In Dung

n tt nghip - 1 - GVHD: Th.
S Trn Thi Anh u

ti: Thit k b ngun d phng UPS SVTH: Nguyn B Quc Dng
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LI CM N

hon thnh c lun n tt nghip ny, u tin em xin c gi li cm
n n Ban Gim Hiu trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng, cc thy c gio
trong trng c bit l cc thy c gio trong khoa in tn tnh ging dy
truyn t nhng kin thc qu bo v to nhng iu kin em c hc tp
tt trong nhng nm thng qua.
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy gio Trn Thi Anh u tn
tnh hng dn, gip em trong sut qu trnh lm n tt nghip em c
th hon thnh ti ny.
Xin cm n tt c cc bn b, ngi thn gip , gp cho ti trong sut
qu trnh lm ti ny.

Nng, Ngy 05 thng 06 nm 2011
Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn B Quc Dng

n tt nghip - 2 - GVHD: Th.S Trn Thi Anh u
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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Nng, Ngy thng nm 2011
Gio vin hng dn

ThS. Trn Thi Anh u

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

Nng, Ngy thng nm 2011
Gio vin phn bin

TS. Nguyn Quc nh
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LI M U

Con ngi lun tm ti v pht minh ra ci mi gp phn nng cao nng sut lao
ng v tng cng tin nghi trong cuc sng. Cng vi n l s tin b ca khoa
hc v cng ngh, ng ch hn c l nhng pht minh v i trong lnh vc in-
in t, n tht s cn thit cho cuc sng ca chng ta. Cc thit b in t c
ng dng ngy cng rng ri v ph bin trong cuc sng mang li hiu qu cao
trong lnh vc kinh t k thut cng nh trong i sng x hi.
Nhng thit b in t ny c s dng mt cch rng ri trong i sng.N
gp phn v cng quan trng trong s pht trin ca nn kinh t ton cu.
Trong rt nhiu ng dng , th c s pht trin trong ng dng ca b ngun
d phng UPS .UPS l ng dng quan trng v c s dng rng ri trong tt c
cc lnh vc lin quan n vn v nng lng in,nht l cc thit b yu cu
m bo cung cp in lin tc,trong cc nh myUPS cn c dng lm ngun
in cho s dng gia nh, iu khin chiu sng
Vi n tt nghip ny, em c giao nhim v thit k b ngun d phng
UPS cng sut P=500W , in p 220V, tn s c bn 50 Hz nhm m bo s
hot ng ca ph ti trc v sau khi mt in li.

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CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG
1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh UPS
UPS c vit tt ca cm t ting Anh: Uninterruptible Power System l h
thng ngun cung cp lin tc hay n gin hn l b lu tr in d phng
nhm lm tng tin cy cung cp in cho h thng
1.2 Phn loi
T yu cu ca cc thit b v mc ngun in lin tc v cht lng,
UPS c phn thnh cc dng sn phm chnh v cng ngh nh sau : UPS
Offline n thun, UPS Offline cng ngh Line-interactive, UPS Online, UPS
tnh.
1.2.1 UPS offline
Khi c ngun in li UPS s cho in li thng ti ph ti. Khi mt in,
ti s c chuyn mch cp in t c quy qua b nghch lu (inverter). Dng
in p ra ca b nghch lu (inverter) loi ny thng l (dng xung ch nht,
khng sin). Phm vi p dng UPS loi ny thng cho cc thit b n gin,
cng sut nh, t nhy cm li in, i hi tin cy thp. a s cc UPS
ngy nay u c phn mm km theo giao tip vi my tnh qua cng COM
hoc USB. Phn mm ny cho php kim sot cc trng thi hot ng ca UPS
(in p vo/ra, ti tiu th ..). Di y l s c bn v nguyn l lm vic
ca UPS offline, loi thng dng nht trn th trng hin nay:

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Theo s ny, ta nhn thy rng phng php lm vic ca n nh sau:
- Ngun in li u vo thng qua mt cng tc ngt mch "bypass"
n vi ng u ra.
- Ngun in t pin c chuyn i thnh in p xoay chiu vi cc
thng s ph hp li in a phng.
- Khi mt in li, h thng acquy cung cp cho mch in giao ng
chuyn thnh dng in xoay chiu tip tc cung cp cho thit b tiu th.
Nhn qua s ny chng ta d nhn ra nhc im ca loi UPS offline:
Thi gian chuyn mch t khi s c in li cho n khi ngun c quy cung
cp cho thit b tiu th. Hiu mt cch n gin: Cng tc ngt in khi ngun
li chuyn sang dng in t c quy phi m bo khi ngt hon ton ra
khi li in mi c php cung cp in t b nghch lu.
- trng thi li in n nh th ngun tiu th s dng in trc tip
ca li in. UPS lc ny ch s dng mt b np (charger) np in mt
cch t ng cho c quy m thi.
- Khi in p li in khng m bo (qu cao, qu thp) hoc mt
in th lc ny mch in chuyn sang dng in cung cp ra t c quy v b
inverter.
Qua nguyn l c phn tch nh trn th ta thy rng thi gian cung cp
in cho thit b tiu th v th m b gin on. S gin on ny gy ra vic
cung cp ngun in khng n nh ti pha cc thit b tiu th: Mt s my
tnh b tt do ngun my tnh (PSU) thuc loi cht lng thng hoc cng sut
thp, c kh nng tch in ti t u ngun u vo thp so vi nhu cu cng
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sut ca cc linh kin trn my tnh, nn thi gian chuyn mch ca UPS gy
dng s hot ng ca PSU.
1.2.2 UPS offline vi cng ngh Line interactive
Khc phc nhc im ca loi UPS offline thng thng l loi UPS
offline cng ngh Line interactive. Do s tch cc hn trong nguyn l hot
ng nn chng li c gi thnh cao hn so vi loi UPS offline thng thng.

Ta thy rng s mch ca loi UPS ny c phn ging nh s mch
ca loi UPS offline n thun pha bn trn. Phn nhnh c quy v inverter
khng thay i, ch c pha bn nhnh cung cp in cho thit b tiu th in
,ngoi phn cng tc chuyn mch bypass cn c thng qua mt bin p t
ngu .
- Trong trng hp in p cp vo UPS bnh thng, c ngha l
chng xp x thng s u ra li in a phng th mch UPS hot ng
nh khung hnh pha trn-bn tri, c ngha rng bin p t ngu lc ny c s
vng dy s cp bng th cp, do khng c s can thip no vo in p u
ra v UPS hot ng ging nh loi UPS offline thng thng.
- Trong trng hp in p ca li thp hn so vi in p chun,
bin p t ngu s chuyn mch sang mt nc khc, lm cho in p u ra m
bo ng thng s yu cu. Trong trng hp in p ca li in cao hn so
vi thng s chun th trng hp ny cng vy.
- Trong trng hp mt in li UPS offline cng ngh Line
interactive s chuyn cc mch ging nh loi UPS thng thng: tc l chng
ngt nhnh i qua bin p t ngu v chuyn sang s dng nhnh c quy vi
nghch lu
1.2.3 UPS online
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Khc phc hon ton cc nhc im trn l loi UPS online. Hot ng
theo nguyn tc chuyn i kp: t AC sang DC sau chuyn ngc DC sang
AC. Do ngun in cung cp cho ti hon ton do UPS to ra m bo n
nh c v in p v tn s. iu ny lm cho cc thit b c cung cp in
bi UPS hu nh cch ly hon ton vi s thay i ca li in. V vy, ngun
do UPS online to ra l ngun in sch (lc hu ht cc s c trn li in),
chng nhiu hon ton. in p ra hon ton hnh sin. Di y l s nguyn
l lm vic n gin ca n:

y, chng ta thy rng vic cp in cho thit b tiu th l hon ton lin
tc khi c s c v li in. Ngun in li lc ny khng cung cp in trc
tip cho cc thit b, m chng c bin i thnh dng in mt chiu tng
ng vi in p ca c quy. y trong mch th hin s cung cp in t c
quy v chnh t li in n b nghch lu bin i thnh in p u ra ph
hp vi thit b s dng. Nh vy, c th thy rng trong bt k s c no v
li in th UPS online cng c th cung cp in cho thit b s dng m
khng c mt thi gian tr no. iu ny lm cho thit b s dng rt an ton, v
n nh.
UPS online s lun lun n nh in p u ra bi cng theo mch th in
p u vo lc ny c bin i xung mc in p c quy v chng c cng
dng nh mt c quy c dung lng ln v cng (nu khng b s c li in),
mch nghch lu s ng vai tr mt b n nh in p. V vy ch vi cc loi
UPS online mi c cng dng n p mt cch trit .

1.2.4. UPS tnh
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S dng b chuyn i tnh thc hin cung cp nng lng. S dng b bin
i in t cng sut lm chc nng chnh lu v np acquy tch tr in
nng khi lm vic bnh thng. Khi xy ra s c,in p mt chiu qua b
nghch lu c bin thnh in p xoay chiu v c cp cho cc ti u tin
.u im ca UPS tnh l kch thc nh gn, p ng nhanh, vn hnh n
gin, lm vic chc chn, dng cho php ln.
- Gii hn trong vn hnh cho php I
cd
=2.33I
dm
- Cch li v in
- Bo dng v vn hnh n gin,lm vic tin cy chn chn.
- Kh nng phn ng tc thi trc nhng dao ng bin ca h thng
cung cp, s dng thit b vi iu khin, vi x l da trn k thut s.
- Bin in p iu chnh trong phm vi 0.5% 1%, thi gian iu
chnh nhanh, kch thc v trng lng ca h nh.
1.3 La chn s thit k
T cc u im v nhc im cc s trn ta chn s UPS offline l
ph hp vi yu cu ca nhim v n ra
S khi :

Li in chnh
DC/AC
Ph ti
2
1
Chnh lu
np
Ac-quy

DC/DC
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* Chc nng ca cc khi :
- Acquy : Acquy cung cp in p 24VDC cho mch nghch lu v l
thit b lu tr in p cung cp cho mch khi mt in li.
- Khi chnh lu: Np in cho acquy khi mch nghch lu ang ch
ch (khi c in li).
- Khi DC-DC: Khuch i in p acquy t 24VDC ln 340VDC cp
cho cu nghch lu.
- Khi nghch lu: S dng mch cu H vi van bn dn IGBT, c
iu khin bng chip vi iu khin PIC18F4331 theo nguyn l PWM nhm
bin i in p mt chiu 340VDC thnh in p xoay chiu 220VAC tn s
50hz.
* Hot ng ca mch c m t lu thut trang sau

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hnh 1.1 Lu thut ton m t ht ng ca UPS

Khi bt u vn hnh, vi iu khin thc hin kim tra in p li khi c
th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
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- Trng hp 1: Khi c in p li vi iu khin ngt mch nghch lu ra
khi li, cho php phn np acquy hot ng np in cho acquy.
+ Nu acquy in p acquy = 32v (lc acquy y) : Ngt mch np
acquy bo v acquy khng cho phng in khi y.
+ Nu acquy in p acquy nm trong khon 28v n 32v: Tin hnh
np acquy ch np n p (np vi in p khng i)
+ Nu acquy in p acquy <= 28v: Tin hnh np acquy ch np
n dng (np vi in p khng i)
- Trng hp 2: Khi khng c in p li vi iu khin cho php mch
nghch lu hot ng, ngt phn np acquy ra khi mch
+ Nu acquy in p cp cho mch nghch lu(Uacquy >=20.5v):
ng rle ni ti vi mch nghch lu cp in cho ti.
+ Nu acquy khng in p cp cho mch nghch lu: Ngt mch
nghch lu ni ti bo v acquy khng cho lm vic khi in p acquy gim thp
di gi tr cho php.
* Phn tnh ton thit k c th hin trong cc chng sau:
Chng 2: Tng quan v b nghch lu iu bin rng xung.
Chng 3: Gii thiu v acquy v mt s phng php np.
Chng 4: Tnh ton thit k phn nghch lu p mt pha.
Chng 5: Tnh ton thit k phn np acquy.
Chng 6: Kt qu t c.

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CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V B NGHCH LU IU
BIN RNG XUNG
2.1 S cn thit ca b nghch lu iu bin rng xung.
Hin nay c rt nhiu b nghch lu l nhng b nghch lu m dng sng
ca dng in hoc in p a vo b nghch lu l nhng xung vung hon
ton hoc xung c nhy cp m ta nh ngha chung l nhng b nghch lu
nhy cp. B nghch lu nhy cp loi ny c nhng thun li v hn ch nht
nh trong iu khin v dng sng u ra. Thun li ch yu l vn iu
khin, trong iu khin, mt chng mc nht nh, th kt cu ca mch iu
khin tng i n gin, thi gian ng ct ca van bn dn c c nh trong
mt chu k. Ta thy c hai b nghch lu ngun dng v ngun p th trong
mt na chu k in p c bn u ra th cc van bn dn ch ng ct mt ln
duy nht, c th ni rng tn s ng ct ca van bn dn bng hai ln tn s ca
sng c bn b nghch lu,kh nng chuyn mch ca van bn dn yu cu
khng cao, do vy c th dng cho mch cng sut ln v cc van bn dn cng
sut ln c tc chuyn mch thp, cc van cng sut cng ln th tc
chuyn mch cng chm. Bn cnh u im trn th b nghch lu nhy cp trn
bc l mt s nhc im, nhc im ln nht l kh nng sin ho dng in
hoc in p khng cao. Do ng ct cung cp cho ti nhng xung vung nn
khi ti l ng c s xut hin sng hi bc cao khng mong mun. Sng hi
xut hin lm tn hao trong mch tng ln v tinh chnh trong iu khin
gim. Khi tn s u ra yu cu cng thp th sng hi xut hin cng nhiu v
khi tc cn khng th hai b nghch lu dng ny mt kh nng kim sot tc
, c bit l b nghch lu ngun dng.
B nghch lu iu bin rng xung ra i khc phc c nhc im
ca hai b nghch lu ngun dng v ngun p trn. Dng sng u ra ca b
nghch lu iu bin rng xung (PWM - Pulse Width Modulation) c iu
bin gn sin hn, thnh phn hi bc cao c loi tr n mc ti thiu, kh
nng iu khin thch nghi theo mi cp in p v mi tn s trong di tn s
nh mc. Bng phng php PWM ta c th iu khin c ng c thch
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nghi theo mt ng c tnh cho trc. Nhc im ln nht ca b nghch lu
PWM l yu cu van bn dn ckh nng ng ct tn s ln. Tn s thng
thng ln hn khon 15 ln tn s nh mc u ra ca b nghch lu.
2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca nghch lu PWM.
Hai i lng cn phi quan tm khi xem xt v PWM l: sng mang v
sng iu bin.
+ Sng mang: Sng mang l sng tam gic c tn s rt ln, c th n hng
chc thm ch hng trm kHz.
+ Sng iu bin: Sng iu bin l sng hnh sin c tn s bng tn s sng
c bn u ra ca b nghch lu. Sng iu bin chnh l dng sng mong mun
u ra ca mch nghch lu.
Hnh sau biu din in p u ra ca b nghch lu PWM n cc. Chu k
ng m c iu khin sao cho b rng xung ca cc chu k l cc i nh
sng hnh sin c bn.
Sng tn hiu

Hnh 2.1. in p ra ca b nghch lu PWM n cc
rng din tch ca mi xung tng ng gn vi din tch di dng
sng hnh sin mong mun gia hai khong m lin tip. Cc iu ho ca sng
iu ch theo phng php PWM gim r rt theo phng php ny. xc
nh thi im kch m cn thit tng hp ng dng sng u ra theo
phng php PWM (n cc) trong mch iu khin ngi ta to ra mt sng
sin chun mong mun v so snh n vi mt dy xung tam gic c biu din
trn hnh 2.2 di y. Giao im ca hai sng xc nh thi im kch m van
bn dn.
t
Ud
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t
Ut
Ud
t

hnh 2.2 th xc nh thi im kch m van.

Hnh 2.3 : Gii thch vic s dng sng tam gic so snh
Khi in p iu khin cng gim th b rng ca xung cng gim v
trng xung cng tng, do vy in p ra gim. V vy c th iu khin in p
u ra bng in p iu khin.
Hnh 2.3 Gii thch vic s dng sng tam gic so snh to im kch m
van bn dn. Phn sng hnh sin nm pha trn xung tam gic s tng ng cho
IGBT thp dn IGBT cao dn
Mt phn sng sine chn
Mt phn sng sine
chn bin gim 1/2
Sng tn hiu Sng mang
X
X/2
a
b
c
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xung ra c b rng b. Gim bin sng hnh sin mt na s c xung c b rng
c. Xung sin c tn s nh hn nhiu tn s xung tam gic nn c th coi nh
trong mt chu k xung tam gic th xung hnh sin khng thay i ln, v vy
ta c c = b/2..
Bin ca in p iu bin ra khng i nhng b rng xung thay i,do
vy in p trung bnh u ra thay i v ta c bin in p sau b nghch lu
thay i. Cch iu ch tng t cng c xem xt cho phn m ca song sin
chun. B rng a trn hnh v ng vi gi tr cc i ca sng sin. iu ng
ngha vi bin cc i ca sng sin chun khng ln hn xung tam gic.
Qu trnh a xung c tn s cao vo s to ra ng ct tn s ln do vy s
lm tng cc iu ho bc cao. Nhng ta c th d dng lc ra iu ho bc thp
v tn s c bn sin hn. Bn canh ng c l ti in cm nn d dng lm
suy gim cc iu ho bc cao c in p v dng in.
S ln chuyn mch nhiu trong mt chu k sng tam gic dn ti tn hao i
chiu trong thyristor ca b nghch lu ln. chn b nghch lu c sng gn
ch nht hoc b nghch lu PWM phi ch n gi thnh b sung phn t
chuyn mch v tn hao chuyn mch, song song vi iu phi tnh n sng
c bn cn li u ra.
2.3 Sin ho PWM
K thut sin ho PWM c ng dng rt thng dng trong cng nghip.
Hnh 2.2 trnh by nguyn l c bn ca PWM, trong mt sng mang chun
hnh tam gic c so snh vi thnh phn tn s c bn ca sng iu bin
hnh sin, im giao ct ca chng nh du im chuyn mch ca cc phn t
bn dn cng sut. Nhng lot xung vung bin i u ra b nghch lu c
iu bin thnh hnh sin, v dng sng bao gm mt thnh phn c bn ca tn
s iu bin. Bin ca cc thnh phn c bn c th thay i khi tn s v
in p ca sng iu bin thay i. X l chui Fourier ca sng in p u ra
kh phc tp, nhng c th trnh by theo cng thc sau :
| e + = ) sin(
2
. ) ( t
v
m t v
s
d
) ( 2.1)
m : h s iu bin.
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s
e

: tn s sng c bn( tn s iu bin).
: gc lch pha u ra, ph thuc vo dng ca sng u ra.
H s iu bin c nh ngha l :

T
P
V
V
m = (2.2)
V
P
: l bin ca sng iu bin
V
T
: l bin ca sng mang.
L tng th m c th bin i trong khong 0 v 1 th c th cho ta quan h
tuyn tnh gia in p iu tn v in p u ra. Khi gi tr m = 0 th in p
u ra cc xung hnh vung i xng vi cc khong trng. Khong trng c
nh ngha l khong thi gian kho ca phn t chuyn mch.. Khi gi tr m
tin dn ti 1, rng ca khong trng gn gia ca na chu k sng hnh sin
gim dn, rng ca xung in p tng dn. Khi s vn hnh ca b nghch
lu hon ho, rng xung v khong trng t ti gi tr nh nht c duy tr
cho chuyn mch v phc hi ng ct. Cng ging nh vy, khong thi gian
tr ng ct nh nht cng c yu cu i vi qu trnh ng m gia hai
phn t ng ct cao v thp khi c hai phn t ny cng kho. Khong thi
gian ny a ra loi tr kh nng ngn mch van do qu trnh trng dn.
Dng sng u ra ca PWM bao gm thnh phn sng hi c tn s sng
mang v sng hi bc cao tn s di tn sng iu bin. Tn s gc ca sng hi
c th tnh theo cng thc :

s c h
N = = = = (2.3)

c
= - tn s sng mang.

h
= - tn s sng iu bin.
M, N l nhng s nguyn v M+N l mt s l.
2.4 Nguyn tc hot ng b nghch lu cu iu bin rng xung n cc.
B nghch lu PWM n cc ( hay cn gi l b khuch i chuyn mch)
khuch i c hiu qu tn hiu u vo V
cont
. in p u ra cung cp cho ti l
+V
DC
, -V
DC
. Ty thuc vo khi no V
cont
, -V
cont
ln hn hay nh hn sng tam
gic t V
tri
. in p u ra ca ti c dng ca V
cont
, v cc sng hi bc cao
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ty thuc vo h s iu ch m
f
. y, m
f
l t s gia tn s sng iu ch tam
gic v sng sin t.

cont
tri
f
f
f
m =
Nguyn tc ca b khuch i l s so snh gia gi tr V
cont
vi sng tam
gic V
tri
Nguyn tc ny c minh ha trong hnh sau:

Hnh 2.4: M t dng sng iu bin v sng tam gic
Hnh trn minh ha vi m
a
=0,9, vi m
a
l t s bin ca sng iu khin
v bin sng iu bin.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca 4 kha ca b nghch lu cu ( hnh 2.5) c
thc hin nh sau:
V
con
>V
tri
, ng cng tc A
+
, m cng tc A
-
, v th in p ti a l V
a
= +Vdc
V
con
<V
tri
, m cng tc A
+
, ng cng tc A
-
, v th in p ti a l V
a
= -Vdc
-V
con
>V
tri
, ng cng tc B
+
, m cng tc B
-
, v th in p ti b l V
b
= +Vdc
-V
con
-V
tri
, m cng tc B
+
, ng cng tc B
-
, v th in p ti b l V
b
= -Vdc
V
Cont
V
Tri
-V
Cont
U
t
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Hnh 2.5: S cu nghch lu H
Cc Diode ngc mc song song vi cc kha chuyn mch x dng in
ngc khi cc kha ang kha.
Dng p ra ca b nghch lu cu c th hin nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.6: p ra trn ti ( V
tai
=V
a
-V
b
) vi m
a
=0
Sng ra trn ti bao gm sng c bn v sng hi bc cao vi di tn s
f
tri
f
cont
, 2f
tri
3f
cont
, 2f
tri
5f
cont
, v cc sng khc vi k=1,2,3...
y f
tri
l tn s sng tam gic, f
cont
l tn s sng iu khin. Dng p ra
ca ti c th hin trn hnh 2.7. vi m
a
= 0.5 v hnh 2.7 vi m
a
=1,5.

A+
B+
+Vdc
A- B-
Va
Vb
a
b
U
t
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Hnh 2.7: p ra trn ti ( V
ti
= V
a
V
b
) khi m
a
=0.5

Hnh 2.8: p ra trn ti( V
tai
=V
a
-V
b
) khi m
a
=1.5
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
1.5 1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
U
t
t
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
2
U
t
t
Lp : 06D4

T hnh 2.7 v 2.8 ta thy khi h s m
a
tng ln, rng ca xung in p ra
ca ti tng ln v chiu rng v do tr hiu dng in p ti cng tng ln.
Bng2.1.H s in p hiu dng ca cc sng hi vi cc h s ma khc nhau.
Vi 2f
tri
>> f
cont
Freqyency m
a
= 0.2 m
a
= 0.4 m
a
= 0.6 m
a
= 0.8 m
a
= 1
f
cont
0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
2f
tri
f
cont
0.190 0.326 0.370 0.314 0.181
2f
tri
3f
cont
0.024 0.071 0.139 0.212
2f
tri
5f
cont
0.013 0.033
4f
tri
f
cont
0.163 0.157 0.008 0.105 0.068
4f
tri
3f
cont
0.012 0.070 0.132 0.115 0.009
4f
tri
5f
cont
0.034 0.084 0.119
4f
tri
7f
cont
0.017 0.050
Qua bng trn ta thy sng in p trn ti gm cc sng in p c bn c
tn s bng tn s sng iu khin V
cont
, v cc sng hi bc cao c tn s
,... 5 2 , 3 2 ,
cont tri cont tri cont tri
f f f f f f

Khi m
a
<=1, tr hiu dng in p cc sng hi c tnh bng cng thc sau:

2
dc
i RMSi
V
k V = (2.4)
k
i
l cc h s cho trong bng.
Hnh 3.9 Th hin tr hiu dng ca cc thnh phn in p c bn c tn s
f
cont
khi thay i h s iu ch m
a
. Qua ta thy rng, gi tr hiu dng ca
thnh phn c bn nm trong 3 vng:
+ Trong on tuyn tnh ( m
a
<=1): tr hiu dng ca thnh phn c
bn t l vi m
a
theo cng thc:

2
_
DC
a cont RMS
V
m V = (2.5)
+ on qu iu ch( m
a
>1): tr hiu dng thnh phn c bn tng
ln khi ma tng ln nhng khng tuyn tnh vi ma.
Lp : 06D4

+ on bo ha( m
a
>1): tr hiu dng thnh phn c bn khng tng
ln na mc d tng m
a
ln.

m
a

Hnh 2.9 Tr hiu ca thnh phn in p c bn khi thay i h s iu ch ma.

V
1rms
2
.
4
dc
V
t

2
dc
V

Lp : 06D4

CHNG 3: GII THIU V ACQUY V MT S
PHNG PHP NP ACQUY
3.1 Acquy
Acquy l mt dng c in dng bin i in nng ca dng in mt chiu
thnh ha nng (khi np in) v ngc li bin i ha nng thnh in nng (khi
phng in).
Nng lng in c s dng trong i sng sn xut v sinh hot c hai dng:
in xoay chiu v in mt chiu.
in xoay chiu c sn xut ra t cc my pht in xoay chiu hay t b
bin i p mt chiu thnh xoay chiu. Cn in mt chiu c sn xut ra t
nhiu ngun khc nhau, v d t cc my pht in mt chiu, t cc b bin i
xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, hoc t b ngun ha hc nh Pin, Acquy.
Acquy l ngun in mt chiu c s dng kh rng ri bi tnh cht linh hot
v thun tin ca n, mt s ng dng c th k n ca Acquy nh l:
Cung cp in cho h thng iu khin nh: bo chy, bo s c, n, ci, cc
bng iu khin, cc c cu t dng quan trng
Chng cn l ngun in d phng cung cp ng ct my ct, khi ng
my pht khi b mt in ton b trong nh my hay khi in li b s c.
Khi cn c ngun in khn cp trong mt khu vc xc nh chng hn nh
cung cp h thng chiu sng cho mt khu thng mi m nhu cu in nng trong
khu vc c yu cu tng i cao, hoc cung cp ngun cho h thng my tnh
c yu cu cao v cung cp in th c th s dng cc b acquy lm ngun in d
phng.
C th thy Acquy c nhiu ng dng rt quan trng c quy m sn xut cng
nghip ln c trong i sng sinh hot ca x hi.
Acquy c xem l ngun thao tc tin cy nht v s lm vic ca chng khng
ph thuc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi v m bo cho cc thit b lm vic tt ngay
c khi mt in ton b trong li in chnh ca nh my hoc ca trm. u im
ca acquy l kh nng cho php qu ti ngn hn ln, iu ny c bit cn thit khi
khi ng ng ct cc my ct ln c s nhy vt v dng in.
Lp : 06D4

3.1.1 Phn loi Acquy
Theo cu to th acquy c chia lm hai loi :
- Acquy axt
- Acquy kim
Trong cng nghip phn ln s dng acquy axt cn acquy kim thng dng
trong lnh vc qun s, t dng trong lnh vc kinh t do gi thnh cao.
Acquy axt th c hiu sut lm vic cao, ni tr nh do vy m dng in acquy
cung cp c tr s ln, bn cnh acquy axt b hn ch v bn v thi gian s
dng.
Acquy kim c hiu sut lm vic thp, in tr ni kh ln, bn v tui th
ca acquy kim cao hn 45 ln so vi acquy axt, nhng gi thnh ca n gp 2
3 ln acquy axt, ngoi ra n khng c hi cho mi trng.
3.1.2 Cu to ca acquy
3.1.2.1 Cu to ca acquy axt ch:
Cc b phn ch yu ca acquy axt ch l: V acquy, cc tm cc dng v m,
np v cu tip.
3.1.2.1.1 V bnh
V bnh acquy c lm bng nha cng c lin hay bng ebonic chng c
axt. V bnh c cc vch ngn to thnh cc ngn ring cho tng acquy n. y
v bnh c cc yn, cc tm cc t ln yn khi b ngn mch do cn cht hot
tnh lng ng y bnh. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th lp thm cc quai v bnh
khi di chuyn d dng.
3.1.2.1.2 Tm bn cc v khi bn cc
Cc tm cc lm bng hp kim ch v antimony. Antimony (6 8%) c tc dng
lm tng cng cho cc tm cc. Cc tm cc c xng dc v ngang to thnh
nhng cht hot tnh c nhi vo cc v tham gia trc tip vo cc qu
trnh ha hc trong thi gian np v phng in. Cht hot tnh ca tm cc dng
l ixt ch, ca tm cc m l ch xp. Cht hot tnh c ch to c nhiu l
rng nh li ti. tng thm din tch tip xc gia chng vi dung dch in phn.
Lp : 06D4

tng s lng cht hot tnh cng tham gia ng thi vo cc qu trnh ha
hc v gim bt sc cn trong cc acquy c lp nhiu tm cc cng tn c ni
song song vi nhau to thnh mt chm cc, mi chm cc t vo mt ngn.
Cc tm cc dng trong chm cc phi t hn cc tm m mt tm, v cc tm
cc dng c t vo gia cc tm cc m, b tr nh vy s m bo s dng
c c hai mt ca cc tm cc dng. Nu trong phn ng ha hc m ch mt
mt tm cc dng tham gia th tm cc s chng b hng.
3.1.2.1.3 Tm cch
Tm cch c lp lng vo gia cc tm cc khc tn ngn nga cc tm
cc chm vo nhau lm ngn mch. Tm cch l mt tm lt ch to bng nha
xp, thy tinh hay g. cc qu trnh ha hc c tin hnh bnh thng khi np
v phng, dung dch in phn phi thm qua c cc tm cch.
3.1.2.1.4 Np y
Np y acquy pha trn khng cho bi bn v cc cht khc ri vo acquy,
ng thi ngn khng cho dung dch in phn tro ra ngoi. Trn np c cc l
v kim tra dung dch in phn v cho tr cc lun qua. L dung dch c
nt vn cht, nt c l thng hi. L thng hi np mt s bnh acquy c khi
ch to ring bit.
3.1.2.1.5 Dung dch in phn
Dung dch in phn l hn hp axt sunphuric (H
2
SO
4
) v nc ct (H
2
O) c
pha theo mt t l nht nh.
3.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca acquy
Acquy l ngun in mt chiu ha hc da trn qu trnh in ha bin i
thun nghch khi acquy np in th in nng s bin thnh ha nng, cn khi
acquy phng in th ha nng bin thnh in nng.
V c tn tht nng lng nn khi acquy phng in th nng lng khng tr li
y nng lng m acquy nhn c khi np in.
3.1.2.1 Nguyn l lm vic ca acquy axit ch
Nu chng ta nhng hai tm cc vo axt sunphuric long, lc ny trn cc tm
cc s sinh ra mt lp ch sunphat (PbSO
4
). Nu cho dng in mt chiu chy vo
Lp : 06D4

mt tm cc v chy ra tm kia th trn mt tm cc s sn sinh ra mt lp ch
xit (PbO
2
) gi l cc dng v tm kia th sn sinh ra mt lp ch nguyn cht xp
(Pb) gi l cc m, l qu trnh np in.
Nu ngng np in v u dy dn vo hai tm cc, nu cho n phng in
th hai tm cc s dn hon nguyn thnh ch sunphat ban u v s phng in
cng s i n kt thc. Nu tip tc np in th vn to thnh PbO
2
v ch xp
(Pb). Qu trnh bin i nh sau:
3.1.3.1.1 Qu trnh phng in
Khi acquy phng in, dng in v cc dng cn ion SO
4
-2
i ngc chiu
dng in v cc m. Khi phn ng ha hc xy ra cc cc l :
- Phn ng ha hc cc dng :
PbO
2
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 2e PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
- Phn ng ha hc cc m :
Pb + SO
4
-2
- 2e
PbSO
4
- Phng trnh phn ng tng hp khi phng in :
PbO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ Pb
2PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O

Hnh 3.1: S phng in ca acquy axt.
3.1.3.1.2 Qu trnh np in
Khi lp acquy xong cn phi tin hnh np in phn cc v phng in
c.
Lp : 06D4

Mun np in ta ni cc dng ca acquy vo cc dng ca ngun DC, ni
cc m ca acquy vo cc m ca ngun DC.
Trong dung dch dng in s i t cc dng sang cc m do cc ion H
+
s
i v cc m v cc ion SO
4
2-
i v cc dng. Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra nh
sau :
- Phn ng ha hc cc dng :
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O - 2e PbO
2
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
SO
4

- Phn ng ha hc cc m :
PbSO
4
+ 2e Pb + SO
4
2-

- Phng trnh phn ng tng hp khi np in :
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + H
2
SO
4
PbO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Trong qu trnh np in, khi hnh thnh cc cc th phn ng ha hc chm
li. Nu vn tip tc np th dng in np s phn tch nc thnh H
2
v O
2
bay ln
nn acquy si bt, do nc cn dn, nng dung dch in phn tng ln. V
vy, trong qu trnh np in phi thm nc ct vo.

Hnh 3.2: S np in acquy axt.
Khi acquy phng in th qu trnh ha hc ngc li, nng dung dch in
phn gim xung, in tr trong ca acquy tng ln.
Acquy c th phng in khi u n vi ph ti bn ngoi. Nhng cng c th
t phng in. Khi phng in qu mc s to thnh cc tinh th ch sunphat mu
trng, khng dn in ngn cn cc tm cc vi dung dch in phn, ta gi hin
Lp : 06D4

tng ny l sunphat ha.
3.1.3 Cc thng s c bn ca acquy
Acquy axit c c trng bi sc in ng, dung lng, dng in np, dng
in phng v in tr trong.
3.1.3.1 Sc in ng ca acquy
Sc in ng ca acquy l in p khng ti trn cc acquy. in p ca acquy
khng ph thuc vo mc np in m thay i theo nng dung dch.
Sc in ng tnh E
0
c tnh theo cng thc thc nghim :
E
0
= 0,85 + (V) (2.1)
Vi:
: Nng ca dung dch in phn + 150
0
C nhng khng ly theo
n v g/cm
3
m c tnh bng vn quy v + 150
0
C.
E
0
: Sc in ng tnh ca acquy n, c o trong trng hp acquy
khng phng in.
Nh vy nng dung dch thay i trong khong (1,071,31) g/cm
3
nn sc
in ng tng ng l (1,912,15) V.
3.1.3.2 in tr trong
in tr trong ca acquy gm c in tr ca dung dch in phn, in tr ca
cc cc v ca cc tm cch. Tr s in tr khi np xong l 0,00140,001 (), khi
phng in hon ton l 0,02 ().
3.1.2.3 Dung lng ca acquy
Dung lng ca mt acquy l in lng ca mt acquy c np y v
c phng lin tc cho n khi in p gim xung n tr s gii hn quy nh (
nhit quy nh). Lc ny in p mi ngn ch cn 1,7 V.
Dung lng o bng ampe gi (Ah). Ah l dung lng ca acquy c th phng
in vi dng in c cng 1A trong thi gian mt gi. Dung lng ph thuc
vo kch thc v s lng cc tm cc, tc l ph thuc vo s lng cht hot
tnh tip xc vi dung dch cht in phn, cng dng in phng v nhit
ca dung dch in phn.
Cng dng in phng cng ln th dung lng acquy cng b. Gim nhit
Lp : 06D4

dung dch in phn xung 1
0
C (so vi nhit + 30
0
C) th dung lng s gim
xung khong 1%. (Hnh 2.3)
Dung lng ca acquy cng ln th s tm cc trong mi ngn cng nhiu,
nhng in p vn khng i.

Hnh 3.3: S ph thuc dung lng b acquy vo nhit cht in phn khi
dng in phng l 180A.
Khi np vi dng in qu ln lc ny cc qu trnh ha hc khng thm su
vo cht tc dng v cc ch sunphat u to thnh PbO
2
v Pb khi dung lng
s gim.

Hnh 3.4: S ph thuc dung lng b acquy vo cng dng phng khi
nhit dung dch cht in phn l 25
0
C.
Khi phng vi dng in ln th tc phn ng nhanh, cc l trn b mt cht
tc dng s b sunphat ch bt li v t trng cht in phn gim lm cho dung
lng phng ca acquy gim i (Hnh 2.4).
3.1.2.4 T trng dung dch in phn
T trng dung dch in phn l mt yu t quan trng c nh hng n tui
Lp : 06D4

th s dng ca acquy. Ni chung t trng ( 25
0
C) khi rt vo acquy l 1,23,
cui ln np u tin l 1,25.
Nu t trng qu cao th tm cc d b sunphat ha, tm ngn d b hng, c
bit l tm ngn bng g. Cc acquy c t trng dung dch in phn qu cao th
cht hot tnh trn tm cc rt d b mn v chy xung di nh bn nho.
Nu t trng qu thp th lc u c nh hng n dung lng ca acquy, dn
dn lm cho acquy khng tch tr in. M ra xem ta thy cht hot tnh trn tm
cc b bong ra tng mng nh. l t trng qu thp nh hng n cht hot tnh
lm cho n tip thu s np in km v khi khi ng th acquy li phng ra dng
in ln gy nn cong vnh bn cc.
3.1.4 c tnh np v phng in ca acquy
3.1.4.1 c tnh np in cho acquy
Khi np in cho acquy, dng dng in bng 10% dung lng ca acquy, np
trong 5 gi, nu thi gian khng th gim cng dng in v tip tc np
23 gi. Hin tng chng t acquy c np y in l dung dch in phn
trong mi ngn si tm mnh (dung dch in phn c hin tng nh si ln). T
trng dung dch in phn v in p trong vng 3 gi vn gi n nh.
Nu t trng cui thi k np khng tng ng vi t trng tiu chun th phi
iu chnh bng cch cho thm nc ct hoc dung dch in phn c t trng cao hn
vo.

Lp : 06D4

Hnh 3.5: c tnh np ca acquy.
i vi nhng acquy tn kho lu, khi bt u np in, in p tng i
cao, th acquy mi b st p nhiu do in tr trong gy nn, ch khng phi acquy
thc s np in, sau thi gian np in, song song vi s phc hi (hon
nguyn) cc xit, in tr trong s gim dn, in p np in gim xung mt cch
tng ng. T v sau in p s khng ngng tng ln theo s tng ln lin tc
ca t trng dung dch in phn cho n khi np kt thc.
Trong qu trnh np in, nhit acquy s tng ln, nht l i vi acquy mi.
Thi gian tn kho lu th tm cc b oxi ha cng nghim trng dn n in tr
trong cng ln, trong qu trnh np nhit tng ln cng nhanh. Nu nhit qu
cao th s lm cho cht hot tnh trn tm cc b mm v bong ra. Do , i vi
acquy mi trong qu trnh np vi dng nh v xem xt nu nhit tng ln qu
45
0
C th phi ct ngay mch in, i nhit gim xung n 35
0
C tr xung mi
tip tc np.

Lp : 06D4

Mc np in T trng dung dch in phn in p (V)
phng ht in 1,15 1,75
Np in c 1/4 1,16 1,85
Np in c 1/2 1,21 2,00
Np in c 3/4 1,25 2,00
Np in 1,31 2,00
Bng 3.1: Mi quan h gia t trng dung dch in phn v in p.
Cc acquy sau khi np y, trong qu trnh ct gi c th t phng in lin tc,
do vt liu ch to acquy khng c thun khit v trong thi gian di lm cho
axt sunphuric lng xung gy nn. Nu trong dung dch in phn c tp cht ri
vo th hin tng t phng in cng nghim trng. Kt qu l sinh ra ch sunphat
trn tm cc v trong dung dch cht in phn. Nu trong mt thi gian di
khng np in li th cc ch sunphat s kt tinh li do s bin i ca nhit ,
to nn tinh th ch sunphat ln v kh ha tan, chng bm vo b mt tm cc lm
cho b mt tm cc b sunphat ha. Do , cn phi nh k np in b sung, lm
cho acquy lun gi c trng thi np in hon ton.
3.1.4.2 c tnh phng in ca acquy
Cc acquy mi sau khi np in, ln u cn c phng in theo ch
phng in 10 gi, ri dung dng in np ban u tip tc np in. Nu trong
ln th hai acquy c th phng ra 90% dung lng nh mc th c th s dng
c. Mc ch ca vic np v phng in ny l lm cho ch sunphat sn sinh
ra trn cc tm cc m v dng mi, khi tn kho c chuyn bin thnh cht
hot tnh, phc hi xp ca tm cc, tng din tch tip xc vi dung dch in
phn, lm cho acquy c th phng ra dung lng nh mc.
Ty theo iu kin c th quyt nh c cn phng in cho acquy hay
khng. Nu cn dng acquy ngay sau khi np in ln u, nhng nu iu kin cho
Lp : 06D4

php th tt nht nn cn c vo quy nh ca xng ch to np v phng in
tun hon cho acquy. C nh vy mi pht huy c nng lc ca acquy v lm
cho acquy pht ra dung lng nh mc.

Hnh 3.6: c tnh phng in ca acquy.
3.1.4.3 Tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca acquy
Nhng h hng thng gp nht ca acquy l: Cc tm cc b sunphat ha,
acquy t phng in nhanh, b ngn mch, dung dch in phn b r r cc u cc b
oxi ha.
Cc tm cc b sunphat ha l s hnh thnh cc lp tinh th ca
sunpht ch mu trng cc tm cc. V thng xuyn np in thiu, bo qun
acquy vi dung dch in phn khng c np in y , acquy phng in qu
thi lng cho php, lng dung dch in phn t hoc t trng dung dch in
phn cao gy ra s sunphat ha cc tm cc. Cc tm cc b sunphat ha s khng
tham gia vo phn ng ha hc lm dung lng ca acquy gim.
Hin tng t phng in l do b chp mch cc u cc ca
acquy do b mt np b t, dung dch in phn trn ln, do bi bn ri trn np.
B chp mch bn trong do cht kt ta hoc do hng cc tm ngn.
tinh khit ca vt liu lm acquy khng t yu cu, dung dch
Lp : 06D4

b bn, c ln to cht.
Cong vnh hoc hng cc bn cc.
- Do np qu lu khi acquy np no hoc do dng in qu ln.
- Do nng v nhit dung dch qu cao lm gim bn c ca tm cc.
- B han r cc tm cc do np qu hoc c nhiu tp cht trong cht tc dng.
- Do va p c kh.
3.2. Cc phng php np acquy
3.2.1 Phng php np acquy vi dng in khng i
Np acquy theo phng php dng in khng i, yu cu phi gia nguyn tr
s dng in np. Dng in np tnh theo cng thc :
I
n
=
aq
aq n
R
E U
(2.2)
Sc in ng E
aq
ca acquy trong qu trnh np dn tng ln. V vy mun gi
dng in np th in p thit b np cn phi tng ln. Tng U
n
bng cch ni ni
tip mt bin tr vi acquy.
Giai on np gn kt thc th biu th bng s thot kh. Khi acquy t 2,4
V vi mi phn t. gim bt s bc kh acquy v np kinh t hn cn gim
dng in np sao cho lc acquy np in xong dng in np vo khong 40% tr
s dng in np cho php cc i.
R =
n
c
I
m U 2
(2.3)
Vi: U
c
: in p thit b np.
m: S phn t mc ni tip.
2V: in p tnh cho mi phn t acquy.
I
n
: Cng dng in np.
Np acquy theo phng php dng in khng i c th ty chn dng in
np. Nhc im ca phng php ny l thi gian np phi lin tc, cn kim tra
v iu chnh dng in np. Np acquy vi dng in khng i tin li l c th
np acquy ang dng, np acquy mi, hoc sa cha acquy b sunphat ha.
Lp : 06D4

3.2.2 Phng php np acquy vi in p khng i
Cc acquy c mc song song, in p thit b np c t ng iu chnh v
kim tra bng Vn mt. in p ca thit b np thng phi tng ng vi s phn
t acquy c np, d tnh in p ca mi phn t l 2,4V, dng in chung
trong mch khng vt qu dng in cc i cho php ca thit b.

Hnh 2.7: S nguyn l v c tnh np acquy theo phng php in p
khng i.
Dng in np cc i trong mch ph thuc vo cng sut cc i ca thit b
v mc phng in ca acquy. Dng in np c th tnh theo cng thc:
I
n
=
aq
aq n
R
E U
(2.4)
Lc u dng in np ln hn v hiu in th gia in p thit b np in v
sc in ng E
aq
ca acquy kh ln. Sau mt thi gian np E
aq
tng ln, do
dng in np gim dn ti tr s 0. mi mch nhnh c mc mt diode trnh
khng cho dng in ca acquy phng sang thit b np hoc sang acquy np in t
hn.
u im ca phng php ny l trong qu trnh np acquy, cng dng in
np thng xuyn gim xung ti gn gi tr 0.
Nh vy, ci thin s bin sunphat ch (PbSO
4
) thnh PbO
2
v Pb cc lp su
nht v acquy khng b np qu y.
Do s t ng gim cng dng in nn khng cn bin tr iu chnh,
Lp : 06D4

ngoi ra s to kh cui giai on rt t, nn trnh c s ph hy cht tc dng
ca cc tm cc v s n mn mt li ca cc tm cc dng.
C th mc cc bnh c dung lng khc nhau np. Dng in np c
iu chnh t ng, cng dng in ln nht i vi acquy c dung lng ln
(do sc in ng acquy nh hn).
Sau 45h np, dung lng acquy t 8090% dung lng nh mc, do thi
gian np ngn nn vic kim tra tng acquy d dng hn.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng iu chnh c dng in np i
vi mi acquy, do khng th ng thi tin hnh np i vi mi acquy vi dng
in cn thit v sa cha cc tm cc b sunphat ha.
3.2.3 Np acquy theo phng php hn hp
Phng php np acquy tng hp l phng php ng dng ca hai phng
php trn, l dng in khng i v in p khng i trong qu trnh np.
Lc bt u np thng np vi dng in khng i ln, c tc dng ci thin
cc tm bn cc b sunphat ha v dung lng acquy c np kh ln
(8090%). Sau np theo phng php p khng i, dng in np s t ng
gim, cui qu trnh c th duy tr mt dng in np n nh khong 20% dng
in np cc i cho php trong thi gian di cho cht in phn ngm su vo cht
tc dng (cc tm cc) bo m cho acquy y in hon ton, vic kim tra v
iu khin qu trnh np in cho acquy c th t ng ha.
3.3 La chn phng php np:
+ V ti c tnh cht dung khng km theo sc phn in ng cho nn khi
acquy i m ta np theo phng php in p th dng in trong acquy s dng
nn khng kim sot c s lm si acquy dn n hng hc nhanh chng. V vy
trong vng np chnh ta phi tm cch n nh dng np cho acquy.
+ Khi dung lng acquy dng ln n 80% lc nu ta c tip tc gi n nh
dng np th acquy s si v lm cn nc. Do n giai on ny ta li phi
chuyn ch np acquy sang ch n p. Ch n p c gi cho n khi
acquy thc s no. Khi in p trn cc bn cc ca acquy bng vi in p np
th lc dng np s t ng gim v khng, kt thc qu trnh np.
Lp : 06D4

Do vy i vi acquy axit ta np vi cc dng in np:
+ Dng np n nh In = 10% C
10
.
+ Dng np cng bc In= (0.3)C
10
.
T cc phn tch trn:
- Ta tin hnh np acquy vi dng in np khng i:
In = 0,1*5 = 0.5 A
- p ng yu cu ca cng ngh cng nh hiu qu kinh t ta chn
phng php np acqui hn hp dng p.
- Vi s lng acquy l 2 chic, ta np in cho acquy theo phng php
hn hp dng p: Mc thnh 1 dy gm c 2 acquy ni ni tip nhau.
+ Dng in np In = 0,1*5= 0.5 A.
+ in p np Un = 2,4*6*2 = 28.8 V.

Lp : 06D4

CHNG 4: TNH TON THIT K PHN NGHCH LU
MT PHA
4.1 S khi

Hnh 4.1. S khi B ngun nghch lu mt pha
B ngun nghch lu thit k vi cng sut 500W, in p ra 220VAC,
50Hz.
4.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Cc khi s hot ng nh sau:
- Acquy bnh 24V.
- Khi chnh lu/np np in cho acquy.
- Khi DC-DC nng in p acquy t 12V ln 340VDC cp cho cu
nghch lu.
- Khi nghch lu s dng mch cu H vi van bn dn IGBT, c
iu khin bng chip vi iu khin PIC18F4331 theo nguyn l PWM. in p
mt chiu 340VDC c bin i thnh in p xoay chiu 220VAC.
Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng, ph ti c cung cp in t li
in chnh. Cng tc 1 ng, cng tc 2 ngt (l cc tip im ca Rle). B
UPS lm vic trong ch ch.
Khi mt in li, cng tc 1 ngt ng thi cng tc 2 ng, ph ti c
u vo b UPS. V thi gian cp in t acquy l c hn, do cn ngt ti
Li in chnh
DC/AC
Ph ti
2
1
Chnh lu
np
Ac-quy

DC/DC
Lp : 06D4

hoc khi ng my pht in cung cp cho ti trc thi gian m acquy
khng cn kh nng cung cp nhm m bo s cung cp in lin tc cho ti.
4.3 Mch nghch lu
S dng cu H vi 4 van IGBT.

Hnh 4.2 S cu nghch lu mt pha.
Cc IGBT c iu khin bng cc module PWM t chip vi iu khin PIC
18F4331.
Kt ni ln lt nh sau:
- PWM1 iu khin IGBT A+
- PWM0 iu khin IGBT A-
- PWM3 iu khin IGBT B+
- PWM2 iu khin IGBT B-
Chn phng php iu khin nghch lu l PWM n cc, vi h s iu bin
bin : m
a
= 0,93
Chn tn s sng mang f
pwm
= 50KHz, do h s iu bin tn s bng:
m
f
= 50000/50 = 1000.
Gi tr tc thi cc i in p ra l: V U
ab
12 . 311 2 220
max _
= =
Suy ra in p mt chiu Udc cp cho cu nghch lu l:

_ ax ab m
dc
a
U
U U
m
= +A

A+
B+
+Vdc
A- B-
Va
Vb
a
b
Lp : 06D4

Trong : U l st p trn van bn dn. Cho mi van c U
V
= 3,5V => st p
trn 2 van khi dn theo mt chiu l: U= 7V.
Suy ra: U
dk
V 5 , 341 7
93 . 0
12 , 311
= + =
4.3.1 Chn thit b bn dn ng ct mch nghch lu
Sng in p ra c tn s c bn bng 50Hz, in p hiu dng 220V. Chn
tn s sng mang l 50KHz, nn tn s chuyn mch ca van ng ct cng l
50KHz.
Mt s u nhc im ca BJT, MOSFET v IGBT:
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor): Tranzito lng cc cng sut dn dng
in theo mt chiu khi c dng ba-z thch hp. Dng in nh mc t
0,5-500A v c th ln hn. in p nh mc t 30-1200V. Thi gian
chuyn mch chm, t 0,5-100 uS. Chc nng ch yu l bin i DC-DC.
Phi hp vi diode trong cc b nghch lu. Ngy nay n c thay th
bng FET v IGBT.
Tranzito hiu ng trng FET (Field Effect Transisitor): Dn dng in
mng khi t in p cng thch hp. Cc FET cng sut hu ht l
MOSFET, c ni song song mt diode ngc. Dng in nh mc t 1-
100 A. in p t 30-1000 V. Thi gian chuyn mch rt nhanh t 50-200
nS. Ch yu dng bin i DC-DC v nghch lu.
Tranzito lng cc cng cch ly IGBT (Insualate Gate Bipolar Transistor):
L loi FET c bit c chc nng ca BJT v c iu khin cng bng
FET. IGBT nhanh hn v d dng s dng hn BJT cng cng sut. Dng
in nh mc t 10-600 A. in p nh mc t 600-1700 V. IGBT c
s dng hu ht trong cc b nghch lu c cng sut ln hn 1kW.
Vi cng sut thit k ca b UPS l 500 W, c th chn van ng ct l
MOSFET hoc IGBT. Ta chn van ng ct l IGBT.
Theo (1) ta c:
U
dc
= 334,5V.
P = 500W.
=> I=(500/334,5)/2 = 0,75A.
Lp : 06D4

Chn van c in p ngc chu ng theo cng thc:

lv dtU nv
U k U . =
k
dtU
l h s d tr in p, thng chn ln hn 1,6.
Ta ly K
dtU
= 2.
Ulv = 334,5V
Suy ra:
Unv = 2.334,5 = 669V
Dng in tc thi cc i chy qua mi van l:
A I 5 . 1
5 , 334
500
max
= =
S dng phng php lm mt bng cnh tn nhit din tch b mt, cho
php van lm vic ti 40%I
m
, ta chn 20%I
m
, tc h s an ton dng in l:
K
i
= 1/0,2 = 5. Suy ra:
I
mv
= 5.I
max
= 7,5A.
Cn chn van c:
Unv >= 669V
I
m
>= 7,5A
Chn van IGBT loi: FGA25N120. Nh sn xut: Fairchild Semiconductor.
Tra datasheet ta c:
Unv = 1200V
I
m
= 25-40A
in p ri trn IGBT loi ny bng 3,2V
vy theo cng thc:

V U
m
U
U
a
ab
dk
9 , 340 4 , 6
93 , 0
12 , 311
max _
= + = A + =
Vi U=2.3,2 = 6,4(V)
Lp : 06D4

4.3.2 S mch orcad nghch lu:

Hnh 4.3: S mch nghch lu
Cc IGBT pha cao c cc S ni vi ph ti, do in th cc S ca IGBT
pha cao l in th th ni, ng thi cc cc S ny khng ni chung xung
mass ging nh IGBT pha thp c, nn vic iu khin cc IGBT pha cao
phi c mch iu khin khc so vi IGBT pha thp. Hin nay vic iu khin
cu IGBT c mt s IC chuyn dng nh: IR21xx, TPL250 Chn IC l
IR2110 c sn trn th trng, sn xut bi International Rectifier. Cc IC ny
c cc chc nng nh: khuch i u vo PWM (0-5VDC) t vi iu khin
PIC18F4331 ln in p 12VDC kch m cc IGBT theo yu cu. Cc thng
s chi tit tham kho datasheet km theo.

L1 L2
+380VDC
A
C
B
0
R10
10K
R11
10K
R12
10K
R14
10K A
C
B
1
FGA25N120
Q1 FGA25N120
Q2
FGA25N120
Q3
Q3
FGA25N120
Q4
Q1
Q0 Q2
F5
FUSE
L1
1mH
L2
1mH
C8
475
Lp : 06D4

4.4 Thit k mch IR2113

Hnh 4.4: Hnh dng bn ngoi IR2113
IR2113 c ng v 14 chn, trong ch s dng 11 chn. M t chc nng
cc chn:
Chn Chc nng
VDD Cung cp in p logic.
HIN u vo logic iu khin van pha cao (HO)
SD u vo iu khin tt (=1)hay bt (=0 hoc h)
chip.
LIN u vo logic iu khin van pha thp (LO).
VSS t tn hiu
VB in p th ni pha cao.
HO iu khin van pha cao
LO iu khin van pha thp
VS Phn hi in p cc S ca van pha cao.
VCC Ngun cung cp.
COM Phn hi in p cc S ca van pha thp

Lp : 06D4

S cc khi chc nng bn trong:

Hnh 4.5: S cc khi chc nng bn trong IR2113
Cch ni IR2113 vi mch nghch lu cu:

Hnh 4.6: Kt ni IR2110 vi IGBT pha cao v pha thp
S dng 2 IC ny iu khin 4 IGBT. Mi IC iu khin mi na cu H
gm pha cao v pha thp. Kt ni cc chn IC iu khin cho pha IGBT A+,
A- tng ng nh sau:
Chn Hin ni vi PWM1 t vi iu khin PIC18F4331
Chn Lin ni vi PWM0 t vi iu khin PIC18F4331
Tng t vi pha IGBT B+, B-.
th xung lm vic:
C
b
s
t
A
-
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 4.7: th xung vo ra IR2113
Tnh gi tr t Cbst (t bootstrap) trong mch kch dng IR2110:

Hnh 4.8: Hot ng ca khi bootstrap
Gi tr nh nht ca t tnh theo cng thc (theo ti liu hng dn ca nh sn
xut):

Vi:
Q
TOT
= Q
g
+ Q
LS
+ (I
LK-GE
+ I
QBS
+ I
LK
+ I
LK-diode
+ I
LK-cap
+ I
DS-
).T
HON
(*)
Ln lt:
Q
g
l in tch cng ca IGBT pha cao.
Q
LS
l in tch dch mc theo yu cu.
I
LK-GE
l dng r gia cc gate-source ca IGBT.
min
TOT
bst
BS
Q
C
V
=
A
Lp : 06D4

I
QBS
l dng tnh min th ni.
I
LK
l dng r min th ni.
I
LK-diode
l dng r chy qua diode bootstrap.
I
LK-cap
l dng r chy qua t.
I
DS-
l dng phn cc kh bo ha ca diode.
T
HON
l thi gian m ca IGBT pha cao.
V = V
CC
V
F
V
GEmin
V
CEon
(**)
V
CC
l in p ngun cp cho IR2110.
V
F
l p ri trn diode bootstrap.
V
GEmin
l in p ngng m IGBT.
V
CEon
l p gia emitter-collector ca IGBT pha thp.
Trong mch s dng IC IR2113 v IGBT l FGA25N120, tra trong datasheet
ca chng ta c:
Q
g
=300nC (datasheet FGA25N120)
Q
LS
= 20nC (chung cho IGBT 1200V)
I
LK-GE
= 100nA (datasheet FGA25N120)
I
QBS
= 230uA (datasheet IR2110)
I
LK
I
LK-diode
= 100uA (vi diode c thi gian phc hi <100 ns);
I
LK-cap
= 0
I
DS-
T
HON
= 0,95.50 uS = 47,5uS (h s m
a
= 0,95, Tpwm = 50uS)
Thay vo (*) ta c:
Q
TOT
= 300.10
-9
+ 20.10
-9
+ (100.10
-9
+ 230.10
-6
+ 100.10
-6
+ 0 +
40.10
6
).47,5.10
-6
= 320,4676.10
-9
C
V:
V
CC
= 12V
V
F
= 1,1V (diode 1N4007)
V
GEmin
= 7,5V (datasheet FGA25N120)
V
CEon
= 3,2V (datasheet FGA25N120)
Lp : 06D4

Thay vo (**) ta c:
V
BS
= 12 1,1 7,5 3,2 = 0,2 V
Suy ra:

= 1602,4.10
-9
F = 1,6 uF
Chn t C
bst
> C
bstmin
, vy chn C
bst
= 4,7uF.

Hnh4.9: Mch IR2113 iu khin na cu H
4.5 Khi vi iu khin PIC
4.5.1 To sng sine PWM
Vic s dng vi iu khin, sng mang s l sng rng ca nh hnh 4.10, v
sng iu bin c ri rc ha, ly mu theo gi tr s.
2 , 0
10 . 5 , 320
9
min
=
A
=
BS
TOT
bst
V
Q
C
S
D
C9
100UF/25V
R2
12
D2 1N4148
C8
104
C6
104
U2
IR2110 - A
LO
1
HO
7
HIN
10
S
H
D
N
1
1
LIN
12
V
S
S
1
3
C
O
M
2
VB
6
VCC
3
V
D
D
9
VS
5
NC1
4
NC3
8
NC2
14
Q0
Q1
R3 12E
D3 1N4148
C5
4.7UF
+12V
D6 FVY 26C
+5V
J8
PWMO0
1
J10
PWMO1
1
C21
103
C7
10uF
PWM1
PWM0
L1
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 4.10: Hot ng ca modul PWM
Vi hot ng ca modul PWM nh vy, ta iu ch nh Hnh 4.11.Sng
mang l sng rng ca c to ra nh s m ln ca PTMR, khi thanh ghi ny
t gi tr bng gi tr t PTPER th chnh l khi kt thc mt chu k ca sng
rng ca (xem Hnh 4.10). Gi tr t m ta a vo thanh ghi PDCx l khc
nhau, thay i lin tc sau mi chu k sng tam gic. Cc gi tr thay i
chnh l cc gi tr ly mu sng sine vi chu k ly mu l chu k sng tam
gic. Trn Hnh 4.11, sng sine ang v y l cha ly mu d dng phn
tch bi ton. Sng iu bin sine 1 v sine 2 ngc pha nhau. Php so snh a
ra kt qu trn cc chn ca modul PWM thy r trn Hnh 4.11:

Hnh 4.11
PWM 0
PWM 1
PWM 3
PWM 2
A+
A-
B+
B-
U
t
Lp : 06D4

Cp PWM1,PWM0:
Nu sng sine1 ln hn sng tam gic: PWM1 = 1
Nu sng sine1 b hn sng tam gic: PWM1 = 0
Chn PWM0 lun nghch o vi PWM1.
Cp PWM3,PWM2:
Nu sng sine2 ln hn sng tam gic: PWM3 = 1
Nu sng sine2 b hn sng tam gic: PWM3 = 0
Chn PWM2 lun nghch o vi PWM3.
em cc chn PWM i iu khin cc IGBT trong cu nghch lu mt pha:
PWM1: IGBT A+
PWM0: IGBT A-
PWM3: IGBT B+
PWM2: IGBT B-

Hnh 4.12: Cu nghch lu mt pha
Ta c:
Khi A+ v B- cng ng th Uab = Udc
Khi A- v B+ cng ng th Uba = Udc.
T Hnh 4.11, em PWM1 (A+) v PWM2 (B-) v cng pha, em PWM3
(B+) v PWM0 (A-) v cng pha nh Hnh 4.12. T y ta c c in p
Uab.
A+
B+
+Vdc
A- B-
Va
Vb
a
b
Lp : 06D4

hnh 4.12
Ghp hai phn Uab v Uba t Hnh 5.12, ta c in p xoay chiu gia a-b
nh Hnh 4.13.

Hnh 4.13
4.5.2 Ri rc ha bng sine:
Hnh sau biu din cch ly mu bng sine, chu k ly mu bng chu k sng
mang
PWM 0
PWM 1
PWM 3
PWM 2
A+
A-
B+
B-
Uab
Uba
U
t
Uab
Uba
U
t
Lp : 06D4

Hinh 4.14
Ta c:
Tpwm = 1/Fpwm = 1/50000 = 20.10
-6
S
Tsine = 1/50 = 0,02S
Suy ra s phn t ly mu sng sine l:
N = Tsine/Tpwm = 1000 (phn t)
Vy ta cn to mt mng gm 1000 phn t ly mu ca sng sine cho vi iu
khin. Cc gi tr bng sine ny c a vo thanh ghi PDCx, vi iu khin s
kt hp thm 2 bit Q-Clocks so snh vi gi tr PTMR.,do gi tr ly mu
ca sng sine s kt hp thm 2 bit Q-Clocks so snh vi gi tr PTMR. Gi
tr ln nht ca PTMR l gi tr PTPER, chu k T
PWM
tnh theo cng thc sau:
PTPMRS
T f
PTPER
PTPMRS
f
PTPER
T
PWM OSC
OSC
PWM
. 4
.
) 1 (
)
4
(
) 1 (
= +
+
=
Fosc: tn s xung clock ca PIC, ta s dng Fosc=40MHz
Tpwm = 20.10
-6
S
PTPMS: t l chia, ta lp trnh bng 1.
Thay vo ta c:
1 + PTPER 200
4
10 . 20 . 10 . 40
6 6
= =

Tsine
Tpwm
PTPER=199
796
398
0
U
t
Lp : 06D4

=> 199 = PTPER
V gi tr trong PDCx c kt hp thm 2 bit na, nn gi tr ca PDCx
c coi l bng vi gi tr 199 = PTPER phi l: PDCx = 4.199 = 796.
T Hnh 4.14. ta c phng trnh ly mu sng sine l:
U(t
i
) - 398 = 398.m
a
.sin(2.f
sine
.t
i
)
Vi: m
a
: h s iu bin bin
c l mc thi gian ly mu, t
i
= 0.T
PWM
999T
PWM
(tc 1000 phn t)
Mt khc:
T
sin
= 1000T
PWM
=>f
sin
= 1/(1000T
PWM
)
Do : U(t
i
)-398=398m
a
sin
i
PWM
t
T 1000
2H
= 398m
a
sin( i
400
2H
)
Vi i = 0 999
V c ch chn dead-time ca PIC 18F4331 nn ch c th s dng h s iu
bin bin ln nht l m
a
=0,95. Theo thit k th ta chn m
a
=0,93 qua b
nghch lu in p ra c tr hiu dng i vi tn s 50Hz l 220V.
Thay m
a
= 0,93 ta c:
U(t
i
) - 398 = 370.sin ( i
400
2H
)
Vy ta c cng thc tnh cc gi tr bng sin l:
U(t
i
) = 398 + 370.sin( i
400
2H
) .
4.6 Khi khuch i in p:
B khuch i p mt chiu c chc nng bin i p DC 24V ly t Acquy
thnh p DC 340V cp cho b nghch lu hot ng. Chn kiu nng p theo
nguyn l push-pull. S thc hin nh sau:

Lp : 06D4

Hnh 4.15: S nguyn l mch khuch i in p
in p 24V t Acquy c bm thnh cc xung in p 24V bng cch
ng m lin tc 2 FET cng sut bng tn hiu Push-Pull, s dng IC KA3525.
in p ny c khuch i ln thnh in p c tr hiu dng 340VDC nh
my bin p xng c im gia v c gi mc n nh 340VDC nh mch
phn hi ly t u ra ca b khuch i p mt chiu khuch i v a v
chn INV ca KA3525. KA3525 s ly tn hiu ny v a tn hiu ra 2 chn
Push-Pull thch hp nhm iu khin 2 FET cng sut , gi mc in p c nh
u ra c gi tr hiu dng 340V.
4.6.1.Chn cc linh kin trong mch.
4.6.1.1.Tnh chn FET cng sut.
Cng sut b UPS thit k l 500W.
Dng in tc thi cc i chy trong cun dy s cp my bin p xung l:
) ( 8 . 20
24
500
A
U
P
I
dm
dm
= = =
Dng in trung bnh chy trong mi FET:

) ( 4 . 10
2
8 . 20
2
A
I
I
dm
D
= = =
in p ngc tc dng ln mi FET khi b kha l 24V.
Chn MOSFET:
F6
FUSE
Q7
IRF3205/TO
C9
1000/50V
+BATT OUT
R16
10K
R9
10K
Q11
Q8
C15
0.1/630V
R1
120K/2W
+380VDC
Q12
IRF3205/TO
Q8
IRF3205/TO
D10
MUR460
Q11
IRF3205/TO
C13 470/400V
R7 10/3W
D50
MUR460
C28
1000/50V
D40
MUR460
C12
1/100V
R2
10K
D30
R8
10/3W
L3
INDUCTOR
C7 103/100V
C10
1000/50V
C800 103/100V
C16
0.1/630V
R17
10K
C11
1/100V D2
380V OUT
Q12
T1
TRAN_ISDN_06
12
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
C27
1000/50V
Q7
Lp : 06D4

H s d tr v in p, Ku=1,6; h s d tr v dng in Ki=1,2.
Vy FET t nht phi chu in p ngc 1,6.24=38.4(V) v chu c dng
trung bnh 1,2.10,4=12.48(A).
T cc thng s trn ta chn loi FET l MOSFET cng sut IRF3205, c
cc thng s sau:
in p chu ng khi kha V
DSS
= 55V
Dng in nh mc khi dn I
D
=110A
in tr ni khi dn R
DS(on)
=8,0m
in p ngng chuyn t dn sang kha V
GS(th)
2 n 4 (V).
tr t kha sang dn t
d(on)
=14nS
tr t dn sang kha t
d(off)=
50nS.
4.6.1.2. KA3525.
KA 3525 l IC chuyn dng cho vic iu khin cc kha chuyn mch cng
sut. IC ny c chc nng a tn hiu ra 2 chn Push-Pull ng ct cc kha
chuyn mch cng sut, ng thi n c kh nng n p gi tr hiu dng ca
u ra ti mt gi tr c th bng tn hiu a v chn INV.

Hnh 4.16: hnh dng bn ngoi KA3525
4.6.1.2.1. Chc nng cc chn.
Chn 15: ngun cung cp cho IC, 12V.
Chn 16 : l chn t in p chun so snh (5,1V) vi in p phn hi
v t bn ngoi ni vo chn COMP( chn 9).
Chn 14: xung PWM u ra th nht OUTA, ni qua in tr R
o1
hn
dng.
Chn 11: xung PWM u ra th nht OUTB, ni qua in tr R
02
hn
dng.
Lp : 06D4

Chn 8: ni t qua t Css nhm to qu trnh khi ng lm vic cho IC
c thun li.
Chn 5, 6 ni vi mass qua Ct v Rt nhm to tn s dao ng bn trong cho
IC theo cng thc:

Chn 1:(INV- Inverting)- l u vo o ca b OAMP bn trong, ni vi
in p phn hi.
Chn 2:(NIV- Non-Inverting)- l u vo khng o ca b OAMP bn
trong, ni vi in p t Vref.

Hnh 4.17: Kt ni cc chn cho KA3525
4.6.1.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng.
KA3525 to ra xung PWM bng cch so snh tn hiu xung rng ca ly t
b dao ng to tn hiu xung rng ca v tn hiu tng hp ca tn hiu sai lch
v in p ( ly trn 2 chn 1 v 2) , tn hiu u ra b so snh Vref v tn hiu
trn chn s 9.
Hnh sau m t nguyn l b so snh to xung PWM.
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 4.18: Nguyn l to xung PWM
S khi b to dao ng xung tam gic.

Hnh 4.19: S khi b to dao ng xung tam gic
Ta c phng trnh lin h gia dng in qua t v in p t ln t:

dt
dv
C i
t
t t
=
Suy ra:

t
t t
C
i
dt
dv
=

Lp : 06D4

.
Qu trnh dao ng in p trn t to ra xung rng ca. Thay i gi tr Ct
v Rt s lm thay i thi gian np in, thay i gi tr Rd s lm thay i thi
gian x, t lm thay i chu k xung PWM.
Tn hiu so snh s sai lch t trn chn 1 v 2 qua b khuch i to tn
hiu sai lch g(m)(v
1
-v
2
) u ra b ny ni vi tn hiu trn chn 9.

Hnh 4.20: Mch khuch i tn hiu sai lch

Lc ny khuch i tn hiu sai lch l: g
m
Z(s) v Z(S) l li v s sai
khc in p.
KA3525 c gi tr v li t nht l 1000( 60dB). Gi tr Duty Cycle thay
i khi thay i u vo t trn chn s 1 hoc 2.
Hnh 4.21. m t xung u ra ca KA3525.
) ( 3 , 3
14 4 , 7
14
) 1 . 5 (
max
V V V =
+
=
) ( 1
2 // 14 4 . 7
2 // 14
. 1 , 5
min
V
k k k
k k
V =
O O + O
O O
=
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 4.21: Nguyn l to xung Push-Pull u ra ca KA3525
4.6.2. Dng p ra b khuch i p 1 chiu

Hnh 4.22: Dng in p ra ca b khuch i
+340
+340
-340
t
U
t
t
t
t
kenh A
kenh B
Dien ap ra sau MBA
Dien ap ra sau chinh luu
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 4.23: S mch IC SG3525
4.6.3. Tnh chn diode v bin p xung:
in p U
dc
= 340,9 V. Chnh lu pha th cp bin p xung ta chn chnh
lu cu, do in p trc chnh lu l:
U
th
=U
dc
/0,9 = 340,9/0,9=378,8V (h s chnh lu cu diode K
clc
= 0,9, theo
trang 153 ph lc 2)
Dng in lm vic ca cu chnh lu:
I
lv
= P/U = 500/340,9 = 1,47A
Chn diode vi K
u
= 1,5, K
i
=1,4, ta c:
U
nv
>= K
u
U
lv
= 1,5.378,8 = 568,2V
+12VI
C21
222
C2
104
C17
104
PHAN HOI
R23
47
C18
100/16v
R9
2.2K
R12
2.2K
C1
104
R35
300k
Q2
8085
R13
10K
Q4
8550
+12V
L1
10mH
C8
10/50v
R10 22
U1
KA3525A
SYNC
3
9 COMP
S
H
D
N
1
0
OSC
4
OUTA
11
OUTB
14
G
N
D
1
2
+IN
2
-IN
1
V
C
1
3
+
V
I
1
5
CT
5
S
S
8
DISCHG
7
RT
6
VREF
16
P10 KA
R16
2k
R2
20K
+12V
C20
4.7 uF
+12v
Q3
8550
R24
1K
R14 22
+12V
R25
200K
R11
10K
Q5
8085
R27
12K
Lp : 06D4

I
F
>= K
i
I
lv
= 1,4.1,47 = 2,06A
Chn diode chnh lu l loi diode xung.
Vy chn loi MUR460, tha mn vi cc thng s sau:
I
F(AV)
4.0A
v
RRM
400V and 600v
I
FSM
125A
t
rr
50ns
V
F
1.05V
T
J max
175
0
C
Bng 4. 1: Thng s ca Diode MUR460
Vi st p trn diode l 1,05V, suy ra in p yu cu pha th cp bin p xung
U
th
= 340,9 + 2.1,05 = 343V
Tnh chn bin p xung:
Ta c: U
s
= 24V
U
th
= 378.7V
Cng sut qua bin p xung P = 500W, t cng thc tnh tit din li ferrit ta c:

f
p
S
ferit
'
. 200
=
Vi P = 500+10%.500 = 550W.
f
osc
l tn s xung, ta s dng IC UC3525 nn:

) 3 7 . 0 (
1
D T T
OSC
R R C
f
+
=
Vi cc thng s:
R
T
= 12K, C
T
= 2200Pf, R
D
= 47 ohm
=> f
osc
= 53219Hz
Do :
) ( 06 . 2
. 200
2
'
cm
f
p
S
ferit
= =
Chn li ferrit c tit din 2 cm
2

Vy chn mua bin p xung c cc thng s:
Lp : 06D4

Tit din li ferrit ) ( 2
2
cm S
ferit
=
Cng sut 550W.
Cun s cp c im gia, in p mi cun s cp l 24V
Cun th cp c in p 343V.

Lp : 06D4

U
d
,
I
d

TCA785

c quy
Mch phn hi
U
fh
,I
fh

Ud
k
Mch chnh
lu

Mch VK
Bin p
220VA
C
CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K PHN NP ACQUY
5.1 Gii php thc hin
S khi b np c quy

Hnh 5.1: S khi ca b np c quy
B np c quy c chia lm 2 phn chnh:
- Phn mch ng lc
- Phn mch iu khin
Phn ng lc:
Phn ng lc gm khi bin p lc mt pha, h in p xoay chiu 220VAC
ca mng in xung mc ph hp vi in p s dng np c quy, khi chnh
lu c nhim v chnh lu in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu np cho c
quy.
Khi chnh lu c iu khin c thc hin theo s chnh lu thyristor cu
mt pha khng i xng.Vic iu khin gc m ca thyristor mi na chu k
c thc hin bng vic thay i thi im a xung kch cc G ca ca thyristor,
t dn n thay i in p ra.
Phn iu khin :
Phn iu khin gm 1 mch ch, iu khin ton b cc hot ng ca b np
c quy,mch s dng cc linh kin in t, c mt tch hp ln v c bit l
tin cy cao, tiu th t cng sut. Phn ny c nhim v kch m thyristor, theo di
Lp : 06D4

mc in p trn u ra v t ng n dng khi np, khi cquy no t ng chuyn
sang np n p.
5.2 Thit k b np acqui
5.2.1 Phn mch ng lc
Sau khi phn tch nh gi chnh lu, t cc u nhc im ca cc s chnh
lu, nhim v chnh lu ch yu y l np cho acquy. ph hp vi
thc t ngun in sinh hot ta la chn s chnh lu cu 1 pha bn iu
khin.

Hnh 5.2 S nguyn l chnh lu cu 1 pha bn iu khin
T yu cu ca ti chng ta c.
B ngun chnh lu mt chiu cp in sc cho acquy v cung cp cho
ph ti.
+ in p np : Un = 2,4 x 6 x 2 = 28.8V
+ in p th cp ca my bin p:
T cng thc:

d
U = ) cos 1 (
2
2
o
t
+
U
.
220VAC
Ld Rd
T2
T1 D1
D2
Lp : 06D4

in p U
d
t max khi gc = 0.
V V
U
U
d
32 9 . 31
2 2
14 , 3 . 8 . 28
2 2
.
2
= = = =
t

+ Dng in np: In = 0,1.Id= 0,1.5 = 0.5 A
+ Dng in ln nht khi ta np cng bc :
In= 0,3.Id = 0,3.5 = 1.5 A
- Tnh chn thyristor:
Tnh chn thyristor da vo cc yu t c bn dng ti, s chn, iu
kin ti nhit, in p lm vic, cc thng s c bn ca van c tnh nh di
y:
in p ngc ln nht m thyristor phi chu:
U
nmax
= K
nu
.U
2
= K
nu
.U
d
/K
u
(3.1)
Trong :
U
d
, U
2
, U
nmax
: in p ti, ngun xoay chiu, ngc ca van.
K
nu
, K
u
: Cc h s in p ngc, in p ti.
K
nu
= 2 ; K
u
= 9 . 0
2 2
=
t
( Tra bng 1.1 ti liu 3)
U
nmax
=
2 2
* 32 * 2 t
= t * 16 = 50,24V
in p ngc ca van cn chn :
U
nv
= K
dtu
.U
nmax
(3.2)
Trong :
K
dtu
: H s d tr in p, chn K
dtu
= 1,8 (thng chn K
dt
>1.6)
U
nv
= 1,8 * 50,24 =90,43 V
Dng in lm vic ca van c tnh theo dng hiu dng :
I
h
= I
hd
= K
hd
.I
d
(3.3)
K
hd
: H s dng in hiu dng cu 1 pha. K
hd
= 1/ 2 = 0,71 ( Tra bng 1.1
ti liu 3 ) .
Lp : 06D4

I
h
= 1.5 * 0,71 = 1,065 A
Chn iu kin lm vic ca van l c cnh tn nhit v din tch tn nhit,
khng c qut i lu khng kh, vi iu kin dng in nh mc ca van cn
chn:
I
mv
= K
i
.I
h
= 2,5*1,065= 2,66 A (3.4)
T cc thng s U
nv
, I
mv _
(U
nv
=90,43 V; I
mv
=2,66 A)

ta chn 2 thyristor
loi BT151 c cc thng s sau:
U
n
= 130 V : Dng in ngc cc i ca van
I
dm
= 7.5 A : Dng in nh mc ca van
I
pk
= 250 A : im xung dng in
I
dk
= 0,04 A : Dng in ca xung iu khin
U
gmax
= 3V : in p xung iu khin
I
r
= 0,01A : Dng in r
u = 2,1V : St p ln nht ca thyristor trng thi dn
T
max
= 125
0
C : Nhit lm vic cc i cho php.
- Tnh chn Diode:
Chn diode 1N540 ca hng Motorola ch to tha mn iu kin :
in p ngc chu c cc i: 100V
Dng in hiu dng: 3A
- Bo v qu in p:
Thyristor cng rt nhy cm vi in p qu ln so vi in p nh mc, ta
gi l qu in p.
Nguyn nhn gy ra qu in p c chia lm 2 loi:
a. Nguyn nhn ni ti:
Khi kho thyristor bng in p ngc, cc in tch i ngc hnh trnh, to
ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn (khong 10-100 s ). S bin
thin nhanh chng ca cc dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln
Lp : 06D4

trong cc in cm, lun lun c, cc ng dy ngun dn n cc thyristor. Qu
in p ny l tng ca in p lm vic v L
dt
di
ni trn.
b. Nguyn nhn bn ngoi:
Nhng nguyn nhn ny thng xy ra ngu nhin nh khi c st nh, khi
cu ch bo v nhy, khi ng, ct my bin p ngun. Ct my bin p ngun tc l
ct dng in t ho my bin p, by gi nng lng t trng tch lu trong li
st t, chuyn thnh nng lng in trng cha trong cc t in k sinh, rt nh,
gia dy cun s cp v th cp my bin p (1/2L.I
2
=1/2C.U
2
). in p ny c th
ln gp 5 ln in p lm vic. bo v qu in p ngi ta thng dng mch
RLC, bo v ring tng thyristor.
Ngi ta thng chn in p nh mc ca thyristor l U>=1,2U
m
. Tr s ny
vn nh hn nhiu so vi tr s cc i ca cc qa in p k trn. Cc qu in p
c tc tng trng
dt
du
ln. o hm in p sinh ra dng in chy qua t in
C, u gia ant-catt ca thyristor, i=C
dt
du
. in cm L hn ch bin ca dng
in ny.
Khi m thyristor, t in C s phng qua thyristor, in cm L hn ch dng in
ny.
Cc linh kin bo v c th tnh ton bng cng thc, nhng trong thc t ngi ta
a dng cc tr s kinh nghim:
C= 0.011 F B= 10 O 1000
- Tnh ton my bin p:
in p pha s cp my bin p:
U
1
= 220V
in p pha th cp my bin p :
Phng trnh cn bng in p khi c ti:

ba dm d d
U U U U U A + A + A + = 2 cos .
min 0
o
Lp : 06D4

U
d
: in p chnh lu, U
d
= 28.8V
U
v
: St p trn cc van, U
v
= 2,1
U
ba
: St p trn cc my bin p khi c ti bao gm st p
trn in tr v st p trn cc in cm .
Ly s b.
U
ba
= 6%.U
d
= 0,06.28.8=1,728V
Ly
min
=10
o
l gc d tr khi c s suy gim in p li.
T phng trnh ca in p khi c ti ta c :

min
0
cos
2
o
ba dm d
d
U U U U
U
A + A + A +
=
V U
d
66 . 35
98 . 0
728 , 1 0 1 , 2 . 2 8 . 28
0
=
+ + +
=
in p pha th cp my bin p:
V
K
U
U
u
do
6 . 39
2 2
66 . 35 .
= = =
t
o

K
u
=2 2 / : H s in p chnh lu ( bng 1.1 ti liu 1 )
Cng sut ti a ca ti:
) ( 4 . 59 5 . 1 * 6 . 39 .
max
W I U P
d do d
= = =
- Phn t cch ly :
cch ly gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin ta dng cc phn t cch ly
Thit b gm hai mch:
- Mch s cp l mch pht tia sng, thng dng LED.
- Mch th cp l mch nhn bit tia sng, thng l photo-transistor, photo-
Darlington transistor hoc photo-thyristor, photo-triac.
- Mch s cp v th cp cch ly hon ton, in tr cch in khong 10
11
.
Chn phn t ghp quang: L loi optoTranzistor EL817 c cu trc nh hnh
di:
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 5.3 Cu to ca opto EL 817
Cc thng s ca EL817 (TA = 25C):
Nhit hot ng : 55C to +110C
Kh nng chu c s qu nhit 260C /10 s
Dng vo cc Ant ca EL817 : IF = 50 mA
Tn hao cng sut u vo: PI= 70 mW
Dng Colector : IC= 50 mA
Cng sut tiu tn cc C : 150 mW
Tng cng sut tiu tn : 200 mW
in tr cch in : R=10
11

Tnh chn in tr ni vo cc 1 ca opto:
R1 > O = = 240
05 . 0
12
Icm
Vcc

Chn R1=330 .
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 5.4 S mch kch Thyristor
Ic =
= 0,035 A
Ib =
= 0,41 mA
Rb <
= 27,5 k
Chn R2=10 k.
Chn diode D1 bo v cc G ca thyristor l 1N4007.
Mch ng ct Relay:
-Khi acquy c np y th ta xut tn hiu i dng Relay lm cho
mch ng lc s b ct ra khi li in. Theo thit k dng loi relay 12V nn
mch phi c OPTO cch ly ra. Di y l s mch ng ct relay.
- Chn dng kch PL_817 Ik = 20mA
R1 =
= 250 .Chn R1=220 .

- Dng ng ct Role l Ic = 33mA.
Ib =
= 0,4 mA
R2 <
= 28,2 k .Vy chn R2=10K

R2
kich1
R1
nguon
D1
Q5
D468
dat
PL 817

1
2
4
3
anot1
gate1
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 5.5 : Mch ng ct Relay mch lc
5.2.2 Phn mch iu khin
Gm cc khi sau:
- Khi iu khin chnh dung Vi iu khin 16F877A
- Khi pht xung iu khin thyristor dng Vi mch TCA 785
- Khi chuyn i tng t sang s dng IC bin i s tng t DAC 0808
- Khi phn hi dng, p dng Khuch i thut ton LM324
5.2.2.1 Vi iu khin 16F877A
J5
tu pic kich role
1
2
VCC
R1
PL 817
1
2
4
3
R2
Q4
D468
J6
kich Role
1
2
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 5.6: S chn VK 16F877A
Mt vi thng s v vi iu khin Pic16F877A
y l vi iu khin thuc h PIC16Fxxx vi tp lnh gm 35 lnh c di
14 bit.Mi lnh u c thc thi trong mt chu k xung clock. Tc hot ng
ti a cho php l 20 MHz vi mt chu k lnh l 200ns. B nh chng trnh
8Kx14 bit, b nh d liu 368x8 byte RAM v b nh d liu EEPROM vi dung
lng 256x8 byte. S PORT I/O l 5 vi 33 pin I/O.
Cc c tnh ngoi vi bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:
Timer0: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s 8 bit.
Timer1: b m 16 bit vi b chia tn s, c th thc hin chc nng m
da vo xung clock ngoi vi ngay khi vi iu khin hot ng ch sleep.
Timer2: b m 8 bit vi b chia tn s, b postcaler.
Hai b Capture/so snh/iu ch rng xung.
Cc chun giao tip ni tip SSP (Synchronous Serial Port), SPI v I2C.
Lp : 06D4

Chun giao tip ni tip USART vi 9 bit a ch.
Cng giao tip song song PSP (Parallel Slave Port) vi cc chn iu
khin RD, WR,CS bn ngi.
Cc c tnh Analog:
8 knh chuyn i ADC 10 bit.
Hai b so snh.
Bn cnh l mt vi c tnh khc ca vi iu khin nh:
B nh flash vi kh nng ghi xa c 100.000 ln.
B nh EEPROM vi kh nng ghi xa c 1.000.000 ln.
D liu b nh EEPROM c th lu tr trn 40 nm.
Kh nng t np chng trnh vi s iu khin ca phn mm.
Np c chng trnh ngay trn mch in ICSP (In Circuit Serial
Programming) thng qua 2 chn.
Watchdog Timer vi b dao ng trong,Chc nng bo mt m chng
trnh.,Ch Sleep.
C th hot ng vi nhiu dng Oscillator khc nhau.
5.2.2.2 Vi mch TCA 785
a) Nguyn l thit k mch iu khin .
iu khin Tiristor trong s chnh lu hin nay thng gp l iu khin theo nguyn tc thng ng tuyn tnh.
Theo nguyn tc ny ta dng 2 tn hiu in p:
in p ng b k hiu l: u
r
c dng rng ca ng b vi in p t trn
anot v catot ca thyristor. in p iu khin k hiu l u
c
l in p mt chiu c
th iu chnh c bin .

U
s
o o
t 2
t
e
t
U
c
Hnh 5.7
Lp : 06D4

Tng i s u
c
+u
r
c a n u vo khu so snh.nh vy bng cch thay
i u
c
ta c th thay i gc o , tc l thay i thi im pht xung ra.
Khi : u
c
=0 ta c gc
o
=0
Khi : u
c
> 0 ta c gc
o
>0
Gia o v u
c
c quan h nh sau:

max
r
c
u
u
t o =
Ngi ta ly u
cmax
= u
max
o bin thin t 0 180
o

b) S khi mch iu khin :
thc hin c nu trong phn nguyn l iu khin trn, mch iu khin bao gm ba khu c bn sau:

Hnh 5.8 S khi mch iu khin
Vi s khi ny nhim v ca cc khu nh sau:
* Khu ng pha c nhim v to in p ta U
rc
(thng gp l in p dng
rng ca tuyn tnh) trng pha vi in p anod ca Tiristor.
* Khu so snh c nhim v so snh gia in p ta vi in p iu khin U
k
,
tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau (U
k
= U
rc
). Ti thi im hai in p ny
bng nhau, th pht xung u ra gi sang tng khuych i.
* Khu to xung c nhim v to xung ph hp m Thyristor. Xung m
Thyristor c yu cu: sn trc dc thng ng, m bo yu cu Thyristor m
tc thi khi c xung iu khin (thng gp loi xung ny l xung kim hoc xung
ch nht); rng vi rng xung ln hn thi gian m ca Tiristor; cng
sut; cch ly gia mch iu khin vi mch ng lc (nu in p ng lc qu
ln).
Tt c cc nhim v ny u c thc hin bi vi mch TCA 785.

Khuch i So snh ng pha
pha
dk
U

Lp : 06D4

c) Gii thiu v vi mch chuyn dng TCA785
TCA 785 c gi l cng tc ngng , c bn rng ri trn th trng . L
vi mch phc hp thc hin c 3 chc nng ca mt mch iu khin thng
thng l : to in p rng ca ng b , so snh v to xung ra.
TCA 785 do hng SIMENS ch to dng iu khin cc b chnh lu , cc
b khng ch dng in xoay chiu 1 pha, 3 pha; c th iu chnh gc m t 0
0

n 180
0
in.
S chn :

Hnh 5.9: Cu to ca TCA785

Cu to cc chn v chc nng cc chn ca TCA785 :

Chn s K hiu Chc nng
1 OS Chn ni t
2 Q2 u ra 2 o
3 QU u ra U
4 Q1 u ra 1 o
5 VSYNC in p ng b
6 I Tn hiu cm
Lp : 06D4

7 QZ u ra Z
8 Vref in p chun
9 RP in tr mch rng ca
10 C10 T to mch rng ca
11 V11 in p iu khin
12 C12 T to rng xung
13 L Tn hiu iu khin xung ngn xung rng
14 Q1 u ra 1
15 Q2 u ra 2
16 Vs in p ngun nui
Lp : 06D4

Dng th in p ti cc chn:

.
Hnh 5.10: S dng ca TCA785

Lp : 06D4

Thng s k thut:

Thng s
Gi tr
nh nht
Gi tr
tiu biu
f=50Hz,
Vs=15v
Gi tr
ln nht
n
v
Dng tiu th IS 4,5 6,5 10 mA
in p vo iu khin chn 11
Khong in p V11
Tr khng vo

0,2

15

V
10
max

V
k
Mch to rng ca
Dng np t I10
Bin ca rng ca V10
in tr mch np R9
Thi gian sn ngn ca xung
rng ca tp

10

3

80

1000
Vs-2
300

A
V
k

S
Tn hiu cm vo chn 6
Cm V6L
Cho php V6H

4

3,3
3,3

2,5

rng xung ra, chn 13
Xung hp V13H
Xung rng V13L

3,5

2,5
2,5

2

Xung ra, chn 14, 15
in p ra mc cao V14/15H
-IQ = 250 mA
in p ra mc thp V14/15
IQ = 2mA
rng xung hp tp
rng xung rng tp

Vs-2

0,3

20
530

Vs-
2,
5

0,8

30
620

Vs-1

2

40
760

V

V

S
S /
n
F
in p iu khin
in p chun Vref
Gc iu khin ng vi in p
chun o ref

2,8

3,1

2.10
-4

3,4

5.10
-4

V

1/K

Tnh ton cc phn t bn ngoi :
Gc iu khin iu chnh t 0 180
0
( in )
Lp : 06D4

in p ngun nui : V
S
=15 V
Tn s xung ra : f = 10 500Hz
in p rng ca : V
rmax
= 10 V
in tr to in p rng ca: R
9
=(3300) kO
T rng ca : C
10
= 500 pF 1 F
Thi im pht xung
K V
C R V
t
REF
rr
.
. .
10 9 11
=
Dng np t
9
10
.
R
K V
I
REF
=
in p trn t t
C R
K V
V
REF
.
.
.
10 9
10
=
Vi K = 1,1 20 %
d) Nguyn l hot ng ca TCA785 :
Ngun nui TCA qua chn 16. Tn hiu ng b c ly vo qua chn
s 5 v s 1. Tn hiu iu khin a vo chn 11. Mt b nhn bit in p
0 s kim tra in p ly vo chuyn trng thi v s chuyn tn hiu ny n
b phn ng b. B phn
ng b ny s iu khin t
C10; t C10 s c np n
in p khng i (quyt nh
bi R9). Khi in p V10 t
n in p iu khin V11 th
1 tn hiu s c a n
khu logic. Tu thuc vo
bin in p iu khin V11, gc m c th thay i t 0 n 180
o
. Vi
mi na chu k sng 1 xung dng s
xut hin Q1 v Q2. rng khong 30s n 80s. rng xung c th
ko di n 180
0
thng qua t C12. Nu chn 12 ni t th s c xung trong
khong n 180
0
.
Da vo datasheet ca TCA785 v nhim v ca TCA785 l i kch xung cho
thyristor ta c s v cc linh kin mc vo TCA785 nh hnh sau.
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 5.11 : S mch TCA785
iu kin lm vic
8V
S
18V; -25T
A
85
0
C; f=50Hz
Ta c : theo tnh chn ta chn c :
R
9
= (22k 122 k ) Chn R
9
= 100k tnh ton
C
10
= 47nF
T C
12
khuch i rng xung ra. C th chn C
12
= 0 330 pF c
rng xung ra t 30 200 s. Ta chn C
12
= 150 pF
Thnh phn ngoi:
im khi ng: t
Tr
=
K V
C R V
REF

10 9 11
; (K= 1.10 20%)
Dng in np:
9
10
R
K V
I
REF

= =
70
1 . 1 * 3
= 0.047 A
V
10
= t
R C
K V
REF
*
*
*
9 10

V
10max
= t
R C
K V
REF
*
*
*
9 10
max
= 01 . 0 *
10 * 47 * 70
1 . 1 * 3
6
=10.03 V
Gc iu khin iu chnh t 0 180
0
( in ) nn ta chn gc m ln nht
lc ny l t = 180
0
tng ng vi t =0.01 rad.
Lp : 06D4

Khi t = t
0
, U
10
= U
cm
= U
11
, ta nhn c mt xung ra chn 15 nu v(t) > 0,
hoc mt chn ra chn 14 nu v(t) < 0.

8
10 9
10
10
10 0
. . .
U
U
C R
i
U
C t
cm
= =
Gc = .t
0
= k.U
cm.

5.2.2.3 B bin i s tng t DAC:
a) Gii thiu:
B bin i s tng t DAC l thit b c s dng rng ri chuyn i
xung s v tn hiu tng t.
y ta s dng b bin i D/A8 bit loi DAC0808
Cc thng s c bn ca b bin i:
- Nhit hot ng: 0
0
T
A
+75
0
C
- in p ngun cung cp (T
A
= 25
0
C): Vcc = 5VDC VEE = 5VDC
- Dng ca ngun cung cp (Tt c cc bit mc thp)
Icc = 2,3 ~ 22 mA
IEE = - 4,3 ~ -13mA
- Dng in tham chiu
I
ref
= 2mA
- Dng in ra (VEE = -15V): Io = 2 ~ 4,2mA
- Cng sut tiu hao: 1000mW
- Nhit ln nht ti mi hn m IC chu c (trong 10s): 260
o
C
- Cu trc b bin i
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 5.12: Cu trc b bin i v s chn ca DAC0808
b) Ghp ni DAC0808 (MC1408) vi PIC 16F877A
DAC0808 tn hiu u vo s c chuyn thnh dng (I
out
) v nu ni
in tr ti chn I
out
th kt qu c chuyn thnh in p, dng tng c cp
bi chn I
out
l mt hm ca s nh phn u vo D0-D7 ca DAC0808 v c
tnh theo I
ref
nh sau:
I
out
=I
ref
(
2
7 D
+
4
D6
+
8
D5
+
16
D4
+
32
D3
+
64
D2
+
128
D1
+
256
D0
)
Trong D0 l bit thp LSB v D7 l bit cao MSB, dng u vo I
ref
phi c
p vo chn 14. Dng I
ref
thng t gi tr 2,0mA. Hnh v gii thiu mch to
tham chiu dng (thit lp I
ref
= 2mA) bng cch s dng in p nui 12V v cc
in tr 6KO. Nu I
ref
= 2mA, cn tt c u vo ni ti DAC mc cao, th dng
in cc i u ra l 1,99 mA.
c) Chuyn I
out
sang in p DAC0808
Nu ni in tr ti chn I
out
th dng c chuyn thnh in p v c th
kim tra u ra bng my hin sng. Tuy nhin, nh vy s lm gim chnh xc
do b thay i tr khng vo ca ti. V vy, dng ra I
ref
cn c cch ly bng cch
Lp : 06D4

dng khuych i thut ton vi in tr hi tip R = 5k. Nu R = 5k, th khi
u vo thay i nh phn, in p u ra s thay i:
Vout = I
out
*R

Hnh 5.13: Mch bin i dng in thnh in p
5.2.2.2.4 Khu phn hi
a) Khu phn hi p :
Khu phn hi p gm 2 khu c bn :
Khu khuch i vi sai nhm mc ch cch ly mch ng lc v mch iu
khin,o hiu in p gia hai u c quy v khu khuch i o nhm mc ch l
o in p thnh in p dng,chnh nh li in p ph hp a vo chn
analog ca c quy.
Tnh chn cc phn t trong khu phn hi :
- Chn khuch i thut ton:
Mch iu khin phi dng 2 khuch i thut ton, do ta chn 1 IC loi LM324 ca
hng Fairchild Semiconductor.

Lp : 06D4

S chn IC LM324 :

Hnh 5.14: Cu to bn trong ca LM324
Cc thng s ca LM324:
in p ngun nui : Vcc = 12V
in p vo : -0.3 ~ 32V
Nhit lm vic : 0 ~ 70
o
C
Cng sut tiu th : P = 1310 mW = 1,13W
Tng tr u vo : 10
6
M
Dng cung cp : Icc = 1mA
Dng in ra : I
ra
= 40mA
Tnh chn cc in tr mc vo khu khuch i :
Do phn hi in p ca 2 c quy mc ni tip nn ta cn phi h in p
xung thp ph hp a vo LM324 ta dng vi tr VR2 10 k v iu chnh sao
cho ng vi trng hp in p ln nht ca 2 c quy th in p u vo LM324 l
10V khu khuch i vi sai c th lm vic chnh xc c.in p u ra khu
khuch i vi sai c a vo khu khuch i o nhm gim in p ph hp
a vo chn analog ca VK.Gi tr o c ny s c tnh ton li trong VK
c gi tr chnh xc ban u.
Ta chn R21=R22 ; R23=R24
LM3
2
4
Lp : 06D4

Da vo s ta c :
U
AN0
= Uv
VR
R
R
R
*
6
25
*
21
24

Chn : R21 = R22 =2M VR6= 2 M
R23 = R24 =2K R25= 1 M

Hnh 5.15: Khu phn hi in p
b) Khu phn hi dng:
Khu phn hi dng c thc hin tng t nh khu phn hi p gm 2 khu
c bn: khu khuch i vi sai nhm mc ch cch ly mch ng lc v mch iu
khin,o gi tr in p ri trn in tr sun Rs v khu khuch i o nhm mc
ch l o in p thnh in p dng ,hiu chnh li gi tr in p ph hp
a vo chn analog ca VK.
Khu phn hi dng nhm mc ch o dng in np cho c quy cng nh o
dng in trong qu trnh nghch lu,bng cch ta ly in p ri trn in tr sun
Rs, qua mch khuch i thut ton ri a tn hiu v chn analog ca VK,ly
gi tr in p c c chia cho gi tr in tr ca in tr sun Rs ta s c gi
tr dng in phn hi.
Ta chn R26=R27 ; R29=R28
R25
R24
R21
R22
R23
VR6
VR5
LM324
VR7
R28
R27
R26
R30
R29
LM324
LM324
LM324
ACCU
Rs
AN0
AN1
Lp : 06D4

Da vo s ta c :
U
AN0
=
S
R
U
VR
R
R
R
*
7
30
*
26
29

Chn : R26 = R27 =2M VR7= 1 M
R28 = R29 =2K R30= 2 M
5.2.2.5 Khi hin th
hin th dng t v in p t, v hin th gi tr dng np v p np khi
ang xc bnh ta dng loi LCD 4 bit. V s kt ni vi PIC16F877A nh hnh
di y:

Hnh 5.16: Mch hin th LCD 4bit
LCD c l l thnh phn c s dng rng ri hin th d liu mt cch trc
quan. Bnh thng, n c th trnh by 2 dng mi dng 16 ch s 5x7 im.
cc chn c bn ca LCD 2 dng 16 k t:
+VSS: Chn t.
+VCC : Chn ngun.
+VEE : Chn hiu chnh sng ca LCD.
+RS : Bng 0 th LCD s nhn lnh t vi iu khin ,cn bng 1 s nhn k t
t vi iu khin hin th .
Lp : 06D4

+R/W : Bng 1 vi iu khin c d liu t LCD cn bng 0 vi iu khin ghi
d liu ln LCD thng thng vi iu khin ch yu ghi d liu ln LCD nn chn
ny thng ni t
+ E : chn cho php (ENABLE) .sau khi lnh hoc d liu c chun b trn
ng d liu to xung mc cao-mc thp s bt u qu trnh LCD nhn d liu
hoc lnh t vi iu khin.
+D0 D7 :Cc chn nhn d liu,ni vi iu khin truyn lnh hoc d liu ln
LCD .
* Khi to LCD : LCD c nhiu ch lm vic c th k ra sau y:
- Ch mt dng hay hai dng
- Ch giao tip 4 bit hay 8 bit
- Ch font 5*8 hoc 5*10
- Ngoi ra cn c th thay i v tr hin th k t...
V vy trc khi bt u qu trnh hin th mt chui k t no ta cn qu
trnh khi to ci t cc ch ny .vi iu khin thc hin qu trnh khi to
ny bng cch ghi ln LCD mt chui lnh.
Cn c vo chc nng cc chn vi iu khin c cp trn ,ta a ra qui
trnh ca vic gi mt lnh t vi iu khin ln LCD .
+ Cho chn R/W = 0 xc nh y l ghi xung LCD (thng thng chn ny
ni t nn mc nh chn ny mc 0 ,ta khng cn quan tm n na)
+ Cho chn RS=0 xc nh y l lnh m vi iu khin gi xung LCD
(phn bit vi RS-1 l gi k t hin th )
+ Gi m lnh xung LCD theo cc ng d liu (RD0-RD7 nu dng ch 8
bit ,R4-R7 nu dng ch 4 bit)
+ a chn E (chn cho php-ENABLE) ln mc cao
+ To tr vi chu k lnh
+ a chn E xung mc thp.
* Ghi k t ln LCD
Sau khi tin hnh qu trnh khi to gi cc lnh ci t ch lm vic
ca LCD,k t s c hin th ln LCD bt k khi no vi iu khin mun gi.
Lp : 06D4

Qu trnh gi k t bao gm cc bc sau:
+ Cho chn R/W = 0 xc nh y l ghi xung LCD (thng thng chn ny
ni t nn mc nh chn ny mc 0 ,ta khng cn quan tm n na)
+ Cho chn RS=1 xc nh y l k t m vi iu khin gi xung LCD
(phn bit vi RS-0 l gi lnh )
+ Gi m ascii ca k t cn hin th xung LCD theo cc ng d liu (RD0-
RD7 nu dng ch 8 bit,R4 n R7 nu dng ch 4 bit)
+ a chn E (chn cho php-ENABLE) ln mc cao
+ To tr vi chu k lnh
+ a chn E xung mc thp.
5.2.2.6 Mch to in p ngun nui :
Ngun in p mt chiu dng trong mch iu khin cn c in p n nh
trc nhng dao ng bt thng ca li in xoay chiu. V vy, phi s dng cc
vi mch n p.
y dng mch iu khin Pic16F877A nn cn dng ngun 5V v th ta s
dng vi mch n p KA7805.
Dng khuch i thut ton LM324 nn cn dng ngun nui V 12 nn ta s
dng Ic n p KA7812 to ngun +12V v KA7912 to ngun -12V
Mch cn s dng DAC0808 v cn ngun nui -15V nn ta dng IC n p
kA7915 to in p n nh -15V.
V sau y l s nguyn l mch ngun nui cho mch iu khin tnh
chn

Lp : 06D4

Hnh 5.17: S nguyn l mch ngun nui cho mch iu khin

Lp : 06D4

CHNG 6: KT QU T C
6.1 M hnh mch thc t

Hnh 6.1 M hnh mch ng lc khuch i in p 24VDC ln 340VDC v mch
nghch lu 340VDC thnh 220VAC tn s 50HZ
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 6.2 M hnh mch iu khin khuch i in p 24VDC ln 340VDC (bn
tri) v mch nghch lu 340VDC thnh 220VAC tn s 50HZ(bn phi)

Lp : 06D4

Hnh 6.3 Hot ng ca mch khi c ti

Hnh 6.4 Dng sng ca mch nghch lu o c hin th trn ossilocop khi khng
ti
Lp : 06D4

Hnh 6.5 Dng sng ca mch nghch lu o c hin th trn ossilocop khi khng
ti

Hnh 6.6 Dng sng ca mch nghch lu o c hin th trn ossilocop khi co ti
60w
Lp : 06D4

6.2 Nhn xt
6.2.1 Phn nghch lu
* u im
+ Mch nghch lu hot ng n nh
+ Dng sng u ra tt lc khng ti cng nh lc mang ti
+ p ng c yu cu i vi ti cm
* Nhc im:
+ Khi hot ng nhit cc van bn dn kh cao
+Cha c khu hi tip u ra nghch lu nn cha n nh c in p
u ra khi ti thay i .
+cha c khu bo v qu ti
6.2.2 Phn np acquy
* u im
+ Mch np hot ng n nh
+ S dng phng php np hn hp gip gim thi gian np, nng cao tui
th acquy.
+ C kh nng t ng ngt khi acquy y v t np li khi in p acquy
gim thp.
* Nhc im:
+ Dng np nh ch ph hp vi acquy c dung lng thp.
+ Cha c b phn cnh bo nhit , chng ngn mch, qu ti.
* Hng pht trin ti:
+ Khc phc cc nhc im k trn:
- S dng van bn dn cht lng tt hn,tng cng phn lm mt cho
cc van.
- Pht trin thm khu hi tip n nh in p ra
- Pht trin thm khu bo v qu ti bo v thit b
+ Nng cao cng sut ca b UPS nhm cung cp in cho nhiu thit b
hn

Lp : 06D4

MC LC
LI CM N ............................................................................................................ 1
LI M U ............................................................................................................ 4
CHNG 1:GII THIU CHUNG ...................................................................... 5
1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh UPS ........................................................................... 5
1.2 Phn loi ........................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 UPS offline .................................................................................................. 5
1.2.2 UPS offline vi cng ngh Line interactive................................................. 7
1.2.3 UPS online ................................................................................................... 7
1.2.4. UPS tnh ..................................................................................................... 8
1.3 La chn s thit k ...................................................................................... 9
2.1 S cn thit ca b nghch lu iu bin rng xung. ................................. 13
2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca nghch lu PWM. ................................................... 14
2.3 Sin ho PWM ................................................................................................... 16
2.4 Nguyn tc hot ng b nghch lu cu iu bin rng xung n cc. ... 17
CHNG 3: GII THIU V ACQUY V MT S PHNG PHP NP
ACQUY .................................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Acquy .................................................................................................................. 23
3.1.1 Phn loi Acquy ........................................................................................ 24
3.1.2 Cu to ca acquy .................................................................................... 24
3.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca acquy ................................................................... 25
3.1.3 Cc thng s c bn ca acquy ................................................................. 28
3.1.4 c tnh np v phng in ca acquy .................................................... 30
3.2. Cc phng php np acquy ........................................................................... 34
3.2.1 Phng php np acquy vi dng in khng i .................................... 34
3.2.2 Phng php np acquy vi in p khng i ........................................ 35
3.2.3 Np acquy theo phng php hn hp ..................................................... 36
3.3 La chn phng php np: ........................................................................... 36
CHNG 4: TNH TON THIT K PHN NGHCH LU MT PHA .... 38
4.1 S khi ........................................................................................................ 38
Lp : 06D4

4.2 Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................ 38
4.3 Mch nghch lu .............................................................................................. 39
4.3.1 Chn thit b bn dn ng ct mch nghch lu ..................................... 40
4.3.2 S mch orcad nghch lu: .................................................................. 42
4.4 Thit k mch IR2113 ..................................................................................... 43
4.5 Khi vi iu khin PIC .................................................................................... 47
4.5.1 To sng sine PWM ................................................................................... 47
4.5.2 Ri rc ha bng sine: .............................................................................. 50
4.6 Khi khuch i in p: ................................................................................. 52
4.6.1.Chn cc linh kin trong mch. ................................................................ 53
4.6.2. Dng p ra b khuch i p 1 chiu ...................................................... 58
4.6.3. Tnh chn diode v bin p xung: ............................................................ 59
CHNG 5: TNH TON THIT K PHN NP ACQUY .......................... 62
5.1 Gii php thc hin .......................................................................................... 62
5.2 Thit k b np acquy ...................................................................................... 63
5.2.1 Phn mch ng lc .................................................................................. 63
5.2.2 Phn mch iu khin ............................................................................... 70
CHNG 6: KT QU T C .................................................................. 89
6.1 M hnh mch thc t ...................................................................................... 89
6.2 Nhn xt ........................................................................................................... 93
6.2.1 Phn nghch lu ........................................................................................ 93
6.2.1 Phn np acquy ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Lp : 06D4

TI LIU THAM KHO

S th t Tn ti liu Tc gi

1

in t cng sut_Tp 1
L Vn Doanh
Nguyn Th Cng
Trn Vn Thnh

2

in t cng sut_Tp 2
L Vn Doanh
Nguyn Th Cng
Trn Vn Thnh

3
Ti liu hng dn thit k
Thit b in t cng sut
Trn Vn Thnh
4 in t cng sut Nguyn Bnh
5 K thut mch in t Phm Minh H
EE362L, Power Electronic, PWM Inverter Control Circuit
UnInterruptible Power Supply Reference Design
12VDC/ 110VAC Power Inverter- Josehp Picone Mississippi State
University

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n tt nghip - 1 - GVHD: Th.

S Trn Thi Anh u

n tt nghip - 53 - GVHD: Th.S Trn Thi Anh u

= 250 .Chn R1=220 .

= 28,2 k .Vy chn R2=10K

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