Kch thc container

Container (cng ten n) c nhiu loi, v kch thc c th tng loi c th khc nhau t nhiu ty theo nh sn xut. Tuy vy, do nhu cu tiu chun ha c th s dng trn phm vi ton cu, kch thc cng nh k m hiu container thng c p dng theo tiu chun ISO. C nhiu b tiu chun ISO lin quan n container, trong ISO 668:1995 quy nh kch thc v ti trng ca cng c mang hng ny. Theo ISO 668:1995(E), cc container ISO u c chiu rng l 2,438m (8ft). V chiu di, container 40 c ly lm chun. Cc container ngn hn c chiu di tnh ton sao cho c th xp kt t di container 40 v vn m bo c khe h 3 inch gia. Chng hn 2 container 20 s t kht di 1 container 40 vi khe h gia 2 container 20 ny l 3 inch. V l do ny, container 20 ch c chiu di xp x 20 feet (chnh xc l cn thiu 1,5 inch). V chiu cao, hin ch yu dng 2 loi: thng v cao. Loi container thng cao 8 feet 6 inch (86), loi cao c chiu cao 9 feet 6 inch (96). Cch gi container thng, container cao ch mang tnh tp qun. Trc y, ngi ta gi loi cao 8 feet l container thng, nhng hin nay loi ny khng cn c s dng nhiu na, thay vo , container thng c chiu cao 86. Theo tiu chun ISO 668:1995(E), kch thc v trng lng container tiu chun 20 v 40 nh bng di y. Container 20' (20'DC) h Anh h mt Di Bn ngoi Rng Cao Bn trong (ti thiu) Di Rng Cao 19' 10,5" 8' 8'6" 6,058 m 2,438 m 2,591 m 5,867 m 2,330 m 2,350 m 24000 kg 30480 kg Container 40' thng (40'DC) h Anh 40' 8' 8'6" h mt 12,192 m 2,438 m 2,591 m 11,998 m 2,330 m 2,350 m 67200 lb 30480 kg Container 40' cao (40'HC) h Anh 40' 8' 9'6" h mt 12,192 m 2,438 m 2,896 m 11,998 m 2,330 m 2,655 m 67200 lb

Kch thc

Trng lng ton b 52900 lb (hng & v)

Tiu chun ny cng chp nhn rng ti mt s quc gia, c th c cc gii hn v mt php lut i vi chiu cao v ti trng i vi container. Chng hn ti Vit Nam, tiu chun Vit Nam m Cc ng kim Vit Nam p dng l TCVN 6273:2003 Quy phm ch to v chng nhn cngten vn chuyn bng

ng bin, trong quy nh ti trng ton b cho container 20 ti a l 20,32 tn (nh hn tiu chun quc t nu trn). Trn thc t, hng ng container ti Vit Nam chy tuyn ni a thng qu ti kh nhiu. Nhiu ch hng c th ng trn 25 tn i vi container 20' v trn 28 tn i vi container 40'.

K m hiu container
Trn container c rt nhiu loi k, m hiu th hin nhng ngha khc nhau. Tiu chun hin hnh quy nh i vi cc k m hiu container l ISO 6346:1995, theo , cc nhn hiu ny chia thnh nhng loi chnh sau: H thng nhn bit (identification system) M kch thc v m loi (size and type codes) Cc k hiu khai thc (operational markings)

1. H thng nhn bit (identification system) H thng nhn bit ca container bao gm 4 thnh phn M ch s hu (owner code) K hiu loi thit b (equipment category identifier / product group code) S s-ri (serial number / registration number) Ch s kim tra (check digit)

- M ch s hu (owner code): M ch s hu (cn gi l tip u ng container) bao gm 3 ch ci vit hoa c thng nht v ng k vi c quan ng kim quc t thng qua c quan ng kim quc gia hoc ng k trc tip vi Cc container quc t - BIC (Bureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal). Sau khi ng k, vic s hu m ny mi c chnh thc cng nhn trn ton th gii. Mt hng c th s hu mt hoc nhiu m khc nhau, mc d BIC hn ch iu ny, v a ra nhng iu kin nht nh cho vic ng k nhiu m. Vit Nam, n u nm 2010, c 6 cng ty ng k m tip u ng vi BIC, chi tit nh di y. TT 1 2 3 4 M BIC GMDU GMTU NSHU VCLU Tn cng ty Gemadept Gematrans Nam Trieu shipping Vinashin-TGC

5 6

VNLU VNTU

Vinalines container Vinashin-TGC

(Ghi ch: container u ng GMTU hin do Gemadept qun l; Vinashin-TGC ng k 2 tip u ng VCLU v VNTU) Mt s cng ty khc ang s hu, khai thc container vi nhng u ng nht nh, nhng cha ng k vi BIC, chng hn nh Bin ng dng u ng BISU, Vinafco dng u ng VFCU... Vic s dng cc u ng khng ng k nh vy c mt s bt li. Th nht, iu ny tri vi ni dung quy nh trong Ph lc G ca tiu chun ISO 6343, c iu khon quy nh v ng k m xc nh ch s hu vi BIC c bo v quyn s hu i vi m ny trn phm vi quc t. Th hai, BIC khuyn co, container khng c ng k tip u ng, trong qu trnh lu thng, c th b hi quan gi, kim tra, v c th khng c lu thng t do nh trong Cng c hi quan v container (Customs Convention on Containers) quy nh. iu ny s gy bt li hoc thm ch cn tr ton b qu trnh vn ti. Th ba, vic khng ng k v khng c tha nhn v quyn s hu i vi tip u ng v ko theo l quyn s hu container d dn n nhm ln, khiu ni, v c th dn n mt container. - K hiu loi thit b: l mt trong ba ch ci di y vit hoa, tng ng vi mt loi thit b: U: container ch hng (freight container) J: thit b c th tho ri ca container ch hng (detachable freight containerrelated equipment) Z: u ko (trailer) hoc mooc (chassis) Vic s dng bt k ch ci no khng thuc ba ch ci trn (U; J; Z) lm k hiu loi thit b c coi l khng tun theo tiu chun ISO 6346. - S s-ri (serial number): y chnh l s container, gm 6 ch s. Nu s s-ri khng 6 ch s, th cc ch s 0 s c thm vo pha trc thnh 6 ch s. Chng hn, nu s s-ri l 1234, th s thm 2 ch s 0, v s s-ri y s l 001234. S s-ri ny do ch s hu container t t ra, nhng m bo nguyn tc mi s ch s dng duy nht cho mt container. - Ch s kim tra (check digit): l mt ch s (ng sau s s-ri), dng kim tra tnh chnh xc ca chui k t ng trc , gm: tip u ng, s s-ri. Vi mi chui k t gm tip u ng v s s-ri, p dng cch tnh ch s kim tra container, s tnh c ch s kim tra cn thit. Vic s dng s kim tra l gim thiu ri ro sai st trong qu trnh nhp s container. Thc t l s container c nhiu i tng s dng (ch hng, forwarder, hng tu, hi quan), nhiu ln, trn nhiu chng t (B/L, Manifest, D/O), do kh nng nhp sai s l rt ln. Mi s container (gm tip u ng v s s-ri) s tng ng vi mt ch s kim tra. Do , vic nhp sai s phn ln s b pht hin do ch s kim tra khc vi thc t. Tuy vy, cng cn lu iu ny khng phi tuyt i, bi nu sai 2 k t tr ln th c th s kim tra vn ng, v sai st khng b pht hin ra. 2. M kch thc v m kiu (size and type codes)

- M kch thc: 2 k t (ch ci hoc ch s). K t th nht biu th chiu di container, ch s 4 trong v d trn th hin chiu di container ny l 40ft (12,192m). K t th hai biu th chiu rng v chiu cao container, ch s 2 biu th chiu cao 8ft 6in (2,591m). - M kiu: 2 k t. K t th nht cho bit kiu container, trong v d trn: G th hin container hng bch ha. K t th hai biu th c tnh chnh lin quan n container, s 1 (sau ch G) ngha l container c ca thng gi pha trn. Tm li, 42G1 trong hnh trn th hin container bch ha di 20ft, cao 8ft 6in, thng gi pha trn. Tiu chun ISO 6346:1995 quy nh chi tit ngha cc m kch thc v m kiu. 3. Cc du hiu khai thc (operational markings) Cc du hiu trong khai thc gm hai loi: bt buc v khng bt buc - Du hiu bt buc: ti trng container, cnh bo nguy him in; container cao. Trng lng ti a (maximum gross mass) c ghi trn ca container, s liu tng t nh trong Bin chng nhn an ton CSC. Mt s container cng th hin trng lng v (tare weight), trng ti hu ch (net weight) hay lng hng xp cho php (payload)

Du hiu cnh bo nguy him in t ng dy in pha trn, dng cho tt c cc container c lp thang leo.

Du hiu container cao trn 2,6 mt: bt buc i vi nhng container cao trn 8ft 6in (2,6m). Chng hn, hnh trn th hin container cao 9ft 6in (2,9m)

- Du hiu khng bt buc: khi lng hu ch ln nht (max net mass), m quc gia (country code) Khi lng hu ch ln nht (max net mass) dn trn ca container, pha di du hiu trng lng container ti a.

M quc gia (country code) gm 2 ch ci vit tt th hin tn quc gia s hu container. Trong hnh di y, US vit tt ca United Stated Hoa K.

Ngoi ba loi k m hiu chnh, trn v container cn cc du hiu m t cc thng tin cn thit khc.