Mc lc.

1.

2.

3.

S lc v my chp ct lp. ......................................................................................................... 2

1.1.

Gii thiu chung v my chp ct lp. .................................................................................. 2

1.2.

Thit b my chp ct lp v nguyn l hot ng. ............................................................... 3

L thuyt dng nh t hnh chiu. ................................................................................................ 5

2.1.

Php bin i Radon. ............................................................................................................. 5

2.2.

Php chiu quay lui. ............................................................................................................... 7

Cc phng php dng li hnh t hnh chiu. .......................................................................... 10

3.1.

nh l php bin i Radon ngc. ................................................................................... 10

3.2.

Phng php convolution back-projection. .................................................................... 11

3.3.

Phng php filter back-projection................................................................................. 12

4.

Tng kt. ...................................................................................................................................... 12

5.

Demo bng chng trnh Computerized Tomography. ............................................................. 12

Phn cng cng vic. ............................................................................................................................ 20

1. S lc v my chp ct lp.
1.1.

Gii thiu chung v my chp ct lp.

My chp ct lp X-ray CT scanner c pht minh bi Godfrey N. Hounsfield vo

nm 1970. ng ginh gii Nobel vi pht minh ny ca mnh nm 1979.

Hnh 1. Godfrey N. Hounsfield (1919 - 2004)

My chp ct lp cho php php quan st cu trc bn trong vt th sng m khng cn
tin hnh phu thut. N em li mt k thut thut cao trong chun on hnh nh v c
ng dng rng ri trong y hc, gip chun on chnh xc bnh l cng nh pht hin sm
cc bnh tt.
ng dng u tin my chp ct lp l chp ct s no v sau l ton b c th.

Hnh 2. My chp ct lp

1.2.

Thit b my chp ct lp v nguyn l hot ng.

V cn bn my chp ct lp c hai b phn chnh l my pht tia X v my thu tia X.

Cc tia ny gi l cc tia chiu. Nu m pht tia X pht ra n tia X th my thu s c n u cm
bin thu nhn cng ca n tia X . Mi u cm bin tng ng cho mt tia X. Cp my
ny c th xoay quanh vt th cn chp cho php chp vi nhiu gc khc nhau, mi mt
gc chp c gi l mt gc chiu khc nhau.

Hnh 3. M hnh cu to my chp ct lp.

Hnh 4. M hnh chp ct lp.

Xt vi vt th 3 chiu. Gi s mi tia X c pht ra vi cng ban u l I0. Dc
theo ng i ca n, mi tia X s gp cc i tng khc nhau ca c th. Cc i tng
ny s khuch i hoc lm gim cng ban u I0. Mi loi i tng khc nhau c tnh
cht khc nhau c c trng bi f(x,y). Trong f(x,y) l h s hp th ca mt i tng
ti im (x,y) trong mt lt ct vi trc z l c nh. Gi s chng ta chiu mt chm rt
nhiu cc tia X mnh v song song vi nhau th cng va chm tia X c cho bi cng
thc:

Nh vy u ra my chp ta thu c tn hiu l mt tp cng ca cc tia chiu.

Nhng tn hiu ny qua mt h thng my tnh bin i v tnh ton cho ta hnh nh
ca lt ct cn chp.
Vi I0 l cng ca mt chum tia ti, L l ng i ca cc tia v u l khong cch
dc theo ng L chng ta quy c:
o Chn mt tia chiu chnh gia my pht lm mc, gi tia chiu l tia chiu
gc. Khong cch t mt tia chiu bt k ti tia chiu gc l s.
o Do cp my pht v thu tia X c th quay quanh i tng cn chp vi nhiu
gc khc nhau. Ta chn mt gc lm gc chiu gc.
T y ta nh ngha tn hiu thu c l:

T cng thc tnh cng I ta c:

Vi (s, ) l h ta ca tia X lin qua ti i tng cn chp. Nh vy vn dng

hnh chnh l xc nh f(x, y) t g(s, ). Trong thc t chng ta ch c th c lng f(x, y) t
g(s, ).

Hnh 5. S nh chiu hnh hc trong CT scaning

gii quyt vn trn, chng ta s tho lun php bin i Radon, n cung cp c s
ton hc hu ch cho vic xy dng li khng gian ta (x, y) t khng gian ta hnh
chiu (s, ).

2. L thuyt dng nh t hnh chiu.

2.1.

Php bin i Radon.

bin i radon ca mt hm f(x,y), k hiu l g(s,) c nh ngha l tch phn theo

ng thng hp vi trc y 1 gc v cch gc ta 1 khong l s.
Ta c cng thc ton hc ca n nh sau:

K hiu R Th hin cho php bin i Radon, g(s, ) l hnh chiu mt chiu ca f(x, y)
ti gc . Trong h ta quay (s, u) vi:

Ta c th din t:

i lng g(s, ) cng c gi l ray-sum, n th hin tch phn ca f(x, y) dc theo tia
cc gc mt khong s ti gc .
Php bin i Radon nh x min khng gian (x,y) sang min khng gian (s, ). Mi
im ca khng gian (s, ) tng ng vi mt ng trong khng gian (x, y). Nhng cng
cn ch rng (s, ) khng phi l h ta cc ca (x, y).
Khi ri rc ha vi: si = si-1 +
o

s th:

S l chu k ly mu.

o f = l tn s ly mu.
Ta c bng tnh cht ca php bin i Radon nh sau:
Php bin i radon l tuyn tnh v c mt s c tnh hu dng c tng kt vi bng
di. Hnh chiu g(s,) c gii hn trong s nu i tng f(x,y) gii hn trong (x,y), l
mt hm tun hon vi vi chu k 2pi. Kt qu dch hm f(x,y) l s thay i v tr ca
g(s,) vi khong cch bng vi s dch chuyn ca vecto hnh chiu trn ng s. Php
quay i tng mt gc teta 0 no s gy ra dch chuyn gi tr php bin i Radon trn
bin teta. Vic chia t l ca h ta x,y dn n t l ca s ng thi vi t l bin ca
g(s,). Cui cng tt c khi trn din t rng f(x,y) c bo ton bi g(s, ) vi mi .

Hnh 6. Bng tng kt c tnh ca php bin i Radon.

2.2.

Php chiu quay lui.

Ngc vi php bin i radon l php ton chiu quay lui n c nh ngha nh sau:

i lng b(x,y) c gi l hnh dng li ca g(s,). Trong h ta cc c th vit:

Hnh dng li m t qu tch ca cc ray-sums ca cc tia i qua im (x,y) hay (r,). v

d nh nu:

C ngha l nu ch c hai hnh chiu th:(xem hnh 7)

Hnh 7. Hnh dng li ca g1(s) v g2(s) ti (r,)

Php ton chiu quay lui nh x mt hm ca h ta (s,) vo mt hm ca khng
gian h ta (x,y) hoc (r,). Mi hnh dwungj li b(x,y) ti bt k im nh (x,y) no cng
i hi hnh chiu tt c mi hng.(xem hnh 8)

Hnh 8. Hnh dng li ti mt im nh.

Chng ta c nh hnh dng li :

L mt nh nhe ca f(x,y) bi PSF:

Trong du th hin cho php nhn chp trong khng gian hai chiu cc. Trong
ta cc n c biu din:

Tng t du cng th hin php nhn chp trong ta cc. Nh vy c th thy

php ton B khng phi l php ton ngc ca R . Thc t B l ln cn ca R .
Do php chiu quay lui khng cho ta hnh nh chnh xc ging ht m cho ta hnh nh b
m i. gii quyt vn ny chng ta cn kt hp php lc cng php ton Fourier. Mi
i tng f(x,y) c th c c t php lc hai chiu vi b lc l:

Hnh 9. Thut ton tng hp cho php dng li nh

Trong cng thc trn F2 k hiu cho php ton bin i Fourier hai chiu. Thc t b lc
|E | c thay th bi mt trong s cc b lc c lit k trong bng di y(xem hnh
10).

Hnh 10. Cc b lc thay th.

3. Cc phng php dng li hnh t hnh chiu.

3.1.

nh l php bin i Radon ngc.

Nh tho lun cc phn trc, vn dng li hnh t hnh chiu l tm php bin
i Radon ngc ca g(s,). c c n chng ta s a ra mt s nh l c tng kt
di y.
nh l php bin i Radon ngc. Cho
th php bin i Radon ngc ca n c xc nh l:

vi - < s < + v 0

Trong h ta cc th:

Php bin i Radon ngc c c nh hai bc. u tin mi hnh chiu g(s,) c
lc bi b lc mt chiu vi p ng xung l |E |. Kt qu cho ta
, tip
c
chiu quay lui thu c f(x,y). Php lc c th c thc hin theo hai cch khc nhau,
hoc trn min s hoc trn min E. Hai cch lc khc nhau cho ta hai phng php dng li
hnh khc nhau.
Chng ta nh ngha: php bin i Hilbert ca mt hm (t) l:
10

K hiu
Hilbert ca

biu th cho php bin i Hilbert. Nh vy c th thy

cho mi .

l bin i

Sau y ta s trnh by c th hai phng php bin i Radon ngc. S s ca mi

phng php s trnh by trong hnh di y:

Hnh 11. S cc phng php bin i radon ngc.

3.2.

Phng php convolution back-projection.

Ta nh ngha php o hm l:

Php bin i Radon ngc c th c vit li nh sau:

Nh vy php bin i Radon ngc l

. iu ny c ngha l
cng c th c thc thi bi xon kt cc hnh chiu khc nhau vi
v chiu quay lui
kt qu thu c.

11

3.3.

Phng php filter back-projection.

Bng l thuyt ton ngi ta chng minh c rng:

Trong

l b lc mt chiu vi p ng xung tn s l |E |.

Nh vy:

N c th c thc thi bng cch lc cc hnh chiu trong min Fourier v chiu quay
lui kt qu ca php bin i Fourier ngc.

4. Tng kt.
Nh vy trong bo co ln ny chng em trnh by cc vn trong vic dng nh t
hnh chiu v hai phng php c bn c ng dng trong thc t.
C th tng kt li vn dng nh t hnh chiu l tm mt phng php bin i
ngc cho php bin i t cc hnh chiu cho ta nh bn u. Trn thc t l tm php bin
i Radon ngc c c nh gn xt vi nh thc t cc hnh chiu thu c trong qu
trnh scan.

5. Demo bng chng trnh Computerized Tomography.

Chng trnh do Michael Liebling vit. y l mt phn mm chy trc tuyn trn
mng ti a ch: http://bigwww.epfl.ch/demo/jtomography/index.html
Sau y chng ta s demo chng trnh vi hai nh khc nhau.
nh 1 s demo dng li nh gc khi c v khng s dng b lc.
nh 2 chng ta s demo dng li nh vi cc b lc khc nhau.

12

Hnh 12. nh dng li dung b lc Ram-Lak.

13

Hnh 13. nh dng li khng dung b lc.

14

Hnh 14. nh dng dung b lc Cosine.

15

Hnh 15. nh dng dung b lc Hamming.

16

Hnh 16. nh dng dung b lc Ram-Lak.

17

Hnh 17. nh dng dung b lc Ridgelet.

18

Hnh 18. nh dng dung b lc Shepp-Logan.

19

Phn cng cng vic.

STT
1
2
3
4

H v tn
ng Hong Anh
L Quang Huy
Hiu
??

SHSV
20080022
2008
2008
2008

20

Cng vic
Thut ton Radon v php chiu quay lui
Phng php convolution back-projection
Phng php filter back-projection
My X-ray CT chp ct lp v demo