Chuyn n thi i hc 2010 H phng trnh

GV: Hong Ngc Quang --- Trung tm GDTX H Tng Mu Lc Yn Yn Bi --- 1

H PHNG TRNH


A- H PHNG TRNH C BN:
1. H i xng loi I: L HPT m trong tng phng trnh ca h khi ta thay i vai tr ca x v y cho
nhau th phng trnh khng thay i

C dng:
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
f x y
g x y
=

trong
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
f x y f x y
g x y g y x
=

Cch gii: t ( )
,
S x y
I
P x y
= +

Ta c h:
( , ) 0
( )
( , ) 0
F S P
II
G S P
=

Gii h (II) tm c S v P x, y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh t
2
- St + P = 0
Ch : 1) H (I) c nghim H (II) c nghim tho mn
2
4 0 S P =
2) Mt s biu thc i xng
a, ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 x y x y xy S P + = + =
b, ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
3 3 x y x y xy x y S PS + = + + =
c,
( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 x y x y x y S P P + = + =
d,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2
2 3 . x y x y x y x y x y S P S P S P + = + + + =
e,
1 1 x y S
x y xy P
+
+ = =
f,
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 x y S P
x y x y P
+
+ = =

Bi 1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
2 2
3
2
x y xy
x y xy
+ + =

+ =

p s: ( ) 1;1
b)
2 2
8
5
x y x y
xy x y
+ + + =

+ + =

p s: ( ) ( ) 1; 2 , 2;1
c)
( )( )

= + +
= +
280
4
3 3 2 2
y x y x
y x
p s: ( ) ( ) 1;3 , 3;1
d)
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1
1 5
1
1 49
x y
xy
x y
x y
| |
+ + =
|
\

| |

+ + =
|

\
p s:
7 45 7 45 7 45 7 45
; 1 , ; 1 , 1; , 1;
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ +

| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \

e)

= +
= + +
1
2
2 2
y x xy
y x y x
p s: ( ) ( ) 0; 1 , 1; 0
Bi 2. Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht

= +
= +
m y y x x
y x
3 1
1
(Khi D-2004)
.p s:
1
4
m =
Bi 3. Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim:
3 3
3 3
1 1
5
1 1
15 10
x y
x y
x y m
x y

+ + + =

+ + + =

Chuyn n thi i hc 2010 H phng trnh

GV: Hong Ngc Quang --- Trung tm GDTX H Tng Mu Lc Yn Yn Bi --- 2

p s: 22 m hoc
7
2
4
m

2. H i xng loi II: L h phng trnh nu i v tr 2 n trong h th phng trnh ny tr thnh
phng trnh kia.

C dng:
( , ) 0 (1)
(I)
( , ) 0 (2)
f x y
f y x
=

Cch gii:
+ Tr theo v ca 2 phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c phng trnh dng tch: ( ). ( , ) 0 x y h x y =
+ T :
(II)
( , ) 0
( )
( , ) 0
(III)
( , ) ( , ) 0
x y
f x y
I
h x y
f x y f y x
=

=

+ =

+Gii h (II) gii bng phng php th. H (III) l h i xng loi I.

Ch : Nu (x
0
, y
0
) l nghim ca h th (y
0
, x
0
) cng l nghim ca h.


Bi 4. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)

+ =
+ =
x y y
y x x
8 3
8 3
3
3
p s: ( )
( ) ( )
0; 0 , 11; 11 , 11; 11
b)

+
=
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
x
x
x
y
y
(Khi B 2003) p s: ( ) 1;1
c)
3 4
3 3
y
x y
x
x
y x
y

p s: ( ) 2; 2

3. H ng cp: L h phng trnh m mi phng trnh ca h u c v tri ng cp
C dng:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, , . ,

, , . ,
n
n
f x y a f tx ty t f x y
g x y b g tx ty t g x y
= =


= =


trong o
Cch gii: 1. Tm nghim tho mn x = 0 (hay y = 0)
2. Vi 0 x (hay 0 y ), t y = tx (hay x = ty)
Ch : i vi h
2 2
2 2
ax
' ' ' '
bxy cy d
a x b xy c y d
+ + =

+ + =

ta c th kh y
2
(hay x
2
) , ri tnh y theo x (hay x theo
y), sau thay vo mt trong hai phng trnh ca h.

Chuyn n thi i hc 2010 H phng trnh

GV: Hong Ngc Quang --- Trung tm GDTX H Tng Mu Lc Yn Yn Bi --- 3

Bi 5. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a)
2 2
3 3
2 15
8 35
x y xy
x y
+ =

+ =

p s: ( )
3
1; 3 , ; 2
2
| |
|
\

b)
2 2
2 2
3 5 4 3
9 11 8 6
x xy y
x xy y
=

+ =

p s: ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
; , ; , 1; 2 , 1; 2
2 2 2 2
| | | |

| |
| |
\ \

b)
( )

=
=
19
2
3 3
2
y x
y y x
p s: ( )
3 3
7 1
3; 2 , ;
18 18
| |
|
\

c)
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
3
15
x y x y
x y x y

+ + =

p s: ( ) ( ) 1; 2 , 2;1


B- H PHNG TRNH KHNG C CU TRC C BIT
Trong cc thi i hc nhng nm gn y , ta gp rt nhiu bi ton v h phng trnh .
Nhm gip cc bn n thi tt , sau y ta c mt s dng bi v k nng gii chng.

1. Phng php bin i tng ng:
c im chung ca dng h ny l s dng cc k nng bin i ng nht c bit l k nng
phn tch nhm a mt PT trong h v dng n gin ( c th rt theo y hoc ngc li ) ri th vo PT
cn li trong h .

Loi I: Trong h c mt phng trnh bc nht vi n x hoc y khi ta tm cch rt y theo x hoc ngc
li

Bi 6. Gii h phng trnh
( )( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
x y 1 x y 1 3x 4x 1 1
xy x 1 x 2
+ + + = +

+ + =

Gi : T PT (1)
2
1
1
x
y
x

+ = th vo (1) c PT: ( )( )
3 2
1 2 2 4 0 x x x x + =
p s: ( ) 1; 1 ,
5
2;
2
| |

|
\

Bi 7. Gii h phng trnh
4 3 2 2
2
2 2 9
2 6 6
x x y x y x
x xy x
+ + = +

+ = +

(Khi B 2008)

Loi II: Mt phng trnh trong h c th a v dng tch ca cc phng trnh hai n

Bi 8. Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
3
1 1
1
2 1 2
x y
x y
y x

= +

(Khi A 2003)
Gi : ( ) ( )
1
1 1 0 x y
xy
| |
+ =
|
\

p s: ( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1;1 , ; , ;
2 2 2 2
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
\ \

Chuyn n thi i hc 2010 H phng trnh

GV: Hong Ngc Quang --- Trung tm GDTX H Tng Mu Lc Yn Yn Bi --- 4

Bi 9. Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 + xy - x = 0 1
- xy - y + 3x + 7y + 3 = 0 2
y
x

Gi : ( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
1 0 2 0 y x y xy y x y x + + = + =
p s: ( ) ( )
13 157 13 157
1;1 , 3; 3 , ; 13 157 , ; 13 157
2 2
| | | |
+
+
| |
| |
\ \

Bi 10. Gii h phng trnh
3
(1)
2 (2)
x y x y
x y x y

+ = + +

(Khi B 2002)
Gi :
( )
3 6
(1) 1 0 x y x y =
p s: ( )
3 1
1;1 , ;
2 2
| |
|
\



Loi III: a mt phng trnh trong h v dng phng trnh bc hai ca mt n , n cn li l tham s

Bi 11. Gii h phng trnh
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
y = 5x 4 4 x 1
y 5x 4xy 16x 8y 16 0 2
+

+ + =

Gi : ( ) ( )( )
2 2
y 4x 8 y 5x 16x 16 0 y 5x 4 y x 4 0 + + + = + =
p s: ( ) ( )
4
0; 4 , 4; 0 , ; 0
5
| |

|
\

Bi 12. Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2
2 1 2 2
xy x y x y
x y y x x y
+ + =

(Khi D 2008)
Gi : ( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 2 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 x y x y y x y x y x y + = + = = (do /k: 1, 0 x y )
p s: ( ) 5; 2


Loi IV: Bin i h phng trnh v dng c th s dng c nh l Viet

Bi 13. Gii h phng trnh:
( )( )
( )
2
2 3 1 14

3 9
x x y x
I
x x y
+ =

+ + =

Gi : ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 . 2 3 14
1 2 3 9
x x x y
I
x x x y
+ =

+ + =

p s: ( ) ( )
1 29 1 29 1 29 1 29
1;3 , 2;1 , ; , ;
2 3 2 3
| | | |
+ +

| |
| |
\ \

Bi 14. Gii h phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
3 3 9 10 3 0

1
3 6
3
x y x y x y
II
x y
x y

+ =

+ + =

Chuyn n thi i hc 2010 H phng trnh

GV: Hong Ngc Quang --- Trung tm GDTX H Tng Mu Lc Yn Yn Bi --- 5

Gi : /k 3 0 x y . Khi ( )
2
3 3
3 3
5 1
3. 10 0
3 3
3 3
1
1
3 6
3 6
3
3
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y x y
II
x y
x y
x y
x y

+ + | | + +
= =
=
|


\



+ + =
+ + =

p s: ( )
1 2 3 11 9 3 11 3 11 9 3 11
1; 2 , ; , ; , ;
5 5 12 4 12 4
| | | |
+ + | |
| |
|
| |
\
\ \


2. Phng php t n ph
im quan trng nht trong h dng ny l pht hin n ph ( ) ( ) a f x, y ; b g x, y = = c ngay
trong tng phng trnh hoc xut hin sau mt php bin i hng ng thc c bn hoc php chia
cho mt biu thc khc 0.

Bi 15. Gii h phng trnh ( )
2 2 2
1 7

1 13
xy x y
I
x y xy y
+ + =

+ + =

(Khi B 2009)
` Gi : ( )
2
2
2
1
1
7
7
1
1
13
13
x
x
x
x
y y
y y
I
x
x
x
x
y y
y y
| |

+ + =
+ + = |

\



| |

+ + =
+ + =
|

\

p s: ( )
1
1; , 3;1
3
| |
|
\

Bi 16. Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 3 0

5
1 0
x y x
II
x y
x
+ + =

+ + =

(Khi D 2009)
` Gi : ( )
( )
2
2
3
1 0
5
1 0
x y
x
I
x y
x

+ + =

+ + =

p s: ( )
3
1;1 , 2;
2
| |
|
\


Bi 17.Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
2 3 2
4 2
5
4

5
1 2
4
x y x y xy xy
II
x y xy x

+ + + + =

+ + + =

(Khi A 2008)
Gi : ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
5
4
5
4
x y xy x y xy
II
x y xy

+ + + + =

+ + =

p s:
3 3
5 25 3
; , 1;
4 16 2
| |
| |

|
|
|
\
\

Chuyn n thi i hc 2010 H phng trnh

GV: Hong Ngc Quang --- Trung tm GDTX H Tng Mu Lc Yn Yn Bi --- 6

Bi 18.Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )( )
( )
2
2
x 1 y y x 4y
III
x 1 y x 2 y
+ + + =

+ + =

(D b khi A - 2006)
Gi : ( )
( )
2
2
x 1
y x 4
y
III
x 1
y x 2 1
y
+
+ + =

| | +

+ =
|

\

p s: ( ) ( ) 1; 2 , 2; 5
Bi 19.Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
3
4xy 4 x y 7
x y
IV
1
2x 3
x y

+ + + =

+ =

Gi : ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
3
3 x y x y 7
x y
IV
1
x y x y 3
x y

+ + + =

+ + + =

t
( )
1
a x y a 2 ; b x y
x y
= + + =
+

p s: ( ) 1; 0
Bi 20.Gii h phng trnh ( )
3

1 1 4
x y xy
I
x y

+ =

+ + + =

(Khi A 2006)
Gi : ( )
3 (1)
2 2 1 16 (2)
x y xy
I
x y xy x y

+ =

+ + + + + + =

. t
(1)
0 3
theo
t xy x y t = + = + th vo (2)
p s: ( ) 3;3