Truong Quang Hng

THNG TIN BAT CN XUNG

Truong Quang Hng
Ni dung nghin cuu
Thng tin bt cn xung la gi?
Vn d lua chon bt loi
Vn d tm ly y lai
Vn d nguoi thua hanh-nguoi uy quyn
Tai sao thng tin bt cn xung dn dn tht bai
thi truong?
Giai phap cho vn d thng tin bt cn xung la
gi?
Truong Quang Hng
Thng tin thi truong
Nguoi ra quyt dinh cn phai co thng tin hoan hao
Ly thuyt kinh t tn c din v thi truong gia dinh
nguoi ban va nguoi mua co thng tin hoan hao v:
di tac bn kia cua giao dich;
cht luong, dc dim cua hang hoa hay dich vu duoc trao di;
va cu truc cua thi truong
Tuy nhin, trn thuc t
phai tn chi phi moi co duoc thng tin
nhiu truong hop mt bn tham gia giao dich khng th bit
duoc thng tin cua di tac cho du co bo bao nhiu tin d thu
thp thng tin.
Truong Quang Hng
Thng tin bt cn xung
Thng tin bt cn xung la tinh trang trong mt
giao dich mt bn co thng tin dy du hon va tt
hon so voi bn con lai.
Tinh trang thng tin bt cn xung hin din rt
nhiu trong cac lnh vuc. Vi du:
W Th trng tn dung
W Thi truong nha o
W Thi truong lao dng
W Thi truong bao him
W Thi truong chung khoan
W Thi truong hang hoa
Truong Quang Hng
Thng tin bt cn xung
va tht bai thi truong
i la nguoi co thng tin dy du va tt hon trong giao
dich?
Thng tin bt cn xung anh huong dn vic lua chon
nhu th nao?
Thng tin bt cn xung co th dn dn tht bai thi
truong vi no gy ra
W $u lua chon bt loi
W Tm ly y lai
W Vn d nguoi uy quyn - nguoi thua hanh
Truong Quang Hng
$u lua chon bt loi
vn d thng tin bi che du
Hanh vi co hi th hin loi th cua nguoi co thng tin quan
trong so voi nguoi khng co thng tin thng qua vic che du
thng tin
Truong hop nay thuong xay ra truoc khi ky kt hop dng giao
dich
Trong giao dich nguoi nm giu thng tin quan trong co loi ich khac
voi loi ich nguoi ra quyt dinh
Nguoi nm giu thng tin quan trong co hanh vi co hi che du
thng tin cho loi ich ring.
Nguoi ra quyt dinh tht bai trong thu thp thng tin dy du va
chinh xac cho vic ra quyt dinh dung
Vn d nhm ln trong cac quyt dinh va tn tht
Tn tht cho x hi nu co su thng nht giua loi ich ca nhn va loi ich x
hi
Tn tht cho ca nhn khi co quyt dinh nhm ln
Truong Quang Hng
Thi truong xe hoi c
Thng tin thi truong va ra quyt dinh
Nguoi ban xe t c bit r cht luong xe ho mun ban
Nguoi mua xe khng bit r cht luong xe ma ho dinh mua
Trn thi truong moi nguoi du bit xac sut cua xe cht luong
tt va cht luong xu trn thi truong (50-50)
Nguoi mua va nguoi ban sn sang mua va ban cho xe cht
luong tt la $10,000 va xe cht luong xu la $5,000
Khi nguoi mua khng quan sat duoc cht luong xe, ho phai
dua vao ky vong
Truong Quang Hng
Thi truong xe hoi c
uc sn sang tra ky vong cua mi xe s la
0,5*10,0000,5*5,000 7,500
Xe hoi nao ma nguoi ban mun ban voi muc gia nay?
Nguoi mua cho rng voi muc gia nay chi nhung nguoi co xe
hoi cht luong xu moi ban ra thi truong nhung nguoi mua
chi sn sang tra 5,000 cho xe cht luong xu
Kt qua
Thi truong chi con lai xe cht luong xu
Hang tt bi hang xu dy ra khoi thi truong
Thi truong xe c co nguy co bin mt
Truong Quang Hng
Thi truong xe hoi c
!

"

"

5.000
50.000 50.000
Xe o to chat
Ing
cao
10.000

75.000 25.000
Xe t cht lung thp
Truong Quang Hng
$u lua chon bt loi
$u lua chon bt loi trong cac linh vuc khac
t s khach hang co muc rui ro cao mua bao him.
t s doanh nghip du tu vao du an rui ro cao
mun vay tin ngn hang
Nguoi lao dng kem nng luc mun lam cng vic
co muc luong cao
Dai ly ban hang mun ban hang hoa chua kim dinh
an toan v sinh
Dai ly phn bon/thuc n gia suc mun ban phn
bon/thuc n gia suc kem cht luong cho nng dn
Truong Quang Hng
#ui ro dao duc hay tm ly y lai:
vn d hanh vi bi che du
Chu nghia co hi duoc th hin duoi loi th cua mt
nguoi co nhiu thng tin so voi mt nguoi co it thng
tin do hanh vi khng quan sat duoc
Hinh thuc chu nghia co hi nay thuong xay ra sau khi
ky hop dng (tuong minh hay ngm)
Co su cam kt (tuong minh hay ngm) v hanh vi giua cac
bn
Cac bn giao dich co muc tiu khac nhau
t bn khng th quan sat duoc hanh vi cua di tac
Di tac co dng co lam khac nhung gi d duoc cam kt nhm
phn phi lai loi ich theo huong co loi cho minh
Truong Quang Hng
#ui ro dao duc hay tm ly y lai
Tm ly y lai trong mt s linh vuc
Nguoi goi tin co bao him tin goi goi tin vao
ngn hang co li sut cao (rui ro cao)
Voi su cam kt nguoi cho vay cui cung, ngn hang
thuong mai co dng co cho nhung du an rui ro cao
vay
Ca nhn mua bao him thuong co hanh vi bt cn
Nguoi lao dng khng c gng nhu d cam kt khi
d duoc tuyn dung chinh thuc, hay duoc d bat
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap thng tin bt cn xung
Lua chon bt loi va tm ly y lai la hu qua cua
thng tin bt cn xung. Vy giai phap chinh la
nhung cach thuc khac nhau nhm lam giam di
su bt cn xung v thng tin cho cac bn tham
gia giao dich.
Giai phap nhu th nao?
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi:
Sang loc va Phat tin hiu
Phia it thng tin
Thu thp va sang loc thng tin
Phia nhiu thng tin hon
Phat tin hiu
Thi truong hang hoa
Thu thp va sang loc thng tin nhu th nao?
Nho chuyn gia, hoi y kim nhung nguoi d su dung
Phat tin hiu bng cach nao?
Cp giy bao hanh, su dung thu, quang ba thuong hiu
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi:
Phat tin hiu
Trong thi truong xe hoi c, chung ta gia su rng chu
cua xe hoi c bit duoc cht luong xe nhung nguoi
mua khng bit
Thng tin bt cn xung gy ra vn d lua chon bt loi
va dn dn qua it giao dich trn thi truong
Trong truong hop nay nguoi chu xe hoi c mun phat
tin hiu xe cht luong cao cho nguoi mua
Phat tin hiu thuc dy thi truong hoat dng co hiu
qua hon
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi:
Phat tin hiu
Xem xet truong hop du tu cho giao duc
Gia su cng ty co hai loai cng nhn: nng luc cao (L
H
) va
nng luc thp (L
H
)
Nng sut bin cua lao dng co nng luc cao la P
H
va nng
sut bin cua lao dng co nng luc thp la P
L
voi P
H
~ P
L.
Gia su rng ty trong cng nhn co nng luc cao la a va cng
nhn co nng luc thp la (1-a)
Voi gia thit thi truong lao dng la thi truong canh tranh va
ham san xut la ham tuyn tinh
Q |P
H
.a P
L
.(1-a)|L
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi:
Phat tin hiu
Nu doanh nghip phn bit duoc cng nhn nng luc cao va
cng nhn co nng luc thp, ho s tra luong theo nng sut
bin va thi truong s hiu qua
Trong truong hop ho khng phn hit duoc hai loai cng nhn,
ho phai tra luong theo ky vong: muc tin luong binh qun
W a*#P
H
(1-a)*#P
L
By gio gia su phia cng nhn co tin hiu d phn bit giua hai
loai lao dng: chi s hoc vn
Chi s hoc vn chi la tin hiu nn hoc vn trong truong hop
nay gia thit khng lam tng nng sut
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi:
Phat tin hiu
Luc nay nguoi ta s tra luong dua vao chi s hoc vn cua mi
nguoi cng nhn. Thuoc do chi s hoc vn la thoi gian hoc dai
hoc la 4 nm
Nguoi cng s cn nhc giua tin luong nhn duoc va chi phi
bo ra cho vic hoc tp d quyt dinh co nn di hoc khng?
D co hoc vn, nguoi cng nhn nng luc cao va nng luc thp
phai di hoc voi muc chi phi cho mi nm tuong ung c
H
va c
L
voi gia thit la c
H
c
L
Loi ich cua hoc vn B(y) voi y* ~ 4
Tng chi phi cho hoc tp cua mi loai lao dng
TC
H
C
H
*y va TC
L
C
L
*y
voi y la s nm di hoc
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi:
Phat tin hiu
B(y)
TC
L
y
B(y)
TC
H
y
0
4 4 0
Li ch v chi ph ca cng
nhn c nng Ic thp
Li ch v chi ph ca cng
nhn c nng Ic cao
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi
Thi truong tin dung
Thu thp va sang loc
H so tin dung, co quan luong gia tin dung, thng tin tu
nha cung cp, mang luoi x hi, han muc tin dung
Phat tin hiu
Th chp tai san, thanh danh, bao dam vay
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi
Thi truong lao dng
Thu thp va sang loc thng tin
H so xin vic, phong vn, thu vic
Phat tin hiu
Bng cp cua nhung truong danh ting, thanh tich ca nhn,
nguoi bao dam
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d lua chon bt loi
Thi truong bao him
$ang loc
Cng ty bao him yu cu kham suc khoe
Chi dinh phong kham di voi hop dng lon
Phat tin hiu
Khach hang co dng ky cac chuong trinh phong chng
bnh tt hoc khng hut thuc
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d tm ly y lai
Thit k h thng giam sat truc tip
Thit k h thng giam sat gian tip
H thng khuyn khich
Chuyn rui ro
Chia xe rui ro
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d tm ly y lai
Thi truong bao him
Dng bao him (khng bao him toan b)
Yu cu nguoi mua bao him chia xe khi tn tht
xay ra
Thi truong tin dung
Yu cu tai san th chp dc lp
Yu cu ty l du tu cua doanh nghip vao du an
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cua chinh phu
Cp giy phep chung nhn (truoc hoat dng)
Chung nhn tu cach phap nhn
Chung nhn cht luong san phm
Kim tra, kim soat (trong qua trinh hoat
dng)
Kim tra an toan v sinh thuc phm, dong du cht
luong va cp phep luu thng
Kim tra, di chiu thuc t va tiu chun dng ky
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cua chinh phu
Thanh lp hip hi bao v nguoi tiu dung
Cung cp dich vu cng
V quy hoach d thi
V dich bnh
Du bao v cung cu thi truong trong nuoc va quc t
Thit lp th ch (xy dung khung phap ly) d
co bin phap ch tai, xu phat
Truong Quang Hng
Vn d nguoi uy quyn- nguoi thua hanh
Khi ban ky hop dng voi mt nguoi ma ban
khng quan sat duoc hay danh gia duoc
hanh vi cua ho, ho co th loi dung ban
Truong Quang Hng
Vn d nguoi uy quyn- nguoi thua
hanh
La truong hop mt bn uy quyn cho mt bn
mt bn khac d thuc hin mt hay nhung cng
vic nht dinh
Co su khac nhau v muc tiu giua nguoi thua
hanh va nguoi uy quyn (do dng co khac nhau)
Do thng tin bt cn xung, nguoi uy quyn kho
cung ch thi hanh, danh gia hay khuyn khich
cng vic.
Tach ring la mt vn d vi hi du ca lua chon
nguoc va rui ro dao duc
Truong Quang Hng
Vi du nguoi uy quyn- nguoi thua hanh
Hi dng quan tri - Giam dc
Tng giam dc Giam dc chi nhanh
Hi dng nhn dn - Uy ban nhn dn
Chu tich tinh Giam dc so
Hiu truong Giao vin
Nguoi thu lao dng Nguoi lao dng
Truong Quang Hng
Giai phap cho vn d nguoi uy quyn
Nguoi uy quyn tao ra dng co khuyn khich vt cht va phi
vt cht d cho hanh vi nguoi thua hanh phu hop voi muc tiu
cua minh
Tra luong va thuong theo hiu qua
Thuong bng c phiu
Giao duc y thuc tu trong ngh nghip
Cac danh hiu thi dua
Co hi thng tin
Thit k h thng giam sat
H thng giai trinh va giam sat nghim ngt
Dao tao theo tin chi, sinh vin chon mn hoc va chon giao vin
Ly phiu tin nhim thuong ky
Truong Quang Hng
Vn d uy thac va nguoi thua hanh
Nguoi chu cng ty kinh doanh bt dng san hop dng giao
vic cho nguoi ban hang nhm dat duoc muc tiu loi nhun
Nguoi chu khng quan sat duoc hanh vi cua nguoi ban hang
Loi nhun cua hng phu thuc vao n luc cua nguoi ban hang va mi
truong kinh doanh
Nguoi ban hang co 2 lua chon: (1) N luc va (2) Khng n luc
Loi nhun dat duoc khi nguoi ban hang n luc va mi truong
kinh doanh thun loi
H (a
1
, b
1
) 50 triu/thang
Loi nhun dat duoc khi nguoi ban hang n luc va mi truong
kinh doanh khng thun loi
H (a
1
, b
0
) 30 triu/thang
Truong Quang Hng
Vn d uy thac va nguoi thua hanh
Loi nhun dat duoc khi nguoi ban hang khng n luc va mi
truong kinh doanh thun loi
H (a
0
, b
1
) 30 triu/thang
Loi nhun dat duoc khi nguoi ban hang khng n luc va mi
truong kinh doanh khng thun loi
H (a
0
, b
0
) 20 triu/thang
Gia thit rng xac sut mi truong kinh doanh thun loi la
50
Nu nguoi ban hang lam vic n luc, loi nhun ky vong s la
E(H, a
1
) 0,5*500,5*3040 triu dng/thang
Nu nguoi ban hang lam vic khng n luc, loi nhun ky vong
s la
E(H, a
1
) 0,5*300,5*2025 triu dng/thang
Truong Quang Hng
Vn d uy thac va nguoi thua hanh
Gia su rng chu cng ty kinh doanh bt dng san hop
dng tra luong c dinh cho nguoi ban hang mi thang
la 4 triu dng/thang
Trong truong hop nay nguoi lao dng khng co dng
co lam vic chm chi va phn loi nhun ma chu hng
ky vong nhn duoc la
E(H, a
1
)-w 25 -4 21 triu/thang
Gia su rng chu cng ty kinh doanh tra luong theo loi
nhun, nu loi nhun duoc 50 triu s tra luong la 10
triu/thang nhung nu loi nhun duoi 50 triu thi chi
nhn duoc 2 triu/thang
Truong Quang Hng
Vn d uy thac va nguoi thua hanh
Nu nguoi lao dng n luc thi tin luong ky vong cua ho s la
E(w) 0,5*10 0,5*2 6 triu dng/thang
Nu nguoi lao dng lam vic khng n luc thi tin luong ky
vong cua ho s la
E(w) 0,5*2 0,5*2 2 triu dng/thang
Trong truong hop nay nguoi ban hang co dng co lam vic
chm chi va phn loi nhun va chu cng ty nhn duoc la
E(H, a
1
)-E(w) 40 - 6 34 triu/thang
Trong truong hop nay ca nguoi ban hang va chu cng ty du
co loi khi su dung hop dng khuyn khich
Hop dng khuyn khich duoc su dung d khuyn khich nguoi
lao dng huong vao muc tiu cua cng ty khi ma cng ty
khng co cach nao d do luong su n luc cua nguoi ban hang
Truong Quang Hng
HINH TIEN LUONG HIEU QUA
Tai sao co hin tuong tht nghip dai dng?
hinh tin luong hiu qua
Nng sut lao dng phu thuc vao tin luong chi tra
Nha quan ly khng giam sat hanh vi cua nguoi lao dng
Nha quan ly khng th dui nhung nguoi tranh vic
Tra tin luong thp ngang bng tin luong trn thi truong
canh tranh co dng co tranh vic nng sut thp
Tra luong cao hon khng co dng co tranh vic nng sut
cao hon
Truong Quang Hng
HINH TIEN LUONG HIEU QUA
D
L
S
L

L Le

e
W
*
L*
NCS