Chuyn 1:

TNH CHIA HT CA S NGUYN

/I/ L thuyt: A/ nh ngha: Cho a,b Z ( b o ): Ta ni rng a chia ht cho b k hiu a b khi v ch khi tn ti mt s k ( k Z )sao cho a =bk a a = bk b Ta cn ni a l bi ca b hay b l c ca a B/Tnh cht ca quan h chia ht : 1/phn x: N v a o th a a a 2/ Phn xng : N v a O th a a a 3/ Bt cu : Nu a b v b a th a =b C/ Mt s nh l ka m 1/ a m 2/ a m v b m ( a b ) m 3/ (a b) m v a m b m 4/ a m v b n ab m n 5/ a m a n m n n N , n o 6/ a n m n a m 7/ a n m ; m l s nguyn t a m ( n N ; n o) 8/ a m a n m ; n N , n o 9/ ab v (a, m)=1 b m m 10/ ab m v m P a m hoc b m 11/ a m v a n v ( m,n ) =1 a m.n 12/ a m , a n , a r v ( m,n)=1, (n,r)= 1,(m,r) =1 a m.n.r 13/ Tch ca n s t nhin lin tip th chia ht cho tch .2.3...n D/ Mt s v d: V d 1: Chng minh : a/ n 4 - n 2 12 N n b/ n (n + 2 ).( 25n 2 + 1) 24 N n GII a/ n 4 - n 2 = ( n 1).n.n(n+1) Nhn xt : 12 = 3.4 v (3,4) =1 -Trong tch hai s t nhin lin tip c mt s chia ht cho 2 ( n- 1).n 2 n(n+ 1) 2 n4 - n2 4 (1) Trong tch 3 s t nhin lin tip c mt s l bi ca 3 ( n 1).n.(n + 1) 3 (2 ) T (1) v (2) suy ra n 4 - n 2 12 N n 2 2 b/ n.(n+2).[(n -1)+ 24n ] = n.(n+2).(n 2 -1) +24n 2 .n.(n+2) Ta c 24n 2 .n.(n+2) 24 N n Ta cn chng minh A= n.(n+2).(n 2 -1) 24 N n A= (n-1).n.(n+1).(n+2) Ta c A 3 N n -Trong tch 4 s t nhin lin tip c 1 s l bi ca 2 ,mt s l bi ca 4 -Vy tch 4 s t nhin lin tip chia ht cho 8 -M (3,8)= 1 nn A 24 -Do n.(n+2).(25n 2 -1) 24 N n ( n ) l biu thc ph thuc vo n ( n N hoc n Z ). -Nhn xt : Gi A _ chng minh mt biu thc A ( n ) chia ht cho mt s m ta thng phn tch biu thc biu thc A ( n ) thnh nhn t trong c mt tha s m.N m l hp s ta phn tch m thnh tch cc tha s i mt nguyn t cng nhau ri chng minh A ( n ) chia ht cho tt c cc s .Nn lu nh l trong k s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng tn ti mt bi sca k. -Bi tp p dng v d 1: Chng minh :

1/ n 3 - 13n 6 2/ n 3 (n 2 - 7) 2 - 36 5040 N* n 4 3 2 3/n -4n - 4n + 16n vi mi n chn v n 4 384 3 2 4/ n +3n + 2n 6 5/ ( n 2 +n -1 ) 2 -1 2 4 6/ n 3 +6n 2 +8n 48 vi mi n chn 7/ n 4 -10n 2 + 9 384 vi mi n l 8/ n 6 + n 4 - 2n 2 72 Z n 4 3 2 9/ n +6n +11n +6n 24 N n 5 V d 2: Chng minh a - a 5 Z a Cch 1: A = a 5 - a = a.(a 2 -1).(a 2 +1) - Nu a= 5k ( k Z) th a 5 - a 5 - Nu a = 5k 1 th a 2 - 1 5 - Nu a = 5k 2 th a 2 +1 5 Trong trng hp no cng c mt tha s chia ht cho 5 Nhn xt : Khi chng minh A(n) m ta c th xt mi trng hp v s d khi chia A(n) cho m Cch 2: a 5 -a =a(a 2 -1).(a 2 +1) =a.(a 2 -1).(a 2 -4+5) =a.(a-1).(a+1).(a-2).(a+2) +5a.(a 2 -1) Vy A chia ht cho 5 Bi tp v d 2: Chnh minh : 1/ a 7 -a 7 2/ Cho n 2 v (n,6) =1 chng minh n 2 -1 24 3/ Cho n l v ( n ,3) =1 chnh minh : n 4 -1 48 4/ Cho n l v ( n ,5) =1 chnh minh : n 4 -1 80 5/ Cho a,b l s t nhin a b chng minh a/ A= a.b ( a 4 - b 4 ) 30 b/ A= a 2 .b 2 ( a 4 - b 4 ) 60 6/Cho n chn chng t 2 s n 2 - 4n v n 2 + 4n u chia ht cho 16 7/ Chng t : n 5 - n 30 n N v : n 5 - n 240 n l 8/ Chng minh : a/ n 8 - n 4 240 n N b/ n 5 - n 3 +4n 120 n N

Chuyn 2 :

PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T

1/ t nhn t chung , dng hng ng thc , nhm cc hng t. 2/Tch cc hng t . 3/ Thm bt mt hng t . 4/ Phng php h s bt nh

5/ Phng php i bin . 6/ Phng php xt gi tr ring !/ Phng php t nhn t chung, dng hng ng thc, nhm hng t V d : Phn tch a thc sau t a/ x 4 + x 3 + 2x 2 + x +1 Gii / x 4 + x 3 + 2x 2 + x +1 = (/ x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 ) + (x 3 + x ) = ( x 2 +1) 2 + x ( x 2 +1) = ( x 2 +1) ( x 2 +x +1) b/ x 3 + 2x 2 y + xy 2 - 9x = x( x 2 + 2x y + y 2 - 9 ) = x( x+ y -3)( x+ y +3) c/ a 3 + b 3 +c 3 - 3abc = (a+b ) 3 - 3a 2 b 3ab 2 + c 3 - 3abc 3 3 = [ (a+b ) + c ] -3ab(a+b+c) =(a+b+c)[( a+b) 2 - c(a+b) + c 2 - 3ab] d/ (a+b+c) 3 - a 3 - b 3 -c 3 = [ (a+b)+c] 3 - a 3 - b 3 -c 3 = (a+b) 3 + c 3 +3c(a+b)(a+b+c) - a 3 - b 3 -c 3 =a 3 + b 3 + 3ab(a+b)+ c 3 +3c(a+b)(a+b+c) - a 3 - b 3 -c 3 = 3(a+b)(ab+ac+bc+c 2 ) = 3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 2 2 2 e/ x (y-z)+y (z-x)+z (x-y) = x 2 (y-z)+y 2 z-xy 2 +xz 2 - yz 2 =x 2 (y-z)+yz(y-z)-x(y 2 - z 2 ) =(y-z)(x 2 +yz-xy-xz) =(y-z)[x(x-y)-z(x-y) =(y-z)(x-y)(x-z) II/Phng php tch mt hng t thnh nhiu hng t(vi h s nguyn) Nhn xt: Nu a thc khng cha nhn t chung,khng c dng hng ng thc,cng khng nhm c hng t ta c th bin i a thc thnh nhiu hng t hn nhm cc hng t. V d : 3x 2 -8x+4 = 3x 2 -6x-2x+4= 3x(x-2)-2(x-2)=(x-2)(3x-2) Hay tch 4x 2 -8x+4 - x 2 = (2x-2) 2 - x 2 = ... Ch : Trong cch 1 ta tch hng t -8x thnh 2 hng t -6x v -2x,cc h s th 2 v th 4 u gp -2 ln h s lin trc nh xut hin nhn t chung x-2 Mt cch tng qut phn tch tam thc bc 2 thnh nhn t ta tch hng t bx thnh b 1 x +b 2 x sao cho b 1 .b 2 =a.c. Trong thc hnh ta thc hin nh sau: 1/ Tm tch a.c 2/phn tch ac ra tha s nguyn bng mi cch. 3/ Chn hai tha s c tng bng b. V d: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t : : 4x 2 -4x-3 Ta c a.c= 4(-3) = (-3)4 = 6(-2) =(-6)2 ta thy -6 +2 = -4do ta phn tch -4x thnh -6x + 2x . i vi a thc bc ba tr ln ngi ta chng minh c rng nghim nguyn ca a thc nu c phi l c ca h s t do. V d : Phn tch a thc : x 3 - x 2 -4 a thc ny c nghim nguyn th phi l c ca 4 ln lt ta kim tra 1 , 2 , 3 ,4 ta thy x =2 l nghim ca a thc do a thc c cha nhn t x 2 vy ta tch a thc trn thnh : x 3 - x 2 -4 = x 3 -2 x 2 + x 2 -4 = x 2 (x-2) +(x-2)(x+2) = ... Ch : Khi xt nghim nguyn ca a thc ta ch 2 nh l sau : 1/ Nu a thc f(x) c tng cc h s bng 0 th 1 l nghim ca a thc do a thc c cha nhn t x -1 . V d : Phn tch a thc x 3 - 5x 2 +8x -4 ta thy 1 -5 +8 -4 =0 nn athc c cha nhn t x 1 vy ta tch nh sau: x 3 - x 2 - 4 x 2 +8x -4 = x 2 (x-1) 4(x-1) 2 ` 2/Nu a thc c tng cc h s bc chn bng tng cc h s bc l th -1 l nghim ca a thc do a thc cha nhn t x +1. V d: Phn tch a thc x 3 - 5x 2 + 3x +9 ta thy 1+3 = -5+9 nn -1 l nghim ca a thc do a thc cha nhn t x+1 ta phn tch nh sau : x 3 - 5x 2 +3x +9 = x 3 + x 2 - 6x 2 +3x +9 = x 3 + x 2 - 6x 2 -6+3x +3 =x 2 (x+1) -6(x-1)(x+1)+3(x+1) = ...

Trong trng hp a thc khng c nghim nguyn ;a thc c th c nghim hu t , ngi ta chng minh c rng a thc c cc h s nguyn nghim hu t nu c phi c dng q trong p l c ca h s t do v q l c dng ca h s cao nht . V d : Phn tch a thc 3x
3

- 7x 2 +17x -5 ta thy cc s 1 ,5 khng phi l nghim ca a thc ,xt cc s

1 l nghim ca a thc do a thc cha tha s 3x-1 ta tch hng t nh sau : 3

1 5 , 3 3

ta c

3x 3 - 7x 2 +17x -5 = 3x 3 - x 2 -6 x 2 +2x + 15x-5 =x 2 (3x-1)- 2x( 3x-1)+ 5(3x-1)=. 3/ Phng php thm bt mt hng t: a/Thm bt mt hng t lm xut hin hiu hai bnh phng V d : Phn tch da thc 4x 4 +81 ta thm bt 36x 2 ta c 4x 4 +81 = 4x 4 +36x 2 +81 -36x 2 = (2x 2 +9) 2 (6x) 2 =... Nhn xt : Trong trng hp ny dng cho a thc c hai hng t. b/ Thm bt mt hng t lm xut hin nhn t chung. V d : Phn tch a thc x 5` +x -1 ta thm bt x 4 ,x 3 ,x 2 nh sau: x 5` +x -1 = x 5` +x 4 +x 3 +x 2 -x 4 -x 3 -x 2 +x -1 = (x 5` -x 4 +x 3 )+(x 4 -x 3 +x 2 ) (x 2 -x +1 ) = ... 1 Ch : Cc a thc c dng x 3 m + + x 3n +2 +1 u cha nhn t x 2 +x +1 7 5` 7 2 V duj: x + x +1; : x +x +1 ; x+ x 5` +1; x+ x 8 +1 ... III/ Phng php h s bt nh. Nu a thc f(x) khng c nghim nguyn ,cng khng co nghim hu t ta dng phng php h s bt nh. V d: Phn tch a thc x 4 -6x 3 +12x 2 -14x +3. Nu a thc nyphan tch thnh nh t th c dng (x 2 +ax +b )(x 2 + cx +d ) php nhn ny cho ta kt qu x 4 +(a+c)x 3 +(ac+b+d)x 2 +(ad+bc)x+bd ng nht a thc ny vi a thc cho ta iu kin a+c = -6 ac+b+d = 12 ad+bc = -14 bd =3 Xt bd =3 vi bd Z b { 1 , 3} vi b =3 ; d =1th h trn tr thnh a +c = -6 ac = 8 a+ 3c = -14 2c = -14 (-6) c = -4 a= -2 vy a thc trn c phn tch thnh (x 2 -2x +3 )(x 2 -4x + 1 ) I V/ Phng php i bin Ta t mt a thc bng mt bin khc lm gn a thc hn d gii hn V d : Phn tch a thc x(x+4)(x+6)(x+10) +128 = (x 2 +10x)(x 2 +10x + 24 ) t x 2 +10x + 12 =y (y-12)(y+12) +128 = y 2 -16 = (y-4)(y+4) =... V/ Phng php gi tr ring. Trong phng php ny cc nhn t cha bin ca a thc ri gn cho cc bin cc gi tr c th xc nh nhn t. V d: Phn tch a thc P = x 2 (y-z)+ y 2 (z-x) + z 2 (x-y) Gi s ta thay x =y P= y 2 (y-z)+ y 2 (z-x) = 0 Tng t ta thay y bi z ; zbi x th P khng i ( P = 0 ) vy P chia ht cho x-y cng chia ht cho y-z v cng chia ht cho z x vy P c dng k(x y)(y-z)(z-x) Ta thy k l hng s v ng thc P = x 2 (y-z)+ y 2 (z-x) + z 2 (x-y) = k(x y)(y-z)(z-x) ng vi mi x,y,z nn ta gn cho x,y,z cc gi tr chng hn x=2, y=1 ,z=0 ta c 4.1 +1.(-2) +0 = k.1.1.(-2) k = -1 vy P = -(x y)(y-z)(z-x) Ch : Khi chn gi tr ring ca x,y,z ta chn tu i mt khc nhau sao cho ( x y)(y-z)(zx) 0 VI/ Bi tp p dng chuyn 2: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:

2.1/ a/ x 2 -2x -4y 2 -4y b/ a(a 2 +c 2 + bc )+b(c 2 +a 2 + ac ) +c(a 2 +b 2 + ab ) c/ 6x 2 -11x +3 d/ 2x 2 +3x -27 e/x 3 +5x 2 +8x +4 f/ x 3 -7x +6 g/2x 3 -x 2 +5x +3. h/ x 3 -7x 2 -3. 2.2/ a/ (x 2 +x )- 2(x 2 +x ) -15 b/ / x 2 +2xy+y 2 -x-y -12 c/ (x 2 +x +1)(x 2 +x +2) -12 d/ (x+2)(x+3)(x+4)(x+5) -24 e/ (x+a)(x+2a)(x+3a)(x+4a) +a 4 f/ (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )(x+y+z) 2 +(xy+yz+xz) 2 2.3 / Dng phng php h s bt nh: Subject: a/ 4x 4 +4x 3 +5x 2 +2x +1 b/x 4 -7x 3 +14x 2 -7x +1 4 2 4 3 c/ (x+1) +(x +x +1) e/x x -x +63 2.4 Dng phng php xt gi tr ring M= a(a+b-c) 2 +b(c+a-c) 2 +c(b+c-a) 2 + (a+b-c)(c+a-c)(b+c-a) .

CHUYN 3 BI TON CC TR HNH HC Cc bi ton cc tri c dng chung nh sau:Trong cc hnh c chung mt tnh cht, tm nhng hnh sao cho mt i lng no (nh di on thng ,s o din tch ,s o gc ...)c gi tr ln nht ,gi tr nh nht

I/Cc bt ng thc thng dng gii ton cc tr:

1/Quan h gia ng vung gc v ng xin: Quan h ny c dng di dng: - Trong tam gic vung (x th suy bin thnh on thng ) c cnh gc vung AH v cnh huyn AB th AB AH xy ra du bng khi ch khi B trng H

- Trong cc on thng ni t mt im n cc im thuc mt on thng on thng vung gc vi on thng c di nh nht. - Trong cc on thng ni hai im nm trn hai on thng song song on thng vung gc vi hai ng thng song song c di nh nht. 2/ Quan h gia ng xin v hnh chiu: - Trong hai ng xin k t mt im nm ngoi ng thng dn ng thng ng xin no c hnh chiu ln hn th ln hn. 3/Bt ng thc trong tam gic: Vi ba im A, B, C ta c AC+CB AB; AC+CB =AB C thuc on thng AB. x dng bt ng thc trong tam gic i khi phi thay i pha ca mt on thng i vi mt ng thng . 4/ Cc bt ng thc i s : Cc bt ng thc c x dng l: - Bt ng thc v lu tha bc chn: X2 0 X2 0 - Bt ng thc CSI (x+y)2 4xy hay x+y 2 xy vi x,y khng m , xy ra du = khi x=y. Ch rng t bt ng thc CSI ta cn suy ra hai s khng m x,y: -Nu x+y l hng s th xy ln nht khiv ch khi x=y - Nu xy l hng s th x+y nh nht khi v ch khi x=y s dng cc bt ng thc i s ta thng t mt di thay i bng x biu th i lng cn tm cc tr bng mt biu thc ca x ri tm iu kin biu thc c cc tr. Ta k hiu minA l gi tr nh nht ca A ;maxA l gi tr ln nht ca A V d: 1.1 Cho hnh vung ABCD. Hy ni tip trong hnh vung mt hnh c din tch nh nht Gi Gi GH l hmh vung ni tip trong hnh A E K B vung ABCD. Tm hnh vung ny phi trng vi nhau ti 0 ta suy ra SEFGH ==
EG .FH = 20E2 nh vy 2

F ooooooo oO D A b G B C

S nh nht suy ra 0E nh nht .Gi K l trung im ca AB ta c OE OK ( hng s) OE = OK E trng K Vy din tch GH nh nht khi cc nh E,F,G,H l trung im cc cnh ca hnh vung ABCD 1.2 Tnh din tch ln nht ca HBH c di 2 cnh k nhau bng a,b Gii : Ta c: SABCD == DC.AH DC.AD = ab maxS = ab khi v ch khi AH = AD lc ny ABCD lHCN

D H a C 1.3 Cho hnh thoi v hnh vung c cng chu vi. Hi hnh no c din tch ln hn? v sao? Gii : Xt hnh thoi ABCD v hnh vunh MNPQ A B c cng chu vi cnh ca chng bng nhau . Gi canh ca chng l a ta c: Ta s chng minh SABCD a2 D H C AD =a .Vy SABCD CD.AD =a.a = a2 (2) K AH CD ta c AH T (1) v (2) suy ra SABCD SMNPQ .Vy din tch hnh vung ln hn din tch hnh thoi (nu hnh thoi khng l hnh vung). 2.1 Cho tam gic ABC .Qua A dng ng thng d ct cnh BC ca tam gic ABC sao cho tng khong cch t B v C n d c gi tr nh nht. A Gii : Ta c SABD + SCAD =SABC

SMNPQ = a2 (1)

1 1 AD.BB + AD.CC=S 2 2

BB + CC=

2S AD

Do BB +CC nh nht C

2S nh nht AD

AD ln nht

C Gi s AC AB th trong hai ng xin AD v AC ng xin AD c hnh chiu nh hn do AD AC (hng s) ; AD =AC D trng C Vy ng thng d phi dng l ng thng cha cnh ln nht trong hai cnh AB, AC 2.2Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A ng cao AH .Gi D,E theo th t thuc cnh AC ,AB sao cho DHE = 90o . Tm vj tr D,E DE c di nh nht. A Gii : Gi I l trung im ca DE ta c DE = IA +IH AH ( trung tuyn bng na cnh huyn) E I D. Vy minDE = AH thuc on thng AH do : AH AC v HE AB B H C 3.1 Cho tam giac ABC cn ti A v im D c nh thuc cnh y BC > Hy dng mt ng thng song song vi BC ct hai cnh bn E v F sao cho DE + DF c gi tr nh nht Gii : V pha ngoi tam gic v tia Ax sao cho xAC = DAE trn Ax ly im D sao cho AD = AD ta c AED = AFD ( c-g-c) A Suy ra DE = FD Ta c DF +DE = DF + FD DD( AD c nh nn AD c nh) E F D Vy DD l hng s Do DF +DE nh nht DF + DF nh nht F l giao im B D C x ca DD v AC 3.2 Trn na mp b d ly hai im A,B .Tm v tr im D trn d AD + DB nh nht Gii : Ly im A i xng ca A qua d ta c B AD = AD (d trung trc ca AA) A Vy AD + DB = AD + DB AB Do min (AD + DB) khi D nm trn giao im ca AB v d D A 4.1 Cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti c AB = AC = 10cm.Tam gic DEF vung cn D ni tip tam gic ABC ( D AB, F AC, E BC). Xc nh v tr im D din tch yam gic DEF nh nht. Gii : Gi AD = x k EH AB th AD = EH =BH = x DH =10 2x ta c: B SDEF =
1 1 1 DE.DF = DE2 = ( EH2 +DH2 ) 2 2 2 1 1 5 = [ x2 + ( 10 -2x)2] = ( 5x2 40x +100) = ( x2 -8x + 20) 2 2 2 5 = (x 4)2 + 10 10 2

H D

C minSDEF = 10(cm2) x = 4 do AD = 4cm. Tng qut: minSDEF =

1 SABC 5`

4.2 Cc ng cho t gic ABCD ct nhau 0 .Tnh din tch nh nht A ca t gic ,bit SAOB =4cm2, SCOD = 9cm2 . S4 S1 OA S1.S2 = S3.S4 Gii Ta c = = 2 S2 S3 O B Theo bt ng thc COSI :

B 1 O 4 3

S3 + S4 2 S1.S 2 = 2 4.9 =12 S= S 1 + S2 + S3 + S4 4 + 9 + 12 = 25 maxS =25 (cm2)khi v ch khi : S3 = S4 SADC = SBCD AB CD Tng qut thay 4 v 9 bi a v b ta c maxS = ( a + b )2

D C

II/ Ch khi gii bi ton cc tr:

1/ Khi gii bi ton cc tr , nhiu khi ta cn bin i tng ng iu kin cc tr ca i lng ny thnh iu kin cc tr cu i lng khc V d: Cho tam gic nhn ABC ,M l im bt k nm trn cnh BC.Gi E,F theo th t l hnh chiu ca M trn AB v AC .Tm v tr ca M EF c di nh nht . A Gii : Gi I l trung im ca AM ta c: IA = IE = IM = IF .Nh vy EF l cnh y ca tam gic cn IEF I Ta c gc EIF = 2 gc EAF m gc EAF khng nn gc EIF khng i Tam gic cn EIF c s o gc nh khng i nn cnh y nh nht khi E F V ch khi cnh bn nh nht .Do EF nh nht IE nh nht AM Nh nht . Khi M l chn ng cao k t A n BC B M C 2/ Nhiu bi ton cc tr c lin quan n tp hp im . Trong tp hp cc hnh c chung mt tnh cht ,khi ta c nh mt yu t khng i ca hnh ,cc im cn li c th chuyn ng trn mt ng nht nh .vic theo di v tr ca n gip ta tm c cc tr ca bi ton. V d: Trong cc hnh bnh hnh c din tch v ng cho khng i ,hnh no c chu vi nh nht Gii : Xt cc hnh bnh hnh c BD c nh .Din tch hnh bnh Hnh khng i nn din tch tam gic ABD khng i do A B chuyn ng trn ng thng d song song vi BD. D A Cn xc nh v tr ca A trn d BA + AD nh nht. Ly im B i xng qua d khi B c nh. B BA + AD = BA +AD BD ( hng s) BA + AD nh nht BA + AD nh nht A l C Giao im ca d v on BD khi AB = AD D Vy hnh bnh hnh c chu vi nh nht l hnh thoi

3/ Khi gii bi ton cc tr , c khi ta phi tm gi tr ln nht ( nh nht ) trong tng trng hp ri so snh cc gi tr vi nhau tm gi tr ln nht ( nh nht) ca bi ton V d: Cho tam gic ABC .Dng ng thng i qua A sao cho tng khong cch t B v C n d c gi tr ln nht . Gii : Gi BB , CC l khong cch t B v C n d. Xt hai trng hp : A a/ ng thng d ct BC ti D ta c: BB + CC BD + CD = BC B o Ch : Nu B hoc C ln hn 90 t du = khng t c nhng iu khng nh hng n bi ton B C C

b/ng thng d khng ct cnh BC . Khi d ct cnh CE vi E l im i xng ca B qua A tng t trng hp a ta c BB + CC CE E By gi ta so snh BC v CE d E 1/ Trng hp BAC 90o H Nu k CH BE th BE thuc tia i AB nn HB HE A d

Do BC CE ta c: Max( BB + CC) = BC d 2/Trng hp BAC

A BC B C

90o . d1 d2 E M B

Nu k CH BE th H thc tia i ca AE nn HE HB BC ta c : Do CE C Max( BB + CC) = CE d CE 3/ Trng hp BAC = 90o A Ta c BC = CE do Max (BB + CC) = BC = CE d BC hoc d CE B

M III/ Bi tp p dng: 1/ Tnh din tch ln ht ca t gic ABCD bit AB = AD = a ,BC = CD = b 2/Trong cc hnh ch nht c ng cho d khng i hnh no c din tch ln nht . Tnh din tch ln nht . 3/ Cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A, BC = 2a. Mt ng thng d bt k qua A khng ct cnh BC .Goi I v K theo th t l cc hnh chiu ca B v C trn d, gi H l trung im ca BC.Tnh din tch ln nht ca tam gic HIK. 4/ Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB = a , BC = b ( b

3a). Trn cc cnh AB,BC, CD, DA

ly theo th t cc im E,F,G,H sao cho AE = AH = CF = CG .Xc nh v tr cc im E,F,G.H t gic EFGH c din tch ln nht. 5/Chng minh rng trong cc tam gic c cung cnh y v cng chu vi tam gic cn c din tch ln nht 6/Trong hnh ch nht c cng chu vi ,hnh no c din tch ln nht. 7/Trong cc hnh ch nht c cng din tch .hnh no c chu vi nh nht 8/Trong cc hnh thoi c cng chu vi ,tm hnh c din tch ln nht. 9/ Trong cc hnh thoi c cng din tch , hmh no c chu vi nh nht. 10/ T gic ABCD c C + D = 90o ,AD = BC, AB = b, CD = a ( a b) .Gi E,F,G,H theo th t l trung im ca AB,AC,DC,DB.Tnh din tch nh nht ca t gic EFGH. 11/ Cho hnh ch nht ABCD . Tm t gic c bn nh thuc bn cnh ca hnh ch nht sao cho chu vi t gic c gi tr nh nht. 12/ Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a .Tm din tch ln nht ca cc hnh thang c bn nh thu bn cnh hnh vung v hai cnh y song song vi hai ng cho hnh vung. 13/ Cho hnh vung ABCD c nh 6cm .im E thuc cnh AB sao cho AE = 2cm, im F thuc cnh BC sao cho BF = 3cm.Dng cc im G,Htheo th t thuc cnh CD, AD sao cho EFGH l hnh thang a/C y EH , FG v c din tch nh nht b/C y EF, GH v c din tch ln nht . 14/Cho tam gic ABC. Xc nh v tr cc im D,E trn cc cnh AB ,AC sao cho BD + CE = BC v DE c di nh nht 15/ Cho tam gic ABC vung cn c cnh huyn BC = a .Cc im D,E theo th t chuyn ng trn cnh AB,AC.Gi H,K theo th t l hnh chiu ca D v E trn BC .Tnh din tch ln nht ca t gic DEKH.

CHUYN 4:

CC TR CA MT BIU THC

I/ GI TR LN NHT ,GI TR NH NHT C MT BIU THC 1/ Cho biu thc ( x ,y,...) a/ Ta ni M gi tr ln nht ( GTLN) ca biu thc f(x,y...) k hiu max f = M nu hai iu kin sau y c tho mn: - Vi mi x,y... f(x,y...) xc nh th : f(x,y...) M ( M hng s) (1) - Tn ti xo,yo ... sao cho: f( xo,yo...) = M (2) b/ Ta ni m l gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca biu thc f(x,y...) k hiu min f = m nu hai iu kin sau y c tho mn : Vi mi x,y... f(x,y...) xc nh th : f(x,y...) m ( m hng s) (1) - Tn ti xo,yo ... sao cho: f( xo,yo...) = m (2) 2/ Ch :Nu ch c iu kin (1) hay (1) th cha c th ni g v cc tr ca mt biu thc chng hn ,xt biu thc : A = ( x- 1)2 + ( x 3)2. Mc d ta c A 0 nhng cha th kt lun c minA = 0 v khng tn ti gi tr no ca x A = 0 ta phi gii nh sau: A = x2 2x + 1 + x2 6x + 9 = 2( x2 4x + 5) = 2(x 2)2 + 2 2 A = 2 x -2 = 0 x = 2 Vy minA = 2 khi ch khi x = 2 II/ TM GI TR NH NHT ,GI TR LN NHT CA BIU THC CHA MT BIN 1/ Tam thc bc hai: V d: Cho tam thc bc hai P = ax2 + bx + c . Tm GTNN ca P nu a 0. Tm GTLN ca P nu a Gii : P = ax2 + bx +c = a( x2 +

b b 2 b2 x ) + c = a( x + ) +ca 2a 4a 2 b 2 b t P = c =k . Do ( x + ) 0 nn : 2a 4a b 2 - Nu a 0 th a( x + ) 0 , do P k. 2a b minP = k khi v ch khi x = 2a

-Nu a

0 th a( x +

b 2 ) ` 0 do P ` k 2a

maxP = k khi v ch khi x = -

b 2a

2/ a thc bc cao hn hai: Ta c th i bin a v tam thc bc hai V d : Tm GTNN ca A = x( x-3) ( x 4) ( x 7) Gii : A = ( x2 - 7x)( x2 7x + 12) t x2 7x + 6 = y th A = ( y - 6)( y + 6) = y2 - 36 -36 minA = -36 y = 0 x2 7x + 6 = 0 x1 = 1, x2 = 6. 3/ Biu thc l mt phn thc : a/ Phn thc c t l hng s ,mu l tam thc bc hai: 2 V d : Tm GTNN ca A = . 6 x 5 9 x2 2 2 2 Gii : A = .= = (3 x 1) 2 + 4 . 6 x 5 9 x2 9 x2 6x + 5 Ta thy (3x 1)2 0 nn (3x 1) 2 +4 4 do b th

1 (3 x +1) 2 + 4

1 theo tnh cht a 4

2 1 vi a, b cng du). Do (3 x 1) 2 + 4 b 1 1 3x 1 = 0 x = . minA = 2 3

1 a

2 4

A -

1 2

b/ Phn thc c mu l bmh phng ca nh thc. 3x 2 8 x + 6 V d : Tm GTNN ca A = . x2 2 x + 1 Gii : Cch 1 : Vit A di dng tng hai biu thc khng m ( x 2) 2 (2 x 2 4 x + 2) + ( x 2 4 x + 4) A = = 2 + 2 ( x 1) 2 x2 2x + 1 minA = 2 khi v chi khi x = 2. Cch 2: t x 1 = y th x = y + 1 ta c : A = minA = 2 y = 1 x 1 = 1 x = 2 c/ Cc phn thc dng khc: 3 4x V d : Tm GTNN v GTLN ca A = 2 x +1 Gii tm GTNN , GTLN ta vit t thc v dng bnh phng ca mt s : ( x 2) 2 x2 4 x + 4 x2 1 A = = - 1 -1 x2 +1 x 2 +1 minA = -1 khi v ch khi x = 2 ( 2 x + 1) 2 4 x2 + 4 4x2 4 x 1 Tm GTLN A = =4 4 x2 + 1 x 2 +1 III/ TM GTNN., GTLN CA BIU THC C QUAN H RNG BUC GIA CC BIN V d : Tm GTNN ca x3 + y3 + xy bit rng x + y = 1 X dng iu kin cho rt gn biu thc A A = (x + y)( x2 xy +y2) + xy = x2 xy - y2 + xy = x2 + y2 n y ta c nhiu cch gii Cch 1: X dng iu kin cho lm xut hin mt biu thc c cha A x + y = 1 x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1 (1) 2 x2 - 2xy + y2 0 M (x y) 0 (2) Cng (1) vi (2) ta c 2(x2 + y2 ) 1 x2 + y2 minA =
1 1 khi v ch khi x = y = 2 2
1 2 1 ) + 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 3( y +1) 2 8( y +1) + 6 = 3 - y + y 2 = ( y -1)2 + 2 2 y

Cch 2: Biu th y theo x ri a v tam thc bc hai i vi x. Thay y = x 1 vo A A = x2 + (1 x)2 = 2(x2 x) +1 = 2(x2 minA = t x =
1 1 khi v ch khi x = y = 2 2

1 2

Cch 3/ S dnh iu kin cho da v mt bin mi

1 1 + a th y = - a . Biu th x2 + y2 ta c : 2 2 1 1 1 1 x2 + y 2 = ( + a)2 + ( - a)2 = +2 a2 2 2 2 2 1 1 a = 0 x=y= minA = 2 2

IV Cc ch khi tm bi ton cc tr : 1- Ch 1: Khi tm bai ton cc tr ta c th i bin V d : Tm GTNN ca ( x 1)2 + ( x 3)2 ta t x 2 = y ,biu thc tr thnh (y + 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 2y2 +2 2 minA = 2 y = 0 x = 2 2- Khi tm cc tr ca biu thc , nhiu khi ta thay iu kin biu thc ny t cc tr bi iu kin tng ng l biu thc kh t cc tr

chng hn :

-A ln nht A nh nht 1 ln nht B nh nht vi B > 0 B x4 + 1 A= 2 V d : Tm GTLN ca ( x + 1) 2 1 Ch rng A>0 nn A ln nht khi nh nht v ngc li A 1 1 ( x 2 + 1) 2 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 2 x2 = .Vy = = 1+ 4 1 4 4 A A x +1 x +1 x +i 1 min = 1 khi x = 0 .Do maxA =1 khi x = 0 A 3/ Khi tm GTLN , GTNN ca 1 biu thc ,ngi ta thng x dng cc bt ng thc bit. Bt ng thc c tnh cht sau a ) a > b , c > d vi a,b,c,d > 0 th a.c > b.d b) a > b v c >0 th a.c > b.c c) a > b v c<0 th a.c < b.c d) a > b v a,b,n >0 th an > bn Bt ng thc C si: a + b 2 ab ; a2 + b2 2ab ; (a + b)2 4ab ; 2( a2 + b2) ( a+ b)2 Bt ng thc Bu- nha -cp xki : (a2 + +b2) ( x2 + y2) (ax + by)2 V d Cho x2 + y2 = 52 . Tm GTLN ca A = 2x + 3y Gii : Ta nhn thy 2x + 3y v x2 + y2 l thnh phn ca bt ng thc Bu- nha - cp xki vi a = 2 v b = 3 ta c ( 2x + 3y )2 ( 22 + 32 ).52 ( 2x + 3y )2 13.13.4 3x = 2y 2x +3y 0 2x + 3y 26. Vy maxA = 26

3x vo x2 + y2 = 52 ta c 4x2 + 9x2 = 52.4 x2 = 16 x=4 hoc x= -4 2 Vi x = 4 th y =6 tho mn 2x +3y 0 x = -4 ,y = -6 khng tho mn 2x +3y 0 Vy max A 26 x =4 , y = 6 3/ Trong cc hng bt ng thc cn ch n cc mnh sau -Nu 2 s c tng khng i th tch ca chng ln nht khi 2 s bng nhau - Nu 2 s dng c tch khng i th tng ca chng nh nht khi 2 s bang nhau V d: Tm GTLN v GTNN ca tch xy , bit x,y l cc s nguyn dng tho mn x + y = 2005 Gii : Ta c 4xy = (x + y)2 (x y)2 = 20052 - (x y)2 xy ln nht x y nh nht ; xy nh nht x y ln nht gi s x > y ( khng th xy ra x = y) Do 1 y x 2004 nn 1 x-y 2003 Ta c min(x y) = 1 khi x = 1003 ; y =1002 max(x y) = 2003 khi x =2004 , y = 1 Do max(xy) = 1002.1003 khi x = 1003 , y = 1002 Min ( xy) = 2004 khi x = 2004 , y = 1 Thay y =

Chuyn 5 :

RT GN MT BIU THC

I/ Rt gn cc biu thc: a- A = 1978(19799 + 19798 ++ 19792 + 1980) +1 b- B = a2(b c) + b2( c a) + c2( a b) + (a b)(b c)(c a) c- C = a3(b c) + b3( c a) + c3( a b) + (a +b +c) (a b)(b c)(c a)

Gii: a/ A = 1978(19799 + 19798 ++ 19792 + 1980) +1 = (1979 1)(19799 + 19798 ++ 19792 + 1979 + 1) +1 Nhn vo ta c kt qu A = 197910 b- Ta phn tch a2(b c) + b2( c a) + c2( a b) thnh nhn t. phn tch ta thy c cc tch ( a b) ,(b c) ,( c a) ta khai trin 2 tch gi li 1 tch a2b a2c + b2c b2a + c2( a b) = (a2b - b2a) (a2c - b2c ) + c2( a b) = ab( a b) - c( a2 b2) + c2( a b) = (a b) ( ab c(a + b) + c2) = (a b) ( ab ca - cb + c2) = (a b) ( b c )( a c) Vy B = 0 c- Tng t cu b Bi b v c ta c th bin i thnh bi rt gn nh sau: a2 b2 c2 + + M= Qui ng mu MC ( a b)( b-c)( c-a) (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b) 4a 2 1 4b 2 1 4c 2 1 + + d- D = (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b) ab ab a 2 + b2 e- E = (a + )+( a) : 2 ab a+b a b2 b+c c+a a+b + + f- F = (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b) bc ca ab + + g- G = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a (a c )(a c ) b(b c )(b a ) c (c a )(c 2 b 2 ) a+x a+ y a+z + + h- H = x( x y )( x z ) y ( y z )( y x) z ( z x )( z y ) II- Rt gn phn thc: a 3 + b3 + c 3 3abc a- A = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca ( a b ) 3 + (b c ) 3 + ( c a ) 3 b- B = (a b)(b c )(c a ) 2 y2 + 5 y + 2 c- C = 2 y 3 + 9 y 2 + 12 y + 4 Hng dn gii Cu D Ta tch thnh 1 1 1 4a 2 4b 2 4c 2 + + + + + (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b) (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b) 1 1 1 + + M =0 nn ta c D = 4 (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a ) (c a )(c b) a 4 Cu E Ta qui ng ri thc hin php nhn ta c E = 2 a + b2 Cu F Qui ng ta c F=0 MC l (a-b)(b-c)(c-a) Cu G Qui ng ri phn tch t thnh nhn t (a2 - b2) (b2 c2)(c2 a2) 1 Vy G = { MC l abc(a2 - b2) (b2 c2)(c2 a2) } abc Cu H Ta tch nh sau : a a a + + + x( x y )( x z ) y ( y z )( y x) z ( z x )( z y ) 1 1 1 + + ( x y )( x z ) ( y z )( y x) ( z x )( z y )

1 1 1 + + =0 ( x y )( x z ) ( y z )( y x) ( z x )( z y ) 1 1 1 a a( + + )= x( x y )( x z ) y ( y z )( y x) z ( z x )( z y ) xyz Qui ng nh bi tp G. III- Bi tp p dng: Rt gon.: a 2 + 3ab 2a 2 5ab 3b 2 1/ A = + a 2 9b 2 6ab a 2 9b 2 (10 + 1)(102 + 1)(104 + 1).......(102 n + 1) 2/ B = ( nhn 2 vv vi (10-1) a b b c c a (a b)(b c)(c a ) + + + 3/ C = a + b b + c c + a (a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) a ( x b)( x c) b( x c)( x a ) c( x a)( x b) + + 4/ D = (a b)(a c) (b c)(b a) (c a )(c b) 3 3 (a + b + c) (a + b c) (b + c a )3 (c + a b)3 5/ E = Ta t n ph d gii hn : x = a+b c ; y = b+c-a ; z = c+a-b ;suy ra x+y+z = a+b+c 1 1 2a 4a 3 8a 7 6/ G = + + + + a b a + b a 2 + b 2 a 4 + b 4 a 8 + b8 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 7/ F = 2 a + a a + 3a + 2 a + 5a + 6 a + 7a + 12 a + 9a + 20 1 1 2x 4 x3 8/ H = + x 2 x + 1 x 2 + x + 1 x 4 x 2 + 1 x8 x 4 + 1 a a a a a + 2 + 2 + 2 + 9/ K = 2 2 2 2 x + 4a x + a.x x + 3a.x + 2a x + 5a.x + 6a x + 7 a.x + 12a 2 2 2 ( x + 2) x x + 6x + 4 10/ L = (1 ) x x+2 x Ch : Khi rt gn biu thc ta cn lm nh sau: - Quy ng mu thc thc hin cc php tnh - Khi nhn 2 a thc ch n hng ng thc ng nh - Vit mt phn thc v dng tng , hiu ca hai phn thc - Ta c th cng 2 a thc xut hin hng ng thc - Ta c th t n ph bi ton n gin hn Ta c

CHUN 6:

S DNG CNG THC TNH DIN TCH THIT LP V QUAN H DI CA CC ON THNG

Cc cng thc din tch cho ta quan h v di ca cc on thng , chng rt c ch gii nhiu bi ton V d 1: Cho tam gic u ABC.

a/ Chng minh rng im M thuc min trong ca tam gic ABC th tng khong cch t M n 3 cnh bng chiu cao ca tam gic . b/ Quan h thay i nh th no nu M thuc min ngoi ca tam gic . GII Gi a v h l cnh v chiu cao ca tam gic ABC, MA, MB, MC l khong cch t M n BC,AC,AB.
A C' M B H A' 5 3 1 B 6 C' 2 M A' o C B' 7 C B'

a/Nu M thuc min trong tam gic th :

A

SMBC + SMAC + SMAB = SABC 1 1 1 1 BC.MA '+ AC , MB '+ AB.MC ' = BC. AH 2 2 2 2 a a ( MA '+ MB '+ MC ') = .h MA '+ MB '+ MC ' = h 2 2 b/ Nu M thuc min ngoi tam gic ABC v thuc min trong gcA(2) SMBC + SMAC - SMAB = SABC MA '+ MB ' MC ' = h Tng t cho cc min cn li V d 2: Cc im E,F nm trn cc cnh AB, BC ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD sao cho AF = CE .Gi I l giao im ca AF, CE .Chng minh rng ID l tia phn gic ca gc AIC Gii:
A H E I K D C F B

1 1 S ABCD v S DEC = S ABCD S AFD = S DEC 2 2 K DH vung gc A v DK vung gc vi IC ta suy ra DH = DK , Suy ra IH = IK . Vy, DI l tia phn gic gc AIC V d 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c 90o ; D l dim nm gia A v C. Chng minh rng tng cc A khong cch t A v t C n BD ln hn ng cao k t A v nh hn ng cao k t C ca tam gic ABC. GII: Ta c SAFD =
K A D E H C F

Gi AH v CK l cc ng cao ca tam gic ABC .K AE v CF vung gc vi BD . t SABC = S 2 SCBD 2S 2S AE + CF = Ta c AE = ABD , CF = . BD BD BD 2S 2S ; CK = Ta li c AH = . BC BA Do 90o nn BA< BD<BC , do AH < AE + CF < CK A Bi tp p dng: 1/ di 2 cnh ca tam gic bng 6cm v 4cm. Na tng cc chiu cao ng vi 2 cnh y bng chiu cao ng vi cnh th ba . Tnh di cnh th ba. 2/ Chng minh rng mt tam gic l tam gic vung nu cc chiu cao ha, hb, hc tho mn iu kin h h ( a )2 + ( a )2 = 1 hb hc HD: S dng din tch da v nh l Pytago 3/ Tnh cc cnh ca tam gic c ba ng cao bng 12cm , 15cm , 20cm 4/Cho im O thuc min trong tam gic ABC .Cc tia AO , BO , CO ct cc cnh tam gic ABC theo th t A, B , C . Chng minh rng : OA ' OB ' OC ' + + =1 a/ AA ' BB ' CC ' OA OB OC + + =2 b/ AA ' BB ' CC ' 5/ C l 1 im thuc tia phn gic gc xOy c s o bng 600 M l im bt k nm trn ng vung gc vi OC ti C v thuc min ngoi gc xOy .Gi MA , MB theo th t l khong cch t M n , Oy. Tinh di OC theo MA, MB

Chuyn 7:

BT NG THC

I-Cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc: Ngoi cc tnh cht hc SGK ta cn c tnh cht sau: a/ a > b, c >d a+c > b+d b/ a > b , c < d a c > b- d ( khng c tr tng v ca 2 bt ng thc cng chiu ) c/ a > b 0 , c > d 0 ac > bd d/ a > b >0 an > bn

e/ a > b an > bn vi n l. f/ a f b an > bn vi n chn g/ Nu m> n >0 th : a > 1 . am > an a = 1 am = an 0 < a < 1 am < an 1 1 h/ a > b , ab > 0 p a b II- Cc hng bt ng thc a/ a2 +b2 2ab

a+b 2 ) ab ( bt ng thc Csi) 2 1 1 4 1 c/ + Vi a,b > 0 d/ (a + b) 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) (ax + by)2 e/ a + 2 a b a+b a III- Cc phng php chng minh 1- Dng nh ngha : V d : a/chng minh rng : ( x-1)(x 2)( x 3)( x 4) -1 Gii : Xt hiu ( x-1)(x 2)( x 3)( x 4) +1 0 ( x2 5x + 4)( x2 5x +6) +1 0 t y = x2 5x + 5 ta c ( y 1)(y +1) +1 = y2 0 b/chng minh a2 + b2 ab b 3b 2 0 Gii a2 + b2 - ab 0 ( a - )2 + 2 4 2- Dng cc php bin i tng ng: V d : a/ Vi mi x,y,z chng minh : x2 + y2 + z2 +3 2(x + y +z ) Gii : x2 + y2 + z2 +3 - 2(x + y +z ) 0 (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 +(z 1)2 0 Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = 1 b/ Cho cc s dng a,b tho mn ii kin a + b = 1 .Chng minh rng 1 1 (1 + )(1 + ) 9 a b 1 1 Gii (1 + )(1 + ) 9 ab + a + b + 1 9ab ( v ab>0) a + b + 1 8ab 2 8ab (v a b a+b=1) 1 4ab (a + b)2 4ab ( a b )2 0 Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b 3/ Dng phng php lm tri chng minh bt ng thc V d : Cho n l s nguyn ln hn 1 . Chng minh bt ng thc sau : 1 1 1 1 1 + + + ... + f a/ n +1 n + 2 n + 3 2n 2 1 1 1 1 b/ 1 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 p 2 n 2 3 n 1 1 f Gii : a/ Ta c ( v n + 1 < 2n ) n + 1 2n 1 1 1 1 1 1 f f f Tng t ; ;; n + 2 2n n + 3 2n 2n 1 2n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + ... + f + + ... = n. = Do n +1 n + 2 n + 3 2n 2n 2n 2n 2n 2 1 1 1 1 p vi k = 2 ; 3 ; ;n b/ Ta c 2 p (k 1)k k 1 k k 1 1 1 1 Ln lt cho k = 2 ; 3 ; ;n ri cng li ta c 1 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 p 2 n 2 3 n Phng php ny thng c x dng chng minh bt ng thc c mt v l tng hoc tch hu hn.p dng tnh cht ca th t bin i tng hoc tch hu hn v tng hoc tch khc m vic tnh ton n gin hn. b/ ( a +b )2 4ab hay (

4/ Dng cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc 1 8 Gii : a + b > 1 . Bnh phng 2 v ta c (a + b) 2 > 1 (1) mt khc ( a b ) 2 0 (2) cng 1 tng v ca (1) v (2) a2 + b2 > lm tng t nh trn ta dc iu chng minh . 2 b/ Cho a, b , c l cc s dng Chng minh 1 1 1 a b c + + 1,5 1*/ (a + b + c) ( + + ) 9 2*/ a b c b+c c+a a+b a b a c b c a b 2 thay vo ta c diu Gii : 1*/ Nhn vo ta c 3 + ( + ) + ( + ) +( + ) m + b a c a c b b a phi chng minh. 1 1 1 2*/ p dng bt ng thc cu 1* ta c (x + y+ z) ( + + ) 9 vi x = b + c x y z 1 1 1 + + ) 9 chia 2 ri nhn vo ta c c y = a + c v z = a + b ta c 2 (a + b + c)( b+c c+a a+b iu chng minh. IV Vi im ch khi chng minh bt ng thc : 1/ Khi chng minh bt ng thc , nhiu khi ta cn i bin 1 V d : Cho a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh a2 + b2 + c2 3 1 1 1 Gii : t a = + x , b = +y , c = + z , do a + b + c = 1 nn x + y + z = 0 ta c 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 a2 + b2 + c2 = ( + x )2 + ( +y )2 + ( + z )2 = + (x + y + z) + x2 + y2 + z2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 Xy ra du bng khi x = y = z = 0 a = b = c = 3 2/ Ta c th p dng bt ng thc tm gi tr nh nht , gi tr ln nht V d Tm gi tr nh nht c biu thc | A = (x- 1)(x +2)(x+3)(x+6) Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc B = x6 + y6 bit x2 + y2 = 1 Gii : A = ( x2 + 5x 6)(x2 +5x +6) = (x2 +5x)2 -36 Vy gi tr nh nht ca A = -36 khi x2 +5x = 0 suy ra x = 0 hoc x = -5 B = ( x2)3 + ( y2)3 = (x2 + y2) ( x4 x2y2 + y4) = x4 x2y2 + y4 v x2 + y2 = 1 = ( x2 + y2)2 3x2y2 = 1 - 3x2y2 1 Vy gi tr ln nht bng 1 khi x =0 , y = 0 . V / Bi tp Chng minh cc bt ng thc a/ a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca b/ a4 + b4 + c4 + d4 4abcd c/ a2 + b2 ab d/ / a4 + b4 + 2 4ab 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 + + ... + p e/ f/ 2 + 2 + ... + 2 p 1.3 3.5 (2n 1)(2n + 1) 2 3 1. 2 n V d : a/ Cho a + b > 1 . chng minh rng a4 + b4 >

CC N TP CUI NM 1 Bi 1 : a/ Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t: x2 7x + 6 b/ Tnh : A = a/

1 1 1 1 + + + .... + 1.3 3.5 5.7 2007.2009

Bi 2 : Gii phng trnh b/ ( x 3 )( 2x + 6) = ( 4 3x )( x + 3 ) Bi 3 : Mt t ti i t A n B vi vn tc 30km/gi . Mt lc sau mt xe con ri A vi vn tc 40km/gi v s ui kp xe ti ti B . Nhng i na qung ng AB th xe con tng vn tc thm 5km/gi nn sau 1 gi ui kp xe ti . Tnh qung ng AB ? Bi 4 : Cho hnh ch nht ABCD . Ly E trn cnh DC , F trn cnh AD sao cho C v F i xng qua BE ; EF ct AB ti Q . t AB = a ; BC = b FAB a/ Chng minh rng QAF
b/ QC BD Bi 5 : Chng minh rng : 1 + 5 9009 khng phi l s nguyn t 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 2 = x + 4 x + 3 x + 8 x + 15 x + 12 x + 35 9
2

************************************************ 2 Bi 1: Tm a mi nghim ca bt phng trnh ( a2 + 1 )x > 2a 1 (1) u l nghim ca bt phng trnh 2x > 5 (2) Bi 2 : Gii cc phng trnh sau : a/ x 1 + a = 5 x b/ m(x 1 ) = x + 2n 7 Bi 3 : Tm s d cui cng trong php chia : 1 + x + x19 + x20 + x2004 cho 1 x2 Bi 4 : Cho x + y + z = 0 v xyz 0 Tnh :
1 1 1 + 2 2+ 2 2 2 2 2 x + y x z + y z x z + y
2 2

Bi 5: Cho tam gic ABC ,gi H l trc tm ca tam gic cc ng cao AA ,BB, CC; O l giao im ca 3 ng trung trc , h OE BC ,chng minh:
a/ AH = 2 OE b/ 1 HA ' HB ' HC ' + + =1 AA' BB ' CC ' 1 1 1

3 Bi1/ Cho 3 s x,y,z tha mn x + y + z = x + y + z (1) Chng minh rng mi n l u c

1 1 1 1 + n+ n = n n x y z x + yn + zn

x 3 y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz Bi2/ Rt gn ( x + y ) 2 + ( y + z )2 + ( z x)2

Bi 3 / Tm x tha mn (x 1)( x 2)( x 3)(x 4) = 120 Bi 4/ Cho a,b,c di ca 3 cnh ca tam gic a/ Chng minh bt ng thc : ab +bc +ca < a2 +b2 +c2 < 2( ab +bc +ca) b/ Chng minh nu ( a + b + c)2 = 3( ab + bc + ca) th tam gic l tam gic u

Bi 5 : Cho tam gic ABC . Mt ng thng i qua trng tm G ca tam gic ct cnh BC ko di v pha C v cc cnh CA, AB theo th t A1, B1, C1. Chng minh rng:
1 1 1 + = GA1 GB1 GC1