Trung Tm Bi Dng Kin Thc Quang Minh

423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11, TP.HCM T: (08) 7305 7668

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PHP BIN I NG NHT.

Trong cc k thi hc sinh gii cp 2, cc bi ton v bin i ng nht thng hay
xut hin. Vic gii chng khng phi lc no cng n gin. Bi vit ny ti xin
trnh by li gii mt s bi thng gp.

Bi 1: Chng minh rng nu: 1
a b c
b c c a a b
+ + =
+ + +
th
2 2 2
0
a b c
b c c a a b
+ + =
+ + +

Gii:

Cch 1: T 1
a b c
b c c a a b
+ + =
+ + +
, ta c:
+ ( )
2
1 1
a b c a ab ac
a
b c c a a b b c c a a b
= =
+ + + + + +

+ ( )
2
1 2
b a c b ab bc
b
c a b c a b c a b c a b
= =
+ + + + + +

+ ( )
2
1 3
c a b c ac bc
c
a b b c c a a b b c c a
= =
+ + + + + +

T ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , 2 , 3 ta c:
2 2 2
a b c ab ac ab bc ac bc
a b c
b c c a a b c a a b b c a b b c c a
+ + = + +
+ + + + + + + + +

( )
ab bc ac bc ab ac
a b c
c a c a a b a b b c b c
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
| | |
+ + + + + +
\ . \ . \ .


( ) ( ) ( ) b a c c a b a b c
a b c
c a a b b c
+ + +
= + +
+ + +

0 a b c a b c = + + =

Cch 2: Ta c: ( )
a b c
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
| |
+ + + + = + +
|
+ + +
\ .


2 2 2
2 2 2
0
a b c
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
a b c
b c c a a b
+ + + + + = + +
+ + +
+ + =
+ + +


Bi 2: Cho cc s thc , , a b c tha iu kin 0 a b c + + = .
Chng minh: 2 3 0 ab bc ca + + s
Gii

( ) ( ) 2 3 2 2 2 ab bc ca ab ca bc ca a b c c a b + + = + + + = + + +
Trung Tm Bi Dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11, TP.HCM T: (08) 7305 7668

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V 0 a b c a b c b c a + + = + = v + = .
Do
2 2
2 3 2 0 ab bc ca a c + + = s

Bi 3: Cho , 0, 0. a b c > = Chng minh rng:
1 1 1
0 a b a c b c
a b c
+ + = + = + + +
Gii

( )
2
2 a c b c a b a b ab a b a b + + + = + < + + = + = +
0 c <
Ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
a b a c b c a b a c b c + = + + + + = + + +
( )( ) 2 a b a c a c b c b c + = + + + + + +
( )( ) c a c b c = + +
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
2
2
2
c a c b c c a c b c = + + = + +

2 2
0 c ab ac bc c ab ac bc = + + + + + =
0
ab bc ca
abc
+ +
=
1 1 1
0
a b c
+ + =

Bi 4:Cho tam thc bc hai ( ) ( )
2
0 P x ax bx c a = + + = tha mn
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2. P x P x =
Chng minh: ( ) ( ) P x P x = vi mi x .
Gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2; 1 1 2 1 1 P P P P P P = = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2; 2 2 2 2 2 P P P P P P = = =
T ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 P P = ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
a b c a b c + + = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 a c b a c b a c b a c b + + + + = + + +
( ) ( ) 4 0 0 b a c b a c + = + =
T ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 P P = ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 2 a b c a b c + + = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 a c b a c b a c b a c b + + + + = + + +
( ) ( ) 8 4 0 4 0 b a c b a c + = + =
Do : ( ) ( ) 4 0 3 0 0 b a c b a c ab b + + = = = (v 0 a = )
Kh : ( )
2
P x ax c = + nn ( ) ( ) P x P x =

Cch khc: Theo gi thit ta c:
Trung Tm Bi Dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11, TP.HCM T: (08) 7305 7668

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( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 P x P x =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 a x b x c ax bx c + + = + +
4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 ax ax a bx b c a x b x c abx acx bcx + + + = + + + + +
( ) ( )
4 2 2 4 3 2 2 2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 ax b a x a b c a x abx b ac x bcx c + + + = + + + + +
2
2
2
2 0
1
4 2 0
2 0 2
4 2 2
a a
ab
a
b a b ac b
bc c
a b c c
=

=
=

= + =


= =

+ =

Vy ( )
2
2 P x x = nn ( ) ( ) P x P x =

Bi 5: Cho , a b l cc s dng tha
2 2
1 1 1
2 a b
+ = . Tm gi tr nh nht ca tng a b + .
Gii

Vi
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
, 0: 2 4 4 0 4
2
a b a b a b ab ab ab ab
a b
> + = = + > > >
Ta c: ( )
2
4 16 4 a b ab a b + > > + > du " " = xy ra 2 a b = =
Vy gi tr nh nht ca a b + l 4 2 a b = =

Cch khc: p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho hai s dng , a b ta c:

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2. 4
2
ab
a b a b ab
= + > = > Du " " = xy ra
2 2
1 1
a b
a b
= =
Do 2 2 4 4 a b ab + > > = . Du " " = xy ra 2 a b = =
Vy gi tr nh nht ca a b + l 4 2 a b = =

Bi 6: Cho a thc ( )
5 4 3 2
1181875 P x x ax bx cx dx = + + + + +
Bit ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2; 2 4; 3 6; 4 8 P P P P = = = = . Tnh ( ) 5 P
Gii

Xt a thc ( ) ( ) ( )
5 4 3 2
2 2 1181875 Q x P x x x ax bx cx d x = = + + + + +
Ta c:
Trung Tm Bi Dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11, TP.HCM T: (08) 7305 7668

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( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2.1 2 2 0
2 2 2.2 4 4 0
3 3 2.3 6 6 0
4 4 2.4 8 8 0
Q P
Q P
Q P
Q P
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =

Vy ( ) Q x c cc nghim l 1, 2, 3, 4. Do ( ) Q x l a thc bc nm c h s cao nht l
1 nn ta c th phn tch ( ) Q x thnh dng:
( ) ( )( )( )( )( ) 1 2 3 4 Q x x x x x x m =
Ta li c: ( ) 0 1181875 Q = m ( ) ( )( )( )( )( ) 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 Q m =

1181875
24 1181875
24
m m

= =
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( )
1181875 1181995
5 5 2.5 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 4.3.2.1 1181995
24 24
Q P
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .
( ) 5 1181995 10 1182005 P = + =

Bi 7: Cho , , a b c l ba s thc tha mn 0 a b c + + = v 0 abc =
a) Chng minh
2 2 2
2 a b c ab + =
b) Tnh gi tr biu thc:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
P
a b c b c a c a b
= + +
+ + +

Gii

a) V ( )
2
2
0 a b c a b c a b c + + = + = + =

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 a b ab c a b c ab + + = + =
b) Tng t cu a) ta c:
2 2 2
2 a b c ab + =

2 2 2
2 b c a bc + =

2 2 2
2 c a b ca + =
Do :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
0
2 2 2 2
a b c
P
a b c b c a c a b ab bc ca abc
+ +
= + + = = =
+ + +



Bi 8: Cho , , a b c l ba s thc tha iu kin:

2 2 2
4 2 2 4 4 2 6 10 34 0 a b c ab ac bc b c + + + + =
Hy tnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2009 2009 2009
4 4 4 S a b c = + +
Gii

Trung Tm Bi Dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11, TP.HCM T: (08) 7305 7668

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( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
4 2 2 4 4 2 6 10 34 0
4 4 6 9 10 25 0
2 3 5 0
2 4
3 3
5 5
a b c ab ac bc b c
a a b c b c b b c c
a b c b c
a b c a
b b
c c
+ + + + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + = (

= + =

= =


= =


Vy 0 S =

Bi 9: Cho , , , a b x y l cc s thc tha mn:
2 2
1 x y + = v
4 4
1 x y
a b a b
+ =
+

Chng minh:
( )
2010 2010
1005 1005 1005
2 x y
a b
a b
+ =
+


Gii
2 2
1 x y + = v
4 4
1 x y
a b a b
+ =
+

Do :
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
4 4
2
4 4 2 2
4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4
2 4 2 2 2 4
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 0
1
0
x y
x y
bx ay a b ab x y
a b a b
abx b x a y aby abx abx y aby
a y ay bx b x
x y x y
ay bx ay bx
a b a b a b
+
+ = + + = +
+
+ + + = + +
+ =
+
= = = = =
+ +

Ta c:
( )
1005 1005
1005
2 2 2010 2010
1005 1005 1005
1 2 x y x y
a b a b a b
a b
| | | |
| |
= = + =
| | |
+
\ . +
\ . \ .


Nu
3 3 3
ax by cz = = v
1 1 1
1
x y z
+ + = th:
2 2 2 3 3 3 3
ax by cz a b c + + = + +
Gii: Ta c:
3 3 3
3 2 2 2 3 3 3
3 3
1 1 1 ax by cz
A ax by cz ax x a
x y z x y z
= + + = + + = + + =

3
A
a
x
=
Tng t ta c:
3 3
,
A A
b c
y z
= =
Do :
3 3 3
1 1 1 A A A
A A a b c
x y z x y z
| |
+ + = + + = = + +
|
\ .

Trung Tm Bi Dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11, TP.HCM T: (08) 7305 7668

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Bi 10: Cho
3 3 3 3
a b c a b c + + = + + th vi mi s nguyn dng l n ta u c:

n n n n
a b c a b c + + = + +
Gii

Hng ng thc: ( ) ( )( )( )
3
3 3 3
3 x y x x y x x y y z z x + + = + + + + + +
Do ta c:
3 3 3 3
a b c a b c + + = + +

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3
0
a b c a b c a b b c c a
a b b c c a
+ + = + + + + + +
+ + + =

Tch ca v tri ca ng thc trn phi c t nht mt nhn t bng 0.
Gi s
3 3 3 3 3
0 a b a b b a b + = = = =
Do vi mi s nguyn dng n l ta c:
n n
a b =
Khi ta c:
n n n n n n n n
a b c c a a c a b c + + = = + = + +

Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu cc s a, b, c tha mn:
( ) ( )
4 4
4 4 4 4
a b a b c d c d + + = + +
th
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b a b c d c d + + = + +

Gii: Khai trin ( )
4
4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 3
4 6 4 6 4 4 a b a a b a b ab b a b a b a b ab = + + = + +

Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 4 2 2
2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
2 a b a b a b a b a b a a b b a b
( (
+ + = + + + + +


( )
4
4 4 4 4 2 2 3 3
2 3 2 2 a b a b a b a b a b ab ( = + + + + +


( ) ( )
4
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 4
6 4 4 a b a b a b a b a b a b ab = + + + + + + +
( ) ( )
4 4
4 4 4 4
a b a b a b a b = + + + + +
( )
4
4 4
2 a b a b
(
= + +


Tng t ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2 4
2 2 4 4
2 c d c d c d c d
( (
+ + = + +


Do ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b a b c d c d
( (
+ + = + +


Trung Tm Bi Dng Kin Thc Quang Minh
423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11, TP.HCM T: (08) 7305 7668

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( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b a b c d c d + + = + + (v ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0 a b a b c d c d + + > + + > )

Bi 12. Cho ba s , , a b c tha mn 0; , , 0 a b c a b c + + = = v

1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +

Chng minh :
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +

Gii

Ta c:
( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a b
a b
a b c a b c a b a b c c ab c a b c
+
+
+ + = + = =
+ + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 a b c a b c ab a b c a c b a c + + + + = + + + + = ( (


( )( )( ) 0 a b a c b c + + + =
p dng kt qu trn cho 3 s:
1999 1999 1999
, , a b c ta c:

( )( )( )
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
1 1 1 1
0 a b b c c a
a b c a b c
+ + = + + + =
+ +

M ta c:
k k
x y x y + + ( k l) nn

( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
a b b c c a a b b c c a Q + + + = + + +
Do :
( )( )( )
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999
0 a b b c c a + + + = . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 13. (Bi ton tng qut)
Cho , , a b c l ba s khc 0 tha mn 0 a b c + + = v

1 1 1 1
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +

Chng minh:
1 1 1 1
n n n n n n
a b c a b c
+ + =
+ +
vi n l.