GII THIU CHUNG

D n Cp nc v V sinh tnh Bnh nh thc hin hp phn CTR ti 4 huyn D n (Hoi Nhn, Ph M, An Nhn v Ty Sn) chng ti tin hnh nh lng v xc nh c thnh phn rc thi sinh hot ti h gia nh ca 4 huyn. Kt qu nh sau: 1)Rc hu c 2)Rc ti ch 3)Rc khng th ti ch 60% 15% 25%

Khng phi mi loi rc Vit Nam u c thnh phn nh th ny, nhng rc hu c lun chim t l ln nht.

T kt qu kho st trn, bi ton t ra cho chng ta l lm th no gim thiu ti a lng CTR cn chn lp nhm hn ch ti a nh hng mi trng n cuc sng ca chng ta. Nhng mang tnh cng ng cao chng ta cn a ra cc cng ngh n gin, d vn hnh mi ngi u c th t lm c, nhm gii quyt 60% rc hu c ni trn. Chng ti tin hnh nghin cu nhiu ni c trong v ngoi nc, la chn c cng ngh ph hp, l cn phi lp t mt thng rc hu c ti mi h gia nh gim 60% rc hu c thi ra hng ngy. Thay v phi thu gom rc hu c hng ngy, th ta c th thu gom mt hoc hai ln mi nm v khi lng thu gom s ch chim mt t l rt nh so vi khi lng ban u. Tuy nhin, khi thit k thng ny, th cn mt s yu cu sau:

YU CU K THUT
1. Ch to bng nguyn liu bn, d kim; 2.Tng i r tin, 3.Thong kh, hn ch ti a cc cn trng vo thng; 4. Khng mi, khng thu ht rui nhng; 5. Nng (kh nh cp) v gi tr ti ch thp 6. cng trnh b cn ph bi ch, chut 7. D khuy o v lm sch;

8. Mi ngi dn a phng c th t xy lp d dng

 XUT 1
Thn thng gm 3 mnh b tng c th lp ghp bng 3 si dy thp, c nhiu l nhng kch thc l <1cm cc loi cn trng gy hi khng vo c thng, nhng m bo thong kh. Ty vo din tch, kt cu xy dng ca tng h gia nh m b tr loi thng ph hp, c 2 loi: 1.Thng khng y 2.Thng c y

1. THNG KHNG Y
p dng cho cc h gia nh c din tch t rng, nht l cc h nng thn.

Cc ng rnh thng ng cho php u trng rui lnh en trng thnh thot ra ngoi

dy = 30 mm ng knh = 80 cm Chiu cao = 60 cm

Technologies for Vietnam

21

2. THNG C Y
p dng cho cc h gia nh khng c hoc c t din tch t nh cc h th trn, th t Mt s ch c mt khong sn b tng hoc sn lt gch nh pha trc hoc sau nh. Khng th t loi thng khng c y khong sn khng thm nc nh vy c. Nc, cht lng phi c thot. Hnh v sau th hin thng compost b tng c t trn mt tm y b tng cht lng c thot vo mt chai nha.

 XUT 2

Thng xy bng gch r hn thng xy bng b tng, vng hn v c nhiu l thong kh hn, nhng kch thc l phi < 1cm cc loi cn trng khng vo c thng. Nu dng gch xy dng c sn a phng, th cn dng li bao xung quanh gim kch thc l khng cho cn trng gy hi vo thng .

Thng c ng knh 60cm, mi lp 14 vin gch

84 vin gch

Thng ny c 504 l thong kh

Ti sao cn c l thong kh ?
VSV a nhit trong thng cn Oxy.
l l do v sao phi to l thong kh trn thn thng. Tuy nhin cc l thong kh ny khng gi cho thng c thong kh hon ton. u trng rui lnh en c th thc hin vic ny. Nhng vic khuy o t nhin ny vn khng . V vy, thng cn phi c khuy o b sung bng tay t nht 1 tun/ln, nu khng mi hi s pht sinh.

Dng c khoy o
Mi ln khuy o thng compost, khng cn phi m np y ln, ch cn m np nh pha trn thng. Vic khuy o c th c thc hin mt cch d dng bi mt thanh xon hoc bng thanh tre to bng c tay v di khong 1,5 m.

Ti sao rc phi c phn loi ?

Rc hu c phi c phn loi ti ngun v b vo thng compost, khng b cng vi bt c loi rc no khc vo thng, iu ny gip cho thng vn hnh tt hn v cht lng phn compost khng b nhim bn nn cy trng hp thu tt hn v khng gy nhim mi trng. Nu phn loi ti ngun khng c thc hin th thng khng pht huy ht tc dng v nhanh y, cht lng phn compost s tr nn rt c v nguy him, v hon ton khng ph hp cho nng nghip.

CCH THC VN HNH THNG

1. Rc hu c phi c phn loi, bao gm thc n tha, rc vn (l cy), ph phm nh bp (tri cy h, v tri cy, gc rau 2. Sau khi phn loi ta tin hnh b vo thng 3. Theo di thng xem c vn g khng? - Thng thng trong tun u rc b vo thng thng c mi hi, kin, rui nhng nhiu, v cc vi sinh vt (VSV) lc ny cha pht trin. - Tun th 2 tr i, sau khi cc VSV pht trin th cc hin tng trn s gim hn (ty vo s lng VSV pht trin trong thng nhiu hay t).

- Tun th 3 tr i cc thng thng c mi hi hoc kin nhiu, l do: + Nu thng qu m, chng t thng thiu oxy nn sinh mi hi, cn dng dng c khuy o, o u t y thng ln, duy tr thng xuyn, t nht 1 ln/tun + Nu thng c nhiu kin, chng t rc trong thng qu kh, thiu m cho cc VSV pht trin nn cn trng xm nhp, cn dng t nc ti m cho rc trong thng. * Ch : khng nn dng cc thuc dit cn trng trong thng , v nh th v tnh chng ta tiu dit cc VSV trong thng.

- Ty vo lng rc thi ra hng ngy nhiu hay t m b tr thng c kch thc ph hp: + i vi cc h hng ngy thi ra <3kg rc hu c th ch cn thng c ng knh 60cm, cao 60cm. Mt nm dn thng khong 1 n 2 ln. + i vi cc h hng ngy thi ra >3kg nhng <6kg rc hu c th ch cn thng c ng knh 80cm, cao 80cm. Mt nm dn thng khong 2 n 3 ln. - Phn mn ca rc sau khi phn hy dng bn cho cy trng rt hiu qu v hm lng dinh dng trong mn rt cao, ph hp cho cc loi cy trng v gip t lun ti xp.

LOI RC NO NN B VO THNG ? 1. Giy khng th ti ch

D nhin chng ta khng nn b vo thng cc vt liu c th ti ch . Tuy nhin, i vi giy bo b t, bn v khng c gi tr ti ch th c th c b vo thng cng vi giy v sinh v khn giy.

2. Rc nh bp
Rc nh bp v rc t bn n c b vo thng compost. Rc nh bp bao gm rc thi t cc loi ht, tri cy, rau c, tht, c, gia cm.

Rc t bn n bao gm thc n tha t ni, cho, bt. Canh, sp c th vo thng, min l trong thng c lng giy rc thm ht nc. Nu trong thng khng c lng giy rc thm ht nc, th ch lc ly phn cn b vo thng.

3. Rc t vn
Cc b hoa qua s dng c th c b vo thng. Cng c th b lng nh rc vn. Khi lng ln rc vn s nhanh chng lm y thng, v vy vi khi lng rc vn ln th khng nn b vo. Nu h gia nh pht thi khi lng ln rc vn, v nu c din tch t, th nn phn compost thnh ng 5 x 5m. Nhiu h gia nh c th dng chung mt ng phn compost.

LOI RC KHNG NN B VO THNG ?

Thng ny c thit k dng phn hy rc hu c c kh nng phn hy trong khong thi gian 1 nm. Cc loi rc sau khng nn b vo thng: 1. Xng c kch thc ln, v s, c, hn, 2. Cc cnh cy ln v g. 3. Cc vt liu khng phn hy bao gm thy tinh, kim loi, nha, cao su, mt, cc vt liu bc sp, vi, , ct, bng khong, xp, gch, s, snh v cc vt liu tng t khc. ng bao gi b cc vt liu ny vo thng v s lm thng nhanh y

KT QU TH IM M HNH 4 HUYN
c 16 thng VSV a nhit c lp t ti 8 x th trn ca 4 huyn Hoi Nhn, Ph M, An Nhn v Ty Sn. Trong , cc thng c theo di v nghin cu trong 2 thng sau khi i vo hot ng. Trong thi gian , mi thng compost ny nhn khong 100kg rc hu c . Vo cui giai on ny tit gim 80% th tch rc so vi ban u.

KT QU KHI THC HIN M HNH NY

c tnh chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v chn lp trung bnh hng nm chnh quyn a phng h tr cho mi h gia nh dao ng t 600.000 VN n 840.000 VN. Chi ph ca mt thit b cha tr vi sinh vt a nhit khong 400.000 VN n 600.000 VN. Nhng chng ta c th dng trong 5 nm v mi h c th tit gim khong 0,5 tn rc thi em ra bi chn lp mi nm, nn v phng din lu di, chi ph tit kim c l rt ln, gim ghnh nng cho a phng, gim nhim mi trng v to ngun phn hu c c gi tr cho cc h nng dn.