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x3 1 2 3 2x 1 y
3
2x 1
y3 1 2 x
y
3 2
x
2
y 1 y y 1 2 1 2 5 5
1 2y 1 2x
x x
3 3
1 2y y
3
x 2( x y ) x
1 2y xy y 2 0(vn)
x x
x3 1 2y
x 1 x 3 1 ) x
1 x2
4 (x
x 3
7 x x 3
x 3 0
x 3 7 x 0 0
2
2( x 2 16) 10 2 x x 10 5 34 x 5 x 10 34.
16) (10 2 x )
34 .
d)
1 4x2 x
3.
1 4x2 K: x 0
0 0
1 2 x
x 1 2
1. 2
1 4x2 1 4x2
1 3x 1 3x
Vi 0 x
e) 5 x 2 10 x 1 7 2 x x 2
x
K: 5 x 2 10 x 1 0
x
5 2 5 5 5 2 5 5
y(0)=1>0 nn hm s B
2
Gii hn
x
lim y
lim x
2x
2
x 1
x2
1 x 1
lim y 1.
BBT x y y - + 1 +
-1 Vy ph-ng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi -1<m<1. Bi 4: Tm m ph-ng trnh sau c nghim thc 2 x 1 x m Gii: x 1; t 0 . Ph-ng trnh cho tr thnh: - t t 2 2t=t -1+m m=-t2+2t+1 - Xt hm s y=-t2+2t+1; t0; y=-2t+2 x 0 1 + y + 0 y 2
1 - - Theo yu cu ca bi ton -ng thng y=m ct THS khi m2. Bi 5: Tm m ph-ng trnh sau c ng 2 nghim d-ng: x2 4x 5 m 4x x2 . Gii: - t t
f ( x) x 2 4 x 5; f '( x ) x 2 x2 4x 5 ; f '( x ) 0 x 2.
2 0
+ + +
1 - Khi ph-ng trnh cho tr thnh m=t 2+t-5 t2+t-5-m=0 (1). - Nu ph-ng trnh (1) c nghim t1; t2 th t1+ t2 =-1. Do (1) c nhiu nht 1 nghim t1. - Vy ph-ng trnh cho c ng 2 nghim d-ng khi v ch khi ph-ng trnh (1) c ng 1 nghim t (1; 5) . - t g(t)=t2+t-5. Ta i tm m ph-ng trnh g(t)=m c ng 1 nghim t (1; 5) . f(t)=2t+1>0 vi mi t (1; 5) . Ta c BBT sau: t 1 5 g(t) + g(t) 5
-3 T BBT suy ra -3<m< 5 l cc gi tr cn tm. Bi 6: Xc nh m ph-ng trnh sau c nghim m( 1 x 2 1 x 2 2) 2 1 x 4 1 x2 1 x2 . Gii: - iu kin -1x1. t t 1 x 2 1 x 2 . - Ta c
1 x2 t2 1 x2 2 t 0; t t 0 2; t x 2 0 x 1 2 2 1 x4
- Xt f (t )
t2 t 2 ;0 t t 2
max f (t ) .
0; 2
0, t
0; 2
f (t )NB 0; 2 . f (0) 1 .
- Ta c Suy ra min f (t ) f ( 2) - Vy 2 1 m 1.
2 1;ma x f (t )
0; 2
Bi 7: Tm m bt phng trnh mx
x 3
m 1 (1) c nghim.
Gii: t t
x 3; t [0;
thnh: m(t 2 3) t m 1
0 + +
+ -
- 0
0
3 1 4
3 1 . 4 Bi 8: Tm m phng trnh 3 x
6 x
(3 x )(6 x )
m c nghim.
6 x vi x [ 3;6] th t '
f '( x )
6 x
3 x
2 (6 x )(3 x )
-3
3/2 0
3 2
3
t2 9 2 m t2 2 t
9 m (2). 2 Phng trnh (1) c nghim Phng trnh (2) c nghim t [3;3 2] ng thng y=m c t2 9 im chung vi th y= vi t [3;3 2] . t 2 2
Ta c y=-t+1 nn c t 1 3 y +0 y 3
3 2
3 2
9 2
t t
t
(4 x )(2 x )
(1)ghim (2) c nghim mi t [0;3] ng thng y=a nm trn THS y=t2-4t+10 vi t [0;3] y=2t-4; y=0t=2 t 0 2 3 y 0 + y 10 7 6 Vy m10. Bi 10: Cho phng trnh x 4 x 2 x m( x 2 1)2 (1). Tm m phng trnh c nghim. Gii: Phng trnh cho tng ng
4( x 3 x 2 x ) 4 x ( x 2 1) 4 x 2 m (1 x 2 )2 (1 x 2 )2 2x t t= ; t [-1;1]. 1 x2 4m 2. 2x 1 x2 ( 2x 2 ) 1 x2 4m
1 (10 a t 2 ) 4
a t 2 4t 10 .(2)
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2t+t2=4m. (1) c nghim (2) c nghim t [-1;1] Xt hm s y=f(t)=t2+2t vi t [-1;1]. Ta c f(t)=2t+20 vi mi t [-1;1]. t -1 1 f 0 + f 3 -1 T BBT -14m3
1 4 m 3 . 4
HUYN : PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH V T I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG 1. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh a) Phng php Thng thng nu ta gp phng trnh dng : A B C D , ta thng bnh phng 2 v , iu i khi li gp kh khn hy gii v d sau
3
A B 3 3 A.B
3
v ta s dng php th : 3 A b) V d
Bi 1.
Gii: k x
x 3
3x 1 2 x
2x 2
x 2 x 2 x 1 , gii
0
x 3 3x 1
phng trnh ny d nhin l khng kh nhng hi phc tp mt cht . Phng trnh gii s rt n gin nu ta chuyn v phng trnh : 3x 1 Bnh phng hai v ta c : Th li x=1 tha M c : f x
2x 2
4x
x 3
6 x2 8x 2
f x
4 x2 12 x
g x
x 1
h x k x
h x
g x
f x
x3 1 x 3
h x
k x
g x
x 1
x2
x 1
x 3
Gii: iu kin : x 1 Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh ? Nu chuyn v th chuyn nh th no? Ta c nhn xt :
x3 1 . x 3 x 3
x2
(2)
x3 1 x 3
x 3
x2
x 1
x2
x 1
x 1 x2 2x 2 0 x 1 x 1 3 3
x3 1 Bnh phng 2 v ta c: x 3
Th li : x
3, x 1
l nghim
f x f x
g x h x
h x k x
k x g x
k x .g x
th ta bin i
2. Trc cn thc 2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung a) Phng php Mt s phng trnh v t ta c th nhm c nghim x0 nh vy phng trnh lun a v c dng tch x
x0 A x
0 v nghim ,
3x 2 5 x 1
x2
3 x2
x 1
x 2 3x 4
5x 1
3x 2 3x 3
2x 4 3x 2 5 x 1
2 x 2 v x2 2
3 x2 x 1 x
2
x 2 3x 4
3x 6 2 x 2 3x 4
3 x 2
Ta c th trc cn thc 2 v :
D dng nhn thy x=2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh . Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau (OLYMPIC 30/4 ngh) : Gii: phng trnh c nghim th :
x2 12 5 3x
3x 5 0 x 5 3
x2 5
x 2 12
x2 5
Ta nhn thy : x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh , nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch v dng x 2 A x 0 , thc hin c iu ta phi nhm , tch nh sau :
12 4 3 x 6 x 2 x 2 x 2 12 4
5 3 x x 1 x2 5 3 x 2
x
2
x2
2
4 12 4 0
x 2
3 x 2 x 2
3 0, x
x2 x
2
4 5 3
12 4
5 3
5 3
1 x
Gii :k x 2 Nhn thy x=3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh
3
1 2 x 3
2 5
x 3 1
3
x 3 x2 1
2
x 3 x 2 3x 9 x3 2 5
2 3 x2 1 4
2
Ta chng minh : 1
3
x 3 x
2
1
2
x 3
3
2 3
x 2 3x 9 x3 2 5
2 x
1 4
1 1
Vy pt c nghim duy nht x=3 2.2. a v h tm a) Phng php Nu phng trnh v t c dng A B C , m : A B C dy C c th l hng s ,c th l biu thc ca x . Ta c th gii nh sau :
A B A B
, khi ta c h:
A A
B B
2 A
x 1
x 4
Xt x
Trc cn thc ta c :
x 9
2x
x 4 x 1
2 x2
x 9
2x2
x 1
Vy ta c h:
2 x2 2x
2
x 9 x 9
2 x2 2x
2
x 1 x 1
2 x 4
8 7
x 2 2x
2
x 9
x 6
0 8 7
x 1
x 2 3x 1
2002)
x 3
x2 1
4 3 10 3 x
2 x2 1
x 2 x 10 x
x 2 3x 2
2 x2 2 x 3 x2 8
x2
x 2
2
3
2 x 5 x
2 x2 16 x 18
x2 1 2 x 4
x2 4
x 1 2x 3
x2 15 3x 2
u v 1 uv
u 1 v 1
au bv
ab vu
u b v a
3
0
3 3
A2
B2
3 3
x 1 1
x 2 1 x x 2 1 0 x
3
x 1
x 2 3x 2 0 1 x
x2
x2
x 1 x
x 1
x 1 1 x
x 1
x 1
x 3 2x x 1 2x
0 x 1 x 0
x2 4x 3
x 3 2x
x 1 1
x 3
4x x 3
4 x
0
2
4x x 3: 1 x 3
4x 2 x 3
4x x 3
x 1
Bk
x
3x
1 3
10 3 3
10 1 3
9 x2
x 4
2
3 x
9x
x 3 1 3x x 3 1 3x
x 1 x 5 18 97
2 x 3 3 3x x 2
x 2
3x
x 1
II. PHNG PHP T N PH 1. Phng php t n ph thng thng i vi nhiu phng trnh v v t , gii chng ta c th t t f x v ch iu kin ca t nu phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh cha mt bin t quan trng hn ta c th gii c phng trnh theo t th vic t ph xem nh hon ton .Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c th t hon ton t f x thng l nhng phng trnh d . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh: iu kin: x 1 Nhn xt. t t
x2 1 x2 1 1
x2 1
x x
x 2 1. x
1 t
t 1
6x 1
4x 5
4 5
0) th x
4 x 5(t
2.
t4
Ta tm c bn nghim l: t1,2 Do t
0 nn ch nhn cc gi tr t1
1 2 2, t3 1 2 3
2 va x 2 3
6x 1 0
Cch khc: Ta c th bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin 2 x 2 Ta c: x 2 ( x 3) 2 ( x 1) 2 0 , t ta tm c nghim tng ng. n gin nht l ta t : 2 y 3
10
x 1
x 1( y
5) ( y2
y 5 5
21 2 (loai), y
y 4 10 y 2
1 2 17
y 20 0 ( vi
y 17
T ta tm c cc gi tr ca x
11 2
2004
x 1
x 1
x pttt
21 y
y2
y 1002
y 1
2x x
1 x
3x 1
1 x 0
2 x 1 x 3 1 x
1 , ta gii c. x
3
x4
x2
2x 1
1 x
3
1 x
t 1
1 2
15 x 2 x 2 5
( x 5)(2 x)
2 x 2 15 x 11
3 x 2 3x
2
x2
x 2 11 31
2 n (1 x)2
x (2004
3n 1 x2
x )(1 1
(1 x)2
x )2
(1 x)(2 x) 1 2 x 2 x
x 17 x 2
3x 2
x 17 x 2
(x 3 x
x 1
4 x 9 2 3x 2 5 x 2
1 x2
2 3 1 x2
Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt lp bi n gin, i khi phng trnh i vi t li qu kh gii 2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi 2 bin : Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh: u 2 uv v2 0 (1) bng cch
u v
a. A x
bB x
c A x .B x
11
u v mu 2 nv 2 Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc A(x) , B(x) bi cc biu thc v t th s nhn c phng trnh v t theo dng ny . a) . Phng trnh dng : a. A x Nh vy phng trnh Q x Xut pht t ng thc :
bB x
c A x .B x
P x Q x A x .B x aA x bB x
x3 1 x4
x 1 x2 x4
x 1 2 x2 1 x2 x2 x 1 x2 x 1
x2 1
x4 1
4 x4 1
x2
2x 1 x2
2x 1
2x 1
2 x2 2 x 1 2 x2
x4 1 c mt phng trnh p , chng ta phi chn h s a,b,c sao cho phng trnh bc hai at 2 bt c 0 2 2x 4
gii nghim p Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 x 2 Gii: t u
2
x 1
5 x3 1
x 1, v
x2
u
Phng trnh tr thnh : 2 u
2
5uv
2v 1 v 2
Tm c: x
5 2
37
3x 1
3 4 x 3
x2 1
5 x 1 7 x3 1
x 1
x2
x 1 2 x2
7 x 1
x 1 x2 7
x 1 x 1
ng nht thc ta c: 3 x 1 t u
x 1 x2
x 1 0 ,v
x 1 0 , ta c: 3u 2v
7 uv
v 9u 1 v u 4
Ta c : x
6
3
3x 2
x 2
6x
x3 3x 2
2 y3
Pt c nghim : x
2,
x 2 2 3
v mu 2 nv 2 b).Phng trnh dng : u Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn , nhg nu ta bnh phng hai v th a v c dng trn.
12
3 x2 1
x4
x2 1
u 2 v2
u v
x2 x2 1
x2 2 x
2x 1
3x 2 4 x 1
1 . Bnh phng 2 v ta c : 2
2x 2x 1 x2 1 x2 2x 2x 1 x2 2x 2x 1
x2
Ta c th t :
u v
2x
u
khi ta c h : uv
1 2 1 2
5 5
v v
2x 1
Do u, v
0. u
1 2
x2
2x
1 2
2x 1
5x2 14 x 9
x2
x 20
5 x 1
x2 x 20 x 1
Nhn xt : khng tn ti s
: 2 x 2
5x 2
x2
x 20
x 1 vy ta khng th t
u v
x2 x 1
x 20
Nhng may mn ta c : x 2
x 20 x 1
x 4 x 5 x 1
x 4 x2 4x 5
4x 5
3 x 4
quyt . Cc em hy t sng to cho mnh nhng phng trnh v t p theo cch trn 3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton T nhng phng trnh tch
x 1 1
x 1 x 2
0,
2x 3 x
2x 3 x 2
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht . T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii:
x2
2 x 1 2 x2
t t 3 x 1
x2 2 , ta c : t 2
2 x t 3 3x
x2 2x 3
x2 1
x2
2 x 3, t
x 1t
x2 1
x2 1
x 1t
0
13
chn
2x 3
x 1t 2 x 1
t2
x 1t 2 x 1
t t
2 x 1
1 x 2 1 x
1 x 2
1 x
0 , khai trin ra ta s c pt
1 t 2 thay vo th c pt: 3t 2
1 x t 4
1 x 1
0
2
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t c dng bnh phng . Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo C th nh sau : 3x
2
2 1 x
1 x
2
48
x 1 1 khng
1 x ,
1 x
21 x
thay vo pt (1) ta c:
4 2 x
4
9 x2 16
16 2 x 9 x 2 16
16 2 4 x 2
2 4 x2
0 . Ta c: 9 x2 16t 32 8 x
0
t
Ta phi tch 9 x 2
2 4 x2
9 2
x2 8
lm sao cho
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch 4. t nhiu n ph a v tch Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng phng trnh v t m khi gii n chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi quan h gia cc n ph a v h Xut pht t ng thc a b c
3
a 3 b3 c 3 3 a b b c c a , Ta c 0
a 3 b3 c 3
a b c
a b a c b c
3 x. 5 x
5 x. 2 x
2 3 , gii h ta c: 5
u
Gii : v
2 x
2 u2 5 w2
uv vw wu uv vw wu uv vw wu
u v u w u v v w v w u w
3 x , ta c : 3 v 2 5 x
30 60
239 120
x 2 3x 2
2 x2 2 x 3
x2
x 2
14
a
Gii . Ta t :
2 x2 1 x 2 3x 2 2x x2
2
b c d
, khi ta c :
a b c d a 2 b2 c2 d 2
2x 3 x 2
4 x2 5x 1 2 x 2
x
4
x 1 9x 3
3
x1 x
1 x
1 x
x3
x2 1 x
x v
t tm c h theo u,v
25 x3
30
t y
35 x3
x3
y3
35
xy ( x
y ) 30 35
x3 y 3 ( x; y) (2;3) (3;2) . Tc l nghim ca phng trnh l x {2;3} 1 Bi 2. Gii phng trnh: 2 1 x 4x 4 2 iu kin: 0 x 2 1
t
4
, gii h ny ta tm c
2 1 x x v
0 u
2 1,0 v
2 1
u 1 2 v v
2
u v u
2
1 4 2 v
4
2 1
1 4 2
v4
2 1
1)
1 4 2
x 1
x 1, b
5 5
a2 b b2
Vy
(a b)(a b 1)
x 1 1
x 1 6 2x 5 x
x 1 5 x 6 2x 5 x 8 3
11 2
17
5 x 5
15
t u
5 x,v
5 y 0 u, v
u2
10 .
v2 10 z) 8 3 (u v) 2 (u v) 1 10 2uv 2 uv 4 3
4 u
4 2(u v
5.2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch a v h i xng loi II Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :
x 1 y 1
2 2
y 2 x 2
(1) (2)
vic gii h ny th n
f x
( x 2 1) 1
x2
2x
x 2
2x
x 2 ta t li nh trn v a v h
x y
2 2
ay b ax b
ax b b
ax b b
x
n
Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng : v t
pn a'x b'
l chn c.
ax b a v h , ch v du ca
???
Vic chn
pn a'x b'
Bi 1.
iu kin: x
2x
2 2x 1
1 2
2 2x 1
2 x 1 th ta a v h sau:
x2
2x
2( y 1)
y 2 2 y 2( x 1) y)( x y) 0
6x 1
4x 5
5 4
2 4x 5 (2 x 3) 2 2 4 x 5 11
(2 x 3) 2 (2 y 3) 2
4y 5 4x 5
(x
y )( x
y 1)
x
x 1
2
2
y 1 0
16
3}
(2 x 3) 2 (2 y 3) 2
2y
x 1
3x 1
h c , v t h ny chng ta xy dng c bi ton phng trnh sau : Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh: 4 x2 5 13x 3x 1 0
13 33 Nhn xt : Nu chng ta nhm nh nhng phng trnh trc : 2 x 3x 1 4 4 13 3x 1 th chng ta khng thu c h phng trnh m chng ta c th gii c. t 2 y 4 thu c h (1) ta t : y 3x 1 , chn , sao cho h chng ta c th gii c , (i
xng hoc gn i xng ) Ta c h :
y 4x
2
3x 1 y
3 13
2
y2
y 3x y 5
1 0 (1) 0 (2)
13x 5
2
4 x 2 13x
1
(*)
y
gii h trn th ta ly (1) nhn vi k cng vi (2): v mong mun ca chng ta l c nghim x Nn ta phi c :
, ta chn c ngay
2;
1 , t 3
3x 1
(2 y 3), ( y
2y x 1
3 ) 2
(x y )(2 x 2 y 5) 0
(2 x 3) 2 (2 y 3) 2
3x 1
15 8
97 x 11 8
15 8 97 11 ; 73 8
2y 5 0
73
; bng cch vit li phng trnh 3x 1 x 4 ta vit li phng trnh nh sau: (2 x 3) 2 y 3 , nu t 2 y 3 3x 1 th chng ta khng thu c h nh mong mun khi t 3x 1
, ta thy du ca cng du vi du trc cn. Mt cch tng qut . Xt h:
f ( x) f ( y)
(1) (2)
Nu t (2) tm c hm ngc y g x thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh Nh vy xy dng pt theo li ny ta cn xem xt c hm ngc v tm c v hn na h phi gii c. Mt s phng trnh c xy dng t h. Gii cc phng trnh sau
17
1)
4 x2 13x 5
3x 1 0 3x 1 0 4 2x2 x 2 3
81x 8
x3
27 3 81x 8
27 x3 54 x 2 36 x 54
27 3 81x 8
3x 2
46
Ta t : 3 y 2 3 81x 8 Cc em hy xy dng nhng phng trnh dng ny ! III. PHNG PHP NH GI 1. Dng hng ng thc : T nhng nh gi bnh phng : A2 T phng trnh
2
B2
B2
5x 1 2 x
9 5x 2
4 x 2 12
x 1 4 x 5x 1
9 5x
A m B m
1 x
1 x
x 1 1 x 1
1 x 1 1 x
B
2 , du bng khi v ch
khi : A
A B
f x f x
Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn, nhng c nhiu bi nghim l v t vic on nghim khng c, ta vn dng bt ng thc nh gi c Bi 1. Gii phng trnh (OLYMPIC 30/4 -2007): Gii: k x Ta c :
2 2 x 1
x x 1
x
2
x 9
0
2 2
2 2 x 1
2 2
1 x 1
x 1
1 7
1 x 1
x 9
Du bng
2 2 x 1
x4
9 x2
2
x4
16
x 1
9 1 x2 256
Bin i pt ta c : x 2 13 1 x 2
18
13. 13. 1 x 2
3. 3. 3 1 x 2
13 27 13 13 x 2 3 3 x 2
40 16 10 x 2
16 2
64
Du bng
1 x2 1 x 3 2 10 x 16 10 x 2
2
x x
2 5 2 5
Bi 3. gii phng trnh: x3` 3x 2 Ta chng minh : 8 4 4 x 4 Bi tp ngh . Gii cc phng trnh sau
8x 40 8 4 4 x 4
3
0
x 3
2
x 13 v x
3x
8 x 40 0
x 3
x 13
1 2x
4
1 2x
1 x
1 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 x 2 48
16 x4 5 6 3 4 x3 x x3` 3x2 8x 40 8 4 4 x 4
8 x3
2 x2
2 x4 8 4 4 x4
4 x4 4
64 x3 x4 8x2 28 1 1 2 2 4 x x x
3. Xy dng bi ton t tnh cht cc tr hnh hc 3.1 Dng ta ca vc t Trong mt phng ta Oxy, Cho cc vc t: u
x1; y1 , v
x2 ; y2
khi ta c
2 2 y1 y2 x12 y12 x2 y2 x1 y1 Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t u, v cng hng k 0 , ch t s phi dng x2 y2 1 u v u.v u . v .cos u . v , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi cos
u v
x1
x2
3.2 S dng tnh cht c bit v tam gic Nu tam gic ABC l tam gic u , th vi mi im M trn mt phng tam gic, ta lun c MA MB MC OA OB OC vi O l tm ca ng trn .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi M O . Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn v im M ty trong mt mt phng Th MA+MB+MC nh nht khi im M nhn cc cnh AB,BC,AC di cng mt gc 1200 Bi tp 1) 2)
2x2
2x 1
2x2
3 1 x 1
2x2
3 1 x 1 3
x2 4x 5
x 2 10 x 50
IV. PHNG PHP HM S 1.Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n iu f t x t ta c th xy dng c Da vo kt qu : Nu y f t l hm n iu th f x nhng phng trnh v t Xut pht t hm n iu : y f x 2 x3 x 2 1 mi x 0 ta xy dng phng trnh :
19
f x
3x 1
2 x3
x2 1 2
3x 1
2 x3
x 2 3x 1 2 3x 1
3x 1
T phng trnh f x 1
3x 1 th bi ton s kh hn 2 x3 7 x 2 5x 4 2 3x 1
2 x3 7 x 2 5 x 4 2 y 3 3x 1 y 2
3x 1
3x 1 khi ta c h :
3
2 x 1
x 1 = 2y3
y2
4 x2 4x 4
2
Hy xy dng nhng hm n iu v nhng bi ton v t theo dng trn ? Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 x 1 2 Gii:
2
3x 2
9 x2 3
2x 1 2
2x 1
3x 2
3x
f 2x 1
1 5
3x
Xt hm s f t
t 2
t 2 3 , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c x
7 x 2 9 x 4 , ta c h :
4 x2 5x 6 3 7 x 2 9 x 4 x3 4 x 2 5 x 6
7x
2
9x 4
y3
x 1
x 1
Xt hm s : f t
f y
x 1
x 1
x 1
3
7x
9x 4 x
1 2
4x 1
1 th c mt s t vi t
x v mt s y vi y
0;
sao
cho x
cos y x 1 th c mt s t vi t
0; 2
sao cho : sin t
Nu 0
x v mt s y vi y
0;
sao
cho x
cos y
Vi mi s thc x c t
2 , sao cho
1 th t sin t
x vi t x , vi t
2
; 0;
2 2
hoc x hoc x
cos y vi y
0;
0;
x 1 th t sin t
2 1 , th t x sin t , y cos t vi 0 t
cos y , vi y
2
20
Nu x
a , ta c th t : x
a , vi t sin t
tan t , t ; 2 2
; 2 2
x l s thc bt k thi t : x
Ti sao li phi t iu kin cho t nh vy ? Chng ta bit rng khi t iu kin x f t th phi m bo vi mi x c duy nht mt t , v iu kin trn m bo iu ny . (xem li vng trn lng gic ) 2. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php lng gic nh th no ? T cng phng trnh lng gic n gin: cos3t sin t , ta c th to ra c phng trnh v t
1 x2 (1)
(2)
Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi : (x-1) ta s c phng trnh v t kh: (3) Vic gii phng trnh (2) v (3) khng n gin cht no ? Tng t nh vy t cng thc sin 3x, sin 4x,.hy xy dng nhng phng trnh v t theo kiu lng gic . 3. Mt s v d Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau : Gii: iu kin : x
4 x3 12 x2 9 x 1
2 x x2
1 x
1 x
1 x
2 3
1 x2 3
Vi x [ 1;0] : th
1 x
1 x
0; 2
0 (ptvn)
x [0;1] ta t : x cos t , t
2 6 cos x 1 1 sin t 2
2 sin t
1 2x 1 2x
cos t
1 6
1 2x
1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
1 2cos x 1 2cos x
1 x2
x 1 2 1 x2
1 2
2 v nghim
3) x3
3x
x 2
6x 1 2x
6x 1 4 x3 3x 1 2
5 7 cos ;cos ;cos 9 9 9
m phng trnh bc 3
Gii: Lp phng 2 v ta c: 8 x3 Xt : x
1, t x
cos t , t
0;
. Khi ta c S
1 x2 1
21
Gii: k: x
1, ta c th t x
Khi ptt:
1 1 cot t sin 2 x
1 ,t ; sin t 2 2 cos t 0
sin 2t
1 2
2
2
x2 1
3 1
x2 1 x2 1 2x 2x 1 x2
0, x
1
tan t , t ; 2 2
Ta c th t : x
cos2t 1 0
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim x
1 3
Bi tp tng hp
x3
2x
2
1 x2
2 x 30
x 2 2x2
30. 2007 x
x 1
4 2x 4
x3
x2
x 1 1
16 2 x
x4 1
9 x 2 16
16 2 4 x 2
2007. 30 4 x 2007 12 x 8 2x 4 2 2 x 9 x 2 16 3 x 1 3 x 1 x3 2 3 x 3 x 1 2x 1 4x 5 3x 1 2x 7 x 3
(2004
x )(1
x )2
(x 3 x
x 2 3x 1
23 1 x
2
3 4 x 3
3 3 1 x2
x2 1
3
1 x
x 2 3x 1
x 3
x2 1
2008x2 4 x 3 2007 4 x 3
3 2x2 1 1 x 1 3x 8 2 x 2 1
4 3 10 3 x
2
3 3
2 x 5 x
2 x 10 x
x2 4
x 1 2x 3
x2
x 12 x 1 36
x3 1 2 x3 2 x 1
1 1 x 3 x 1 x x 1 x
4x 1
2x
2 x2 2 x 3
x2
x 2
16 x 18 x 1 2x 4 2 3x 3x 2 x2 x 2 3x 1 12 x 2 x 1 3x 9
x 1 x 1 4 x3 x 2 4 x 2 3x 3 4 x x 3 2 2 x 1
4
2x
4 x2 4 x 10
3 x x x
8x2 6 x 10
x
22
CHUYN : PHNG TRNH V T PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG x D (*) Dng 1 : Phng trnh A B A B 0 A B Lu : iu kin (*) c chn tu thuc vo phc tp ca A 0 hay B 0 B 0 Dng 2: Phng trnh A B A B2 Dng 3: Phng trnh I.
A 0
+)
A
3
B
3
C
3
B 0 A B 2 AB C
3
(chuyn v dng 2)
+)
B
3
A B 3 3 A.B
x2 1 x 1 b) x 2x 3 0 c) x 2 x 1 1 e) 3x 2 x 1 3
a) Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: Bi 3: Cho phng trnh: x2 1 x m -Gii phng trnh khi m=1 -Tm m phng trnh c nghim. Bi 4: Cho phng trnh: 2 x2 mx 3 x m -Gii phng trnh khi m=3 -Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c nghim.
3 x 2 x 1 x 9 5 2x 4 3x 4 2x 1 x 3
x2 x2 x 12
i) ( x 3) 10
x 2 3x 2
2m x x 2
II.PHNG PHP T N PH Phng php t n ph thng thng. -Nu bi ton c cha f ( x) v f ( x) khi t t f ( x) (vi iu kin ti thiu l t 0 . i vi cc phng trnh c cha tham s th nht thit phi tm iu kin ng cho n ph). -Nu bi ton c cha f ( x) , g ( x) v f ( x). g ( x) k (vi k l hng s) khi c th t :
f ( x) , khi g ( x)
k t f ( x)
f ( x)
g ( x) suy ra
a2
t
;
hoc x
a cos t vi 0 t
x2 a2 th t x
a vi t sin t
2 2
\ 0 hoc x
a vi cos t
0;
23
x2 a2 ta c th t x
a .tan t vi t
; 2 2
24
x2 2 x 8 12 2 x 5 2 x 2 3x 9 4x 6 2x
2
f) g) h) x
2 x2 5x 2 2 2 x 2 5x 6 1 x 2 3x 2 2 2 x 2 6 x 2
2
3x 3
8x 12 5x 1 2
2 6
11 31
x) 3 x 2 3 x
d) 3x2 15x 2 x2
i) ( x 5)(2
1 x2
x 2 1 x2
3
1
c)
1 x2
1 x
1 x
1 x2
1 x 2 x 1 x2
x x2 1
2x2 1 0
d) 64 x6 112 x4 e) x
56 x2 7 2 1 x2 35 12
4 x 3 x 1 x 3 3
f) x 3 x 1
1 x
2x
x2 2x 3 m 0
-Gii phng trnh vi m = 9 -Tm m phng trnh c nghim. 2. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton L vic s dng mt n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh mt phng trnh vi mt n ph nhng cc h s vn cn cha x. -T nhng phng trnh tch
x 1 1
x 1 x 2
0,
2x 3 x
2x 3 x 2
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht. T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii: t
x2
2 x 1 2 x2
0 t t
2
3 x 1
x2 2 , ta c : t 2
2 x t 3 3x
25
x2 2x 3
x2 1
x2
2 x 3, t
x 1t
chn
0
0 t t 2 x 1
x2
2x 3
x 1t 2 x 1
t2
x 1t 2 x 1
1 x 2 1 x
1 x 2
1 x
1 t 2 thay vo th c pt: 3t 2
1 x t 4
1 x 1
0
2
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t dng bnh phng . Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo C th nh sau : 3x
2
2
1 x
1 x
2
48
x 1 1 khng c
1 x ,
1 x
21 x
thay vo pt (1) ta c:
4 2 x
4
9 x2 16
16 2 x 9 x 2 16
16 2 4 x 2
2 4 x2
0 . Ta c: 9 x2 16t 32 8 x
0
t
Ta phi tch 9 x 2
2 4 x2
9 2
x2 8
lm sao cho
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch. Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau: a) (4 x 1) x3 1
2 x3 2 x 1
b) x2 1 2 x x2
2x
c) x2 1 2 x x2 2 x d) x 2 4 x ( x 2) x 2 2 x 4 3. Phng php t n ph chuyn v h. x ,v x v tm mi quan h gia x v a) Dng thng thng: t u theo u,v. Chng hn i vi phng trnh:
m
t tm c h
m
f x
f x
c ta c th t:
u v
a b
f x f x
suy ra u
a b . Khi ta c h
u m vm a b u v c
x 1 ( x 1) x x2 x 0
26
Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau: a) 3 2 x 1 b) 3 9 x 2 c) x x 1 x 1 b) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc hai v ly tha bc hai:
ax b
c(dx e)2 e
vi
d e
ac bc
2 2
Cch gii: t: dy
dy e dy e
ax b c(dx e) 2 x
dy e
ax b x dy e
->gii
c dy e
Nhn xt: D s dng c phng php trn cn phi kho lo bin i phng trnh ban u v dng tha mn iu kin trn t n ph.Vic chn ; thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng
ax b
c dx e
x
3
vi
d e
ac bc
3 3 3
Cch gii: t dy
e
3
dy e
ax b x
dy e
ax b x dy e
c dy e
acx bc (ac d ) x dy bc
dy e c dx e
1)
c dx e
c(dx e)3
x 1 x2 4x 5 2) 3x 1 4 x2 13x 5 3) x3 2 3 3 3x 2 4x 9 7 x2 7 x x 0 4) 28
15 30 x 2 4 x 2004 30060 x 1 1 2 3 3x 5 8x3 36 x2 53 25
5) x3 1 2 3 2 x 1 6) x 3 35 x3 x 7) 4 x2 13x 5 8) 4 x
2
3
35 x3
30
13x 5
3x 1 0 3x 1 0
4 x 2 3 4x 1
9) 10)
81x 8
3
x3 2 x 2
6 x 1 8 x3
II. PHNG PHP HM S S dng cc tnh cht ca hm s gii phng trnh l dng ton kh quen thuc. Ta c 3 hng p dng sau y: Hng 1: Thc hin theo cc bc: Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f ( x) k Bc 2: Xt hm s y f ( x) Bc 3: Nhn xt: f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do x0 l nghim Vi x x0
f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do phng trnh v nghim Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do phng trnh v nghim Vi x x0 Vy x0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh Hng 2: thc hin theo cc bc Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f ( x) g ( x) Bc 2: Dng lp lun khng nh rng f ( x) v g(x) c nhng tnh cht tri ngc nhau v xc nh x0 sao cho f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
27
Bc 3: Vy x0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh. Hng 3: Thc hin theo cc bc: Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng f (u ) f (v) Bc 2: Xt hm s y f ( x) , dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu Bc 3: Khi f (u) f (v) u v V d: Gii phng trnh : 2 x 1 2 pt
4 x2
4x 4
3x 2
2
9 x2 3
2x 1 2
2x 1
t 2
3x 2
3x
f 2x 1
1 5
3x
Xt hm s f t
t 2 3 , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c x
4x 1
x 1
4 x2 1 1, x 1
x 2 3 , 2x 1
x3 4 x 5 , x 1 3 x x 2 , x 1 2 x 2 x 2
x3 ,
x2 3
4 x
28
b)pt:
5x 1 dk : x 1
3x 2
x 1 0
pt : x 9 dk : x 2
2x 4
pt : 16 x 9 x Ds : x 0; 7
pt : (4 x 1) x 2 9 dk : x 1/ 4
e)
2x2
2x 1
3x
3 / 4 : pt t t 1 x
t 3 1; 2
b) 1
2 x x2 3 dk : 0 x 1
- at : t
1 x
;t
x2
t2 2
5 x 3 16
x
K :
1 2x 3 t2 t 5 x 1 0 x 3.
t pt
3x 4 2 2 x 2 5 x 3
29
d ) x2 .t pt x x
2
x x t 1; x
7 2 5 2
x2 7/4 t
3x 2 t
3x 19 4
3t 13
Bai3 : a) x 1
3 x
( x 1)(3 x)
.t
x 1
3 x; a b
2 t 2 2 2(a b) t 0(l ) t 2
m
HDS : K: vi : a b
a)m 2 : t 2 2t 0
Taco : 2 2
bai 4 : a) x 9
1, x 3
2 m 2.
x x2 9x
x(9 x)
0 t
9/2
2t 9 ; o t 9 / 2 Ds 9 / 4 m 10 d)
4
4x
t
m
4
x4
4x
4x 3l m
6
0 pt : t 2 t 6 0
x4 t t
2 4x x
4
HDS:at :
x4 m
m 4x
2 16
1)
x=2 .
X 2
2 X 3 1 Lap phng hai ve ta co : x3-4x2+5x-2 =0 x=1 ; x=2 . Th lai x=1 khong thoa .Vay X 3 1 X 3 1
Lap phng hai ve ta co : x2+31x-1830 =0 x=-1061 ; x=75 .
2) 2)
3 3
X 34 2X 2
3
3 3
-Lap phng hai ve ta co : x3-4x2+5x-2 =0 x=1 ; x=2 . Th lai x=1 khong thoa .Vay x=2 .
3)
4)
X 1
2X 2
X
3
2
X 2
2x 3
3
9x
30
5)
(X
a) 2
X 2 a2
2 3 ( x a) 2 a
2 x 1 D 1;
xet : f ( x)
2 x 1 x
Tnh ao ham : Bang bien thien ,Ta co : m<1 : 1ngh; m=1: co 2ngh: 1<m<2: 2ngh m=2 : 2ngh ; 2<m< : 0 Vn . BAT PHNG TRNH CAN THC KIEN THC CAN NH : Dang c ban : A 0
B A A
0 B2 0 0 B2 0 0 0 B2 0 0 0 B2
B A A B B A A B B A
Dang khac : - Co nhieu can thc :at K Luy tha- kh can Da ve bpt c ban nh cac dang tren . Chu y : - Hai ve khong am ta 7c bnh phng Hai ve la so thc ta c lap phng . BAI TAP : GIAI CAC BAT PHNG TRNH 1-Pt :
2x 3
x 2
pt -3/2
x 3 2 2
31
PHNG TRNH CAN THC III. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG Dng 1 : Phng trnh
A B A B 0 x D (*) A B
Lu : iu kin (*) c chn tu thuc vo phc tp ca A 0 hay B 0 Dng 2: Phng trnh Dng 3: Phng trnh
A 0
B 0 A B2
+) +)
3
B
3
C
3
B 0 A B 2 AB C
3
(chuyn v dng 2)
A
3
A B 3 3 A.B
v ta s dng php th : 3 A 3 B C ta c phng trnh : A B 3 3 A.B.C Bi tp trong cc thi tuyn sinh. Bi 1 : a)(HXD) Gii pt
x2 6 x 6
2x 1
b) (CSP MG 2004) x2 4 x 3 2 x 5 x 7 1 c) (CSP NINH BNH) 3x 2 x x 3 d) (C ho cht) x 8 2x 1 7 e) (C TP 2004) 2 x 3x 2 x 1 0 g) (CSP bn tre) 5 x 1 h) (C truyn hnh 2007) 7 x2 S: a) x=1. b) x=14/5 c) x=9. e) x=5 g) x=2 h) x=-1. Bi 2: a)(HNN-2001) Gii phng trnh
x x 5
d)x=1
3 2 x x2
x 1
4 x
( x 1)(4
x)
5.
5 x ( x 2)(5 x) 4 b) (C Nha trang 2002) : x 2 Hdn: a) K: -1x4. 4 x 0 . Gii c t=-5 (loi), t=3. Gii t=3 c x=0. t t= x 1 3 3 5 b) x= 2 Bi 3
4 x2 1 1 .
32
Hdn: a) K: x1/2 Xt hm s y= 4 x 1 4 x 2 1 . HSB trn [1/2;+). V f(1/2)=1. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x=1/2. b)x=-1 l nghim . Cc hm s y= 3 2 x 1 ; y= 3 2 x 2 ; y= 3 2 x 3 B Bi 4 : Gii pt 2 x 2 8 x 6 K : x -3,x=-1,x1. -Vi x=-1 Tho mn pt -Vi x-3 th VP<0 loi -Vi x1 pt
x2 1 2 x 2 .
( x 1)(2 x 6)
( x 1)( x 1)
2 ( x 1) 2
4 x2
2 3x 4 x 2
;x
(loi)
4x 1
3x 2
x 3 . 5 4x 1 3x 2 5.
x 3 ( 4x 1 5
3x 2)
PT trn c nghim x=2. 3x 2 B do vy x=2 l nghim duy nht. HS y= 4 x 1 x 2) 2 x x 6. Bi 7: Gii phng trnh 3(2 K: x2. 2(3 x) x 6 2 x 2 pt
2(3 x)( x 6 x 3 x 6
2 x 2) 8(3 x) 4
2 x 2
KL: x=3; x=
11 2
15
33
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh x 2 x 7 7 K:x -7. t t x 7 0 t2 x 7 . x2 t x2 t 2 Phng trnh tr thnh 2 t x 7 Gii c x=2; x= a) x
x y
3
3
(x t)
( x t )( x t 1) 0
1 2
29
1 2 2x 1
1 2 3 2x 1
3
2x 1
y3 1 2 x
y 1 2y xy y 2 2 0(vn)
x x x
y 1 y y 1 2 1 2 5 5
x2
x3 1 2y
(7 x)2
(7 x)(2 x) 3
u 32 x . pt v 37 x -at : u v 3 uv 2
d) 3 2 x 1 x 1 .K : x 1 u 32 x
u 2 v2 uv 3 u3 v3 9 u 1; v 2 x 1; 6
u 1 v u3 v 2 1 x 1;2;10
x 2
x 2
2 x2
4 2x 2
x 4
x 4
2 x 12 2 x 2 16
34
x 4
x 4
( x 4
x 4)2 12
x 2 x 1
x 2 x 1
x 3 2
b) (H-KD-2005) 2 x 2 2 x 1 x 1 4 a) K ; x1. x 3 x 1 1 x 1 1 Pt . 2 Xt 1x2 : gii c nghim x=1 xt x>2 gii c x=5 b)x=3 3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton T nhng phng trnh tch x 1 1 x 1 x 2
0,
2x 3 x
2x 3 x 2
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht . T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii:
t x2 2 , ta c : t 2
2 x t 3 3x 0 t t 3 x 1
x2
2 x 1 2 x2
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : x 1 x 2 2 x 3 x 2 1 Gii: x 2 2 x 3, t 2 t : t Khi phng trnh tr thnh : 2 2 x 1t x 1 x 1 x 1t 0 By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c chn : x2 2x 3
x 1t 2 x 1 0 t2 x 1t 2 x 1 0 t t 2 x 1
35