngh tin tin, cc gii php tit kim nng lng cho php ng c v my bm c th tit kim khong 20% tng khi lng in nng tiu th. 2.2.3.1. My nghin: Hin trng: Cc ng c chy sao/tam gic nn khi lm vic dng khi ng rt ln. Khi lm vic ng c tiu th 100% cng sut trong ton h thng dn n s Khi kt thc m nghin trong thi gian ch a vo b khuy phi s dng

d tha lng ph v tiu tn in nng. thm ng c ph. Gii php:

Lp thm mt bin tn VACON vo motor chnh, khi : Dng khi ng ca motor khng b tng t ngt. Bin tn s iu chnh ng c lm vic vi cng sut t, khi cng sut C th khng cn dng thm motor ph, m s iu chnh cng sut trc tip t

ng c s gim. motor chnh tha mn yu cu cng ngh.

2.2.3.2. B phn khuy h: Hin trng: Cc ng c chy sao/tam gic cng vi yu cu momen lm vic ln nn dng Khi lm vic ng c tiu th 100% cng sut dn n s lng ph v cng sut Khi kt thc m khuy vn phi chy motor trnh lm ng h ( bt t ), do khi ng cng rt ln. v tiu tn in nng. ti thi im ny rt lng ph in nng.
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Gii php: Lp bin tn VACON vo mi motor:

Khoa qun l

Bin tn s c ci t ch to momen nn khi lm vic dng in lm vic Cng sut lm vic thc t thng ln hn cng sut yu cu, do bin tn s Khi kt thc qu trnh khuy, bin tn s iu chnh motor chy vi tc thp

ca motor s gim. lm nhim v iu chnh cng sut motor ph hp vi yu cu. nht m bo h khng b ng li, y l thi im tit kim in nng nhiu nht. Vi gii php ny, cng ty TNHH s VINACERA Thanh Tr p dng v thu c thnh cng. Vi my nghin c lp bin tn th cng ty tit kim c 25% in nng.Vi b phn khuy h, cng ty tit kim c 30% nng lng.

2.2.4.

L nung v vn tit kim nng lng.

Thc t Bt Trng c khong 600 l t than so vi 320 l ga. Nhiu doanh nghip, h gia nh s dng l th cng t than sn xut sn phm c tnh i tr, gi r c th cnh tranh vi hng Trung Quc. 2.2.4.1. Thay th l nung t than bng l nung ga tit kim nng lng. S dng l t than, nhit lng chy t di ln gy nhim mi trng nghim trng do kh thi CO, CO2 v cht thi rn. Hiu sut ch vo khong 80 85 %, thnh phm xu, km cht lng. Gii php: Thay th l nung t than bng l nung ga tit kim nng lng. L gas con thoi:

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Khoa qun l

L con thoi

c tnh k thut ca l gas con thoi:

Nhin liu s dng l gas lng vi vi t t nhin, hu nh khng cn n

qut gi ( khng tiu tn in nng cho qut ). H thng cc bc t, nhit c ci t v c h thng iu chnh nhit t ng.

Sn phm c nh, nhit c nng dn ln chuyn t ch sy sang ch

nung. Thi gian nung sn phm nhanh t 12 24 gi.

Nt c trng y l l t chy ngn la cao v nhit lng u xung

quanh l, nhit tr cao (c th nung cc sn phm khc nhau vi nhit nung t 1.600 1.800 C), sch, t tp cht, hu nh khng cha lu hunh, p sut kh li tng i cao, d bt la, d trn ln vi khng kh v c th t vi lu lng t rt nh n ln. Vic iu chnh nhit hay tc nng nhit trong l tng i n gin bng chnh p lc kh.

Ch t: gin an. Hiu sut t c khong 95%.

nh gi vic s dng nng lng: L gas con thoi c thit k s dng vt liu cch nhit lm thn l, nhit tht thot khng ng k, do tn dng nng lng cao. 2.2.4.2. Tit kim nng lng bng m rng dung tch l.

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Xut pht t lm n nh, cc c s sn xut gm s thng c rt nhiu l nung nhng hu ht u c dung tch nh hn 10 m3. Thc t ny tn ti t rt lu. Nhng gn y, khi gi nhin liu tng vt, phng n tit kim nng lng c t ra. Bin php: a) M rng dung tch cc l bng gm c dung tch nh hn 10 m3 hin ang s dng ccc s sn xut. Mc tiu ca gii php l m rng dung tch l nung nhng phi tit kim nng lng. Theo tnh ton cn bng nng lng, l 9,5 m3 trc khi p dng bin php nghin cu, trung bnh thi ra 40,71 m3 CO2/m3 dung tch hu ch. Trong khi , l 12 m3 sau khi p dng cc bin php nghin cu, trung bnh ch cn thi ra 37,81 m3 CO2/m3 dung tch hu ch. Nh vy, p dng bin php tit kim nng lng, trc mt gim c 5% kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh. Vi gi thnh hin nay, chi ph u t xy dng mt l nung dung tch 7 m3 phi tn 17.000 USD. Trong khi , chi ph nng cp 3 l t 9,5 m3 ln 12 m3 ch tn 7.000 USD. Nh vy, vi phng n ny c s tit kim c 10.000 USD cho chi ph m rng quy m sn xut. Ngoi ra, vic m rng dung tch l cng lm gim ng k lng gas s dng t l. Theo tnh ton thc t, nu so vi xy dng l 7 m3, vic m rng 3 l t 9,5 m3 ln 12 m3 s tit kim c 1.838,25 USD/nm chi ph mua gas. b) Ci tin l ngoi thnh l ni Mt DN gm lng ngh Bt Trng bm bng b ra 43.000 USD nhp mt l nung ca Hn Quc c dung tch 8 m3. Nhng l nung nhp ngoi ny li khng hiu qu v s dng nng lng v cht lng sn phm. Ch khong 50%60% sn phm t loi A, thi gian nung ko di 18 gi - 20 gi. Sau , DN ny chp nhn phng n nng dung tch ln 15 m3. Kt qu, thi gian nung mi m gim cn 10 gi, gim c gn mt na lng gas s dng t l. Cht lng sn phm cng c ci thin r rt. in hnh ny cn c c nhn rng lng ngh Bt Trng.

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2.2.4.3. L ga con thoi ci tin.

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Mc d l con thoi dng gas c nhng tin b so vi cc l truyn thng nh t nhim mi trng, t l ph phm gim, tuy nhin cng c nhng nhc im nh nhit tha cha c tn dng, nhit phn b cha u (nht l cc l c th tch ln) lm ko di thi gian nung lm gim hiu qu s dng nng lng, giai on u ca qu trnh nung l qu trnh sy. Nhng ci tin ch yu: Tn dng kh thi l nung sy sn phm: Cc c s sn xut gm s Bt Trng cho bit, nhit khi thi vo khong 800 n 9000C. Ta c th tn dng nhit ny vo cc mc ch khc. Mi y, cng ty c phn thit k v sn xut gm s Bt Trng thit k thnh cng bung sy sn phm mc t ng tn dng nhit khi thi t l nung, to ra cp l nung bung sy lin hon, gip gim ng k chi ph nng lng v cht lng sn phm nung n nh. S dng loi bc t khng cng bc, nhit phn b u hn trong l, to iu kin nng th tch l. Thng s k thut ca bc t thay i theo th tch l. Kt qu ca s ci tin:

Gi thnh u t l gas trong nc ch khong 50% so vi nhp t nc

ngoi.

Mc tit kim gas t 20 35%, tng cht lng sn phm t 5 15%, gim

thi gian nung t 10 35% to iu kin gip cho cc doanh nghip gim chi ph trong sn xut. 2.2.4.4. Bin php gim tiu tn nhin liu cho l nung: S dng bng gm lt l: Mt s l s dng gch chu la c hoc nh xy l nn khi lng v l tng cao nhng gi thnh li r. Mt s l dng gch nh nhng bn trong c lt mt lp bng gm mng. Tuy nhin, theo cch th nht, khi lng gch s cao hn nhiu so vi
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bng gm. Khi nung phi tiu tn nhit nng nhit v l cng nh ko di thi gian t nhin liu v khi lm ngui nhit tch lu bi v l khng c s dng. Cc l s dng bng gm cho thy tc nng nhit trong l tng i nhanh v tit kim c rt nhiu nhin liu. S dng vi t tt v ph hp Vi t ng vai tr rt quan trng nhm trn ng u nhin liu vi khng kh trc khi chy. Hin nay chng ta ang s dng cc vi t khc nhau ti nhiu doanh nghip. Tuy nhin cn phi la chn vi t ph hp vi c im k thut l ca doanh nghip. Nu cht lng vi t tt c th nng nhit nhanh, chy hon ton, cho ngn la cao hay thp ph hp vi kt cu ca l. Trong trng hp ny s rt ngn c thi gian nung v gim tiu tn nhin liu. Kh ng hc phi tt Kh ng hc trong l phi tt th hin s lu thng kh trong l phi ng u v do nhit trong l s ng u. N quyt nh n mc chn ng u ca sn phm, ng u v mu sc cng nh lng ca men, gim thi gian nung t, gim tiu tn nhin liu v do nng cao tng gi tr ca mt m l. thc hin vn ny cn ch : Ngn la cn di c th vi ti cc im trong l Khe thot kh xung knh kh chnh cn b tr hp l Cn b tr vi t hai u l, c bit st ca l Knh kh chnh di xe l cn b tr ph hp iu chnh van khi l vi sc ht va phi. Khng ch tt lng khng kh lt qua u vi t vo l Xp sn phm sao cho thng thong v khng nn qu dy m bo kn l c bit ca l.

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PHN 3 : KT LUN
Bt Trng hin c 1400 l hp, trong ma sn xut gm s trung bnh mt ngy hn 1000 l hot ng. Mi ngy Bt Trng: Thi ra mi trng 1,74 tn bi; 11,99 tn kh CO2 (1997); lng CO vt qu nh mc cho php 14,87 ln; x than, mnh v (ch thu hi 60 n 70%) xung sng Hng (nm 1997 thi 18000m3 xung sng Hng).

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Do vy, nhm em hy vng rng vi bi bo co ny s lm gim c lng pht thi, gp phn tit kim nng lng cho ngnh gm s ni chung v sn xut gm s Bt Trng ni ring. Bi bo co vn cn nhiu thiu st, nhm mong nhn c s gp ca thy bi c hon thin hn. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

DANH SCH THNH VIN TRONG NHM 1. ON THNG LONG

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2. 3. 4. NGUYN TRUNG HIU NGUYN HU MNH L QUC ANH

Khoa qun l

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