Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

TRNG I HC IN LC KHOA QUN L NNG LNG

BO CO MN NNG LNG V MI TRNG

TI: TM HIU C CH PHT TRIN SCH (CDM) VIT NAM

Gio vin hng dn Nhm sinh vin thc hin Lp

: Ng nh Tuyt :Nhm 7 :2-QLNL

H Ni, 12/2010
1

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 2-QLNL

Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

LI NI U Nm 2010 c coi l nm ca nhng k lc thi tit. Ch trong vng 9 thng u nm, s lng thm ha lin quan ti thi tit ln ti mc cao nht. Trn lt khng khip ti Pakistan lm o ln cuc sng ca khong 14 triu ngi, cp i t nht 1.600 mng ngi v khin 8 triu ngi mt nh. Ma h nng nht trong hn 130 nm ti Nga khin vi trm m chy rng bng pht xung quanh Matxcva v nhiu vng pha ty nc Nga Hin tng m ln ton cu l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin s lng thin tai tng. 2010 l nm c nhit trung bnh cao nht trong 130 nm qua. K lc mi v nhit c thit lp ti Nga (37,8 C) v Pakistan (53,5 C). Mt iu r rng l bin i kh hu ngy cng tr nn trm trng. ng trc thm ha vi ton nhn loi, chnh ph nhiu nc bt u cc hot ng chng li s nng ln ton cu ca th gii. L sinh vin chuyn ngnh Qun l nng lng, nhm chng em tm hiu v c ch pht trin sch CDM - mt trong nhng gii php nhm gii thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh thuc khun kh ca ngh nh th Kyoto, ng thi th hin s tng tr gip cng nh trch nhim ca con ngi trc mi trng sng. Do thi gian v kh nng nghin cu cn c nhiu hn ch, nhm chng em rt mong qu thy c gp , b sung cho vn tho lun ny thm hon thin. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 2-QLNL

Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

CHNG I: GII THIU V C CH PHT TRIN SCH (CDM) 1.1S hnh thnh C ch pht trin sch CDM 1.1.1 Nhng bin ng ca kh hu Trong my thp k qua, nhn loi v ang tri qua cc bin ng bt thng ca kh hu ton cu. Trn b mt Tri t, kh quyn v thy quyn khng ngng nng ln lm xo ng mi trng sinh thi. Hin ti, Tri t ang tng ngy tng gi nng ln vi chiu hng rt nhanh. Vy, nguyn nhn no gy ra hin tng v Tri t nng ln? kin th nht c i a s cc nh khoa hc nht tr, l vic tng hm lng kh CO2 v cc loi kh thi to hiu ng nh knh do hot ng con ngi gy ra trong bu kh quyn Tri t. Nguyn nhn ny chim 90, thm ch 99% mc gia tng ca nhit b mt Tri t hin ang c bo ng. Nhit b mt Tri t c c l nh hp th nhit t Mt tri v nhn dng nhit ca chnh mnh ta ra t bn trong lng t. S c mt ca mt hm lng kh CO2 cn thit trong bu kh quyn vn l tm o gip ngn chn bc x nhit (bc x hng ngoi) t Tri t thot vo v tr mnh mng lnh lo. Thiu n th mt t s khng c c mt nhit iu ha cho s sinh si pht trin s sng. Sut thin nin k trc khi c cuc cch mng cng nghip, hm lng kh CO2 trong kh quyn dao ng mc 280 phn triu (ppm). Tuy nhin, tnh t u th k XIX n nay hm lng tng lin tc n 360 ppm. S liu quan trc trong 4 thp k gn y cho thy, c mi thp k hm lng CO2 trong kh quyn li tng 4%. Ni cch khc, hiu ng nh knh do kh CO2 gy ra l qu mc cn thit, gy tng nhanh nhit b mt a cu. kin th hai: tuy tha nhn vn gia tng nhit do hiu ng nh knh, song cho rng cn nhn mnh hn n chu k nng ln ca Tri t do hot ng ni ti. Hin tng nhit b mt Tri t nng ln v lnh i vn l hin tng t nhin xy ra c tnh chu k trong lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca Tri t.
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Khng phi ch by gi, lch s Tri t hng triu triu nm tri qua nhiu ln nng ln ri li lnh i ko theo nhng bin ng to ln trong i sng sinh vt trn Tri t, lm thay i c din mo a hnh lc a v i dng. Tnh t 1,6 triu nm n nay c 5-6 chu k bin ng ln. l cc thi k bng h ko theo mc nc bin h thp (bin li) v cc thi k gian bng (bng tan) ko theo mc nc bin dng cao (bin tin). Vo cc thi k bng h, nhit b mt Tri t kh lnh. Vo thi k gian bng nhit b mt Tri t an xen gia nng m v kh hn. Vo cc thi k , bin dao ng ca nc bin (dng, h) ln n hng chc, hng trm mt. C hai nguyn nhn trn u c c s thc t v chng cng tc ng gy ra tnh trng Tri t nng ln mt cch bt thng nh hin nay. Do , cn phi nhn nhn hin tng nng ln ca Tri t hin nay bng quan im bin chng: chu k nng m ca Tri t mang tnh ni sinh v ngoi sinh t nhin c y nhanh v tr nn nghim trng hn do nhng tc ng ca kh thi cng nghip v hiu ng nh knh. Theo d on, nu hm lng kh nh knh nm 2100 bng 850 ppm th nhit trung bnh ton cu ca b mt tri t s tng 2,80C so vi nm 2000 v mc nc bin s dng t 0,21 0,48m. Nu con ngi khng hn ch cc tc ng xu n mi trng, khng quan tm nghin cu nhm ra cc bin php phng trnh hu hiu, th thm ha c th ni l khn lng. 1.1.2 Ngh nh th Kyoto v c ch hp tc Trc thm ha vi ton nhn loi, chnh ph nhiu nc bt u cc hot ng chng li s nng ln ton cu ca th gii v hng lot cc hot ng, t chc ra i nhm hin thc ha mc ch ny: Mi trng lin hp quc (UNEP), t chc kh tng th gii (WMO), y ban lin chnh ph v bin i kh hu (IPCC). V trong hng lot cc hot ng th c s ra i ca cng c khung

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 2-QLNL

Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

ca Lin hp quc v bin i kh hu (UNPCCC) nm 1992 v ngh nh th Kyoto nm 1997. Ngh nh th Kyoto l mt ngh nh lin quan n Chng trnh khung v vn bin i kh hu (Framework Convention on Climate Change) mang tm quc t ca Lin hip quc vi mc tiu ct gim lng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh. Bn d tho c k kt vo ngy 11 thng 12 nm 1997 ti Hi ngh cc bn tham gia ln th ba (3rd Conference of the Parties) khi cc bn tham gia nhm hp ti Kyoto, v chnh thc c hiu lc vo ngy 16 thng 2 nm 2005. Ngh nh th i din cho s thng nht gia cc quc gia cng nghip trong vn ct gim kh thi trn 5.2% so vi nm 1990 (lu rng mc ct gim theo n nm 2010 phi t c th ch tiu ny l khong 29%). Mc tiu hng n vic gim thiu cc loi kh carbon dioxide, methane, nit xt, lu hunh hexafluorua, clorofluorocarbon v perflourocarbon trong khong thi gian 2008-2021. Mc trn c qui nh cho cc nc tham gia c th l 8% mc ct gim cho Lin minh Chu u v 7% cho Hoa K, 6% vi Nht Bn, 0% vi Nga trong khi mc hn ngch cho php tng ca c l 8%, v 10% cho Iceland. Nhng nguyn tc chnh trong Ngh nh th Kyoto Ngh nh c k kt bi chnh ph cc quc gia tham gia Lin hip quc v c iu hnh di cc nguyn tc do t chc ny qui c. Cc quc gia c chia lm hai nhm: nhm cc nc pht trin - cn gi l ph lc I (vn s phi tun theo cc cam kt nhm ct gim kh gy hiu ng nh knh ) v buc phi c bn trnh thng nin v cc hnh ng ct gim kh thi; v nhm cc nc ang pht trin - hay nhm cc nc khng thuc ph lc I c th tham gia vo Chng trnh c cu pht trin sch. Cc quc gia ph lc I khng p ng c yu cu t ra nh trong bn k kt s phi ct gim thm 1.3 lng kh vt mc cho php trong thi hn hiu lc tip theo ca ngh nh th.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 2-QLNL

Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

K t thng 1/2008 n ht nm 2012, nhm nc ph lc I phi ct gim lng kh thi lng kh thi ra thp hn 5% lng kh vo nm 1999 (vi nhiu nc thnh vin Chu u, mc ny tng ng khong 15% lng kh h thi ra vo nm 2008). Trong khi trung bnh ca lng kh phi ct gim l 5%, mc dao ng gia cc quc gia ca Lin minh Chu u l 8% n 10% (i vi Iceland), nhng do rng buc vi ngh nh th vi tng nc trong khi c khc nhau [5] nn mt s nuc km pht trin trong EU c th c php gi cho mc tng n 27% (so vi 1999). Quy c ny s ht hn vo nm 2013. Ngh nh th Kyoto cng cho php mt vi cch tip cn linh hot cho cc nc ph lc I nhm t c mc tiu ct gim kh thi bng cch cho php cc nc ny mua lng kh ct gim c t nhng quc gia khc. iu ny c th t c di hnh thc ti chnh hay t nhng chng trnh h tr cng ngh cho cc nc khng thuc ph lc I (vn c tham gia vo Chng trnh c cu pht trin sch-CDM) cc nc ny hon thnh mc tiu k kt trong Ngh nh th, trong ch c nhng thnh vin c chng nhn CER trong Chng trnh c cu pht trin sch mi c php tham gia. Trong thc t, iu ny c ngha l cc nn kinh t nhm nc ang pht trin tham gia ngh nh th kyoto khng b bt buc phi gii hn lng kh thi gy ra, nhng mt khi chng trnh ct gim kh thi c xc tin cc quc gia ny n s nhn c mt lng hn ngch carbon cho php (Carbon Credit), vn c th bn cho cc nc ph lc I. Qui nh ny xut hin trong Ngh nh th do:
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C du hiu lo ngi rng chi ph b ra cho mc tiu c k kt trong

ngh nh th l qu t i vi cc nc ph lc I , c bit l cc nc u t rt hiu qu cho vic bo v mi trng trn t nc h v t tiu chun mi

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

trng sch. V l do Ngh nh th cho php nhng nc ny mua lng hn ngch carbon cho php (Carbon Credit) t cc nc nhm nc ang pht trin tham gia ngh inh th Kyoto trn th gii thay v tin hnh nng cp tiu chun mi trng trong nc.
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iu ny c xem nh mt cng c hiu qu nhm khuyn khch cc

nc nhm nc ang pht trin tham gia ngh nh th gim thiu kh gy hiu ng nh knh (pht trin bn vng), hn na iu ny l rt kinh t v lng u t vo cc quc gia nhm nc ang pht trin tham gia ngh nh th Kyoto s tng ln thng qua vic mua bn hn ngch carbon cho php (vi iu kin cc nc ny phi tham gia vo chng trnh ct gim kh thi qua chng trnh CDM).
T np t t K K mi v i cc n c t u c P l B h h i N /n h h c

P tt K K ( hb nc s ) h h i N kc

T u gbn :1 9 -52 r n 90 , % h

20 08

N c s 19 m 9 0

Tk cm h i a kt ut in

Mc gim thi KNK ca nghi nh th Kyoto

21 02

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Ngh nh th l mt s kin quan trng trong n lc ca th gii nhm bo v mi trng v t c pht trin bn vng- nh du ln u tin vic chnh ph cc nc chp nhn hn ch cc pht thi kh nh knh ca nc mnh bng nhng rng buc php l. Ngh nh th thit lp mt khun kh php l mang tnh ton cu cho cc bc khi u nhm kim ch v kim sot xu hng gia tng pht thi kh nh knh a ra cc mc tiu gim pht thi chnh v thi gian thc hin cho cc nc pht trin, theo cc nc pht trin (cc nc cng nghip) h tr, khuyn khch cc nc ang pht trin thc hin cc d n thn thin vi mi trng, nhm pht trin bn vng. C ch hp tc Vic k kt ngh nh th cng m ra mt c s mi vi 3 c ch hp tc mang tnh i mi gim chi ph gim pht thi cho cc doanh nghip da trn th trng, nhm gip cc nc cng nghip ha gim chi ph trong vic p ng ch tiu gim pht thi ca mnh bng vic t c gim pht thi vi chi ph thp nht ti cc nc khc hn l thc hin gim pht thi trong nc mnh: Bun bn pht thi (IET): mua bn cc chng ch pht thi gia cc

nc pht trin hay ni cch khc l cho php cc nc chuyn giao phn pht thi cho php ca mnh. ng thc hin (JI): mua bn cc chng ch gim pht thi thng qua cc d n gim pht thi thit lp ti cc nc pht trin. Hay l vic cho php cc nc nhn c tn dng i vi cc gim pht thi do u t ti cc nc cng nghip ha khc (chuyn giao n v gim pht thi gia cc nc) C ch pht trin sch (CDM): cho php cc d n gim pht thi h tr pht trin bn vng cc nc ang pht trin thu c cc gim pht thi c chng nhn cho ch u t d n.
1.1.3

C ch pht trin sch CDM C ch pht trin sch CDM c quy nh ti iu 12 ca ngh nh th

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Kyoto Mc ch ca c ch pht trin sch nhm gip cc bn khng thuc ph lc I t c pht trin bn vng v gp phn vo mc tiu cui cng ca Cng c, v gip cc bn thuc Ph lc I tun th nhng cam kt v hn ch v gim pht thi nh lng theo iu 3 . C ch pht trin sch (CDM) c coi l mt trong nhng cng c linh hot ca ngh nh th Kyoto. CDM bao gm cc nguyn tc ct li ca pht trin bn vng: Pht trin kinh t, ci thin mi trng, tin b x hi v c tim nng ng dng ln cc nc ang pht trin. CDM cho php chnh ph hoc t chc, c nhn cc nc cng nghip thc hin d n gim pht thi cc nc ang pht trin nhn c chng ch gim pht thi, vit tt l CERs, (1CERs = 1 tn CO2) ng gp cho mc tiu gim pht thi ca quc gia . CDM c gng thc y pht trin bn vng cc nc ang pht trin v cho php cc nc pht trin ng gp vo mc tiu gim mt tp trung kh nh knh trong kh quyn.

Ngh nh th Kyoto quy nh v c ch CDM Cc nc khng thuc ph lc I (ch yu l cc nc ang pht trin) thng qua cc hot ng ca d n CDM nhn c s u t ca cc nc thuc ph lc I (cc nc pht trin) nhm gim lng pht thi kh hiu ng nh knh. Lng
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

kh nh knh gim s c cp chng ch CERs. Lng chng ch ny s c b sung vo lng gim pht thi ch nh ca cc nc pht trin k kt trong ngh nh th. Nh vy, c ch pht trin sch (CDM) trong ngh nh th Kyoto cho php nhn dng c nhng cch bo v kh hu mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu c v mt chi ph bng cch to ra mt th trng ton cu cho bun bn chng ch v vic gim thi kh nh knh v khuyn khch vic s dng tim nng, s dng hiu qu nng lng v nhng phng php bo ton nng lng cc quc gia. CDM l mt c hi khng nh rng vic gim thiu pht thi kh CO2 khng ch c ngha ln cho vic bo v mi trng m cn c ngha v mt kinh t. 1.1.4 Mc tiu ca CDM S ra i ca c ch pht trin sch nhm t ti nhng mc tiu ln cho c cc nc pht trin v cc nc ang pht trin nh sau: Gip cc nc ang pht trin, trin khai cc cng ngh thn thin mi trng bng cc ngun vn u t ca chnh ph, doanh nghip cc nc pht trin.
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Gip cc quc gia vi nhng mc tiu gim pht thi bt buc c pht trin d n ti cc quc gia ang pht trin. ng thi, c ch pht trin sch CDM nhm mc tiu hng ti pht trin bn vng bng cc cam kt c th v hn ch v gim lng kh nh knh pht thi nh lng ca cc nc trn phm vi ton cu.

1.1.5 C ch pht trin sch CDM mang li li ch cho c hai bn: Bng cch ny, cc d n CDM em li li ch mi trng v kinh t cho c hai pha - pha cc nc cng nghip ho (cc nh u t d n CDM) v pha cc nc ang pht trin (cc nc tip nhn d n CDM). V mt kinh t, ngun ti tr t cc d n CDM s gip cc nc ang pht trin t c mc tiu kinh t - x hi, mi trng v pht trin bn vng, chng hn nh gim nhim khng kh v nc, ci thin s dng t, nng cao phc li
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

x hi, xo i gim ngho, to vic lm hay gim ph thuc vo nhp khu nhin liu ho thch mc ton cu, thng qua cc d n gim pht thi, CDM c th khuyn khch u t quc t, thc y cung cp ngun lc cn thit cho tng trng kinh t nhiu ni, nhiu khu vc trn th gii. C th: Thu ht vn cho cc d n h tr chuyn i sang nn kinh t thnh vng hn nhng pht thi t carbon hn. Khuyn khch v cho php khu vc t nhn v cng ng tch cc tham gia. Cung cp cng c chuyn giao cng ngh, u t tp trung cc d n thay th cng ngh nhin liu ha thch c km hiu qu hoc to ra ngnh mi trong cng ngh bn vng vi mi trng. H tr xc nh cc hng u tin u t trong cc d n p ng mc tiu pht trin bn vng. Sn xut nng lng theo hng bn vng.

Nng cao vic s dng hiu qu v bo tn nng lng

Ci thin s dng t. Xa i gim ngho thng qua vic to cng n vic lm v tng thu nhp cho ngi dn.

Gim ph thuc v nhp khu nhin liu ha thch. Ci thin mi trng ti a phng.

Nhiu phng n CDM to ra li ch kp quan trng ti cc nc ang pht trin, l gii quyt cc vn mi trng a phng v khu vc v t c cc mc tiu x hi. i vi cc nc ang pht trin- nhng nc ny u tin gii quyt nhu cu trc mt v mi trng v kinh t- trin vng v li ch to ln c th l l do mnh m tham gia vo c ch pht trin sch CDM.
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

1.2 Thc hin d n C ch pht trin sch CDM

1.2.1

Tiu ch tham gia vo d n CDM v cc lnh vc thuc d n: c th hng li t nhng d n CDM, cc nc pht trin v ang pht

trin phi tha mn 3 iu kin: - T nguyn tham gia. - Thnh lp c quan quc gia v CDM ( Vit Nam, c quan ny l V hp tc quc t thuc B Ti nguyn mi trng.) - Ph chun ngh nh th Kyoto. Ngoi ra, cc nc pht trin cn phi t ra ch tiu gim pht thi, c h thng tnh ton GHG, tin hnh kim k hng nmi tng tham gia c th l chnh ph, c quan trc thuc chnh ph, chnh quyn a phng, t chc t nhn, t chc phi chnh ph nu tha mn cc iu kin nu trn. Vn ng gp t quc gia u t (quc gia pht trin) cho mt d n CDM c th l mt phn, ton phn, cho vay hoc cho thu ti chnh hoc hp ng mua CERs. Cc d n CDM thnh cng c cp CERs phi np mc ph l 2% tng vn u t ca d n cho mt qu ring, gi l qu thch ng. Qu ny gip nhng nc ang pht trin thch nghi vi nhng tc ng mi trng tiu cc do bin i kh hu. Ngoi ra nhng khon chi ph khc s gp phn thanh ton nhng chi ph qun l CDM. Tuy nhin, nhng nc km pht trin c th s khng phi chu cc khon ph ny. Cc lnh vc thuc d n ca CDM Cc lnh vc Cc lnh vc

1.Sn xut nng lng 9.Trng rng v ti to rng 2.Truyn ti nng lng 10.Xy dng 3.Tiu th nng lng 11.Giao thong 4.Nng nghip 12.Khai m hoc khai khong 5.X l loi b rc thi 13.Sn xut kim loi 6.Cng nghip ch to 14.Pht thi t nhin liu 7.Cng nghip ha cht 15.S dng dung mi 8.Cht thi t sn xut v tiu th halocarbon v sulphur hexaflouride
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

CDM c th thc hin trong tt c cc d n c nu trn di 2 hnh thc chnh l: CDM cho gim kh nh knh (CDM thng thng hay CDM nng lng) v CDM cho hp th kh nh knh bng cc b hp th (Trng rng/ Ti trng rng theo CDM hay AR-CDM). 1.2.2 Quy trnh xy dng d n CDM Trn bnh din quc t, trin khai v gim st d n CDM mi quc gia, cn thit c mt Ban chp hnh (c thnh lp theo Ngh nh th Kyoto v hin ti gm 10 quc gia thnh vin) thc hin chc nng duy tr vic ng k v gim st CDM. i vi mi quc gia thnh vin, trc khi tham gia CDM phi thnh lp mt C quan quc gia v CDM nh gi, ph duyt cc d n, ng thi l u mi phi hp vi quc t. Yu cu cho vic xy dng mt d n CDM c nhn mnh n tnh c th, xc thc v c th thu c kt qu r rng (c th o m c). V mt cu trc, ni chung mt d n CDM s c trin khai qua 7 bc, hnh thnh nn mt quy trnh thng nht nh m t di y: Trn bnh din quc t, trin khai v gim st d n CDM mi quc gia, cn thit c mt Ban chp hnh (c thnh lp theo Ngh nh th Kyoto v hin ti gm 10 quc gia thnh vin) thc hin chc nng duy tr vic ng k v gim st CDM. i vi mi quc gia thnh vin, trc khi tham gia CDM phi thnh lp mt C quan quc gia v CDM nh gi, ph duyt cc d n, ng thi l u mi phi hp vi quc t. Yu cu cho vic xy dng mt d n CDM c nhn mnh n tnh c th, xc thc v c th thu c kt qu r rng (c th o m c). V mt cu trc, ni chung mt d n CDM s c trin khai qua 7 bc, hnh thnh nn mt quy trnh thng nht nh m t di y:

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 2-QLNL

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

1. Thit k v xy dng d n 2. Ph duyt quc gia

Ti liu thit k d n

C quan thc hin A 3. Ph chun/ng k

4. Ti chnh d n

Cc nh u t Cc bn tham gia d n

5. Gim st

Bo co gim st

6. Thm tra/chng nhn

C quan thc hin B

Bo co thm tra/bo co chng nhn/ ngh ban hnh CERs

7. Ban hnh CERs

Ban chp hnh/C quan ng k

Cc bc thc hin d n CDM Bn giai on u c tin hnh t khi chun b d n, ba giai on sau c tin hnh trong sut thi gian thc hin d n. 1.Thit k v xy dng d n y l bc u tin trong chu trnh d n CDM nhm xc nh mt d n CDM tim nng, d n ny phi xc thc, cc pht thi ca d n s c so snh vi cc trng hp c coi l c s
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

2.Ph duyt quc gia C quan quc gia v CDM s c nhim v nh gi v ph duyt cc d n ng thi c quan ny cng s l u mi lin h. Sau cc nh u t trong nc c u t phi chun b d n vi cu trc sau: M t chung v d n M t v phng php ng c s (phng php so snh vi d n) Thi gian ko di v thi k tn dng K hoch v phng php kim sot Tnh ton cc pht thi kh nh knh t cc ngun pht thi Bo co v tc ng mi trng Thu thp kin cc bn lin quan 3.Ph duyt v ng k T chc tc nghip c y nhim s duyt li vn kin d n v sau khi c nhng kin chung s quyt nh c ph duyt d n hay khng. Cc t chc tc nghip ny l cc cng ty t nhn c th nh cng ty k ton v kim ton, cng ty t vn v cng ty lut c kh nng thc hin nhng nh gi lng gim pht thi mt cch c lp v tin cy. Nu vn kin d n c ph duyt, t chc tc nghip s chuyn giao cho ban chp hnh ng k chnh thc. 4.Ti chnh d n D n s c u t bi cc nh u t n t cc nc ang pht trin hoc c ti tr 1 phn bi cc d n v mi trng hay s dng nng lng bn vng, nng lng sch 5.Gim st Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc bn tham gia phi chun b bo co gim st bao gm vic c tnh lng CERs cn ban hnh v trnh bo co T chc tc nghip thm tra. 6.Thm tra v cp chng nhn
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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Thm tra l quyt nh hon ton c lp ca T chc tc nghip i vi cc gim pht thi c kim sot. T chc tc nghip phi m bo rng CERs tun th theo ng hng dn v cc iu kin c thng qua trong bc ph duyt ban u ca d n. Sau khi duyt li mt cch chi tit, T chc tc nghip s a ra bo co thm tra v sau chng nhn lng CERs ca d n CDM. 7.Ban hnh CERs Vic cp chng nhn l c s ngh ban hnh CERs. Ban chp hnh s ch th cho c quan ng k ban hnh CERs trong vng 15 ngy. Cc d n c ch pht trin sch CDM c 3 tnh cht c bn bao gm: tnh bn vng, tnh b sung v tnh kh thi. Tnh bn vng l s nh gi tc ng ca CDM i vi s pht trin ca nc ch nh. Mi nc c th xc nh 1 tiu ch pht trin bn vng ring. Tnh b sung y l ngha v mi trng, vn nhim s gim c bng vic gim pht thi kh nh knh. Tnh kh thi y l s m bo s h tr ca Chnh Ph, kt qu, phng php gim st v cc li ch lu di ca d n phi gn vi mc tiu gim thiu tc ng ca bin i kh hu. C ch pht trin sch mang li li ch ln v mt kinh t v mi trng, song tuy nhin, cc d n CDM khi i vo thc hin cng gp rt nhiu nhng kh khn:
- CDM cn rt mi cho nn cc quy nh v c s php l ti cc nc l

cha r rng dn ti vic thc hin gp kh khn v th tc hnh chnh v u i i vi nhng doanh nghiep tham gia CDM.
- CDM i hi cung cp nhiu s liu v vic xy dng cc phng php lun

tnh ton s liu CO2 cho mi lnh vc l khc nhau. Trong nhiu trng hp khng th a ra c phng thc tnh ton chnh xc v dn ti l cc d n b tht bi.
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

CHNG II: CDM TI VIT NAM Vit Nam l quc gia thuc nhm non-annex (khng bt buc gim pht thi nh knh) v diu kin lm nc ch nh d n CDM. Vit Nam k Hip nh khung ca Lin hip quc v vn Bin i kh hu UNFCCC vo ngy 11/06/1992, ph chun vo ngy 16/11/1994. L mt nc ang pht trin, trnh cng ngh cn lc hu,Vit Nam ang l mt trong nhng quc gia chu nh hng nng n nht t bin i kh hu ton cu. ng trc bi ton v pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng, vic pht trin bn vng l mt bc i hp l v cn thit i vi Vit Nam. CDM l c ch duy nht m Vit Nam c th tham gia trong chng trnh gim kh thi nh knh. Cc d n CDM khi trin khai Vit Nam s nhn c s h tr t kinh nghim k thut, cho ti vn u t v nhn lc t pha cc nc pht trin. 2.1 Tim nng pht trin CDM ti Vit Nam Ngnh nng lng c th ni l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip u vo cho nhiu ngnh sn xut khc, v cng l ngnh s dng nhiu ngun nng lng ha thch to ra nhiu kh CO2 gy nhim mi trng. Cc nh my nng lng ti Vit Nam c xy dng v hot ng trong mt thi gian rt di, cng sut cho mt n v t my nh, cc thng s hi mi ca cc t my u thp, sut tiu hao nhin liu cao, t l in t dng ln, hiu sut chy khng cao Thm vo , sau mt thi gian di vn hnh, nht l nhiu lc do yu cu p ng cng sut, nn nhiu thit b phi vn hnh trong tnh trng qu ti dn n vic cc thit b chnh xung cp. Mc d thng xuyn c bo dng, sa cha, nhng khng trnh khi gim hiu qu trong vn hnh. Ngun nng lng ha thch c ch ph ngy cng gia tng v ang dn tr nn khan him. Do mun c nn kinh t pht trin, Vit Nam rt cn c s u t gip v cng ngh, khoa hc k thut hin i cho cc nh my in cng nh nhng h tr pht trin cc nng lng sch nh nng lng sinh khi, nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri.

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Mi trng ti Vit Nam cha thc s c bo v tt bi s nhim vn din ra v khng ngng tng ln ti cc thnh th, cc khu cng nghip. Hu ht cc nh my l nguyn nhn chnh ca s nhim v bn cnh l s thiu thc trong cng ng. Tuy nhin mt kh khn cha th gii quyt c cc vn nhim l do s thiu kinh nghim, ch ph u t v cha thc s thu ht c cc doanh nghip Vit Nam va sn xut kinh doanh va bo v mi trng. Khi mt d n CDM i vo hot ng, sn phm ca n s l cc CER v li nhun s thu c t vic mua bn, trao i cc CER ny. Vic phn chia li nhun c tha thun gia cc bn tham gia (n v u t ca nc pht trin, n v u t ca Vit Nam v cc bn lin quan khc nu c). Nh vy, thng qua CDM, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th nhn c s h tr ca cc nc pht trin v vn u t, cng ngh tin tin, nhn lc.CDM tht s l mt c hi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c c ngun h tr t cc nc pht trin v c ti chnh, cng ngh v nhn lc. Ngay c i vi cc doanh nghip nh cng c th thc hin cc d n CDM loi nh v lin kt vi nhau cng t c cc CER v tham d vo th trng mua bn gim pht thi. Nc ta vn ang trong tnh trng thiu in sinh hot v sn xut, hng lot cc d n thy in v cc d n ci thin cng sut bng cc cng ngh hin i ang c d kin trin khai cng nh trin khai l mt trong s nhng tim nng d nhn ra nht p dng vo d n CDM nhm mang li li ch kp cho cc d n. ng thi vic p dng CDM nc ta cng m ra nhiu trin vng mi cho vic gim ngho nht l i vi nhng ngi dn vng nng thn, vng su, vng xa, v c th gip h tip cn cc hnh thc s dng nng lng sch, nng cao mc sng v lm gim vic hy hoi mi trng do tp qun du canh du c lu i. Trng rng v ti to rng cn mt thi gian di v rt nhiu cng sc cng nh s gip ca cc ngun vn vin tr, do vy, tim nng b hp th ti Vit Nam cng rt cao.
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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Trc tnh hnh pht trin sn xut v tnh trng mi trng, Vit Nam rt cn mt s pht trin bn vng v s h tr t bn ngoi. CDM tht s l mt gii php m cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ang tm kim, v vy, tim nng pht trin cc d n CDM s cn gia tng trong tng lai. 2.2 Xc tin CDM ti Vit Nam 2.2.1Qu trnh pht trin CDM ti Vit Nam Chnh ph Vit Nam thng qua Ngh nh th Kyoto thng 9/2002, thnh lp C quan u mi quc gia v CDM (CNA) thuc B Ti nguyn mi trng ng vai tr l C quan quc gia c ch nh DNA (Designated National Authority). Thng 4/2003, Ban T vn ch o quc gia v CDM (CNECB) c thnh lp vi 12 thnh vin l i din ca cc B ch qun do V Trng V Hp tc quc t, B Ti nguyn mi trng lm Trng Ban. Chnh ph Vit Nam tch cc hnh ng chng li hin tng nng ln ton cu bng vic thnh lp h thng th ch cn thit cho CDM. Ngoi ra, B TNMT cng ra quy nh v tiu chun v trnh t ph chun CDM p dng cho c CDM nng lng v AR-CDM. Tnh n thng 4 nm 2003, thi im Vit Nam thnh lp c quan c thm quyn quc gia v CDM, c gi tt l DNA, Vit Nam t c c 3 iu kin tham gia mt cch y nht vo cc d n CDM quc t. l: 1. Tham gia hon ton t nguyn. 2. Ph chun cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v bin i kh hu (UNFCCC) v k kt ngh nh th Kyoto. 3. Thnh lp DNA ca quc gia. Th tng Chnh ph ra quyt nh s 47/2007/Q-TTg ph duyt K hoch t chc thc hin Ngh nh th Kyoto thuc Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v bin i kh hu giai on 2007 2010, trong cao mc tiu huy ng mi ngun lc thc hin k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi theo hng pht trin nhanh, bn vng, bo v mi trng v ng gp vo vic t chc thc hin UNFCCC, Ngh nh th Kyoto v CDM, thu ht vn u t trong v ngoi nc
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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

vo cc d n CDM, khuyn khch ci tin cng ngh, tip nhn, ng dng cng ngh cao, cng ngh sch, k thut hin i. Chnh sch u i ca Nh nc i vi cc doanh nghip tham gia d n CDM c th hin r trong Quyt nh s 130/2007/Q-TTg, trong quy nh cc doanh nghip ny s c min, gim thu thu nhp doanh nghip, min thu nhp khu i vi hng ho nhp khu to ti sn c nh ca d n, hng ho nhp khu l: nguyn liu, vt t, bn thnh phm trong nc cha sn xut c, min, gim tin s dng t, thu t v trong mt s trng hp sn phm ca d n CDM s c tr gi. Cc t chc c lin quan n CDM ti Vit Nam C quan u mi quc gia Hip c Marakech yu cu cc nc ch d n CDM thnh lp DNA. V hp tc quc t (ICD) ca B ti nguyn mi trng c ch nh lm DNA trong thng 3/2010 v chu trch nhim v cc vn lin quan n ngh nh th Kyoto Vit Nam. DNA cng c gi tn l CNA (C quan u mi quc gia v CDM) Vit Nam v V trng v hp tc quc t l ngi ch o c quan ny. Chc nng chnh ca c quan ny l:
Xy dng tiu chun nh gi quc gia, quy nh v hng dn v

CDM. nh gi cc d n v CDM cp quc gia. Trnh t CDM tim nng CDM quc gia chp hnh v ban t vn nh gi chng.
Tip nhn, thm nh v trnh d n CDM (PIN), d n pht trin ti

liu (PDD) vi B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng cho pht hnh mt l th chnh thc xc nhn hoc th ph duyt tng ng.
Cung cp thng tin cho nh u t CDM quan tm, t chc lin quan

t vn v cng chng.
Qun l, iu phi hot ng CDM v u t ti Vit Nam. Nhm thc hin: Nhm 7 Lp 2-QLNL 20

Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

CNECB- Ban ch o v t vn quc gia v CDN DNA bo co v cc n ngh v CDM cho CNECB v bo co B trng MONRE chnh thc chp nhp PIN hoc ph duyt PDD. CNCEB chu trch nhim v xy dng, qun l v thc thi cc d n CDM ti Vit Nam, nh gi v khuyn ngh v cc PIN cng lm nhim v ca ban. CNCEB triu tp cc cuc hp theo nh k vo thng 1, thng 4 v thng 8 hng nm. Cc cuc hp bt thng cng c t chc khi cn phi nh gi v ph duyt cc d n. B Nng nghip & PTNT (MARD) DOF (Cc Lm nghip) ca MARD (B Nng nghip v PTNTchu trch nhim chnh trong vic thc y cc hot ng AR-CDM. DOF quan h cht ch vi DNA trong qu trnh ph duyt cc d n AR-CDM. DOF cng chu trch nhim thc thi cc d n trng rng theo chng trnh 661, c bit l quy hoch tng th pht trin lm nghip v cc vn v ngn sch. Trng i hc Lm nghip Vit Nam (VFU) VFU c nng lc rng ri cng vi ngun nhn lc c th m nhn cng vic xy dng v thc thi cc d n lm nghip v d n AR-CDM. VFU l c quan i tc ca Nghin cu JICA, qun l vn phng h tr v trang thng tin in t v AR-CDM. Ngoi ra, hai trng i hc khc c Khoa Lm nghip l Trng i hc Nng lm Hu v Trng i hc Nng lm Th c cng c nng lc ging nh VFU. Trung tm nghin cu sinh thi v mi trng rng (RCFEE) RCFEE thuc Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam (FSIV) l i tc ca Nghin cu JICA. Vin c nng lc rng ri trong vic nghin cu v pht trin lm nghip v c k nng lin quan n vic xy dng cc d n AR-CDM. S Nng nghip & PTNT Chnh quyn tnh, ch khng phi l chnh quyn trung ng, s ng vai tr ch cht trong vic xc nh v qun l d n do gn vi hin trng d n v c trch nhim v mt php l. V d: S Nng nghip v PTNT (DARD), mc
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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

nht nh, c th gip pht hin d n v chu trch nhim chung v ti chnh v qun l cc d n AR-CDM. Cc vn v qun l mi trng do s ti nguyn v mi trng (DONRE) m nhn. y ban nhn dn huyn v x U ban nhn dn l c quan iu hnh v ra quyt nh cp huyn v cp x. D n, bng cch no , phi qua u ban nhn dn m bo hin trng, tham vn ngi dn a phng v c c s h tr v hp tc thc thi ARCDM. 2.2.2 Tiu ch ph duyt cc d n CDM ti Vit Nam Theo b TNMT, tiu ch quc gia v CDM cho CDM nng lng cng nh AR-CDM c quy nh nh sau: Cc tiu chun sau s c DNA Vit Nam xem xt ngay trong giai on nh gi d n u tin: Tnh bn vng: - D n ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin quc gia
-

Ph hp vi cc mc tiu pht trin chin lc vi cc ngnh v cc tnh

Gi tr b sung:
-

D n CDM s c tc ng mi trng b sung. Gim pht thi kh nh knh s b sung cho bt k s suy gim no xy ra nu khng c d n no c chng nhn.

- D n CDM s c tc ng ti chnh b sung. Ngun h tr cho d n CDM khng lm sai lnh ngun h tr pht trin chnh thc ODA. Tnh kh thi - S h tr ca chnh ph s c m bo - Vic thc hin cc d n CDM s em li li nhun lu di, o m c, tc ng tiu cc ca hin tng thay i kh hu c gim nh.
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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Loi

Ni dung tiu ch To thu nhp quc Tnh bn vng gia v kinh t - Tng trng thu nhp quc gia

-Thu nhp t CER Gi tr kinh t b - Chuyn giao cng ngh sung - Thay th nhp khu Hiu ng nh knh - Gim pht thi GHG nhim khng kh - Pht thi nhim phi GHG phi GHG Ph thi - nhim nc phi GHG - Mc to ph thi - % thay i tn che rng - Xi mn t - Tc ng c th xy ra vi a dng sinh hc - To vic lm cho nng thn Xo b ngho i Cht lng - Gim s lng h ngho cuc - Thu nhp ca ngi dn

A: bn vng

Tnh

Tnh bn vng v mi trng H sinh thi

Tnh bn vng v x hi v th ch B: sng thng

sng

- Ci thin iu kin sng S sn sng ca cc - Khu vc cng c quan thc thi - Khu vc t nhn

Sc Nhu cu quc t v S hp dn cc nh u t

mi C: Tnh C s h tr mnh m t cc c quan trung ng v a phng v hp dn

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

kh thi

hn i vi cc nh u t C c s h tng v nhn lc

2.2.3 Th tc ph duyt d n CDM ti Vit Nam Thng t s 10/2006/TT-BTNMT ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ngy 12/12/2006 hng dn chi tit vic chun b, xy dng, chng nhn v ph duyt cc d n CDM ti Vit Nam Quy trnh ph duyt PIN v PDD Vit Nam
Nh xy dng d n
Khng Tiu chun CDM C (25 ngy) Th Xc Nhn Nh xy dng d n PDD Khng CNECB Tiu chun CDM C (50 ngy) DNA Th Ph Duyt

PIN

DNA

ng k Ban iu Hnh CDM

- Ti liu tng d n (PIN- Project Idea Note)

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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Theo thng t ny, cc thnh vin d n cn chun b PIN bng ting Anh v Vit theo mu quy nh chung c quy nh ti thng t ny, nu nh u t yu cu c chng nhn ca MORNE. PIN phi trnh cho DNA cng vi cc vn bn sau y: + Cng vn ngh xem xt d n ca c quan thc thi d n. + Cng vn ca b ngnh hoc ca y ban nhn dn trc thuc trung ng qun l d n xem xt v chp nhn d n. + Cc kin bnh lun ca cc bn lin quan n d n (nh chnh quyn huyn ni s thc thi d n, cc t chc/cng ng s s dng kt qu ca d n trc tip hoc b tc ng ca cc hot ng ca d n). Sau khi tip nhn PIN, DNA s xem xt thc trng php l ca d n v kim tra cc vn bn gi km, Sau , DNA s chuyn cho cc thnh vin NECB xem xt v bnh lun bng vn bn. Da vo cc kin bnh lun ca CNECB, B trng MONRE s xem xt li v ra vn bn xc nhn. Ton b qu trnh ny phi kt thc trong 25 ngy sau khi DNA tip nhn PIN v tt c cc vn bn gi km. Vn kin thit k d n Nhng ngi tham gia d n cn phi chun b PDD bng ting Vit v ting Anh theo ng mu quy nh ti thng t. PDD cn phi c trnh DNA cng vi vn bn cn thit (ging nh vi PIN) v bo co tc ng ti mi trng, hoc giy chng nhn cam kt bo v mi trng. Sau khi nhn c PDD v cc ti liu nh km DNA s kim tra c s php l ca tt c cc vn bn v gi PDD cho cc chuyn gia k thut, nng lng hoc chuyn gia k thut khc nh gi v mt k thut. Sau , PDD v cc vn bn c lin quan s c chuyn n cc thnh vin ca CNECB xem xt v bnh lun theo cc tiu ch quc gia. Sau khi xem xt, CNECB s t chc hp nh gi PDD. Ti phin hp u tin ca CNECB, i din nhng ngi xy dng d n s c mi trnh by bo co tm tt v d n v tr li cu hi m cc thnh vin CNECB nu ra. Ti phin hp th hai, tt c cc thnh vin ca Ban s c kin kt lun v b phiu d n. D n s
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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

c ph duyt nu c s ng h ca a s thnh vin CNECB. Theo kt lun ca CNECB, B trng ca MONRE s xem xt v ra vn bn ph duyt. Theo Quyt nh s 130/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng chnh ph ban hnh ngy 2/8/2007 v mt s c ch, chnh sch ti chnh i vi d n u t theo c ch pht trin sch bao gm nhng iu khon lin quan n: a. Quyn v ngha vn ca nh u t xy dng v thc hin d n. b. Qun l s dng CERs. c. L ph bn CERs d. Hc ton chi ph, thu nhp ca d n CDM e. Gim thu thu nhp doanh nghip i vi d n CDM
f. Chnh sch tr gi i vi sn phm cu d n CDM. 2.3 CDM ti Vit Nam

2.3.1 Cc d n CDM ti Vit Nam: Hin nay Vit Nam c hn 33 d n CDM c Ban iu hnh CDM ph duyt v t lng gim pht thi: 14.863.116 tn CO2 tng ng. Phn ln cc d n ny thuc v lnh vc nng lng, trong ch yu l cc d n v nh my thy in hoc cc d n x l thu hi kh metan trong h thng x l nc thi Bn cnh chng ta cn c gn 100 cc d n thuc danh sch cc d n c th xut vo d n CDM, 25 d n c ti liu tng d n PIN c c quan c thm quyn quc gia v CDM (DNA) Vit Nam xc nhn v 135 d n c vn kin thit k c DNA Vit Nam ph duyt. Cc con s ny cho thy s pht trin ca CDM ti Vit Nam. Danh sch di y l cc lnh vc c th p dng c ch pht trin sch:

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

gi, mt tri, thy kh sinh hc ci tin cng ngh nh my in thu hi nhit t nh my nng lng ci t thit b sn xut hai loi nng lng t mt ngun nguyn liu

Nng lng ti to

Ci tin hiu qu 1. Nng lng nng lng

Chuyn lng Demand

nng

side

cc ta nh sinh hot gii thiu cc linh kin tit kim in bi rc khai thc than sn xut xi mng cc ngnh pht sinh kh HFCs, PFCs, SF6

management (DSM) 2. Thu hi kh Thu hi v s dng m-tan 3. Sn xut kh m-tan

cng nghip 4. nghip Nng Gim thi kh CH4 v NO2 Trng rng v ti trng 5. Trng rng mi v ti trng Trng cy cp rng cng phng ng a rng thng

gii thiu xe but cng cng, vn ti ng st nh (LRT), tu in ngm

6. Vn ti

Vn ti cng cng

gii thiu cc loi xe hi c mc thi kh CO2 thp

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Vit Nam tuy ph chun Ngh nh th Kyoto, song l nc ang pht trin nn khng bt buc thc thi. Mc d vy VN vn n lc tham gia, v ch trng tng cng cc d n CDM nhm ci tin cng ngh, mi trng v mang li li nhun cho t nc. Tim nng CDM ca Vit Nam ch yu trong lnh vc nng lng (nh sn xut in theo cng ngh sch hn, chuyn i t nhit in sang thu in, in sc gi hoc in mt tri, tit kim nng lng), trong lm nghip (nh trng rng, ti to rng). D n u tin l Thu hi v s dng kh ng hnh ti m du Rng ng (B Ra Vng Tu). D n ny s dng kh ng hnh t qu trnh khai thc du m sn xut in, kh ha lng dng trong sinh hot v xng. Chi ph thc hin d n l 73 triu USD, d kin s gim 6,74 triu tn CO2 trong thi gian 10 nm. Tnh theo gi th trng chu u hin nay, 24 euro/1 tn CO2 th d n ny c th mang li cho cc bn tham gia d n mt khon thu khng l 202 triu la M. D n tng hiu qu s dng nng lng trong lnh vc ni hi cng nghip v D n thu gom kh ng hnh m Rng ng ca nh thu JVPC (Nht). D n trong lnh vc ni hi cng nghip c mc tiu gim tiu th nng lng ca ni hi cng nghip, nng cao hiu sut ni hi vi chi ph u t thp, nh gim pht thi kh CO2 trong lnh vc cng nghip. Kt qu c th thu c t D n ny l gim c khong 150 nghn tn CO2 mi nm, nh tng c hiu sut trung bnh ca ni hi cng nghip t 45% ln 60%
2.3.2

Ro cn khi thc hin CDM ti Vit Nam

Cc d n CDM ti Vit Nam ang c m rng. Tuy nhin, s lng d n c thm nh thnh cng v ph duyt cn rt t so vi tim nng v CDM ti Vit Nam. Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng ny l do s nhn thc tip cn v s quan tm v CDM l cha ln, cn nhiu hn ch v vic nm bt thng tin, s hiu bit v quy trnh thc hin. T chc t vn v CDM cn thiu, cha p ng c yu cu i vi cc d n ln, c tnh c th cao hoc d n lnh vc mi.
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Ro cn th tc hnh chnh Trn thc t, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ang gp hng lot kh khn khi tip cn cc d n CDM c th tip nhn ngun vn nc ngoi thc hin chng bin i kh hu. Th tc hnh chnh v cp th xc nhn v th ph duyt d n CDM qu rm r, gy tn km v chi ph; cc chnh sch php lut cha c th v cha c khung chin lc pht trin CDM; thiu c ch minh bch, thun tin trong vic xc nhn v ph duyt d n CDM Theo quy nh hin hnh cn phc tp v thnh phn h s, yu cu nh u t phi np vn bn nhn xt ca cc bn lin quan nhng cha c hng dn c th, dn n, mi d n CDM c th c nhng hnh thc v ni dung vn bn khc nhau. Ngoi ra, yu cu nh u t cung cp thm nhng giy t nh giy php khai thc nc mt, nc ngm i vi d n c lin quan, giy php x thi vo ngun nc, bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng trong h s vn kin thit k d n l khng cn thit v y l trch nhim tun th php lut ca nh u t. C giy php nh nu ch c cp khi d n i vo hot ng, trong khi cc d n CDM ch c ph duyt trong qu trnh hnh thnh (cha c php hot ng), dn n ngi np n phi tm nhng bin php thch hp gii quyt vn . Tng thi gian gii quyt th tc cp th xc nhn v cp th ph duyt cho d n CDM theo quy nh ca php lut hin hnh l 75 ngy, trong , thi gian tng ng cho tng th tc l 25 v 50 ngy. Theo kin ca mt s doanh nghip, thi gian c th xc nhn trn thc t ln n 6 thng v thi gian cp th ph duyt ln n hng nm. Doanh nghip CDM kh tip cn u i khuyn khch cc nh u t d n c cp th xc nhn v cp th ph duyt l d n CDM, cc quy nh hin hnh ca Chnh ph Vit Nam cng trao cho h rt nhiu u i.
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GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Ti Quyt nh s 130/2007/Q-TTg, cc d n CDM ti Vit Nam s c hng cc u i v thu; tin s dng t, tin thu t; khu hao ti sn c nh; tn dng u t ca nh nc. V thu, cc d n CDM c min, gim thu thu nhp doanh nghip nh i vi d n thuc lnh vc c bit u i u t; c min thu nhp khu i vi hng ho nhp khu to ti sn c nh ca d n, hng ho nhp khu l nguyn liu, vt t, bn thnh phm trong nc cha sn xut c nhp khu phc v sn xut ca d n. Cc d n CDM cng c min, gim tin s dng t, tin thu t p dng i vi d n thuc lnh vc c bit u i u t, ngoi ra cn c tr gi cho cc sn phm t qu bo v mi trng nu nm trong danh mc sn phm ca d n CDM thuc lnh vc u tin v chi ph thc t sn xut ra sn phm ln hn gi bn thc t theo hp ng c k kt. Tuy nhin th tc c hng nhng u i rt phc tp v khng c c ch t ng p dng cho vic hng u i, cha c hng dn c th v vic hng u i i vi trng hp nh u t cng ngh vo Vit Nam thc hin d n CDM. 2.4 S hnh thnh th trng mua bn pht thi kh nh knh i vi nhng nc pht trin, gim 1 tn CO2 mt khong 30-40 USD, trong khi nu b ra s tin h tr cc nc ang pht trin i mi cng ngh sn xut gim thiu kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh v mua chng ch pht thi t nhng nc ny th cc nc pht trin ch mt khong 7,5 - 16USD. Chnh s chnh lch ny hnh thnh nn mt th trng mua bn ch tiu kh pht thi. Th trng mua bn pht thi kh nh knh l mt th trng mi m cha tng c trong lch s pht trin kinh t t trc n nay. Do , cha c c nhng quy c, quy nh cht ch v r rng trong c ch ny. Tuy nhin, l th trng th ng nhin phi c ngi mua v ngi bn. Ngi mua y l cc nc pht trin; ngi bn l cc nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam. l
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

mua v bn nn phi c "cn ong, o m" r rng. Ngoi vic cc bn tham gia thc hin d n phi gim st "cn o" cht ch, quc t cn quy nh buc phi c mt t chc quc t c ch nh thm tra v ngh Ban chp hnh (i din ca cc nc tham gia) cng nhn v cp chng ch, chng nhn. Mua v bn phi c gi c. Hin nay, gi c cha hon ton thng nht, nhng ang c xut t 2 n 10 USD/tn pht thi CO2 ph thuc theo tng d n. Th trng mua bn gim pht thi kh nh knh Vit Nam: Mc d c gii chuyn mn nh gi l nc c tim nng CDM trong cc ngnh tit kim nng lng, trng rng, thu hi kh rc thi v chn nui trong giai on 2001-2010, Vit Nam c th gim khong 80-120 triu tn CO2. Th nhng trn c nc, con s doanh nghip tham gia vo th trng li khng nhiu. Nguyn nhn ca vn ny l phn ln doanh nghip nc ta l doanh nghip va v nh, trong khi nh mc m Ban iu hnh CDM quc t a ra phi gim 10 tn CO2/doanh nghip/nm l qu cao. Hn na vic lm phng php lun c Ban iu hnh CDM th gii chng nhn khi lng kh thi gim c t ra yu cu qu phc tp. Bn cnh , cng tc tuyn truyn v vn ny n cc doanh nghip cha su rng nn cc doanhnghip cn cha hiu bit nhiu v cch thc cng nh t nh gi kh nng ca mnh khi tham gia vo c ch pht trin sch. Mt s xut nhm thc y hot ng th trng mua bn gim pht thi kh nh knh Vit Nam: -CDM v c ch mua bn quyn pht thi l rt mi m i vi nc ta, do cng tc qun l Nh nc ng vai tr khng th thiu trong vic trin khai thc hin. i vi Vit Nam, trong vn ny Nh nc cn quan tm ti cc vn sau: Ch o v iu phi qu trnh xem xt v ph duyt cc d n thuc CDM; iu hnh vic tham gia bun bn pht thi v cc tn dng CO2, lng ghp vi

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

chnh sch u tin ca t nc; xc lp mi quan h gia CDM v cc c ch pht trin khc ( trnh s chng cho v mu thun). Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng u tin l phi xc nh cc hng u tin c th tham gia CDM. Chng ta xc nh 3 hng u tin gm: Nng cp ci thin cng ngh hin c (nng cao hiu sut s dng nng lng, i mi v hin i ho); p dng cc cng ngh tin tin v thn thin vi mi trng; cc d n thuc cc chng trnh, nh hng ang c nh nc khuyn khch, u tin. C th, cc lnh vc c th tham gia m Vit Nam khuyn khch thc hin gm: + Tit kim nng lng. Cc dng c khuyn khch gm nng cp hiu sut sn xut v truyn ti in, nng cp hiu sut s dng in nng trong lnh vc cng nghip v cc nh cao tng. i mi nng lng: Khuyn khch khai thc v s dng cc loi nng lng t cc ngun nh sinh khi, nng lng mt tri v vng lng gi +Lm nghip: Khuyn khch cc d n bo v b cha cacbon (bo v v bo tn cc khu rng hin c, tng cng cng tc qun l rng, s dng c hiu qu ngun ti nguyn rng) v nng cao hiu qu ca cc b cha cacbon (trng cy gy rng). Do th trng mua bn gim pht thi kh nh knh cn qu mi m, nhiu c quan qun l nh nc, c bit l cc nh doanh nghip cn t thng tin v th trng ny, do mc d tim nng th trng Vit Nam l rt ln, nhng cn qu t cc doanh nghip xy dng v ng k d n cho n v mnh. Nh nc cn ph bin rng ri hn na, cung cp nhiu thng tin hn cho cc doanh nghip h c th cn nhc khi tham gia th trng. 2.5Gii thiu s qua v c ch pht trin sch CDM trn th gii

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

D an CDM u tin trn th gii c thc hin ti Rio de Janeiro, Brazil t nm 2004, vi linh vc hoat ng la gim pht thi kh nh knh t bi chn lp cht thi bng cch thu hi kh mtan sn xut in. Theo tnh ton, mi nm d n gim c 31 ngn tn mtan, tng ng vi 670 ngn tn CO2. D n mang li hiu qu tch cc cho mi trng v cng ng dn c trong khu vc, ng thi m ra mt giai on mi giup th gii at cac mc tiu ngn chn bin i kh hu v thc y s pht trin bn vng. Ngnh nng lng l lnh vc nng bng nht cho cc d n CDM trn ton th gii (52,68%), sau o la cac nganh x l v tiu hy cht thi (20,77%) va nng nghip (7,8%). Chu Thi Bnh Dng hin ang l khu vc si ng nht v cac d n CDM. Trong o, n la ni c nhiu d n CDM nht, con Trung Quc l quc gia ng u v nhn c CERs. u t vao cac d an CDM nhiu nht la cac nc Anh, Ailen, H Lan v Nht Bn. Theo s liu thng k ca Ban Th k Cng c Kh hu, tnh n ngy 16/10/2008, c 1184 d n CDM c Ban chp hnh CDM ng k cho thc hin. Trung bnh mi nm cc d n to ra gn 228 triu n v gim pht thi c chng nhn (CER), tc l gn 228 triu tn CO2 tng ng. Nu tnh n nm 2012, nm kt thc giai on u thc hin cc cam kt trong Ngh nh th Kyoto, tng s CER do cc d n c ng k to ra s l hn 1 t 330 triu. Nu tnh cho ton b s d n c trong danh mc, s CERs d tnh n 2012 l hn 2 t 700 triu n v. Bn nc ng u v s d n c thc hin v s CER thu c hng nm l n , chim 30,24% s d n, thu c hn 31 triu CER/nm (13,67% tng CER thu c); tip sau l Trung Quc, tuy ch chim 23,73% s d n nhng to ra hn 120 triu CER/nm (52,74%); Brasil chim 12,25% s d n v thu c hn 19 triu CER/nm (8,53%); Mexico chim 8,95% s d n vi hn 7 triu CER/nm (3,25%). Hn Quc tuy c s d n t hn Mexico nhng s CER thu c li nhiu hn hai ln, t gn 15 triu CER/nm, chim 6,41% tng CER thu c hng nm ca cc d n CDM.
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Tng s CERs c Ban chp hnh CDM pht hnh cho cc nc ch tr d n (tnh n 16/10/2008) l hn 200 triu n v, trong Trung Quc nhn c 37,54%, n c 24,59%, Hn Quc c 15,35% v Brasil c 12,31%. Vit Nam ch c 2 d n c ng k nhng s CER nhn c cng chim 2,24%, tng ng khong 4,5 triu n v. Mt s d n tiu biu v mang li hiu qu ti mt s quc gia c ch ra di y. Loi hnh d n Quc gia D n c th Kt qu

Hiu qu s dng nng Vit Nam lng cui

Tng hiu sut ni hi ln Cc bin php tng hiu 60% qu lnh vc ni hi cng Gim lng pht thi nghip 150ktC02/nm Tit kim 965 TJ than/nm Gim pht thi CO2 xung cn 0.88kt/nm Tc kh lu hunh l 85%, bi bn gim 95%

Hiu qu Tnh Henan nng D n in nhit kt hp Trung Quc (CHP) ti nh my Nhit lng pha cung in Shangqiu cp Cht thi Honduras

Gim pht thi xung cn D n pht in bng sinh 119kt CO2 so vi s dng pht khi in bng du in kh ha nng thn un nc nng lng mt tri nng Tng gim pht thi hng nm ca 75000 gia nh trong 150 ngi lng l 0.88 ktCO2 Vi 341 h gia nh s gim 4,7ktCO2/ nm vi ng c s l s dng bp in.

Gi

Mauritania

Mt tri

Nam Phi

Thy in Chile Sinh khi Brazil

D n thy in cng sut Tng pht thi gim trong 21 26MW Chacabuquito nm l 2,8 triu tn CO2 D n sn xut than ci v Trng 23100ha bch ng v g ci bn vng cho cng lng CO2 s gim 0.4 triu nghip gang ti Minas tn/ nm nh gim tiu th
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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

Gerais

than

CHNG III: KT LUN

C th ni c ch pht trin sch (CDM) l mt c hi cho cc nc ang pht trin, v l mt trong nhng bc i ca Vit Nam nhm gim pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh bo v mi trng. C ch pht trin sch CDM tuy cn c nhng mt hn ch, song v li ch v mc tiu lu di ca n, chng ta s cn nhc v b sung thay i v cch thc, chnh sch cho ph hp vi tng quc gia, tng ngnh ngh nhng khng lm mt i li ch v mc ch ca d n, c bit l nhng li ch v mi trng v pht trin bn vng. Trong tng lai, s c nhiu d n c ch pht trin sch CDM c thc hin v CDM s c th i vo trong nhiu ngnh ngh, lnh vc trong hot ng sn xut ti Vit Nam gp phn pht trin nn kinh t t nc. Hiu bit v CDM to ra thc v pht trin bn vng v bo v mi trng, t , chng ta nn bin thnh hnh ng gp phn mnh trong s nghip mi trng chung ca t nc. Cung tay bo v mi trng l trch nhim v l hnh ng cao p ca mi chng ta trong thi i c th gii cng nhau bo v mi trng sng trn tri t, chng li bin i kh hu v nguy c gy hi cua n vi ton nhn loi.

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Bo co mn: Nng lng v mi trng

GVHD: Ng nh Tuyt

PH LC 1.
2.

Danh sch cc PDD c ph duyt ti Vit Nam Danh sch cc d n CDM ti Vit nam c ng k vi EB Danh sch cc PoA c ph duyt Danh sch cc xut hot ng CDM Danh sch cc PIN c xc nhn Ti liu mu PIN (ting Vit)

3. 4. 5.
6.

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