1. GII THIU 1.1.

Cc c im ca mng vin thng ngy nay Hin nay, cc mng vin thng hin ti c c im chung l tn ti mt cch ring r, ng vi mi loi dch v thng tin li c t nht mt loi mng vin thng ring bit phc v dch v . Th d: Mng Telex: dng gi cc bc in di dng cc k t c m ho bng m 5 bit (m Baudot). Tc truyn rt thp (t 75 ti 300 bit/s). Mng in thoi cng cng, cn gi l mng POST (Plain Old Telephone Service): y thng tin ting ni c s ho v chuyn mch h thng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN (Public Swiched Telephone Network). Mng truyn s liu: bao gm cc mng chuyn mch gi trao i s liu gia cc my tnh da trn cc giao thc ca X.25 v h thng truyn s liu chuyn mch knh da trn cc giao thc X.21. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh c th c truyn theo ba cch: truyn bng sng v tuyn, truyn qua h thng mng truyn hnh CATV (Community Antenna TV) bng cp ng trc hoc truyn qua h thng v tinh, cn gi h thng truyn qua h thng v tinh, cn gi h thng truyn hnh trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast System). Trong phm vi c quan, s liu gia cc my tnh c trao i thng qua mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) m ni ting nht l mng Ethernet, Token Bus v Token Ring.

Mi mng trn c thit k cho cc dch v ring bit v khng th s dng cho cc mc ch khc. Th d, ta khng th truyn ting ni qua mng chuyn mch gi X.25 v tr qua mng ny qu ln. Hu qu l hin nay c rt nhiu loi mng khc nhau cng song song tn ti. Mi mng li yu cu phng php thit k, sn xut, vn hnh, bo dng khc nhau. Nh vy h thng mng vin thng hin ti c rt nhiu nhc im m quan trng nht l: Ch truyn c cc dch v c lp tng ng vi tng mng. Thiu mm do: S ra i ca cc thut ton nn ting ni, nn nh v tin b trong cng ngh VLSI nh hng mnh m ti tc truyn tn hiu. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu dch v truyn thng trong tng lai m hin nay cha d on trc c, mi loi dch v s c tc truyn khc nhau. Ta d dng nhn thy rng h thng hin nay rt kh thch nghi vi yu cu ca cc dch v khc nhau trong tng lai. Km hiu qu trong vic bo dng, vn hnh cng nh vic s dng ti nguyn. Ti nguyn sn c trong mt mng khng th chia s cho cc mng cng s dng.

1.2. S ra i ca h thng vin thng mi - B-ISDN Nh nu trn, yu cu c mt mng vin thng duy nht ngy cng tr nn bc thit, ch yu l do cc nguyn nhn sau:

Cc yu cu dch v bng rng ang tng ln. Cc k thut x l tn hiu, chuyn mch, truyn dn tc cao (c khong vi trm Mbit/s ti vi Gbit/s) tr thnh hin thc. Tin b v kh nng x l nh v s liu. S pht trin ca cc ng dng phn mm trong lnh vc tin hc v vin thng. S cn thit phi t hp cc dch v ph thuc ln nhau chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vo mt mng bng rng duy nht. So vi cc mng khc, dch v t hp v mng t hp c nhiu u im v mt kinh t, pht trin, thc hin, vn hnh v bo dng. S cn thit phi tho mn tnh mm do cho cc yu cu v pha ngi s dng cng nh ngi qun tr mng (v mt tc truyn, cht lng dch v .v.v.).

Khuyn ngh ITU-T I.121 a ra tng quan v kh nng ca B-ISDN nh sau: Mng t hp dch v s bng rng (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network - B-ISDN) cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch, cc cuc ni c nh (Permanent) hoc bn c nh (Semi-Permanent), cc cuc ni t im ti im ti im hoc t im ti nhiu im v cung cp cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v dnh trc hoc cc dch v yu cu c nh. Cuc ni trong B-ISDN phc v cho c cc dch v chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi theo kiu a phng tin (Multimedia), n phng tin (Monomedia), theo kiu hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented) hoc khng lin kt (Connectionless) v theo cu hnh n hng hoc a hng. B-ISDN l mt mng thng minh c kh nng cung cp cc dch v ci tin, cung cp cc cng c bo dng v vn hnh (OAM), iu khin v qun l mng rt hiu qu. 2. KHI NIM C BN V ATM 2.1. nh ngha v cc c im chnh ca ATM B-ISDN theo ITU-T da trn c s kiu truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Nh vy ATM s l nn tng ca B-ISDN trong tng lai. Trong kiu truyn khng ng b, thut ng "truyn" bao gm c lnh vc truyn dn v chuyn mch, do "dng truyn" m ch c ch truyn dn v chuyn mch thng tin trong mng. Thut ng "khng ng b" gii thch cho mt kiu truyn trong cc gi trong cng mt cuc ni c th lp li mt cch bt bnh thng nh lc chng c to ra theo yu cu c th m khng theo chu k. minh ha, hnh 1.1 v 1.2 biu din s khc nhau gia dng truyn ng b v dng truyn khng ng b. Trong dng truyn ng b STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode), cc phn t s liu tng ng vi knh cho c nhn bit bi v tr ca n trong khung

truyn (hnh 1.1) trong khi ATM, cc gi thuc v mt cuc ni li tng ng vi cc knh o c th v c th xut hin ti bt k v tr no (hnh 1.2).

ATM cn c hai c im quan trng: Th nht, ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l cc t bo ATM (ATM Cell), cc t bo nh cng vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v bin ng tr (Delay Jitter) gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, ngoi ra kch thc nh cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. Th hai, ATM cn c mt c im rt quan trng l kh nng nhm mt vi knh o (Virtual Channel) thnh mt ng o (Virtual Path), nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng. 2.2. Cc lnh vc cng ngh mi quyt nh s ra i v pht trin ca ATM C hai yu t nh hng ti ATM, l: S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh bn dn cng nh cng ngh quang in t. S pht trin cc tng mi v khi nim h thng.

2.2.1. Cc tin b v mt cng ngh Cng ngh bn dn: Cng ngh CMOS l cng ngh rt c trin vng bi tch hp ln, tc cao (c vi trm Mbit/s ti vi Gbit/s), rng bng truyn ln, kch thc nh, mm do c hc cao, trnh c nhiu ca trng in t, xc sut truyn li thp v khng c nhiu xuyn m. 2.2.2. Cc tng mi v khi nim h thng Cc quan im mi v h thng c pht trin mnh m trong nhng nm gn y, l h thng phi c mm do thch hp, rng bng ca h thng phi tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng dch v c th, cc dch v thi gian thc c truyn theo phng php chuyn mch gi.

Cc tng ny phi tho mn hai chc nng chnh ca mng l: Tnh trong sut v mt ni dung:(Semantic Transparency): Tnh trong sut v mt ni dung l chc nng m bo vic truyn ng cc bit t u pht ti u thu (tc l s chnh xc v mt ni dung). Khi mi ra i, trong cc mng chuyn mch gi, cht lng truyn s liu cn km, do m bo cht lng truyn chp nhn c, ngi ta phi thc hin chc nng iu khin li trn mi lin kt (Link).Vic iu khin li ny c thc hin bi cc giao thc HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) bao gm cc chc nng: gii hn khung (Frame Delimiting), m bo truyn bit chnh xc, kim tra li (kim tra m d vng CRC-Cyclic Redundancy Check), sa li bng cc th tc truyn li. Hnh 1.3. trnh by th tc iu khin li y ca mng chuyn mch gi thng qua m hnh lin kt cc h thng m OSI. Ta thy qu trnh iu khin li c thc hin trn mi lin kt (Link-by-Link) thng qua nt chuyn mch, do nt chuyn mch phi x l mt lot cc th tc phc tp khc nhau lm nh hng n tc x l chung ca h thng.

Sau ny do cht lng ca h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch tng ln nn t l li trn mng gim. Vi mt mng cht lng cao nh vy, ngi ta ch cn thc hin mt s chc nng ca th tc HDLC nh chc nng gii hn khung, chc nng truyn bit chnh xc, kim tra li trn c s t lin kt ti lin kt (Link-by-Link). Nh vy ch c nhng chc nng ny c cung cp bi cc nt chuyn mch trong mng cn cc chc nng khc nh sa li s c thc hin trn c s t u cui ti u cui (End-to-End). Bng cch ny ngi ta gim c khi lng thng tin m nt chuyn mch cn s l, nh m tc x l ca nt tng ln. Nh vy lp 2 trn m hnh OSI c chia thnh hai lp con, lp 2a chuyn cung cp cc chc nng c bn ca lp 2, lp 2b cung cp cc chc nng b sung. Cc h thng ng dng nguyn l ny c gi l chuyn tip khung (frame relay). Cc nguyn l ny c trnh by trn hnh 1.4. i vi B-ISDN tng ny cn c m rng hn na, cc chc nng iu khin li khng cn c cung cp cc nt chuyn mch trong mng na m trong trng hp cn thit, s c cung cp bi cc thit b u cui. Nh vy cc chc nng c thc hin trong mng c gim t iu khin li y (Full error Control) mng chuyn mch gi X.25 xung cn cc k ti thiu mng ATM, do cc nt ca ATM c phc tp ti thiu v v th c tc truyn rt cao, c th ln ti 600 Mbit/s (hnh 1.5). Bng 1.1 trnh by cc chc nng c thc hin nt mng ATM so vi mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn tip khung.

Bng 1.1: Cc chc nng c thc hin nt mng ca X.25, chuyn tip khung, ATM Chuyn mch gi x x x Chuyn tip khung x x

Chc nng Truyn li gi Gii hn khung Kim tra li

ATM -

R rng nt mng ATM hu nh khng phi x l mt thng tin iu khin no trong khi nt chuyn mch X.25 v chuyn tip khung phi thc hin mt lot cc th tc phc tp khc nhau. Tnh trong sut v mt thi gian: (Time Transparency) Cc dch v thi gian thc yu cu dng bit c tr rt ngn khi c truyn t u pht ti u thu, tc l chng yu cu tnh chnh xc v mt thi gian. C th phn bit hai loi tr: tr do chuyn mch v tr t im u ti im cui. H thng chuyn mch gi v chuyn tip khung rt kh khn khi thc hin cc dch v thi gian thc v tr cao. Do phc tp ca cc nt chuyn mch, chng ch c th hot ng tc va v thp. Mng ATM, mt khc, ch cn nhng chc nng ti thiu nt chuyn mch, do n cho php truyn s liu tc rt cao, tr trn mng v cc bin ng tr gim xung cn vi trm micro giy, do quan h thi gian c m bo nh trong trng hp chuyn mch knh. 3. CC DCH V TNG LAI CA B-ISDN TRN C S ATM 3.1. Cc dch v phc v cho cc thu bao gia nh Cc dch v quan trng cho cc thu bao gia nh l nhng dch v truyn hnh (TV) bao gm dch v truyn hnh cp CATV, truyn hnh s chun SDTV(Standard Digital TV) hay trong tng lai l dch v truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV (High Definition TV). Tuy vy

ngi ta cn phi gii quyt cc vn v tnh tng thch gia cc tn hiu video ni trn sao cho mt chng trnh SDTV c th xem c trn mn hnh HDTV v ngc li. Tt c cc tn hiu video ni trn c th c cung cp bng nhiu cch khc nhau. D thc hin nht l phng php m phng CATV trong mt lot cc chng trnh TV c a ti thu bao theo cc ng ni bn c nh. Mt phng php khc l cc knh TV c truy nhp theo kiu chuyn mch, ngha l khch hng c th chn mt chng trnh mong mun theo mt knh thng tin xc nh. Xa hn na, ngi s dng c th gi ti mt th vin video sau chn ly mt knh t rt nhiu cc knh truyn hnh sn c. Mt ng dng quan trng na l dch v in thoi truyn hnh trong cc hnh nh cht lng cao c truyn i tc t 2 ti 5 Mbit/s vi gi thnh phi chng. Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc ng dng th v khc nh mua hng ti nh (Video-Shopping), dy hc ti nh (Home-Education), cc dch v thng tin qung co .v.v. 3.2. Cc dch v phc v trong lnh vc kinh doanh, giao dch Cc thu bao trong phm vi cng s, vn phng c nhng c im hon ton khc so vi cc thu bao gia nh. im chung duy nht gia hai lnh vc ny l in thoi truyn hnh. Tuy vy dch v ny cng phi c m rng tin ti in thoi hi ngh truyn hnh, sao cho ngi s dng c th dng dch v in thoi truyn hnh lin lc gia vi im cng mt lc. C th d on nhiu dch v ca B-ISDN cho mng LAN s c a vo ng dng trong tng lai. Cc h thng ATM-LAN c ni vi nhau s to kh nng truy nhp h c s d liu phn tn vi tc rt cao, iu ny rt quan trng do kh nng ca PC ang tng ln khng ngng v mt tc x l cng nh kh nng lu tr thng tin, do s c ngy cng nhiu cc phn mm ng dng chy trn cc my khc nhau trong mi trng d liu phn tn. Ngoi ra cn phi k n cc dch v khc nh: truyn nh y t cht lng cao phc v cho vic cha bnh t xa, gio dc phn tn, truyn thng a phng tin, th tn in t. Trong lnh vc sn xut, cc ng dng s l iu khin/gim st t xa, phn phi cc thng tin hnh nh v sn xut/x l ti cng nhn trong nh my. Bng 1.2. tm tt cc dch v bng rng c bn v tc tng ng ca chng. Bng 2: c im cc dch v bng rng c bn Tc (Mbit/s) 1,5 -130 1,5 -130 1,5 - 45 1,5 -130 30 - 130

Dch v Truyn s liu (hng lin kt) Truyn s liu (khng lin kt) Truyn vn bn, ti liu in thoi truyn hnh / Hi ngh truyn hnh TV

Truyn hnh phn gii cao 4. TM TT

130

Chng ny trnh by cc c im ca cc mng vin thng hin hu cng nh cc mt hn ch cu chng v cc nhu cu dch v bng rng ang tng ln. T t ra vn phi c mt mng t hp bng rng duy nht ( B-ISDN) thay th tt c cc mng vin thng ni trn, chnh trn c s ny m ATM hnh thnh v pht trin. S pht trin ca k thut ATM l kt qu trc tip ca cc tng mi v khi nim h thng c h tr bi cc thnh tu to ln trong cng ngh bn dn v cng ngh quang in t. ATM c kh nng p ng c mt lot cc dch v bng rng khc nhau, k c trong lnh vc gia nh cng nh trong thng mi.