VIN SINH HC & THC PHM

B MN THC HNH CNG NGH VI SINH NG DNG

BO CO:

Lp: HSH4 Nhm 2 T 5

GVHD: Th.s Bi Hng Qun
Nm hc: 2011 2012

Tp HCM, ngy 22 thng 10 nm 2011.

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

LI CM N
Bi Bo co: Sn xut chao bng phng php ln men truyn thng thuc
b mn Thc hnh cng ngh vi sinh ng dng c nhm chng em thc hin da
vo nhng kin thc c hc trong lp do thy c ging dy v mt phn da vo s
tm hiu ca tt c sinh vin trong nhm t cc ti liu th vin, trn cc phng tin
thng tin v t c s chao Hoa Sen - Tp. HCM.
Trong qu trnh lm bo co nhm chng em s c mt vi sai st ngoi mun,
mong c gio vin hng dn ng gp kin.
Nhm sinh vin thc hin bo co rt cm n nh trng to iu kin cho
chng em c th hon thnh tt bi bo co. Chng em cng xin gi li cm n n Ni
c Tun Tnh x Ngc Phng, c s sn xut chao Hoa Sen gip chng em
hon thnh tt bi bo co ny. Chng em cm n thy Bi Hng Qun cung cp
ngun kin thc chng em nhn nh c chnh xc vn v gii quyt c vn
a ra mt cch khoa hc.
NHM SINH VIN THC HIN

2
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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3
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

DANH SCH NHM

STT

H V TN

MSSV

Nguyn V Sn

08213681

V Kim Oanh

08109221

Hunh Yn Nhi

08115131

Lng M Diu Linh

08112541

V Th Hng

08108551

Nguyn Th Hng

08108541

Nguyn Ngc Quy

08264921

4
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

CNG NGH LN MEN TRUYN THNG

Sn xut chao
1.

C s l thuyt.

Chao l mt sn phm truyn thng tn ti lu trong i sng dn gian bnh d hng

ngy ca ngi Vit. Theo tm hiu chao - u ph ln men- c xut x t Trung Quc
l mt nt c trng trong m thc ca ngi Trung Hoa. Ngi Trung Hoa c mt nn
vn minh tin b nhanh t nn vn minh Thin Cha gio ca ngi phng Ty nhng
h cha bao gi pht trin k thut sn xut phomat t sa nga, sa d ca ngi Ty
phng m h t tm ra cch sn xut phomat ca ring mnh. Chao c xem l Pho
Mt Chu v c mt lp o mc bn ngoi bo ngy nh l pho mt ca ngi Chu
u. Dn dn chao c du nhp n cc nc ng Nam nhng khng ph bin lm.
Chao theo ting Hoa l Tofu-ru, theo ngha gii thch tm c th fu = h hng, cn
ru= sa m t mt s mn n lm t u nnh, ch bin thnh bnh ri ln men
thnh mc trng..., Philippine chao cn c gi l Tahuri hay Tahuli ; Indonesia l
taokoa, Nht l Silkan. Chao cng c mt Hoa K v Php. nc ta chao ph bin
min Nam v min Trung.
Chao theo nh ngha chnh thc l mt thc phm lm bng u nnh di dng bnh
ln men.
Chao c gi trong Anh ng l Fermented bean curd, fermented tofu, Tofu cheese...
Thnh phn ca chao gm u nnh, mui, ru trng, du m (vng) hay gim c bn
trong nhng keo thy tinh di dng nhng khi vung 2x4 cm, dy 1-2 cm, ngm trong
mt dung dch gi l nc ngm, v nc ngm ny c th gm nhiu ph gia to cho
chao nhng mi v khc nhau...
Cc phng thc sn xut chao:
Sn xut truyn thng v sn xut cng nghip.
Sn xut theo phng thc truyn thng ch yu l nh vo kinh nghim vi cc cng c
th cng n gin.

5
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Sn xut theo phng thc cng nghip da vo nn tng truyn thng a vo quy trnh
cng nghip vi cc my mc hin i, sn xut theo dy chuyn vi s lng ln em
li hiu qu kinh t cao.
Phn loi:
Cc loi chao u t mt quy trnh chung nhng iu to nn s khc nhau chng l
ngun nguyn liu ban u, hnh dng , kch thc v phng thc ng gi.
Phn loi theo hnh dng, kch thc: chao bt, chao bnh, chao nc, choa mn
Phn loi theo phng thc ng gi: chao h trung, h ln, h b.
Trn th trng chao Tu c 5 loi:
Chao trng ln men ngm ru (Wine-fermented Tofu= Pai toufu-ru).
T l ru v mui trong nc ngm thay i ty Nh sn xut, thng khong 10%
ru v t 12-15 % mui. Ti i Loan v Trung Hoa c 5 th chao ngm ru, thm
vo gia v nh Chao ngm ru c t (La-chiao fou-ru) ; c m (Mayu-la toufu-ru), c
ng v hng
Chao ngm nc mui (brine fermented), ging loi trn, nhng khng c ru.
Chao (Red fermented Tofu= Hung toufu-ru, nanru) Chao c ngm trong ru , c
thm go : Go c ch to bng cch ln men go trng vi Hng khc
(Monascus purpureus), sau go c nghin nt v cho vo nc ngm ( nn ch
Monascus purpureus l men ch to Cholestin, c dng tr cholesterol..cao trong
mu)
Chao nng mi (Redolent Fermented tofu= Chou toufu), Loi chao lu, c mi rt
nng.
Chao ngm tng =Chiang-tofu
Chao VN c th phn ra lm hai loi chao chnh:
- Mt l loi chao nc, ming chao khi vt ra c mu trng l u h ming c lm
vi mi trng nc mui, c t hoc khng - nu c t, nc chao s c sc hng .
Khi ming u chn thnh chao s ni ln trong mi trng nc; y l loi chao thng
dng nht ch bin.
6
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

- V hai l: loi chao kh, dng ming, c mu xm tro l loi chao t khi bt u lm
cho n lc ming u h chn thnh ming chao hon ton khng tip xc vi nc.
Chao lm theo cch ny chc ming, bo ngy v rt nng mi chao m mt s ngi
chu n ri th s ghin ging nh ghin fromage Camembert
Cch s dng:
Dng trong cc ba n hng ngy, n mn, n chay, lm nc chm, gia v.
C s sinh ha trong qu trnh ln men u h.
C s sinh ha ca qu trnh ln men u h ny l qu trnh thy phn protid ( u h)
thnh cc acid amin v peptid nh vo h enzyme protease ca nm mc ( Mucor).
Bn cnh cn km theo qu trnh chuyn ha lipid to este thm lm cho chao c
hng v c trng, thm ngon.
Ngun vi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh ln men u h.
Chao c ln men di tc dng ca enzyme, vi sinh vt, thng l do nm mc thuc
h Mucor, hoc c th do vi khun thuc h Bacillus.
Tc nhn nm mc.

Actinormucor elegans

M.hiemalis

M.silvaticus

7
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

M.subtilis

Tc nhn vi khun

Bacillus mycoides

Bacillus mensentericus v Bacillus megatherium

Bacillus cereus

Bacillus Subtilis

8
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Thnh phn dinh dng ca chao

Thnh phn dinh dng

Chao

Chao trng

(/100g)
Calories

175 g

170g

Cht m

13.5g

10.8g

Cht bo

8.4g

5.14g

Carbohydrate

13.6g

20.32g

Calcium

165 mg

Sodium

458 mg

Phosphorus

182mg

St

5.7 mg

Vitamin B1

0.04 mg

Vitamin B2

0.18 mg

Vitamin B3

0.6 mg

Vitamin B12

0.02-0.12 mg

Magnesium

5.7 mg

Manganese

0.1 mg

Km

0.2 mg

Selenium

1.9 mg

Acid bo loi Omerga-3

58.7 mg

Acid bo loi Omerga-6

438 mg

3.042 g

Gi tr dinh dng
V phng din dinh dng, ni chung, Chao c th c xem l mt thc phm c
nhng gi tr dinh dng ca u nnh nhng d tiu ha hn do tc ng ln men ca
cc vi khun gip chuyn cc cht m thnh cc acid amin m c th d hp thu hn.
Tuy nhin mt nhc im ln ca chao l cha qu nhiu mui nn tr thnh mn n
khng thch hp cho nhng ngi p huyt cao v nhng ngi b bnh bao t
9
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

2.

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Quy trnh sn xut chao truyn thng.

Cc c s sn xut chao truyn thng rt nhiu v vic sn xut chao khng i hi my

mc mc tin, quy trnh khng phc tp. Theo tm hiu ca nhm, nhm i thc t ti
c s sn xut chao Hoa Sen (1280/13 Phm Th Hin, P. 5, Q. 8, Tp. H Ch Minh).
Trc c ngun thng tin v c s Hoa Sen nhm tm n tnh x Ngc Phng
ti 498/1 ng L Quang nh.
n vi tnh x Ngc Phng nhm c gp ni c Tun v c bit tnh x ch sn
xut chao dng chay tnh trong tnh x khng sn xut i tr bn ra bn ngoi. n y
theo li hng dn ca c Tun nhm c tm hiu v 2 loi chao: chao Tu, chao Vit.
Chao ca ngi Hoa c th bo qun trong 6 thng v ngun nguyn liu u h l do h
t lm ming u rn v cng kh v, nguyn nhn l do h dung nhiu nc chua
gip ming u sn cng li.
Quy trnh lm chao Tu
u h ct ming 3 phn
t trn tm vn c rnh
(rnh gip thot nc t u chy ra)
t trong nh li
(khng nn che ti v d xut hin nm di)
Gc cc tm vn thng ng ln k
(3 ngy, 32oC)
Ming u bt u mc mc
(c lp lng trng hi vng xut hin)
Pha dung dch ( t, mui, ru)
(16o )

Cho vo keo
( 1,5 thng)
10

NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Ming u mm
(ming u hng chn ni ln trn)

S dng v bo qun trong 6 thng

Vic sn xut chao tnh x Ngc Phng s dng ngun nguyn liu l u h thng
ming u h mm hn. u h y s dng t nc chua hn u h dung lm
chao Tu.

11
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Quy trnh sn xut chao tnh x Ngc Phng

u h

Sp vo thau

Tro sch

Cho nc si vo
(lm sch)

Tri trn mt ci mm

u h ct ming

Lt mt tm vi sch

t u h ln r

ln trn mt tro

( ro v trnh rui, b hng)

Sp u h ln ming vi sch
y kn
(m bo nh sang khng ti)
mc
nu tri nng 2 m
nu tri lnh 2.5 m
(c mi hi xut hin)
cho u vo keo
chan mt mung ru ln mt u
12
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

(khng ch khun c hi v hn ch mi)

Cho dung dch ( t, mui 16o) vo keo
yn trong 5 ngy

S dng v bo qun trong 1 thng

Quy trnh sn xut chao tnh x Ngc Phng sn xut m bo yu cu sch.
Bp sau khi dng xong tro cn m c thu li sang qua mt lt ri cho vo bao sch
Mc ch ca vic dung tro l rt nc t ming u trong qu trnh . Mm c lt tro
sch thay th cho nhng tm vn c rnh trong qu trnh sn xut chao Tu.
Theo li gii thiu ca c Tun nhm n vi c s sn xut chao Hoa Sen qun 8
thnh ph H Ch Minh.
L mt c s ln quy trnh sn xut chao c tin hnh t khu lm u h.
II. SN XUT CHAO
Sn xut chao cn c:
Ging vi sinh vt: mc t nhin.
u ph: sn xut u ph
Trang thit b, mt s ph gia v cng ngh sn xut: sn xut chao
1. Lm bnh u sn xut chao:
1.1.

Nguyn liu: u nnh

Protein u nnh = protein ng vt, khng c cholesterol v cc cht bo bo ha.

Acid amin = acid amin trong tht
Lipid: acid bo khng no chim khong 60-70%
Cc enzym:
- Urease
- Lipase
- Phospholipase
- Amylase
- Lipoxygenase.
13
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

1.2.

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

u ph:

C s ca phng php sn xut u ph: tnh cht tan trong nc v ng t ca

globulin u ph.
1.3. Quy trnh sn xut u ph
Quy trnh
u nnh
Ngm nc

Xay bng my xay

Lc

Dch sa u nnh

Cho vo b nu khong 15 pht

B u

Thc n gia sc

Cho vo b lc

Dch sa u

Nc chua

Kt ta

Nn cht lp kt ta

Cho u vo khun g p cht

Nc

Nc

u ph
14
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

Ngm ht:
u nnh c ngm trong nc khong 4 6 ting, thi gian ngm ht u
mm v mng nc, lc ny ta mi vt u ra, ra sch.
Mc ch ngm ht: cho ht u ht nc v trng ln. Gm 2 giai on:
- Qu trnh solvat ha.
- Cc phn t nc tip tc tc ng lm ph v cc lin kt trong phn t ht u
lm chng chuyn thnh dch keo.
Xay u:
Cho u vo my xay u. Xay c mc ch nhm ph v t bo gii phng
protein, lipid, glucidT l tt nht u:nc l 1:6.
Lc:
Dch sa u s c gi li, cn b u s c s dng lm thc n gia sc.
Gia nhit v kt ta:
Dch sa sau khi lc phi gia nhit ngay. Cho dch sa u vo b nu khong 15
pht, dch sa u si ln 3 ln l c. C mi ln si phi khuy u tay.
Tip tc a dch sa u nu si sang mt thng cha lc. Lt 4 lp vi lc,
trng nc qua cc tm vi lc c lc nh vy 4 ln. Mc ch ca lc l tch cc cht
keo ra khi cht rn.
Cho nc chua vo thng cha mt lng va cho n khi thy c hin tng
kt ta th ngng. yn trong 35 pht cho kt ta hon ton. Vt bt u trnh b bt
kh v khng gi mui trong giai on p mui giai on sau.
Tc nhn kt ta l gim (CH3COOH) c trong nc chua. Gim c th s dng l
gim mua ty hoc gim nui, ngoi ra cn c th s dng chanh.
p nh hnh:

15
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Sau khi kt ta nn cht lp kt ta cht b nc trong ta c hoa u.

Khi c kt hon ton, thu phn c cho vo khung g, c vi mn, dng vt nng p
ln loi b ht nc, thu u h. Khun p c lm bng g thau lau, khng c c
t v gip rt nc trong ming u. Khun g c ngm trong nc chua ty c t
trc khi s dng.
Cc khun g c t chng ln nhau p ht nc trong ming u ra.
trong khong na ting cho nc b p ra ht ta s thu c u ph em ct nh chun
b cho quy trnh lm chao.
2. Quy trnh sn xut chao
Quy trnh
u h
Ct ming
Xp vn g
Mc ( 48 ting )
p Mui ( 24 ting )
Ra Nc
Ro Nc
Xp Keo
Gia v (Ru + ng +
t + nc )

Chn
Sn phm

NHM 2 T 5

16

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

mc:
u ph c ct thnh ming xp ln khay g, xp ri nhau, chun b mc.
em cc khay xp vo phng v xp cch u cho thng thong. trong 48 gi.
Trong vng 36 - 48 gi, mc chao c trong khng kh mc ln ming u, khi
ming u ph y khun ty t trng ng sang hi vng l c.
mc nhm sinh tng hp enzym cho giai on ln men.
Chao tt l chao khng c mc xanh, mc en pht trin, khng c mi kh ngi.
chao chn
u ph sau khi mc xong ly ra ra sch, xp vo thau p mui. C xp
mt lp u ri ph ln mt lp mui. Lp trn cng xp mt lp mui dy.
Mc ch p mui:
- p mui gip cho ming u c cng, rt ht nc ra.
- Lm chm s pht trin ca h mc v cc vi sinh vt khng mong mun khc.
- Gip gii phng cc enzym t h si mc
dung dch gia v vo keo:
Khi p mui, ra sch xong ta ro nc ri xp ming chao vo trong keo. Cho
dung dch nc, ng, ru 450 v t vo trong chao ln men.
Cc enzyme thc hin cc phn ng sinh ha to cc sn phm v hng v c trng
ca chao.
Chao trong 2 thng th dng c.
Yu cu thnh phm:
- Ming chao cn nguyn, b mt nhn mn, c mu vng ng c trng.
- Nc chao khng qu c.
17
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

- Chao c mi chua c trng, c v bo, thm, khng ng hay c mi kh chu.

u nnh c ngm trong 6 ting (c s chao Hoa Sen)

Nu dch sa u trong b (khong 15 pht) (c s chao Hoa Sen)

18
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

My xay u nnh (c s chao Hoa Sen)

Dch sa u c xay (c s chao Hoa Sen)

19
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Nc chua (c s chao Hoa Sen)

Dch sa u c cho vo bn lc (c s chao Hoa Sen)

20
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Lc dch sa u (c s chao Hoa Sen)

Nn cht lp kt ta (c s chao Hoa Sen)

21
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

p mui (c s chao Hoa Sen)

Sau khi mui xp ln k ro (c s chao Hoa Sen)

22
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Xp chao vo keo (c s chao Hoa Sen)

u c xp vo keo (c s chao Hoa Sen)

23
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Sn phm chao (c s chao Hoa Sen)

Mt s hin tng h hng ca chao:
Hin tng chao b ng
Do ln men
Hin tng ny thng thy chao bnh do qu trnh ln men dng m t nn
cht gy ng khng chit rt ra c. Tuy nhin, chao nc cng c th b ng: nguyn
nhn l do mc xu, nui trong iu kin khng t yu cu. Khi mc pht trin km, cn
ci, lng proteaza tng hp c khng nhiu, kh nng thy phn protid km, trong
cn tn li mt s peptid gy v ng. V ng cng r khi hm lng axit glutamic trong
sn phm thp hn 3g/kg.
Do nhim vi khun gy v ng
Trng hp ny d pht hin khi thy bnh u lc ln men c mng nht, c mi rt
kh chu. Nhng vi khun ny tit ra cc cht c ch hot ng ca proteaza lm ngng
tr cc phn ng to thnh cc acid amin t do ngt l s to thnh acid glutamic.V ng
to thnh cng c th do dng qu nhiu CaSO4 khi kt ta.
Do acid amin
C th do cc cht ng c sn trong nguyn liu mt s loi u nnh. Nh ta bit,
trong chao c methionin c v ng (nh mng tre). Nhng l hin tng bnh thng.
C mi kh chu
24
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Sn phm t cht lng l cc bnh chao c mu vng v mi thm hp dn. Tuy

nhin, bnh chao c th mu en, xm v c mi kh chu nh mm tm. Nguyn nhn
c th do:
B nhim mc u en
Khi b nhim loi mc ny, kim tra hot lc ca mc thy cao hn bnh thng, mc
pht trin mnh, khun ty di. Khi non cng c mu trng nhng khi gi c mu en nh
nh ni. Chao thng b nhim loi mc ny vo nhng ngy thi tit qu m.
Khi ra mc cn non hoc qu tt
Khi nui mc qu tt, hot lc cao cng xy ra hin tng nng mi v hm lng men
qu cao, thy phn qu mnh. Khc phc hin tng ny phi gim hm m v phi
mc gi mi cho ra (mc chuyn t mu trng sang hung nu r rt).
Bnh u p cn m qu cao
Hin tng ny thng xy ra khi kt ta non khng p ht nc, m bnh u cn
cao, d tp nhim vi khun, mc pht trin khng c.
Cc tiu chun ca sn phm chao
Thnh phn ha hc ca chao

Thnh phn
Hm m
m tan phn
m formol
m amoniac
Mui n
Cht bo
chua

Cc loi sn phm ca chao

Chao nc
Chao bnh (%)
Phn ci (%)
Phn nc (%)
73 75
65 70
2 - 2.9
12.5 13
2.3 -.2.6
0.75 0.85
7.5 7.8
0.8 0.9
0.3 0.4
2.5 3.0
0.3 0.4
4.5 5
6.0 6.2
6.0 6.5
8 8.5
9.0 10.0
110.0 120 mg NaOH 0.1N/100g

25
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Cc acid amin khng thay th

Tn

Chao nc
Phn ci (%)

Phn nc (%)

Chao bnh (%)

Lizin

2.84 2.9

5.3 5.5

Treonin

3.3 3.5

Valin

1.70 -1.75

Triptophan

0.15 0.20

Phenilalanin

1.55 1.60

2.5 2.7

1.8 1.9

0.8 0.9

0.4 0.5

0.4 0.5

2.8 2.9
1.5 1.6
0.4 0.45

Izolxin
Lxin
Methionin
Ch tiu cm quan
Ch tiu

Yu cu

1. Hnh dng v mu sc Nguyn vn, khn b cnh, gc, khng r nt.

ming chao

Mu vng ng c trng, khng thm en hoc c mu

l khc.

2. trong v mu sc Nc chao khng qu c.

ming chao

Mu sc c trng.

3. Mi

Thm c trng v hi chua.

Khng ng thi hoc c mi kh chu.

4. V

Thm, bo v chua c trng, mn va.

Khng ng tanh v c v khc.

5. Tp cht

Khng tp cht (mnh g, t, ct,)

26
NHM 2 T 5

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GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Ch tiu ha l
Ch tiu

Mc

1. Hm lng cht kh (% chao)

17 - 28

2. Protid (Nit * 6.25) (% cht kh)

30 - 50

3. m thi chuyn ra NH3 (% cht kh)

4. Cht bo trch c vi ete (% cht kh)

19 - 23

5. Mui n (NaCl) (% cht kh)

26 - 47

6. Hm lng acid ca nc chao(chuyn ra CH3COOH)

(% nc chao)

2-3

27
NHM 2 T 5

BO CO MN: VI SINH NG DNG

GVHD: TH.S BI HNG QUN

Kt lun:

28
NHM 2 T 5