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CACERP

Ministry of Planning and Investment

Capacity Building for Central Region Poverty Reduction TA Project 3772 VIE

Asian Development Bank

Level 4, MPI Project Building, 2 Hoang Van Thu St, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tel./fax (84-4) 7341 311, tel. 7341 310, email tcnlmt@hn.vnn.vn

TI LIU TP HUN

K THUT CHN NUI

Bin son: Nguyn B Mi, Tn Tht Sn, Lng Tt Nh, Nguyn Th Mi B sung: TS. V Vn Lit

H Ni -Thng 12 nm 2003

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Mc Lc
Ch 1 ................................................................................................................................... 3 K THUT NUI LN NI TRONG NNG H ............................................................... 3 1.1. Mt s ging ln ni v ln lai nui ni ........................................................ 3 1, Ln Mng Ci .............................................................................................................. 3 2, Ln ...............................................................................................................................4 3, Ln Lang Hng ............................................................................................................ 4 4, Ln Mng Khng................................................................................................... 4 5, Ln Ba Xuyn .............................................................................................................. 4 6, Ln Thuc Nhiu......................................................................................................... 4 7, Ln trng Ph Khnh.................................................................................................. 5 8, Ln lai F1...................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Ln ni mng ci ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2.1. Chn ging............................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2. Mt s c im ca ln ni mng ci ............................................................. 6 1.2.3. K thut chm sc nui dng ln ci hu b ................................................. 8 1.2.4, K thut nui dng ln ni cha ................................................................... 10 1.2.5. K thut nui ln ni v ln con theo m.................................................. 12 1.2.6. Nui dng ln con giai on theo m v sau cai sa ............................... 14 1.2.7. Mt s bnh thng gp ln m sau khi v ln con........................... 14 1.2.8 Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t.................................................................................. 17 Ch 2 ................................................................................................................................. 17 BI GING K THUT CHN NUI GIA CM ............................................................... 17 2.1 K thut nui g ........................................................................................................ 17 2.1.1 Ging g v k thut chn ging g ................................................................ 17 2.1.2 thc n v dinh dng g th vn................................................................. 21 2.1.3 Nui chm sc g th vn.............................................................................. 26 2.2 K thut nui ngan v vt..................................................................................... 30 2.2.1. Cc ging ngan, vt hin ang nui ph bin Vit nam . .......................... 30 2.2.2. K thut chn vt ngan ging ............................................................................. 33 2.2.3: K thut nui dng chm sc vt , ngan ....................................................... 35 2.2.4. K thut nui dng, chm sc vt, ngan sinh sn ........................................ 37 2.2.5 Cng tc v sinh phng bnh cho ngan vt ..................................................... 39 Ch 3: K THUT NUI LN THT TRONG NNG H........................................ 42 3.1. Cc ging ln nng dn thng nui .............................................................. 42 3.2. Chn ging ................................................................................................................ 42 3.3. Chung tri ................................................................................................................ 43 3.4. K thut nui dng v chm sc...................................................................... 43 3.4.1. Thc n cho ln:................................................................................................. 43 3.4.2. Tiu chun thc n hn hp............................................................................. 43 3.4.4. K thut nui dng........................................................................................... 45 3.4.5. Ch bin thc n ................................................................................................ 46 3.4.6. Mt s bnh truyn nhim thng gp ln ................................................ 47 3.4.6. Tnh l li trong chn nui ln tht................................................................... 51 Ch 4: K THUT CHN NUI D SA, D THT ................................................ 52 4.1. Vai tr v ngha chn nui d gia nh ...................................................... 52 4.2. K thut chn nui d sa, tht........................................................................... 52 train_extension_crop_manual_husbandry_VN 2

4.2.1 Gii thiu v cc ging d sa, tht, hin c Vit Nam.............................. 52 4.2.2 K thut chn ging v phi ging.................................................................... 54 4.3. Thc n v k thut nui dng......................................................................... 57 4.3.1. Cc loi thc n cho d..................................................................................... 57 4.3.2 K thut chm sc nui dng ......................................................................... 58 4.4. K thut xem rng tnh tui ................................................................................. 63 4.5. K thut ct, kh sng d..................................................................................... 63 4.6. K thut bt gi d .................................................................................................. 64 4.7. K thut ct mng chn d ................................................................................... 64 4.8 K thut lm chung ................................................................................................ 64 4.8.1 Nguyn tc lm chung d................................................................................. 64 4.8.2 K thut lm chung tri ..................................................................................... 65 4.9. Bnh v phng bnh cho d................................................................................ 67 4.9.1 Nhng bnh gy nn do vi rt v vi khun...................................................... 67 4.9.2. Nhng bnh k sinh trng ................................................................................. 69 4.9.3. Cc bnh do dinh dng v tiu ho.............................................................. 71 4.9.4 Cch tim v cho d ung thuc....................................................................... 72 Ch 5 : PHT TRIN CHN NUI B....................................................................... 73 5.1. t vn .................................................................................................................. 73 5. 2. Ging b Vit Nam ................................................................................................. 73 5.2.1. c im ca mt s ging b:........................................................................ 73 B Ph Yn............................................................................................................................. 74 5. 2.2. Nng sut ca mt s ging b Vit Nam ..................................................... 74 5.3. Kh nng sinh trng ............................................................................................ 75 5.3.1. Khi nim v sinh trng v c s di truyn ca sinh trng.................... 75 5.3.2. c im sinh trng ........................................................................................ 75 5.3.3 c im trong gii on sinh trng:............................................................. 75 5.4 K thut nui b tht................................................................................................. 77 5.4.1. K thut nui b ci sinh sn............................................................................ 77 5.4.2. K thut nui b tht............................................................................................ 78 Bng 2. Tng trng b tht lai........................................................................................... 78 5.4.3 Sinh trung v kh nng phc hi sinh trng .............................................. 78 5.5. Thnh phn ca sa b ......................................................................................... 79 + Khc nhau theo loi, ging ........................................................................................... 79

Ch 1 K THUT NUI LN NI TRONG NNG H

1.1. Mt s ging ln ni v ln lai nui ni


1, Ln Mng Ci C ngun gc huyn Mng Ci, tnh Qung Ninh, ln Mng Ci c c im ngoi hnh l u en, gia trn c mt m trng hnh tam gic hoc hnh thoi. Mm trng, bng

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v bn chn trng. Phn trng ny c ni nhau bng mt vnh trng vt qua vai, lm cho phn en cn li trn lng v mng c hnh dng nh ci yn nga. Nhc im l lng vng, bng s. Ln Mng Ci mn (2 la/nm), nhiu con (10-16 con/la), kho nui con, ln ci c 12-14 v. Ln phm n, chu ng kham kh tt. Lc 4-5 thng tui nng 30-35 kg, 6-7 thng tui: 45-50 kg, 12 thng tui: 60-65 kg. * u im ca ln Mng Ci: + Thch hp vi iu kin nhiu vng sinh thi chn nui + n c nhiu loi thc n, k c cc loi thc n d tha + C kh nng chu ng kham kh, sc chng bnh cao

2, Ln Tm vc nh hn Mng Ci, ton thn mu en, mt ngn, trn c nhiu np nhn, chn ngn, mn ngn. Lng vng, bng s, chn yu. Khi lng c th lc 8 thng tui t trung bnh 35 kg, 10 thng tui nng 45 kg. Ln thnh thc sm, ng dc ln u lc 100 ngy tui, c 8 - 10 v, 8 - 10 con/la. * u im ca ln : + Thnh thc sm, chu ng kham kh, d thch nghi vi nhiu vng sinh thi + Nui con kho, mn 3, Ln Lang Hng Ln Lang Hng l ging ln a phng Bc Ninh, c pha mu cu ln Mng Ci Ln c mu lng da en trng khng n nh, tm vc nh Ln ci c t 10 - 12 v, 10 -12 con /la. S la /ni/nm: 1,6 - 1,8. Ln con 2 thng tui t t 5,5 - 6,0 kg/con

4, Ln Mng Khng
C ngun gc Mng Khng, huyn Bt st, tnh Lo Cai Lng en tuyn, c con c m trng trn v 4 chn, c khc ui tai to r che kn hai mt, tm vc trung bnh, mnh lp Ln thnh thc mun hn so vi ging Mng Ci, , Lang Hng. S con ra 8 - 10 con/la. Ln con 2 thng tui t 6,0 - 6,5 kg/con.

5, Ln Ba Xuyn
L ging lai gia ln B X v ln Becsia. Ln c nui nhiu tnh Cn Th, Minh Hi, Sc Trng Ln c mu lng khoang trng en, phn b khng u trn thn, tm vc trung bnh, trng mnh va, mn ngn Ln ni 8 - 10 con/la

6, Ln Thuc Nhiu
L ln lai gia ging ln trng B X vi ln Yoocsia vng Thuc Nhiu, huyn Cai Ly, tnh Tin Giang. Ging ln ny c nui ph bin vng nc ngt thuc ng bng sng Cu long. Mu lng trng tuyn, c m en nh mt, mnh ngn, tai hi nh v pha trc, tm vc trung bnh Mn , ln ni 10 - 12 con/la

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7, Ln trng Ph Khnh
c hnh thnh trn nn chnh l ging ln c a phng vi s pha mu ca mt s ging ngoi nh Yoocsia, Duroc hnh thnh nn nhm ln lai c mu trng, c nng sut cao hn. Ton thn mu trng, lng tha, da mn bng, tai ng, u nh, ngc su, lng thng, bng to khng s S con 10 - 11 con/la, s la /ni/nm: 1,4 -1,6 . Ln con 50 ngy tui t 7,0 - 7,5 kg

8, Ln lai F1
L con lai gia ln m ni (Mng Ci, , ln a phng khc) v ln b ngoi (i bch, Yoocsai, Landrat). Con lai thng c mu lng trng hoc lang trng en (mu lng theo b), kh nui, nu c u t tt th ln nhanh, t l tht nc cao hn ging ni v cho hiu qu kinh t cao. Ln ni lai F1 mn , nui con kho, trung bnh t 10 - 11 con/la, con lai 2 thng tui t trung bnh t 11 - 12 kg. S la/ni/nm: 1,9 - 2,0.

1.2 Ln ni mng ci 1.2.1. Chn ging


* Khi nim ln ci hu bi: Ln ci hu b c tnh t khi chn ging gy hu b (2 - 3 thng tui) n ngy phi ging ln u tin. i vi ln Mng Ci, ln Lang Hng, Ln , ln Ba Xuyn, ln Mng Khng l giai on t 6 - 8 kg n 50 - 60 kg i vi ln ging l ln lai F1 (c ngoi x ni ni), tc l ci hu b c b l c ging ngoi v c m l ging ln ni th giai on hu b l t 10 - 12 kg n 80 - 85 kg. 1, Yu cu v ngun gc Chn ln ci l con ca cp b m cao sn (ln m sai, mn , tt sa, nui con kho, ln b phi vi ln ci t t l c thai cao). Nu chn ln ci hu b gy ni, ri sau phi vi c thun bn ci hu b th phi bit rt c th v lai lch ca b v m. 2, Cc thi im tin hnh chn ln ci hu b Ln ci hu b c th chn qua 2 ln, ph bin vo cc tui sau: ln th nht, chn tui 2 - 3 thng; ln th hai chn vo thi im trc khi phi ging 2.1 Chn ln 1: lc 2 - 3 thng tui Phi bit r lai lch ca con ging, l con cu cp b m c nng sut cao. Chn ln ci t nhng con m mn , nhiu con. Thng thng chn nhng con t la th 3 n la th 6 l tt nht. * Yu cu v ngoi hnh: - Con ging phi in hnh cho ging. V d: mun chn con ging Mng Ci chun phi chn nhng con c hnh "yn nga trn lng", nu khng c hnh yn nga chng t con ging b pha tp. - Tm nhng con hay n, mm b, gc ui to, ngc n; - c im v ging phi biu hin r rng, c th pht trin chc kho, khng ly nhng con bo sm. Chn nhng con da mng, lng tha; - u v c: u to va phi, mm b, c di va phi; - Vai rng, y n, ngc su rng; - Lng rng, di t vng, sn su, bng gn; - Bn chn: mng rng, ui to, i sau pht trin tt, 4 chn chc chn, khong cch gia hai chi sau rng, mng kht, i li t nhin; - Khng chn nhng con c cc khuyt tt nh: ng rn, chn i vng king hay hnh ch bt - Tnh phm n, hin lnh

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- V: tu thuc vo ging nu l ging Mng Ci, Thuc Nhiu, Lang Hng, ni lai F1 th s v phi t 12 tr ln. Nu l ln i, ln Ba Xuyn, ln Mng Khng th s v phi c t 10 tr ln Khng chn nhng con c v k (v lp, v tt). V k l v khng c kh nng tit sa. Chn ln c u v l r (nm v di), khong cch gia cc v u - m h: chn nhng con c m h pht trin bnh thng, khng c d tt 2.2 Chn ln 2: trc khi a vo phi ging Ln ny chn cn c vo : * Kh nng sinh trng: loi b nhng ci chm ln, khi lng cn t c 7 - 8 thng tui cc ging ln khc nhau l khc nhau v vy ta cn cn c vo c im ca tng ging nh gi kh nng sinhh trng pht trin ca ln. V d: lc 8 thng tui, ln Mng Ci t 55 - 60 kg; ln lai F1 (MCxB) t 75 - 80 kg). Ln m sinh trng pht trin km c lin quan ti kh nng sinh trng ca n con sau ny. - Kim tra cht lng v: nht nh phi loi thi nhng ln ci hu b c s v khng t yu cu (v k nm v khng l r, phn b khng u) - Nu ln ci b au mng, chn yu th loi thi. Ln ni au chn d b cht con, nht l vo nhng ngy u mi sinh khi ln con cn yu. - Cn c vo din bin ng dc ca ln ci. Ci ging ln ni nh Mng Ci, Lang Hng, i thnh thc sm, cc ging ln nh Mng Khng, Ba Xuyn, Thuc Nhiu thnh thc mun hn. S loi nhng ln ci ng dc qu mun, v d sau 9 thng khng ng dc. - Chn m h: loi nhng ln ci c m h qu b so vi c im ca ging hoc b d tt

1.2.2. Mt s c im ca ln ni mng ci
1, S thnh thc v tnh v th vc Hot ng sinh l sinh dc cu ln ni c tnh t lc n bt u thnh thc v tnh, lc ny c quan sinh dc nh bung trng, m o, t cung, tuyn sa pht trin hon chnh m bo cho qu trnh sinh sn. Ngoi ra n cn xut hin cc c im sinh dc ph v c phn x v tnh. Tui thnh thc v tnh ca gia sc khc nhau, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh ging, gii tnh, dinh dng, kh hu, ma vLn ni tui thnh thc v tnh sm hn ln ngoi. V d ln ni l 4 - 5 thng; ln ngoi l 8 - 10 thng. Ngi ta thy rng thi gian thnh thc v tnh ca ln ci khng phi l mt hng s m n bin ng ph thuc vo ging, dinh dng, ma v v s iu ho ca thn kinh th dch. Khi gia sc thnh thc v tnh th c sau mt khong thi gian nht nh trong c th gia sc v nht l c quan sinh dc ca con ci c nhng bin ng khc nhau, km theo l s rng trng c lp i lp li nhiu ln, hin tng ny xy ra theo mt chu k v c gi l chu k tnh. Chu k tnh trung bnh ca ln ni l 21 ngy (bin ng t 18 -24 ngy) tu thuc vo tng ging ln Trong chu k tnh con vt c nhng biu hin khc nhau theo tng giai on: trc ng dc, ng dc, sau ng dc v yn tnh. mi giai on ny con vt cng c nhng biu hin v sinh l, sinh sn khc nhau, cc c quan sinh dc ngai cng thay i v mu sc, kch thc v xut hin dch nhy (m h sng , c dch nhy chy ra.. km theo b n, ku rng). Thng thng tui thnh thc v tnh ca gia sc sm hn tui thnh thc v th vc. Khi ln ci mi thnh thc v tnh, tuy cc c quan sinh dc pht trin hon chnh v c kh nng giao phi nhng th vc cha pht trin y , cha d tr dinh dng mang thai do vy khng nn cho phi ging. Nu cho phi ging qu sm ln con ra khng nhiu, con yu nh hng n tm vc v sc kho cng nh thi gian s dng ca con ging sau ny. Nhng nu phi ging cho ln ni qu mun th khng nhng lng ph thc n m trong nhng k ng dc ln t n, khng n hoc ph phch nn nh hng n sinh trng. Tui thnh thc v th vc ca ln ni thng t 7 - 9 thng

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2, S trng rng Trong qu trnh hot ng sinh sn ca gia sc, mun c qu trnh rng trng v th thai phi xy ra s hnh thnh cc t bo trng, s thnh thc v rng trng. Di tc dng ca hormon FSH ca tuyn yn, t bo ht xung quanh bao non phn chia nhiu, lm khi lng bao non tng ln, ng thi LH kch thch t bo ht tit ra Estrogen v dch. Lng dch nhiu lm th tch bao non tng v ni ln trn b mt bung trng, l cc non chn c dng knh t 0,8 - 1,2 cm. LH ca tuyn yn tng tit c tc dng hot ho enzym phn gii protein lm vch t bo bao non mng ra v v, trng c ri ra khi bung trng gi l s rng trng. Mi ln trng rng ko di t 6 - 10 gi. S trng rng trong mt chu k ng dc ln u tin l 11; chu k th hai l 12; ni trng thnh l 21; trung bnh l 15 - 20. S lng trng rng tu thuc vo ging, tui, nng hormon FSH v LH, ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo i kin dinh dng. Nu khu phn thiu protein s lm gim s trng rng. S lng trng rng sau mt chu k ng dc l gii hn cao nht ca s con ra trong mt la. Trong thc t mi ln ln ni trn di 10 con. Nh vy bao gi s trng rng cng nhiu hn s con ra, s chnh lch c th do mt s trng rng nhng khng c th tinh v mt s trng c th tinh nhng khng pht trin thnh hp t. Do s trng rng chu k 1 t, nn ln thng cho phi ging chu k 2 hoc 3. S lng trng rng chu nh hng ca giao phi cn huyt, h s cn huyt c tng ln 10% th s trng rng s gim t 0,6 - 1,7 trng. 3, Th tinh Th tinh l qu trnh ng ho gia trng (n NST) v tinh trng (n NST) to thnh hp t (2n NST) c bn cht hon ton mi v c kh nng phn chia nguyn nhim lin tip to thnh phi, l kt qu ca s ti t hp cc gen t hai ngun gen khc nhau. S th tinh ph thuc ch yu vo thi im phi ging. Thi gian ng dc ca ln ni ni l 3 ngy, thi gian chu c 2 ngy, thi gian ng dc ca ni ngoi thun ko di 5 - 7 ngy nhng thi gian chu c ch khong 2,5 ngy, phi ging trong thi gian chu c t kt qu cao nht. S la chn ca trng trong qu trnh th tinh: trng lun chn tinh trng c quan h xa vi trng v ch nhng tinh trng kho mnh V d: trn tinh dch ca c Mng Ci vi tinh dch ca c ngoi trng (50/50), kt qu 3/4 s con sinh ra c mu lng trng, 1/4 s con sinh ra c mu lng en. Khi phi ging trc tip, anh rhng ca con c s lm tng t l th thai. Th tinh nhn to c th lm gim t l th thai do k thut phi ging khng tt. Hiu qu sinh sn km nht vo cc thng c nhit cao v thi gian chiu sng gim. Nhit cao trong khng kh c ch hot ng ng dc, v n ko di trong vng 15 ngy sau giao phi, t l th thai gim r rt. Nhit khng kh cao cng lm ln chm ng dc tr li. 4, T l cht phi v t l cht thai T l cht phi v cht thai ni chung t lc th tinh n lc chim 30 - 40% v gn 1/3 s ri vo giai on u ca k c cha. Theo nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi thy giai on 9 - 13 ngy sau khi phi l giai on khng hong ca s pht trin v phn ln cc trng hp cht phi din ra trong giai on ny. Khi m ln ni vo thi k cha nghin cu thy trong t cung ca ln c 12 thai bnh thng v 11 thai khc ang cc giai on teo khc nhau. Mi quan h dinh dng v t l cht phi tc ng qua li vi nhau r rt. Nu thiu trm trng vitamin v khong c th gy cht ton phi, thiu viatmin A ln ni sy thai hoc non. nh gi kh nng sinh sn cu ln ni ngi ta dng ch tiu: s ln con cai sa/ni/nm, v vy s con s sinh trong chnh l tnh trng nng sut rt quan trng quyt nh nng sut ca ln ni. Cc nguyn nhn ch yu lm ln con cht trong giai on t s sinh n cai sa l:

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+ B m + Thiu mu + Cht khi ra + Khi lng s sinh thp + Dinh dng km + Cm lnh + Bnh ng rut + B i + Ln m n + Do bnh truyn nhim

1.2.3. K thut chm sc nui dng ln ci hu b


1. Chung tri cho ln ni Chung tri phi cao ro, thong mt, sch, c nh sng mt tri vo bui sng, hng ng - Nam. Din tch: Chung nui: 4 m2/con; Sn chi: 4 m2/con. i vi ci hu b : 2 m2/con, nn nui 4 - 6 con/ Nn chung: Bn, chc, m bo dc 2%. Tt nht nn lt gch hoc lng xi mng nn chung. Mng n: nn xy bng gch trng xi mng vi kch thc: 40cm x 30 cm x 15 cm; c th dng bng mng g. Vch ngn: Cao 80 - 90 cm, c ca ra vo, c tp n cho ln con Mi chung: T nn ti trn cao 2m tr nn, vt liu lp mi m bo chng nng. Phn, rm che: Chng gi, ma nng khi cn. H thng thot nc phi tt, c h phn xa chung. 2. Ln hu b (ci t) * Nui ln ci hu b cn t c: + Ln ci thnh thc, tui la u sm + Ln ni sai con ngay t la u + Ln ni s dng c lu bn * Nui ng k thut l khng qu bo hoc khng qu gy + Nu ln ci hu b cho n qu nhiu tinh bt hay thc n d tha so vi nhu cu s qu bo. Ln ci bo s ng dc tht thng hay khng ng dc, hay phi i phi li nhiu ln, t l th thai km, hay cht phi, nui con vng. + Nu nui ci hu b cho n km (khu phn ngho dinh dng, hoc khng c n so vi nhu cu) ln s gy, chm ng dc, ko di tui phi ln u, t l hao mn ln, con m b suy kit Thc n cho ln Mun cho ln sau ny c nng sut sinh sn cao, ln ci hu b trc khi vo sinh sn phi c thn hnh sn, chc, khng qu bo hoc qu gy. Tui trng thnh ca ln hu b vo lc 7-8 thng tui, thng cho sinh sn vo lc trng thnh. - Giai on u: ln ni t sau cai sa n 20 kg, ln lai t sau cai sa n 40 kg, nn c nui dng bng thc n tt ( m, nng lng v cht khong) c th pht trin hon chnh. - Giai on sau (ln ni sau 20 kg, ln lai sau 40 kg): c th nui bng khu phn ngho dinh dng hn. S dng nhiu thc n th xanh nui ln, va tn dng c ngun thc n sn c, va to iu kin c quan tiu ho pht trin tt, va trnh cho ln qu bo trc khi bc vo sinh sn. Bng 1: Tiu chun khu phn thc n cho ln ci hu b Khi lng c th m th trong 1 kg thc Nng lng trao i trong 1 kg (kg) n hn hp (g) thc n hn hp (Kcal) Ln ci ni: 10 - 20 150 - 160 3000 21 - 40 130 - 140 2900 41 - phi ging 120 - 130 2800

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Ln ci lai F1: 15 - 30 31 - 50 51 - phi ging

150 140 130

3000 3000 2800

Bng 2: mc n cho ln ci hu b Khi lng ln (kg) Ln ci ni: 10 - 20 21 - 40 41 - phi ging Ln ci lai F1: 15 - 30 31 - 50 51 - phi ging Thc n tinh (kg/con/ngy) 0,5 - 0,9 1,0 - 1,3 1,4 - 1,5 0,8 - 1,3 1,4 - 1,8 1,9 - 2,2 Thc n th xanh (kg/con/ngy) 0,5 1,5 2,0 1,0 1,5 2,5

Bng 3: Cng thc hn hp thc n c th p dng trong iu kin nng h

Nguyn liu
(kg) Bt ng Cm go Bt sn kh u tng, bt c Bt khong Mui n Tng s

i vi ln ni 10-20 kg 21-50 kg 2,27 2,37 3,5 3,4 2,5 3,0 1,5 1,0 0,2 0,2 0,03 0,03 10,0 10,0

10-20 kg 2,27 3,0 2,5 2,0 0,2 0,03 10,0

i vi ln lai 21-50 kg 1,77 3,5 3,0 1,5 0,2 0,03 10,0

51-85 kg 2,37 3,4 3,0 1,0 0,2 0,03 10,0

tn dng c ngun thc n sn c (rau xanh, bo, bng ru, b u ph, ph phm nh bp) c th p dng theo quy tc: + 10 kg rau xanh loi tt c gi tr tng ng 1 kg cm go + 4 kg c ti (khoai lang, sn) tng ng 1 kg bt sn kh + 5 kg bng ru tng ng 1 kg cm go. Tui v trng lng phi ging ln u Ln ni ng dc ln u lc 4-5 thng tui, t trng lng 35 - 45 kg (thnh thc v tnh) Ln lai ng dc ln u lc 7 - 8 thng tui, t trng lng 60 - 70 kg Phi ging ln u cho ln: + i vi ln ci ni (Mng Ci, I) lc 7 - 8 thng tui, trng lng 50 - 60 kg + Ln Ba Xuyn: 70 - 80 kg + Ln Thuc Nhiu: 75 - 80 kg + i vi ln ci lai F1 lc 7- 8 thng tui, trng lng 75 - 80 kg Hin tng ng dc ln ci Khong cch la : L khong thi gian t khi phi c cha la ny n khi phi c cha la tip theo. Chu k ng dc: l khon thi gian t ln ng dc trc n ln ng dc sau. Trung bnh l 21 ngy, dao ng 2 - 3 ngy. Thi gian ng dc: L thi gian xut hin cc biu hin ng dc ln (i vi ln Mng Ci l 3 ngy) Biu hin ng dc c trng: ln ng dc tri qua 3 giai on

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+ Giai on trc chu c: ln ci bing n, ku la, ph chung, m h bt u sng . Ln cha chu c, b chy khi c ngi n gn, khng cho con khc nhy ln lng. + Giai on chu c: Ln b n, i li bn chn, c biu hin tm c, m h nhn li chuyn mu tm, c dch nhn tit ra. Ln chu c, ln ng im (m ) khi ngi n gn, cho con khc nhy ln mnh. + Giai on sau chu c: Ln bt u n tr li, thn kinh trng thi yn tnh, m h ht sng tr li trng thi bnh thng. Ln khng cho ngi n gn, khng cn chu c. Thi im phi ging thch hp + Phi ging cho ln vo giai on chu c (ln m ) + Vi ln Mng Ci, thch hp nht l cui ngy th 2, u ngy th 3 + Kim tra kt qu sau 18 - 21 ngy. + Ch phi ging khi ln ci hu b qua t nht hai ln ng hn * Yu cu cn t c: + Ln ni d tr tit sa tt trong thi k nui con + Ln con sinh ra ng u v t yu cu khi lng s sinh theo quy nh ca

1.2.4, K thut nui dng ln ni cha

ging + Ln ni t hao mn trong qu trnh tit sa nui con 1, Thi gian mang thai Thi gian mang thai ca ln ni trung bnh l 114 ngy (3 thng, 3 tun, 3 ngy) thng dao ng trong vng t 111 ngy n 117 ngy. * Giai on cha k I: t lc phi ging n c cha ngy th 84 (gn 3 thng u). Bo thai pht trin chm, ch chim 25% khi lng ln con lc s sinh. Ln ni giai on ny ch cn cho n cht, khng nn cho n qu mc khi lng ph v trnh bo sm. Cn lu giai on ny ln d sy thai, nn ch khu chm sc, chung tri. Ma h nn tm cho ln 1-2 ln/ngy. * Giai on cha k II: thng cha cui cng, bo thai ln nhanh 3/4 trng lng s sinh pht trin cha k II, nhu cu dinh dng cao. Trong giai on ny cn tng c v s lng v cht lng thc n cho ln con to. Nguyn tc nui ln ni c cha: - Khng cho n qu nhiu tinh bt chng bo - Ln ni qu bo lc c cha s con nh, nui con km, tit t sa, nui con vng - Ln ni qu gy lc c cha s b suy kit sau khi , sc tit sa km v chm ng hn tr li. 2, Dinh dng ln ni c cha 2.1 Tiu chun khu phn thc n cho ln ni c cha Bng 4: Tiu chun kh phn n cho ln ni c cha Gi tr dinh dng n v tnh Ln ni ni Ln ni lai F1 Ca thc n Nng lng trao i Kcal/kg TA 2800 2900 m th % 12 - 13 13 Can xi % 0,8 - 1,0 0,8 - 1,0 Pht pho % 0,6 0,6 Mui n % 0,5 0,5 Bng 5: Cng thc hn hp thc n cho ni c cha v nui con Nguyn liu (kg) Bt ng Cm go, tm Cho ln ni c cha 3,27 3,0 Cho ln ni nui con 2,27 3,0

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Bt sn kh Bt u tng hoc bt c Bt khong Mui n Tng s

2,0 1,5 0,2 0,03 10,0

2,5 2,0 0,2 0,03 10,0

2.2 Cht lng thc n cho ln ni c cha * V cht lng: Ngoi yu cu cn i v thnh phn cc cht dinh dng trong khu phn, thc n cho ln ni c cha phi khng b i, chua, mc. Thc n b i, mc l b nhim c t hoc nhim vi sinh vt gy bnh. Ln n nh vy s nh hng n s pht trin ca bo thai, mc nh thai km pht trin, hoc mt s phi s cht trong giai on cn non. Trng hp nhim c Aflatoxin qu mc (trn 200 phn triu mg/kg thc n) th ln ni cha c nguy c b sy thai. * Ch bin, bo qun s dng thc n cho ln ni: + Phi trn thc n tinh nn s dng trong vng 10 -15 ngy. Thc n tinh phi bo qun trong chum, vi hay bao ti, ni thong mt, kh ro + Lu : Bng b ru tt khi dng nui ln tht, i vi ni c cha bng ru li kch thch gy sy thai. Nn ch cho n thm bng ru trong thi k ln ni nui con. Kh du bng c cha cht gossipon c th gy cht thai. L u ch tt cho ni nui con, kch thch tit sa nhng i ni c cha li lm gim nhp p ca tim gy nn kh nng nui thai km. + Phi trn thc n cho ni c cha ngoi cc thnh phn dinh dng theo tiu chun, cn ch n vitamin v cht khong rt quan trng i vi cht lng bo thai. Thiu vitamin, ln con pht trin chm, sc sng km. Thiu khong, xng ln con pht trin km, ln ni c cha c nguy c bi lit 2.3 lng thc n cn cho ni Bng 6: Mc n cho ln ni c cha (kg thc n tinh/con/ngy) Giai on nui Ln ni ni Ln ni lai F1 Khi lng ln (kg) 50 60 70 80 80 90 100 Giai on cha u 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,6 1,7 1,8 Giai on cha cui 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 1,8 1,9 2,0

110 1,9 2,2

Vi mc nui dng trn, nu ch cho n thc n tinh ln s c cm gic i, ta nn cho n thm rau xanh (3- 3,5 kg/con/ngy) cung cp vitamin v cht x kch thch tiu ho. Trong giai on cha cui lu tng v cht lng thc n n con sinh ra c kho mnh v c sc sng cao. 2.4 Cc khuynh hng cn trnh trong chn nui ln ni cha * Ln ni cha n qu nhiu (thng n nhiu tinh bt, thiu cht m) s bo, dn n mt s trng hp sau: + Ln bo d cht con lc nui con, v i li kh khn do c th nng chn li yu + Ln ni tit t sa, v khi cha n tho mn, nn s km n lc nui con, dn ti t sa + Ln ni qu bo thng ko di cuc , nguy c gy vim t cung * Ln ni cha n khng nhu cu (c th khu phn ngho cht dinh dng hoc thiu s lng) s dn n: + Ln ni cha gy, th cht km, d mc bnh + C th m gy, ln con khng t v khi lng s sinh, nh hng ti sc sng v s pht trin

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+ Ln m gy, c th m khng cht dinh dng d tr tit sa, lm cho ln con ci cc + Ln m qu gy s lu ng dc tr li sau cai sa Chm sc ln ni cha + Cho ln yn tnh tun u tin sau khi phi ging + Sau cho ln vn ng (nht l ln ni bo) 1 - 2 ln/ngy, mi ln khong 40 -60 pht + Gim vn ng khi gn n ngy Tm: 1 ln/ngy vo nhng ngy nng nng V sinh xoa bp bu v trc d kin 10 - 15 ngy kch thch sa ra nhiu khi ln sinh con. V sinh chung tri hng ngy, gi cho ln sch s, m p ma ng, thong mt ma h. Khng nn tim phng, ty giun sn, tm gh vo thng u v thng cui ca giai on c cha.

1.2.5. K thut nui ln ni v ln con theo m


1, Dinh dng ln ni nui con Bng 7: Tiu chun khu phn nui ln ni nui con Ch tiu n v tnh Ln ni ni NLT (Kcal/kg TA) Kcal 2900 - 3000 m th % 14 Can xi % 0.8 - 1,0 Pht pho % 0,6 Mui n % 0,5 Ln ni lai F1 3000 15 0,8 - 1,0 0,6 0,5

Bng 8: nh mc n cho ln ni ni nui con/1 ngy m (tnh trung bnh 1 ni nui 10 con) Ch tiu VT Khi lng ln ni (kg) 50 - 65 66 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 110 >110 Thc n tinh Kg 2,66 2,81 2,86 3,06 3,24 hn hp Bng 9: nh mc n cho ln ni lai F1 nui con/1 ngy m (tnh trung bnh 1 ni nui 10 con) Ch tiu VT Khi lng ni (kg) 100-120 121-140 Trn 140 Thc n tinh hn hp kg 3,3 - 3,5 3,6 - 3,8 3,9 - 4,0 Bng 10: Mc n cho ln ni nui my ngy u sau Giai on nui con Lng thc n tinh hn hp (kg/con/ngy) Ln ni nui con ni Ln ni nui con F1 Ngy cn 0,3 0,5 Sau ngy th 1 1,0 1,0 Sau ngy th 2 1,5 1,5 Sau ngy th 3 2,0 2,0 Sau ngy th 4 n th 7 2,5 2,5 Ngy th 8 n cai sa Theo nh mc Theo nh mc 2, Chm sc ln ni Cn ghi chp ngy phi ging tnh ton ngy v c k hoch trc ln . + 10 ngy trc khi : ty giun sn cho ln m, iu tr gh (nu c) + 7 ngy trc khi : dn v sinh kh trng chung tri, che chn chung + 3 ngy trc khi : gim lng thc n tinh t 30-50% Dng rm hay c kh lt 1-2 ngy trc khi ln

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3, Trc v * Chun b cho ln con s sinh: - Vt liu lt chung trong m ln con cn phi kh, sch, khng vn nt - Chun b bng n si, ci, tru s m cho ln con (vo mu ng, nhng ngy thi tit lnh, khi nhit chung nui thp di mc thch hp cho ln con s sinh) - Chun b dng c trc : + 1 tm vi mn hoc vi mm kh, sch + 1 bm mng tay loi to bm nanh cho ln con + 1 l cn Iot 2,5% st trng + 1 ko ct rn + 1 cun ch buc rn * H l ln ni : - Phi trc lin tc cho n khi ln ni xong hon ton, nhau ra ht, ln ni tr v trng thi yn tnh v cho con b; - Khng can thip khi qu trnh ca ln ni din ra bnh thng, ch can thip khi ln m gin lu v kh khn; - Phi d tht yn tnh khi ln ang . Cuc bnh thng ko di t 2 - 3 gi, song cng c ln ni ko di t 4 - 5 gi - Ln bc phi x bc. Ln con b ngt th thi hi vo mn, h hp nhn to. Nu cha sng th ngm ln con trong nc m 30 - 35 oC trong 5 pht ri em ra h hp nhn to. - Dng khn vi mm sch lau kh dch nhy cho ln con ngay sau khi sinh; - Ct rn cho ln con (cch rn 1 t ngn tay), dng cn it, ru hoc thuc st trng cung rn; - Cho ln con b sa u cng sm cng tt; - Cho ln m n cho long trong ngy u v cho ung nc t do; - Thng thng ngy u cho ln m n 1 kg thc n tinh; ngy 2 cho n 1,5 kg v nga 3 cho n 2,0 kg, t ngy th cho n theo nh mc. - Bm rng nanh cho ln con khng gy chn thng cho v m - Si m cho ln con: c im ca ln con s sinh l trung tm iu tit thn nhit cha hon chnh. Lp m di da mng nn kh nng chng lnh km. + Nhit thch hp cho ln con s sinh ngy u lt lng m l 35 C. C mi ngy sau gim i 2 C, n nga th 8 tr ra nhit trong chung nui cn 23 -25 C l thch hp. Trong khi ln con cn nhit cao (25 - 35 C) th nhit thch hp cho ln m li thp hn nhiu (18 - 20 C). Gii php duy nht to nhit thch hp cho ln con l nui nht ln con trong m v c ch si m cho ln con khi cn thit. + Si m bng in: dng bng n 100W. Mc bng in trong m, cch mt nn chung m 50 cm + Nu khng c in si bng t tru hoc t ci 4. Chm sc ln con tun u sau khi sinh * y l giai on ln con d b cht do: + Thiu cht dinh dng do khng tranh c v m; + Rt do b lnh v gi la trong ma ng; + Ln m ; + Bnh tt. * Ch chm sc: + C nh u v cho ln con to s ng u trong n; + Nu ln con qu ng (s con nhiu hn s v) phi bn bt nhng con nh, yu sau khi cho b sa u; + Nu s con qu t nn i mua hoc xin thm; + Che chn chung tri chng gi la;

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+ 1-3 ngy u phi thng xuyn quan st ln m cho con b trnh m cht con

1.2.6. Nui dng ln con giai on theo m v sau cai sa


- Sau 10 ngy tui ln con bt u bit tp n (lim lp mng n v thc n ca ln m); - Tp cho ln con n sau 10 ngy tui bng thc n ginh ring cho ln con, phi c tp n v mng n ring; + Thin ln c lc 20 ngy tui. 1, Thc n cho ln con phi m bo: + cht dinh dng; + Ngon ming; + D tiu ho Bng 11: Cng thc trn thc n cho ln con Nguyn liu (kg) Khi lng trn trong 10 kg Bt ng 4,24 Go, tm 3,0 Bt u tng 2,0 Bt c loi tt 0,5 Bt khong 0,2 Premix vitamin 0,025 Mui n 0,035 tng ngon ming v d tiu ho, cc loi nguyn liu cn c ch bin 2, K thut cho n: + Mng n cho ln con phi lun sch s, v thit k sao cho ln con khng dm, khng nm, khng a i vo mng n; + Cho n nhiu ba, lng thc n trong mi ln cho n khng qu nhiu trnh tha ng thc n gy i thiu lm ln con d b a chy v lng ph thc n; + Nu c i kin nn cai sa sm cho ln con vo lc 40-45 ngy tui tng s la . Thng thng b con nng dn cai sa vo lc 2 thng tui 3, Tim st cho ln con Vai tr ca st trong c th to hemoglobin trong hng cu, mt s enzym h hp. Nhu cu st cn cho to mu ln con trong 30 ngy u sau trung bnh 7-9 mg/con/ngy, nhng ln con tip nhn st qua sa m ch c 1 - 2 mg/con/ngy, v vy cn b sung st cho ln con. + Tim st cho ln con i vi ln ni tim 2 ln, ln 1 vo ngy th 3 sau d, liu 1 ml/con, ln 2 vo ngy th 10 sau , liu 1 ml/con. + Ln con lai c tht ch tim 1 ln vo ngy th 3 sau , liu 2 ml 4, K thut cai sa cho ln con: + Tch ln m sang mt chung khc cho ln m nhanh ng hn tr li (nu c iu kin). Nu khng c iu kin th bt ca ra vo khng cho ln con vo ngn ca ln m; + Ngy cai sa khng cho ln con n qu nhiu, sau tng ln t t trnh ln con mc bnh tiu chy sau cai sa.

1.2.7. Mt s bnh thng gp ln m sau khi v ln con


1, Bi lit trc v sau khi Ln ni cha, nht l sau khi 1-2 ngy hoc vi tun b lit chn sau, i li rt kh khn, c khi nm lit. Nguyn nhn: + Chc nng sinh l ca c v h thn kinh b suy gim

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+ Do thiu khong can xi v pht pho trong khu phn n. Ln m khng c tm nng, nht trong chung ti thiu viatminD. + Ln ni gy yu, suy nhc ton thn + Vim khp, ph, thn kinh b chn p khi mang thai, bnh ct sng khi thiu vn ng Triu chng: + Bnh pht sinh t ngt. Lucvs u i li d dt, kh khn, hay nm, t ng ln, khi ng ln kh nhn. + Ln s vn ng, a s lit hai chn sau, thng t th ch ngi + Ln vn n ung bnh thng. Phng bnh: + Chm sc, nui dng tt, m bo khu phn n hng ngy c khong khi c cha v nui con. + B sung vitamin, khong vo khu phn n (c qu ti, bt xng, bt cua, bt v c, hn . . ) Cha bnh: + Tim gluco-canxi (10%) 40 cc hoc canxiclorua 10 cc vo tnh mch hc tim bp. + Vitamin B1 100 mg 2 ng (mi ng 5cc) /ngy, tim lin tc 5-7 ngy. + + + Vitamin B12 1000 mg 1 ng vo bp/ngy, tim 5-7 ngy. + Dng cc loi thuc kch thch tng trng lc c: Strychnin, xoa bp bng du nng ( metylxalycilat, du long no) + Khi thy khp sng, dng khng sinh Lenicilin hoc hydrocortiron liu cao 2, Ln kh Nguyn nhn do con m: + Chung cht, thiu vn ng; + Xng chu ln m hp; + Ln m qu bo do n nhiu tinh bt, thiu Ca, P; + Ni gi, thiu kch t oxytoxin, dch nc i khi . Nguyn nhn do con: + Con to, ngc Biu hin: + Nc i c ln mu , sau 2-3 gi rn thai khng ra; + Thai ra na chng khng ra ht con to; + Thai ra 1-2 con sau khng ra tip c - do m yu. Cch cha: + Tim oxytoxin 10-15 n v/ln, sau 30 pht tim ln 2. Nu thai vn khng ra c th bm vo t cung 100 ml du nhn. Trng hp nng phi mi bc s th y ko con ra hoc phi m . 3, Ln m n con, cn con sau khi * Nguyn nhn: do au thn kinh b ri lon; - Sa qu cng gy kh chu khi cho b; - Ln con c nanh cn v au; - Ln ni n tht sng ca ln con loi thi ca n khc gy thi quen. * X l: xoa tay ln bng ln m nhiu ln; - Cho ln con b lc sa khng cng; - Ln m cn con th cho ung thuc ng; - Cho n m trong khu phn n ca ln m. 4, St nhau Ln xong 5 - 7 ting sau khng ra nhau * Nguyn nhn: + Do m nhiu con, ni gi, t cung co bp km, nn khng y ht nhau ra. + Do b vim nim mc t cung trc lc , nn khi nhau khng ra ht. + Nhau b t do ngi nui vi can thip nn b st nhau

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+ Ln b st nhau st cao 40 - 41o C; khng cho con b, dch chy ra m h mu en nht ln mu v hi. * Phng v cha Lc c cha cho n khu phn cht dinh dng Tim oxytoxin di da, liu 2 ng/ni Sau khi tim, nn bm thuc tm 1%o (1 phn nghn), hoc nc mui 9%o (9 phn nghn), khong 2 lt ra t cung trong 3 ngy lin (mi ngy bm mt ln). 5, Vim v sau khi * Biu hin: sau 1-2 ngy thy v , u v sng nng, s ln thy au n t, khng cho con b, st cao. * Nguyn nhn: St nhau, b nhim trng mu, vi khun theo mu n bu v gy vim; - Nm v b xy xt do rng nanh ca ln con cn; - Ln m n tha cht m, sa nhiu con b khng ht gy tc * Phng cha: Trc khi lau, xoa tm cho ni. Cho con b ngay sau 1 gi con u tin, ct rng nanh ln con; Chm nc vo bu v gim sng, gim st; Tim khng sinh: Penicillin 1,5-2 triu n v xung quanh v, tim 3 ngy lin tc 6, Mt sa sau khi Ln ni sau khi v teo dn cng li; ln con i sa, gy, ku lin tc. Sau 1 tun hoc 10 ngy th mt hn sa. * Nguyn nhn: ln m b vim t cung, st nhau, st nn nh hng n tit sa; - Ln m thiu m, khong v cc nguyn liu khc to sa; - C quan ni tit tit t hc mn lm gim s sinh sa. Phng bnh: cho n thc n nhiu m bt c, premix theo khu phn ln ni nui con. Cho n nhiu rau ti. 7, Ln phi khng cha, non Nguyn nhn: + C quan sinh dc ci c th b vim, nn trng khng bm chc vo thnh t cung. + Va chm nhau do chung cht, nn trn, ln trt chn ng b non. + Ri lon chc nng th vng, thiu hormon progesteron, thiu vitamin E, nim mc t cung thoi ho nn hp t khng lm t c. V th ln phi khng cha, hoc chm ng hn. + Sy thai do bnh sy thai truiyn nhim, do c t ca cc bnh dch t, t huyt trng, ng du, do ng c thc n, nhim c thuc tr su v.v iu tr: + Ra t cung trc khi phi m trc b bnh sn khoa + Tim huyt thanh nga cha 2000 v/con (2 l). Khi ln ng hn cho phi ging. + iu tr nh vy, nu phi ln 2 khng c cha c th loi thi con m 8, Ln con a phn trng Nguyn nhn: Do nn chung m t, bn thu, thi tit m lnh. Biu hin: Thng xy ra ln con 4 ngy tui tr i. Ln a phn lng mu trng vng, c mi hi. Lng x, da nhn nheo do mt nc, a nhiu. Sau khi khi bnh ln con yu v ci. Phng bnh: Cho ln m n cht; - Chung kh, sch, m, cho ln con vn ng ngoi tri; - Tim st lc 3 ngy tui. Cha: Cho ung nc l cht (1-2 ngy); - Cho ung thuc Emitan theo ch dn - Dng sulfatiazin, cloroxit cho ung 50 mg/1kg khi lng, ngy ung 2-3 ln.

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9, Ng c thc n Nguyn nhn: Thc n cho ln c cht c: sn, v sn ti, khoai ty cha nu chn Rau xanh cho ln cha ra k, c dnh thuc tr su Triu chng: Ln au bng, nn ma, bng tht, lng cong Chy nc di, nc mi, c hin tng nghin rng C bp co git, nm min man c th cht sau 1 - 2 ngy M khm ln cht thy t ming n d dy, rut, gan b sng Tr bnh: 1- Cho ung 1 lt nc un si ngui vi lng trng trng 2 qu, gim s hp thu cht c vo c th. 2- Ty cht c ra ngoi: Ung sulfat natri (thuc ty) hay sulfat magie 30 - 50 gam, tu theo ln to nh, ung nhiu nc 3- Dng thuc gii c: Mi cht c c thuc gii c ring c bn ti cc ca hng thuc th y. Cn s dng ng theo ch dn. V d: Ng c sn c th cho ung nc ng. Ng c thuc tr su, tim atropin, ri bm nc vo ty ra rut. C th cho ung nc than ci tn mn than hp thu cht c. Ung nc ch c, nc luc xanh, nc vi trong c pha du lc. Nu b nng c th dng thm thuc kch thch, thuc tr tim nh tim long no, cafein 3 - 5 cc cho 100 kg ln hi. Cho ln n nh n lc kho hn mi cho n khu phn bnh thng.

1.2.8 Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t


1, Lp s sch theo di thc n v thuc th y 2, Lp s theo di bn ln con 3, Tnh l li

Ch 2 BI GING K THUT CHN NUI GIA CM


2.1 K thut nui g 2.1.1 Ging g v k thut chn ging g
2.1.1.1 Gii thiu cc ging g ang c nui th vn ph bin Vit nam. 1) Cc ging g ni G ri: Ngun gc: c chn v thun ha t g rng, nui khp ni trong c nc. c im ngoi hnh Mu lng: G mi mu vng nht, im cc m en c, cnh v cht ui. G trng lng sc s nhiu mu, phn ln mu vng m v ta c, ui, cnh v ngc. ui cn im cc lng xanh en. Mo: C nhiu dng khc nhau, ph bin nht l mo c c nhiu kha rng ca. M, chn, da: Mu vng nht. Tnh nng sn xut:

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Khi lng lc trng thnh

- Tui qu trng u Nng sut trng Khi lng trng : Cht lng tht G ma: Ngun gc: X ng Lm, th x Sn Ty, H Ty. c im ngoi hnh: - G mi : Lng mu vng nht, pha ln lng pht trng phn bng, im cc m en c v ui, thn mnh ngn, ngc rng nhng khng su, mo c. - G trng: Lng c 3 mu chnh: nu m, ta v xanh en. Thn hnh to, chc, c di hi cong, mo c c 5 kha, tch to v di, mu ti. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh : Trng : 3,5 - 4,0 kg Mi : 2,5 - 3,0 kg. - Tui qu trng u : 180 - 200 ngy tui. - Nng sut trng : 60 65 qu/mi/nm. - Khi lng trng : 50 58 gam. - Cht lng tht : Km g ri. G ng To: Ngun gc: Thn ng To, x Cp Tin, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn. c im ngoi hnh : G mi: Lng ton thn vng nht hoc trng c, thn hnh to, mp, mo n, mu . G trng: Lng en bng pha ln vng nht hoc thm. C to ngn, ngc su rng. Vng bng, ngc t lng da dy mu . Chn to c 3 hng vy x x mu nht. Thn hnh chc, i li chm chp. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh : Trng 3,5 - 4,0 kg Mi 3,0 - 3,5 kg - Tui qu trng u : 200 - 215 ngy tui - Nng sut trng : 50 - 60 qu/mi/nm - Cht lng tht : Th tht th, mu . G H: Ngun gc: x Song H, huyn Thun Thnh, tnh Bc Ninh. c im ngoi hnh: - G mi: Lng mu trng c ton thn, tm vc to, cn i, mo n. - G trng: Lng c 3 mu in hnh: Ta c, xanh v en xen k lng v mu mn chn. u to th, ngc n, ln i, bng t lng da . Chn cao, to, x x c 3 - 4 hng vy mu nht. Thn hnh to dng i nng n, mo n. Tnh nng sn xut:

Trng : 1,8 - 2,2 kg Mi : 1,2 - 1,6 kg : 135 - 140 ngy tui ( 19 - 20 tun) : 90 - 125 qu/mi/nm 38 42 gam : Thm ngon.

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Khi lng lc trng thnh

- Tui qu trng u - Nng sut trng : - T l p n km - Cht lng tht : Km g ri. Cc ging g ngoi: G Tam Hong: Ngun gc: Hng Kng, nhp ni nm 1995. c im ngoi hnh: - G mi: Lng vng m, chn vng, da vng; thn hnh cn i, mo c nhiu kha rng ca. - G trng: Lng vng xen k ta c, ui mo c, nhiu kha rng ca. Tnh nng sn xut: (g b m) - Khi lng lc 20 tun tui : Trng: 2,8 - 3,2 kg Mi : 1,7 - 1,85 kg - Tui qu trng u : 133 - 140 ngy tui ( 19 - 20 tun) - Nng sut trng : 140 - 160 qu/mi/nm - Khi lng g tht lc 12 tun tui : 1,7 - 1,9 kg - Tiu tn thc n/kg tng trng : 2,8 - 3,0 kg - Cht lng tht : Thm mm, ngon. G Lng Phng (Lng phng Hoa) Ngun gc: Qung Ty, Trung Quc, nhp ni nm 1998. c im ngoi hnh: - G mi: Lng vng nht, pha ln m en c, cnh. Da, m, chn vng; Mo v tch tai pht trin, mu ti. G trng: Lng sc s nhiu mu, sc ta c, nu cnh dn lng, cnh v xanh en ui (tng t g ri). Da, m v chn vng, mo, ym v tch tai pht trin, mu ti c 5 - 6 kha. Tnh ng sn xut: (g b m) G b m : - Khi lng lc 20 tun tui : Trng 3,0 - 3,2 kg Mi : 2,1 - 2,2 kg - Tui qu trng u : 22 - 23 tun - Nng sut trng : 177 qu/mi/nm G thng phm: - Khi lng g tht lc 12 tun tui : 2,0 - 2,5 kg - Tiu tn thc n/kg tng trng : 2,4 - 2,6 kg G Kabir : Ngun gc: Cng ty Kabir, Israel; nhp ni nm 1997. c im ngoi hnh: - G mi: Lng nh vng hoc nu vng lc 1 ngy tui, c 3 vt nu xm lng, mo c, chn da vng nht. - G trng: Lng sm, cnh dn, mo c, chn da vng. Tnh nng sn xut: (g b m) - Khi lng lc 20 tun tui : Trng : 3,0 - 3,2 kg Mi : 2,1 - 2,2 kg

Trng : 3,5 - 4,0 kg Mi : 2,5 - 3,0 kg. : 200 - 210 ngy tui. 50 - 60 qu/mi/nm.

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- Tui qu trng u : 24 - 31 tun - Sn lng trng : 180 qu/mi/nm - Khi lng g tht lc 9 tun tui : 2,2 - 2,3 kg - Tiu tn thc n/kg tng trng : 2,3- 2,5 kg G Sasso (Dng th vn SA 51) Ngun gc: Cng ha php. c im ngoi hnh: - G mi : Lng sm hoc nu , mu c nhiu kha; da, m, chn mu vng nht, chn ngn. - G trng: Lng ton thn mu sm, lng c ta, mo c, nhiu kha. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc 20 tun tui : 1,6 kg - Tui qu trng u : 24 tun tui - Sn lng trng : 188 qu/mi/nm G tht: - Khi lng g tht lc 12 tun tui : 2,0 - 2,5 kg - Tiu tn thc n/kg tng trng : 2,7 - 3,0 kg G ISA JA57: Ngun gc: Hng Hnbbard ISA Cng ha Php nhp vo Vit nam 4/1999. c im ngoi hnh: - G mi : Lng ton thn nu nht pha ln trng pht cnh v ui, da v chn mu vng nht, mo c nhiu kha rng ca. - G trng : Lng ton thn mu nu sm, pha ln ta c, cnh. Da v chn mu vng nht, mo c nhiu kha. Tnh nng sn xut: G b m: - Khi lng bt u : 1,9 - 2,2 kg - Tui qu trng u : 21 - 23 tun tui. - Sn lng trng : 220 qu/mi/nm G thng phm: - Khi lng g tht lc 10 tun tui : 1,9 - 2,2 kg - Tiu tn thc n/kg tng trng : 2,4 - 2,7 kg 2.1.1.2 K thut chn g ging 1. Chn g con: - Thi im chn : Lc 1 ngy tui; da vo ngoi hnh ca g, cc c im biu hin g tt. Khi lng ln. Lng bng, ti xp. Bng thon, nh, rn kn, cnh p st vo thn. Mt to, sng. Chn bng, cng cp, khng d tt, i li bnh thng. - M khp kn. Bt tng con g, cm trn tay quan st b lng v tt c cc b phn u, m, c, chn, bng, l huyt pht hin cc khuyt tt. Th g trn sn quan st dng i li. Nhng g cc tiu chun trn chn nui. 2. Chn g hu b: G hu b c chn vo 2 thi im: - Lc kt thc giai on g con (6 - 7 tun tui); - Lc kt thc giai on hu b (19 - 20 tun tui). C s chn: Khi lng g, cc c im ngoi hnh ca g: - u : rng, su, khng di v qu hp; - Mt: To li mu da cam; - M : Ngn, chc kp knh - Mo: To, mo ti - Thn hnh: Di, su, rng - Bng: Pht trin tt, khong cch t mm xung li hai t xng hm rng - Chn: C mu c trng ca ging, bng, ngn chn ngn. - Lng : Pht trin tt, sng bng mt, mm. - C ch : nhanh nhn a hot ng.

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Nhng g t cc tiu chun trn c chn nui sinh sn. 3. Chn g mi : Trong chn nui g sinh sn phi tin hnh chn nh k loi thi nhng c th km, bo m cho n g t nng sut v hiu qu cao hn. C s chn la chnh v c im ngoi hnh, cc b phn c th nh b lng, mo, l huyt v kt cu c th (ch yu l khong cch gia xng li hi v xng hng). Nhng c im bn ngoi biu hin mt g mi tt l: - B lng : Lng cch hng th nht khng thay Mo v tch tai : To, mm mu ti; - M, chn : Mu sc gim; L huyt : t, mu nht, lun c ng. - Khong cch gia mm xng li hi v xng hng rng, t lt 2- 3 ngn tay. Da vo nhng biu hin trn la chn nhng g mi tt gi li nui, loi thi nhng g mi km.

2.1.2 thc n v dinh dng g th vn

2.1.2.1 Thc n nng lng. Khi nim: L nhm nguyn liu thc n c gi tr nng lng cao (t 2500 3300 Kcal/kg), hm lng m thp di 20% v x th di 18%. Vai tr: Thc n nng lng c s dng nhm tho mn nhu cu v nng lng v mt phn quan trng v khong cht cho khu phn ca g. Cc loi thc n nng lng ch yu dng trong chn nui g. - Thc: c s dng rt ph bin, nng lng trao i ca thc t 2600 2850 Kcal/kg ng vi 11 12 MJ/kg cht kh. Hm lng m trung bnh 7,8 8,7 %, x th 10 12%. - Ng: L loi thc n nng lng hng u ca gia cm, nng lng trao i ca ng t 3100 3400 Kcal/kg ng vi 13 13,7 MJ/kg cht kh, hm lng m t 8 12%, x th rt thp t 1,5 3,5%.

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Cao lng: L cy vng nhit i, c trng nhiu trung du, min ni, ht cao lng c dng nhiu trong chn nui g. Nng lng ttrao i ca cao lng t 2800 2860Kcal/kg, ng vi 12 12,6MJ/kg cht kh, hm lng m th 11 12%, x th 3,1 3,2%. - Cm go: L mt trong nhng loi ph phm nng nghip c s dng ph bin cho chn nui g. Cm c rt nhiu loi trong cc loi cm xt loi 1 thng c nng lng trao i khong 2500 2600 Kcal/kg cht kh, hm lng m th 10 13%, x th 8 16%. 2. Thc n m. Khi nim: L nhm nguyn liu c hm lng m cao. Vai tr: Thc n m c s dng nhm tho mn nhu cu v hm lng m v nng cao gi tr sinh hc cho khu phn. Cc loi thc n m ch yu dng trong chn nui g. Thc n m thc vt: - u tng: L loi thc n c hm lng m cao 3738%; nng lng trao i 3200 3600 Kcal/kg ng vi 14 15MJ/kg vt cht kh, gi tr sinh hc ca tng cao tng ng m ng vt. tng giu axit amin nht l Lyzin v triptophan. - Kh du tng: C rt nhiu loi, cht lng khc nhau tu theo ging v cch ch bin. Hm lng m trung bnh ca tng 44 45%; nng lng trao i t 2500 2800 Kcal/kg ng vi 10,7 12,1MJ/kg cht kh. - Lc: Ht lc c hm lng m cao 26 29% (tu ging), nng lng trao i rt cao t 4300 4800Kcal ng vi 17 20MJ/kg cht kh. - Kh du lc: Hm lng m cao 30 32% i vi kh du p c v, 45 48% i vi kh du lc nhn. Gi tr sinh hc ca lc v kh du lc khng cao bng tng v ngho Lyzin. Nng lng trao i thp hn tng v kh du tng (t 1800 3000Kcal). - Vng: Hm lng m th t 19 21%, nng lng trao i khong 4000Kcal ng vi 17MJ/kg cht kh, vng khng c s dng rng ri trong chn nui bng u tng v lc. Thc n m ng vt. - Bt c: L ngun thc n m tuyt vi cho gia cm bi v bt c cha y s lng axit amin cn thit cho gia cm c bit l Lyzin v Methionin. Hm lng m cao t 30 60% tu loi. Nng lng trao i cng bin i t 1500 3300Kcal/kg cht kh (tu loi). - Bt u tm: Ch bin t cng, du, v tm, l ngun thc n m ng vt tt cho gia sc, gia cm. Hm lng m cao 33 34% trong c 4 5% Lyzin, 2,7% Methionin. Bt u tm giu canxi (5,2%), photpho (0,9%) v cc nguyn t vi lng khc. - Bt tht xng: Ch bin t xc gia xc, gia cm hoc ph phm l m. T l m trong bt tht xng t 30 50%, t l khong 12 35%. 3. Thc n khong v vitamin. L nhm thc n giu khong v vitamn dng tho mn nhu cu khong v vitamin ca khu phn. Thc n b xung khong thng l cc phc hp mui c cha canxi, phtpho, mui Amni, mui n v ca mt s khong vi lng. Thc n b sung vitamin cho gia sc gia cm thng dng di dng premix vitamin l hn hp ng nht ca cc loi vitamin A, D, E, K, B1, B12, PP, khng sinh phng bnh v cht chng xi ho. 4. Gii hn ti a ca cc thc n nguyn liu trong khu phn n ca gia cm. Gii hn ti a ca mt s nguyn liu thc n chnh trong hn hp thc n cho gia cm c khuyns co nh sau: (Trang 39 54: Hng dn nui vt t nng xut cao) 2.1.2.2. Nhu cu dinh dng ca g th vn 1. Nhu cu dinh dng ca g nui tht. Nhu cu dinh dng c tnh theo 3 giai on: -

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Giai on g con: 0 4 tun tui. Giai on g gi: 4 8 tun tui. Giai on v bo: 9 tun bn. Nhu cu n v 0 4 tun tui 2900 20 4 1,1 0,6 1,0 0,5 Giai on nui 5 8 tun tui 3000 18 5 1,1 0,6 1,0 0,4 9 tun bn 3100 16 6 1,1 0,6 0,9 0,3

Nng lng trao i Kcal/kg m ti thiu % X ti a % Canxi (Ca) % Phtpho (P) % Lyzin ti thiu % Methionin ti thiu % 2. Nhu cu dinh dng ca g sinh sn: Nhu cu dinh dng ca g nui sinh sn c tnh theo 4 giai on: - Giai on g con: 0 6 tun tui. - Giai on g hu b: 7 20 tun tui. - Giai on u: 21 42 tun tui. - Giai on sau: sau 42 tun tui. Nhu cu n v

Giai on nui 0 6 tun 7 20 tun 21 42 tun Sau 42 tun Nng lng trao i Kcal/kg 2900 2750 2750 2750 m ti thiu % 18 15 17,5 16,5 X ti a % 4 6 6 6 Canxi (Ca) % 1 1 4 4 Phtpho (P) % 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 Lyzin ti thiu % 1 0,7 0,85 0,7 Methionin ti thiu % 0,4 0,35 0,35 0,35 Khc vi g tht, g sinh sn phi cho n hn ch g khng bo v cng khng gy qu. 2.1.2.3. Xy dng khu phn thc n v trn thc n cho g. 1. Phng php xy dng khu phn cho g Trong thc t ngi ta thng biu th khi lng cc nguyn liu thc n trong 100 kg hay 1000kg thc n hn hp khu phn. V d xy dng khu phn cho g giai on 21 42 tun tui cn 2750 Kcal nng lng trao i v 175g m trong 1 kg thc n vi cc nguyn liu sn c l ng vng, thc t, cm go loi I, bt c loi nht, kh du u tng, premix vitamin v premix khong khi lng trong 100kg hn hp. Phng php c th gm cc bc sau: Bc 1: n nh khi lng thc n b sung nh khong vitamin, premix vitamin, premix khong: 2kg cc loi thc n ny thng chim t l rt thp trong khu phn (chng hn premix vitamin 0,5%, premix khong 1,5%), nh vy ta n nh trong 100 kg s c 2 kg premix vitamin v premix khong. Bc 2: n nh khi lng cc loi thc n m ng vt (bt c nht 55% m) l 5 kg. Bc 3: n nh khi lng thc n nng lng c t l thp trong khu phn (cm loi I) l 15kg. Bc 4:Tnh ton lng thc n m thc vt (kh du tng) v thc n c nng lng ch yu(ng vng + thc t) p ng nhu cu m cho khu phn. Theo khi lng cc loi thc n n nh bc 1, 2, 3 trong 100 kg hn hp c: - Bt c nht: 5kg c cha 2,75kg m.

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Cm go xt loi I: 15kg c cha 1,95kg m. Premix vitamin v premix khong : 2kg. Nh vy: - Tng khi lng c 22 kg cn thiu 78 kg. - Tng khi lng m c 4,70kg cn thiu 12,8kg (17,54,7) Lng thc n m thc vt v nng lng cn thit p ng nhu cu m cn thiu trong 100kg hn hp c tnh bng cch: S dng cng thc ng cho hnh vung (Cng thc Pearson) Qua bc 4 ta bit: - Tng khi lng thc n m thc vt (kh du tng) v thc n nng lng chnh (ng vng + thc t) cn trong 100kg khu phn l 78kg. - Khi lng m cn c trong 78 kg ca 2 loi thc n ny l 12,8kg, ng vi hm lng m mong mun l

12,8 100 = 16,41% 78


Hm lng m cn trong 78 kg thc n

Ta c s dng cho Pearson nh sau:

Hm lng m kh du tng 42,57%

Phn kh du tng 8,26 (16,41 8,15)

16,41%

8,15% Hm lng m thc n nng lng chnh

42,57 Phn TA nng lng chnh (thc+ng) Cng: 34,42phn

Trong cng thc ny hm lng m mong mun (trong 78kg hn hp ca 2 loi thc n m ng vt v nng lng chnh) nm gia hnh vung. Phn trm cc loi thc n nm hai gc hnh vung. Hiu s gia phn trm m mong mun l t l cc nguyn liu cn phi trn. Ta tnh c: Khi lng thc n nng lng chnh (ng vng v thc t) l:

26,16 78 = 59,28 59 kg 34,42


Khi lng kh du tng l:

8,26 78 = 18,72 19 kg 34,42


Ng vng v thc t l 2 loi thc n nguyn liu rt sn nng thn, ta s dng 2 loi tng ng nhau v khi lng (ng: 30kg, thc t: 29kg).

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Bc 5: Tnh ton gi tr dinh dng ca hn hp khu phn (Trong 100kg hn hp) Tn thc n Cm go loi I Ng vng Bt c loi I Thc t Kh du tng Premix khong Premix vitamin Cng Khi lng (kg) 15 30 5 29 19 1,5 0,5 100 1kg NLT (Kcal) 38955 99630 13125 77923 53105 m (g) 1950 2670 2750 2148 8088 Gi tr dinh dng Ca P X Methonin (g) (g) (g) (g) 25,5 247,5 1165,5 67,35 66,0 90,0 810,0 51,0 254,5 144,0 44,5 67,5 63,8 81,0 3042,1 42,3 75,4 127,3 1113,4 108,3 450 282738 2827,38 17606 176,06 935,2 9,35 689,5 6,89 6175,5 61,76 306,4 3,06 971,15 9,71 Lyzin (g) 83,25 82,20 185,0 92,5 528,2

Bc 6: Cn bng nng lng trong khu phn: i chiu vi tiu chun thc n hn hp cho g mi giai on 21 42 tun tui, khu phn n ny c nng lng cao hn 7.738Kcal (282738 275000). Phi iu chnh khu phn bng cch dng cm go loi I c hm lng nng lng thp hn ng (769Kcal/kg). Thay 10kg ng trong 1 khu phn n bng 10kg cm go loi I (tc l trong 100kg hn hp s ch c 20kg ng vng v 25kg cm go loi I). Vi cng thc mi ny nng lng gim i c 7240Kcal nhng hm lng m li tng ln 410g, do ta li phi cn i li hm lng m bng cch gim kh du tng v tng ng. C thay 1kg kh du tng bng 1 kg ng vng th khu phn gim c336,7g m (425,789), mun gim c 410g m cn phi gim 1,2kg kh du tng ng thi tng 1,2kg ng vng. Nh vy thnh phn hn hp thc n cn xy dng s l: Cm go loi I : 25kg. Ng vng : 21,2kg. Bt c loi I : 5,0kg. Thc t : 29,0kg. Kh du tng : 17,8kg. Premix khong : 1,5kg. Premix vitamin : 0,5kg. Cng : 100kg Bc 7: Cn bng Canxi, Phtpho, b sung mui trong khu phn: Khu phn trn p ng nhu cu Phtpho song hm lng canxi cn thp, nguyn liu dng iu chnh hm lng canxi, phtpho l bt xng, icanxi phtphat, cacbonnat canxi. Thng thng b sung khong 0,2% mui n trong khu phn l , song trong bt c thng c sn 1 5% mui n v vy khi tnh ton khu phn cn phi tnh n c lng mui sn c ny. Bc 8: Cn bng axit amin. Cc axit amin hn ch (lyzin v methionin) tng hp c th dng b sung vo khu phn nhng y l cc nguyn liu rt t nn c gng tnh ton cn bng cc ngun thc n m ng vt. Khu phn trn y, hm lng Lyzin c cn i, ring hm lng methionin cn hi thp c th cn bng bng cch tng bt c hoc methionin tng hp. Sau cng kim tra li ton b cc nguyn liu s dng trong khu phn v cc gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn, nu tng khi lng ca cc nguyn liu khng 100kg c th tng thm cc sn phm ph ca ng cc cho 100kg. -

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2. K thut trn thc n cho g. a. Chun b nguyn liu. - Nguyn liu phi c cht lng tt: khng b mc, b hp hi, khng vn cc, khng c mi l. - Mt s nguyn liu phi s ch trc khi trn: tng - Nghin nh thc n trc khi trn. - S lng trn tu thuc vo s lng g Trnh bo qun lu. b. Phng php trn. - dn u cc loi thc n nghin trn sn nh theo th t loi nhiu trc loi t sau. - Cc loi nguyn liu khi lng t (khong, vitamin) phi trn vi mt t cht bt khc nh cm, hoc ng trc khi trn chung m bo nguyn liu c phn b u trong hn hp. - Dng xng hoc tay trn tht u. - ng thc n vo bao, bao thc n ln gi k cao cch xa tng v trn nh.

2.1.3 Nui chm sc g th vn


2.1.3. I. Nui dng chm sc g th vn ly trng: 1. Giai on g con: a. Chung nui: - Mt nui : 12 - 15 con/m2 - Khay n hnh ch nht (60 - 70cm) : 2 chic/100 con. - Mng ung trn loi 1 lt v loi 3,8 lt : 2 chic/100 con. - Nhit chung nui : 35 - 250C. Trc khi vo chung cn b tr mng n, mng ung sn, xen k nhau v si m chung trc 2-3 gi. Lm quy m g hnh trn c ng knh 2 - 3 m bng ct p, nu thi tit lnh phi ko kn rm che trong tun u. - Quan st n g iu chnh nhit trong quy. Khi nhit qu cao, n s tn ra xung quanh quy, ngc li khi thiu nhit, n g s dn vo gia quy ngay di chp si. Khi nhit thch hp n g s nhanh nhn phn b u trong quy. b. Nui dng chm sc - G c n t do 0 - 1 tun tui i vi g trng v t 0 - 3 tun tui i vi g mi. Mi ngy cho n 6 - 8 ln, lng thc n mi ln cho va trnh thc n tn lu lu trong mng gy mt v sinh. Trc lc cho thc n mi vo phi sng thc n c. Thay nc ung 3 - 4 ln trong ngy, c ra mng ung sch s. - Tin hnh ct m vo tun th 2 trnh g m , cn ln nhau. Dng giao sc nung trn bp than hoc bp du (hoc dao ct bng in) ct 1/3 chiu di m tnh t ngoi vo, sau khi ct song lau li vt ct nhm trnh chy mu. Ch trc v sau khi ct m 1 - 2 ngy cho ung vitamin C v K. - Sau mt tun ni rng quy v 2 tun c th b quy ty thi tit. - Thay i mng n, mng ung cho hp l theo tun tui ca n g, sau 1 tun c th thay mng n vung (hoc mt n) bng mng n trn v thay mng ung trn bng mng ung di (ch thay i mng t t). - Thay mi 1 phn hoc ton b cht n chung nu b m t. - Ghi chp lng thc n, thuc th y s dng hng ngy cho n g cng nh s g cht, loi thi tin tnh ton li li sau mi t nui. 2. Giai on g hu b. (Trc 20 tun tui, giai on ny g trng, g mi c nui tch ring) a. Chung nui: Mt nui : 8 - 10 con/m2 Mng n di 1,5 m : 4 - 5 cm/con Mng n trn P50 : 25 con/mng Mng ung di 1,5 m : 80 - 100 con/mng.

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b. Nui dng: Trong giai on g c n hn ch nhm trnh tch ly m sm nh hng n sc trng sau ny. C th p dng 1 trong 3 phng thc sau y: * Cho n hng ngy: Lng thc n hng ngy gim xung 1/2 so vi nhu cu. Yu cu s lng mng n phi y v ri thc n iu cc mng chia lm 2 ln trong ngy. * 2 ngy n 1 ngy ngh - Lng thc n ca ngy nhn c chia u cho 2 ngy. Ngy nhn dng t thc, ng ht ri u trn nn chung cho g nht n. - c n g tng i ng u v khi lng c th (l yu cu ht sc quan trng i vi g hu b) hng tun cn 10% s g c mt, so snh khi lng trung bnh thu c vi khi lng chun + 10 % th tng lng thc n mt cch bnh thng nh bng hng dn. Nu khi lng bnh qun>khi lng chun th vn gi nguyn lng thc n. Nu khi lng bnh qun<khi lng chun th tng t t lng thc n sao cho bt kp khi lng chun sau 1 vi tun. c. Hn ch nc ung. - Mc ch: lm diu cng to g i nng n; lm cho nn chung m t. - Nguyn tc khng ch - Sau khi g n ht thc n thi gian ung nc ch ko di trong mt vi gi. - Nhng ngy thi tit nng khng hn ch nc ung. - Sau khi g 5 % phi chuyn sang cho ung nc t do. Chng trnh cho n i vi g mi (bng trn) Chng trnh cho n i vi g trng (bng trn) d. Ch chiu sng Khng c tng thi gian chiu sng mi ngy t 1 - 20 tun tui v khng bao gi c gim thi gian chiu sng t 20 tun tui n cui i g.

i vi chung thng thong t nhin, b con b con c th thc hin ch chiu sng nh sau: 1tun tui 2 tun tui 2 - 20 tun tui
2

: 22 gi/ngy m : 14 gi/ ngy m : s dng nh sng t nhin

Cng chiu sng: 3w/m nn chung, ch bng in tro sao cho nh sng phn u trong nn chung (tt nht dng bng in trn c cng sut 75 - 100 w).

Kt thc giai on hu b (20 tun tui) cn tin hnh chn lc c trng ln mi, nhng con t tiu chun a ln ghp n. 3. Chm sc nui dng giai on g . a. Chung nui - Sau khi c chn lc n g c ghp trng mi vo lc 20 tun theo t l 1 trng/8 - 10 mi. Mt nui 3 - 4 con/m2 chung. Mng n trong 20 - 25 con/mng. Mng ung di 1,5 m: 50 con/mng. 4 - 5 con/ngn , ch chiu sng 17/gi/ngy. b. Nui dng: T l bnh qun v khi lng c th ca g l yu t c bn quyt nh lng thc n hng ngy. - G mi c n tng dn theo t l . Sau khi t nh cao v sc th gim dn lng thc n (c th gim t 0,5 - 1 gam/con/ngy mi tun, ng thi theo di cht ch din bin khi lng trng v th trng iu chnh lng thc n cho hp l). - S dng cng loi thc n cho c trng ln mi nhng g trng li cho n ring: Mng g trng c treo cao sao cho ch c g trng n c, mng ca g mi c treo ngang tm vi g mi nhng c chp khng ch sao cho ch c g mi th u vo n c cn g trng do u v mo to nn khng th u vo n c. - B sung thm ct si sch vo mng n: mi tun b xung thm 0,4 kg ct si/100 g nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng thc n.

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nh k cho g ung vitamin A,D,E 2 ln/tun theo hng dn ca hng sn xut. Khi n g bt u vo , nn tp cho g vo trong , nhng qu trng ngoi phi kp thi nht ngay. Mi ngy nht trng t nht 4 ln. c lt tru hoc dm bo m lun sch s. c t ni kn o. Hng thng nh k loi thi nhng g mi khng hoc km . T l (%) 1-5 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 >60 1925 1875 Khi lng c th (g) 1750 Lng thc n (g) 85 90 105 110 - 115 115 - 120 120 - 125 125 - 130 130 - 135 Sau 40 tun tui dng thc n c 15,6% Protein v 2750 kcal/kg NLT Chi ch * T 22 - 40 tun tui dng thc n cha 16,7 % protein v nng lng trao i 2700 Kcal/kg

c. Ch chiu sng. 21 tun tui : 13 gi 22 - 25 tun tui : Mi tun tng 1 gi chiu sng 26 tun n cui i : Gi nguyn thi gian chiu sng 17 gi/ngy m 2.1.3.2. K thut nui g th vn ly tht 1. Chung tri, dng c mng n mng ung Cc yu cu v c bn tng t g trong giai on g con v g hu b. Ngoi ra cn c vn hoc i chn th. 2. Nui dng, chm sc. a. Giai on g con (0 - 4 tun tui) G (d l ging g) c nui m trong chung c si m (nhit 33 - 340C). Thc n giai on ny yu cu gi tr dinh dng: m (protein) 20 - 21%; nng lng trao i 2900 - 2950 Kcal; m 3,5%. Tiu th thc n Chiu sng Tun Ghi ch Gr/g Gr TA Thi Cng (vi tui /ngy /tun gian n ng) 1 17 119 23/24 1 w/m2 n t do 2 35 245 23/24 1 w/m2 n t do 2 3 50 350 22/24 1 w/m n t do trong thi gian chiu sng 4 70 490 20/24 1 w/m2 n t do trong thi gian chiu sng b. Giai on g gi ( 5 - 13 tun tui) -G c th ra vn tr nhng ngy tri rt m hoc ma. Ngoi vn t cc mng ung, mng n di gc cy. B con c th dng thc n HIGRO CP 311 hoc PROCONCO trn thm 25 - 30 % thc : Lng thc n tng dn theo tui: Tun Tiu th thc n Chiu sng Ghi ch

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tui

5 n t do trong thi gian chiu sng 6 n t do trong thi gian chiu sng 7 n t do trong thi gian chiu sng 8 n t do trong thi gian chiu sng 9 10 tun - Trnh nc ng trong vn. - Quy xung quanh vn bng tre, na hoc li. - S dng vc xin v thuc phng bnh theo hng dn ca phn sau: 2.1.3.3. Phng bnh cho g th vn (Chng trnh tim phng) Ngy tui 1 4 7 7 -10 10 14 21 50 56 70 80 110 120 126 Tim phng Marek Phng bnh ng rut, ng h hp bng: Tylosine: 0,5g/lt nc Coli 2000: 0,5g/lt nc; thuc b tr tng sc khng Nh Vacxin Lasota ln 1 Vitamin,in gii tng sc khng. Phng cu trng bng Vetpro 60%: 1g/ lt nc Nh Vacxin Gumboro ln 1, chng u Nh Vacxin Lasota ln 2 Nh Vacxin Gumboro ln 2 Tim vacxin Newcatle H1 Phng CRD bng Tylosin Ty giun sn bng Piperazin Tim Vacxin nh du phng bnh Newcatle, Gumboro, IB, Hi chng gim Thuc phng

Gr/g /ngy 77 90 115 125 135

Gr TA /tun 539 630 805 875 945 4,998

Thi gian 18/24 18/24 18/24 18/24 18/24

Cng (vi n ng) 0,8 w/m2 0,8 w/m2 0,8 w/m2 0,8 w/m2 0,8 w/m2

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2.2 K thut nui ngan v vt 2.2.1. Cc ging ngan, vt hin ang nui ph bin Vit nam .
1. Cc ging vt hng trng: a. Vt C: Ngun gc: Vit nam c im ngoi hnh: - u thanh, mt sng, m dt di v khe. C thanh, mnh thon, ngc lp. Vt c nhiu nhm mu lng khc nhau: s sm, s nht, xm hng, xm , khoang trng en, en tuyn. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh : Trng: 1,5 - 1,7 kg Mi : 1,3 - 1,4 kg - Tui qu trng u : 140 - 150 ngy tui - Nng sut trng : 180 - 220 qu/mi/nm - Khi lng trng : 60 - 65 g/qu - Chi ph thc n cho 10 qu trng : 2,1 - 2,3 kg b. Vt Khaki Cambell: Ngun gc: Vng quc Anh , nhp vo Vit nam nm 1990 t Thi Lan. c im ngoi hnh: - Tm vc nh va phi, nhanh nhn, thn hnh c dng thng ng, cn i. - Ngc su, rng, phng hi dc v pha sau. - ui: ngn, nh, hi vnh ln. - Mu lng: c 3 nhm + Nhm lng trng: c trng v mi u trng khp c th, mt xanh xm, m, chn, mng chn mu da cam. + Nhm lng xm: Vt trng u, c mu cnh gin ha cng mu ta. M xanh c u hnh ht u en nh. Mt nu, chn v mng chn mu da cam, xm nht. Vt mi: nu xm u, c, ln, bng nu nht, vng phao cu mu cnh gin; mt chn mu nu tng t lng thn, m mu nu , c nt hnh ht u nh. + Nhm lng Khaki: Trng: u, c, ui, vch cnh mu ng xanh, ngc mu Khaki, m xanh lc, xm , chn, mng chn mu da cam xm. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh : Trng : 1,7 - 1,9 kg Mi : 1,6 - 1,8 kg - Tui qu trng u : 20 - 21 tun tui. - Nng sut trng : 250 - 300 qu/mi/nm - Khi lng trng : 65 - 70 g/qu c. Vt CV 2000: Ngun gc: Vng quc Anh, nhp vo Vit nam nm 1999. c im ngoi hnh: - Thn hnh cn i, c dng thng ng, ngc su, lng rng phng. - Lng ton thn mu trng. - M, chn, mng chn mu vng nht. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh: Trng : 2,0 - 2,2 kg

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Mi : 1,8- 2,0 kg - Tui qu trng u : 20 - 22 tun - Nng sut trng : 260 - 300 qu/mi/nm - Khi lng trng : 70 - 75 g/qu 2. Cc ging vt kim dng a. Vt Bu: Ngun gc: Vit nam . c im ngoi hnh: - Thn hnh ch nht, vng chc; - u to, hi di, c ngn, ngc su rng; - M, chn, mng chn c nhiu mu, ph bin nht l mu vng nht; - Lng: mu khng thun khit , c nhiu nhm mu khc nhau, ph nht l mu c cung, xm. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh : Trng : 2,0 - 2,5 kg Mi : 1,7 - 2,0 kg - Tui qu trng u : 150 - 160 ngy tui - Nng sut trng : 150 - 160 qu/mi/nm - Nui chn th lc 70 ngy t: 1,4 - 1,6 kg. b. Vt Bch Tuyt: Ngun gc: Vit nam tp giao gia vt Anh o v vt Vit nam. c im ngoi hnh: - Tm vc trung bnh, u to va phi, ngc su rng; - C thanh nh, mt tinh; - Lng ton thn mu trng, - M, chn, mng chn mu vng. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh : Trng : 2,2 - 2,3 kg Mi : 1,7 - 2,0 kg - Tui qu trng u : 150 ngy tui - Nng sut trng : 140 - 150 qu/mi/nm - Khi lng trng : 65 - 70 g/qu - Nui chn th lc 70 ngy tui t: 1,5 - 1,6 kg. 3. Cc ging vt hng tht a. Vt Anh o (Cherry Valley) Ngun gc: Vng quc Anh, nhp vo Vit nam nhiu t bt u t nhng nm 1970. c im ngoi hnh: - Thn hnh vng chc, ngc su rng; - u to, c to v di; - Lng ton thn mu trng, da trng; - M, chn, mng chn mu vng. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh : Trng: 3,0 - 3,3 kg Mi : 2,6 - 3,0 kg - Tui qu trng u : 190 - 220 ngy tui - Nng sut trng : 130 150 qu/mi/nm

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- Nui chn th lc 75 ngy tui t : 2,2 - 2,3 kg. - Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng : 3,2 - 3,5 kg b. Vt CV Super M Ngun gc: Vng quc Anh, nhp vo Vit nam nhiu t bt u t nhng nm 1989. c im ngoi hnh: - C ngoi hnh c trng cho vt hng tht, - Thn hnh ch nht, ngc su rng, - u to, lng thng, c to, di, - Chn vng chc, - Lng ton thn trng, - Da vng, chn, mng chn, m mu vng. Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh v tnh : 3,1 - 3,2 kg - Tui qu trng u : 26 tun tui - Nng sut trng 40 tun : 220 trng/mi - Vt thng phm lc 49 - 52 ngy tui t khi lng 3,07 - 3,24 kg, - Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng : 2,81 kg. - Trong iu kin nui chn th Vit nam lc 75 ngy tui, vt t khi lng 2,8 - 3kg. Thc n tiu tn cho 1 kg tht hi l 1,8 - 2 kg. 4. Cc ging ngan a. Ngan Vit nam Ngun gc: Vit nam. c im ngoi hnh: u nh, trn phng, mt sng, - Mo pht trin, con trng mo to hn con mi, - Thn di, nm ngang, - Con trng d tn, con mi hin lnh, - Mu lng c 3 nhm: Trng (ngan D) Loang (ngan Sen) en (ngan Tru). Tnh nng sn xut: - Khi lng lc trng thnh: Trng : 3,5 - 4,0 kg Mi : 2,2 - 3,0 kg - (ngan D khi lng nh hn ngan Sen v ngan Tru) - Tui thnh thc sinh dc : 220 - 240 ngy tui - Nng sut trng : 60 - 70 qu/mi/nm b. Cc dng ngan Php -

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Ngun gc: Cng ha Php, nhp vo Vit nam nm 1996, hin c 3 dng R31, R51 v R71. c im ngoi hnh: C th ln, thn hnh vng chc, Mu lng: R31lang trng en (hoa m); R51 v R71 trng tuyn hoc trng c m u. Tnh nng sn xut: Khi thnh thc v tnh: Trng: 3,3 - 4,6 kg Mi : 2,2 - 2,6 kg Tui : 26 - 28 tun Nng sut trng R31 : 160 - 180 qu/mi/nm R51 v R71 : 180 - 220 qu/mi/nm Ngan thng phm: nui nht 63 ngy tui (hoc nht kt hp chn th lc 84 ngy tui), ngan mi nng 2,5 - 3 kg, ngan trng nng 4 - 5 kg. Thc n tiu tn cho 1 kg tht hi : 2,6 - 2,8 kg.

2.2.2. K thut chn vt ngan ging


2.2.2.1. K thut chn ging vt ngan con Cn chn nhng con: Nhanh nhn. kho mnh Mt tinh nhanh, khng dch d, km nhm Bng mm, . Lng bng, xp; c mu lng c trng ca ging: Khng chn con kho chn, h rn: bng cng bt lng; Nu c th chn t n b m tt, khng bnh tt.

Cch phn bit gia vt con v ngan con ? Ngan con thng c m u v ng chanh (R51, R71), m trng hng; . Mng chn u cc ngn chn cangan con c kh nng bm dnh v o b n tay, hoc b mt nhm, do , khi t ngan con ln b n tay v nghing b n tay, ngan con c th bm dnh m khng ri. Vt con khng bm c nh vy. Cch phn bit gia con trng v con mi? Con c c gai giao cu, con ci khng c gai giao cu. C th kim tra khi vt ngan1ng y tui: v, s nh ti l huyt (bm l huyt) pht hin gai giao cu ca con c. . 2. Kthut chn ging kho v nh, b Ch thao tc vt ngan hu trnh mnh tay gy cht hoc tn thng vt ngan Vt ngan nui ging sinh sn khi ht 8 tun tui cn chn chuyn nui hu b. con.
K thut chn nh sau: Ngoi hnh: Mu lng c trng ca ging Cn i v nhanh nhn Chn thng, khng vo ui, khng g lng Vi vt chuyn tht v ngan: ngc n, dng i chc chn, thn hnh song song vi mt t; Vt chuyn trng: mnh thon, u nh, c di, thn hnh to vi mt t mt gc cng ln cng tt. Khi lng c th: Vt ngan qu to, hoc qu nh khng cho nng sut cao, nn chn nhng con khi lng trung bnh nh sau: Vt c: 0,9 - 1,1 kg/con; Vt chuyn tht CV super M: ci 1,8 - 2 kg; c 2 - 2,2 kg; Vt chuyn trng v kim dng: 1,3 - 1,4 kg; Vt chuyn trng Khakicam bell: 1 - 1,2 kg Ngan: ci: 1,4 - 1,6 kg; c: 2,3 - 2,5 kg.

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2.2.2.2. K thut chn ging vt ngan sinh sn Trc khi vt ngan vo khong 2 tun, cn lu chn vt ngan mt ln loi b cc con mi khng tt: Ging Vt c CV Super M Siu trng CV2000 Siu trng Khaki Cambell Ngan Php Thi im chn (tun th) 18 22 18 17 23 Khi lng trung bnh mi (kg) 1,2 - 1,4 2,7 - 3 1,5 - 1,7 1,3 - 1,5 2,2 - 2,4 Khi lng trung bnh trng (kg) 1,3 - 1,5 3,2 - 3,4 1,7 - 1,8 1,4 - 1,6 4,1 - 4,3 T l ghp trng/mi * 1/7 -1/8 1/5 1/6 1/7 - 1/8 1/5

K thut chn v ngoi hnh ging phn chn vt hu b: vt chuyn tht v ngan chn con thn hnh n nang, chc kho v song song mt t; vt chuyn trng chn con thn mnh thon di c cao thn mnh to thnh gc rng vi mt t. Chn con khe mnh, khng mc bnh, Thn hnh khng qu to bo hoc qu b, Chn con c mu lng c trng ca ging.

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2.2.3: K thut nui dng chm sc vt , ngan


2.2.3.1 Nui dng chm sc ngan vt con 1. c im ca vt ngan con Kh nng iu tit thn nhit cha han chnh do ph thuc nhiu vo nhit mi trng. Sc khng km, d cm nhim bnh tt. Tc sinh trng nhanh, hiu qu s dng thc n cao. Nhu cu dinh dng c cht lng cao. 2. Thc n cho vt con Vt ngan con 1-2 tun tui c tc sinh trng nhanh v hiu qu s dng thc n cao, tuy nhin cha th kim mi, cn nui nht hon ton v cung cp thc n cht lng cao. Vt/ngan l loi n tp nn n c nhiu loi thc n khc nhau nh ng cc (go, thc, ng, tm, cm, khoai), cc loi rau, bo, cc loi thc n nhiu m ( tng, bt c, c, tp, cua, c, don, dt...) v c cc loi ph phm (b bia, b ru, b u...) Vic cho vt ngan n cc loi thc n tn dng c sn a phng nh nu trn c th gim c chi ph gi thnh v nng cao hiu qu kinh t. Nu iu kin chn nui nng h c tnh cht tn dng ch cn b sung thc n cng nghip nu thc s thy cn thit. c bit cn lu n hiu qu kinh t. C th cho n thc n sng, hoc nu chn tng kh nng tiu ho; Ch khng cho n cc thc n m, mc, i, thiu. Yu cu dinh dng Ging m th Nng lng Vt siu tht 20 - 22 % 2800 - 2900 kcal Vt siu trng 20 % 2800 - 2900 kcal 3. K thut cho vt ngan con n v ung Trong 1-2 tun tui u, nn cho n t do theo nhu cu c ngy v m. Sau , nu l vt ngan nui thng phm bn tht, cho n t do ban ngy nu t vt ngan nui ging ( sinh sn) cn cho n hn ch khng qu bo. T trn 2 tun tui, nu nui chn th c th cho tp cho n cc loi thc n khc nhau v tp kim mi. C ra mng n v mng ung hng ngy; Nc cho ung theo nhu cu; Cho vt ung nc sch: v d t ngun nc ging: Ch khng cho ung nc qu lnh trong ma ng v c th gy h nhit, vt con d m, cht. Trong ma h, do nhit mi trng cao, nc ly t ngun t nhin c th nng, vt s b ung nc. Do , cn gi nc trong ch mt hoc bng cy khi cho vt ung. Thc n cho n thnh ba. Ch rng vic cho n thnh ba v cho n t do tiu tn cng mt lng thc n nh nhau, tuy nhin cho n thnh ba kch thch tnh thm n ca vt v ngan. 4. Chm sc vt ngan con Nhit chung nui vic gi m cho chung nui l rt quan trong nh hng trc tip n t l sng ca vt ngan con trong thi k nui m. Do , cn lun lun ch kim tra m ca chung.

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Cch nhn bit nhit chung nui qu nng hoc qu lnh? Chung nui qu lnh: Vt con hoc ngan con tm chum li vi nhau gn ngun nhit; cn b sung ngay ngun nhit cung cp. Chung nui qu nng: Vt/ngan con to xa khi ngun nhit, c th tp trung mt pha quy, gn ni thong kh hoc c gi lu thng

Vi vt/ngan con mt ngy tui, nn lm m chung t nht 1/2 gi trc khi th vt/ngan vo chung. Trong 3 ngy u sau p n, nhit chung cn gi khong 28 - 3200C, t ngy th 4 tr i c th gim dn mi ngy mt n khong 20 - 22 l c. Vt ngan di mt thng tui khng nn nui th t do, nht l trong ma ng gi but, v kh khng ch v cp nhit. nh minh ho: ngun nhit qu nng, qu lnh, bnh thng. Khng nn nui vt, ngan con qu cht hoc qu rng: Tun u : 30 - 35 con/m2 Tun th 2, th 3 : 1 5 - 20 con/m2 Tun 5 - 6 tr i : 6 - 8 con/m2 nh sng: 2 tun u: chiu sng 24/24, v vt/ngan con cn n sut ngy m. nhng ni khng c in, c th thp sng bng n du m bo nh sng vt, ngan i li n, ung mt cch nh thng) chng x n v ln nhau gy t l cht cao. 3 - 4 tun: 18/ 24 gi (bui sng thp n t sng sm 4h sng, bui chiu thp n khong 9h - 10h ti) 4 tun tr ln: ch cn dng nh sng t nhin. Phng trnh cc loi ng vt gy hi cho vt ngan con Vt ngan con l thc n hp dn i vi nhiu lo( ng vt khc nh: rn, chut, co, diu hu: ch, mo. c bit cn ch bo v trong 1-2 tun tui u khi vt ngan con yu t, khng c kh nng khng c. 2.2.3.2 Nui dng, chm sc vt, ngan hu b: c dim v yu cu k thut nui vt ngan hu b Vt ngan hu b l vt ngan nui trong thi k t tun tui th 9 (ngoi 56 ngy) n lc bt u qu trng u tin. i vi vt nut sinh sn hay vt chuyn trng, thi k hu b i hi tiu chun n mnh kho v t yu cu v th trng, nhng khng c cho n qu nhiu v nh hng khng tt n sn lng trng sau ny. Thc n cho vt ngan hu b Vi vt ngan thng phm, c th cho n t do theo yu cu vo ban ngy. Vi vt ngan sinh sn: trong giai on hu b cn c bit ch cho n hn ch vt ngan khng qu to bo, nh hng n kh nng sinh sn. Do , cn kim tra khi lng nh k iu chnh lng thc n ph hp: c th ch phi thc n cho n 1 ln trong ngy: cn ch tt c vt ngan u c n; Yu cu dinh dng cho vt/ngan hu b Ging m th Vt siu tht, ngan, vt CV 2000 1 5 - 1 5.5 % Vt siu trng 14 % Nng lng 2800 - 2900 kcal 2750 - 2800 kcal

Nn tn dng ngun thc n c sn gim bt chi ph thc n; vi nui kt hp chn th, ch cn cho n b sung thm thc v mi ti l .

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Ch d chm sc nui dng vt ngan hu b n chung phi kh ro sch s. Thng xuyn b sung thm n chung hoc dn n chung c nh k. Trc khi vo , phi chn lc ch a nhng con t tiu chun ging vo n sinh sn c nng sut cao. Chn vt sinh sn cn m bo t l trng mi: - Vt chuyn tht: 1 trng 5 mi - Ngan: 1 trng 4 mi - Vt chuyn trng: 1 trng 7-8 mi. Trong trng hp ch xc nh nui ly trng thng phm th khng cn chn vt trng. Mt nui: vt chuyn tht v ngan: 4- 5 con/m2; chuyn trng: 5 - 6 con/m2. Thi k thay lng: vt v ngan d b nh hng bi s thay i bn ngoi nn cn ch chm sc tt trong cc giai on ny. K thut dng cho vt hu b Vi n vt, ngan hu bi chuyn sang giai on cn dng cho vt, ngan; Thc n: trc 2 tun, bt u cho vt, ngan n khu phn n ca vt ngan . Thi gian chiu sng: tng dn thi gian chiu sng trc 5 tun nh sau: - Trc 5 tun: 10 gi/ngy - Trc 4 tun: 12 gi/ngy - Sau , tng ln dn mi tun 1 gi n 1 6 - 18 gi/ngy.

2.2.4. K thut nui dng, chm sc vt, ngan sinh sn


1. Thc n Giai on hu b, cho vt n no v dinh dng, khng cho n qu nhiu vt ngan s bo qu v gim nng sut sinh sn. C th dng cc loi thc n tn dng ca a phng gim gi thnh sn phm. Yu cu tiu chun thc n Ging m th Vt siu tht, siu trng CV 2000 18 - 19 % Ngan, vt chuyn trng v kim dng 17 - 18 % Nng lng 2700 kcal 2700 kcal

Chuyn t thc n vt, ngan hu b sang thc n vt, ngan : 2 tun trc khi, ngan : tng 10 % thc n qu trng u tin: tng 10% thc n Khi 5% n tng dn lng thc n sao n mc n t do theo nhu cu thc n lm nhiu ln trong ngy thc n khng b tn ng mng n; Mng n nn cch mng ung ti thiu 3 m, v ch trnh c ma v sng lm mc thc n. Nui chn th khi cho thc n b sung, nn cho n v tr c nh. Vt, ngan chn th cn xc nh t ngun thc n t kim c b sung thc; ng, mi ti, thc n m c. Ch khng nn chn qu xa ni nht vt, ngan. Khng dng thc n i chua, mc v vt ngan rt d mn cm vi c t ca nm mc gy cht hoc nh hng n nng sut ca vt ngan. Vt ngan nui trn kh phi lu v sinh sn chi lun sch s trnh c khi vt ngan giao phi xong th gai giao cu v nhim bn dn n hao ht con c nhiu, nh hng n t l p n trng. 2. Nc Cung cp nc sch v nc. Nu nui chn th bui sng, bui chiu ti nn vt, ngan bi nhng ni h c nc trong, sch ung, giao phi v lm sch lng. Ma h phi che mng ung, trnh vt, ngan ung nc nng (>250C).

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3. Thi gian chiu sng Thi gian chiu sng l tng (tt nht) l mi ngy 16 - 18 gi. Quan trng nht l thi gian chiu sng phi n nh. Khng nn ngy chiu sng, ngy khng hoc thay i gi chiu sng lin tc. nh sng ban ng hoc n mng sng, n in u c th dng c, cn nh sng n du nh thng l khng sng. 4. Thu nht trng: Cht n phi c b sung thng xuyn vo cc v tr ca , sut giai on vt ngan ch cn b sung khng cn thay n chung, Vt ngan tp trung vo m gn sng, do nn thu nht trng vo bui sng t 6 - gi. Sau khi nht trng nu trng bn phi ra bng thuc st trng hoc xng st trng sau trng p c a vo bo qun. Nu khng c kho lnh th bo qun bng than hoa. 5. Kim tra sc kho n vt: Kim tra tnh hnh n vt, ngan hng ngy, nu c s thay i khc thng bo cho th y x l. Trong giai on vt/ngan sinh sn cn loi chng con vt ngan quay lng (rng lng ng cnh v ui) v nhng con l nhng con khng hoc cho nng sut trng rt thp. Tim phng, nn tim vo thi gian dng , trnh tim vo lc vt ngan ang cao v s nh hng nng sut trng. Nhn bit nhng con vt km nh th no? Vt ngan qu bo hoc qu gy Vt ngan m yu. Vt ngan c mu m v mu chn vng ti (con k tt th chn v m nht dn khi ) - khng tnh ging Khakicampell c mu m xm. Vt ngan thay lng, rng lng cnh v ui trong qu trnh . Vt ngan p bng, hoc qu mun so vi n. Cc vn d thng gp v cch gii quyt Nu c n vt km cn ch tm hiu cc nguyn nhn nh: thc n. nc ung. iu kin chung tri khc phc kp thi; ch trnh tim phng khi vt r; Vt km do c mt s con km: chn con km, p bng loi thi; Vt trng non hoc trng hai lng c th do tc ng mnh v t ngt v nh sng, m thanh, cn ch trnh gy ting n qu mnh ti khu vc chn nui n sinh sn, trnh b x n, ngi chn nui trnh thay i qun o mu sc sc s, hoc qu khc thng; trnh cho vt l vo chung nui; Vt ngan trng nh, hoc trng mng, trng non: b sung thc n c nhiu m hoc khong v can xi. Vt ngan c t l p n thp do thiu trng hoc hng trng: trong qu trnh nui: c bit l ngan, cn ch c mt t l trng d phng nht nh do hng trng. Ch khng nui trng sinh sn trong ao c c ln, hoc trn nn chung nut qu th nhm t c th lm hng gai giao cu ca trng. Hi chng gim , nhn bit, nguyn nhn v gii php Nhn bit T l gim Nhiu con p bng Nhiu con rng lng ng Nguyn nhn Thay i thi tit hoc tc ng bt li t mi trng, dinh dng B bnh th nh hoc mn tnh Nc ung qu nng

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Gii php Tng cng ch chm sc v nui dng Hn ch cc tc ng bt li Dng thuc b v khng sinh liu nh Pht hin v iu tr kp thi cc bnh ly lan trong n

2.2.5 Cng tc v sinh phng bnh cho ngan vt


Nhng yu t nh hng n kh nng mc bnh ca gia sc Stress Yu t thi tit: qu nng, qu lnh, thay i t ngt, Do vn chuyn ng di, thay i thay i chung tri v mi trng nui Do nht qu cht nht chung vi gia sc khc, Do dinh dng km, hoc cc yu t sinh l theo chu k, tui khc H thng bo v c th yu i, gia sc mt kh nng chng bnh v d mc bnh. Thc n nc ung Thc n nc ung khng y hoc khng m bo cht lng (i, mc, nhim khun hoc nhim nm c...) Ngun nc t ao t khng m bo v sinh Ln d mc bnh hoc b ly bnh t thc n, nc ung. Nhm bnh do k sinh trng k sinh trng l loi sng k sinh bn ngoi (rui, ve, b cht...), hoc bn trong c th (giun, sn). Cc k sinh trng ht cht dinh dng lm tn thng da, nim mc, tn thng rut v c quan bn trong, gy tc nghn hoc nh hng n tiu ho. Ln gy cm, suy dinh dng, tin cho mt s bnh khc pht trin. Nhm bnh do vi sinh vt Gm vi trng, vi rt cc nguyn sinh ng vt v.v.. Tn cng vo c th gia sc bng nhiu ng qua da, vt thng, nim mc, khng kh, thc n, nc ung v v Vt ngan mi nhp v phi nui cch ly khu ring t 1 5 - 20 ngy trc khi nhp n Nn pht hoc ct sch c sau khu vc xung quanh chung nui, gp phn hn ch rn. chut v d v sinh Cng tc phng bnh cho ngan vt Trang thit b Trc khi nhp vt v ngan, trang thit b chn nui cn c ra sch v st trng hoc phi kh vi nng. Mng n. mng ung cn c c ra thng xuyn n chung C th dng phoi bo, tru hoc rm r, c kh ct ngn. Cht n chung trc khi s dng phi c phi kh , tiu c bng cc cht st trng k trn. mt ngy, sau ri u cho bay hi ht mi a vo chung. Mt s gi v cng tc v sinh sau t nui v cng tc st trng: Sau mi t nui. cn thit phi v sinh chng tri v kh trng tiu c sau trng chung khong 7 - 1 5 ngy. Nguyn tc v sinh chung tri v thu gom rc thi v cht n chung: Dn rc v cht thi ln trc, qut bi v cc th bt, vn sau: Qut kh trc, c nc sau; Qut dn sch trc. dng cht kh trng sau. Cc cht kh trng c th dng Vi bt: c th dng rc xung quanh v bn trong chung nui, 2 -3 ngy ri qut dn. Ch khng dng khi c gia sc trong chung v bt vi c th vo mi, hng v nh hng n nim mc ng h hp

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Nc vi: tt nht l dng nc vi mi ti; dng qut nn chung, sn chi v xung quanh tng. Cn ch y kh mi ri n chung v a vt ngan vo. Dng Formol t 1 - 3 % hoc Crezil ( 3 - 5 % ): Phun ton b nn v tng chung. Xng hi bng hn hp formol v thuc tm liu lng c 1 7 ,5 gam thuc tm + 35 ml Formol cho 1 m3 chung nui; khi xng hi i hi chung phi kn mi c tc dng. ' V sinh thc n v nc ung Khng cho vt. ngan n cc loi thc n i, mc. V thc n b nhim c t ca nm mc l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy cht ngan, vt c bit l vt , ngan con Khng dng cc loi thc n c hm lng mui cao . Cho ung nc sch; khng dng nc. c, nc ao: h t ng hoc nc ging c hm lng st cao C th dng thuc tm (5 gam cho 10 lt nc) kh trng nc ung cho vt, ngan hoc Cloramin (10 gram cho 10 lt nc) Cc ch khi vt ngan mc bnh hoc nghi mc bnh Nhn bit vt, ngan mc bnh: Vt ngan b n hoc km n r, nm mt ch hoc li vn ng, li i li, co cm thnh m ng tc i li hot ng bt thng, v d cnh s, ngoo hoc rt u c hoc c cc triu chng thn kinh, bi lit, Lng x xc mt nhm hoc l Ku yu, khn hoc khng ku c di, dch trong hoc nhn, c mi. mt lm vt ngan kh th, vy m St cao, ung nhiu nc Hu mn t v bt phn do a chy Nu l vt , gim ng lot Cc bin php cn lm khi vt ngan mc bnh hoc nghi mc bnh Khi pht hin vt. ngan m. yu cn ch loi ngay ra khi n v cch ly tc thi theo di. Xc vt ngan cht cn phi a ngay ra khi khu vc chn nui v x l tu tng lot bnh. Bo cn b th y n kim tra hoc gi mu gia sc m, cht i kim tra. Khi c vt trong a phng nghi mc bnh. cn tng cng cc bin php v sinh v st trng chung tri; khng th vt ngan n chung ng, ao, rung vi vt ngan nghi mc bnh. Lch phng bnh v tim phng cho vt Lch phng bnh v tim phng cho vt (rt cn xem k li ngn gn v d p dng ) Ngy tui 1-3 Vaccin, thuc khng sinh v cch dng Phng chng nhim trng rn, cc loi bnh ng rut v chng stress bng cc loi khng sinh nh Ampi-coly, Ttacycline, Streptomycine, Noex, Neotsol b sung vitamin nh: B1, Bcomlex, ADE hay du c. Tim phng vccin dch t vt ln 1 tim di d(c hay cnh) B sung vitamin v khng sinh phng bnh v chng stress sau tim phng. Phng bnh Ecoli, t huyt trng, ph thng hn vt bng cc loi khng sinh, Sulphamide v b sung vitamin. C th tim phng vccin t huyt trng cho vt. Tim phng vccin dch t vt ln 2 Phng bnh bng khng sinh , b sung vitamin theo nh k 1 - 2

15-28 28-46 56-60 70-120

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135-185 Sau khi 5-6 thng

thng/ln liu trnh 3 - 5 ngy. Tim vaccin dch t ln 3 B sung vitamin v khng sinh phng bnh nh k 1 - 2 thng/ln liu trnh 3 - 5 ngy trong thi k trng Tim phng nhc li vaccin dch t vt ln 4 Phng bnh bng khng sinh nh k 1 -2 thng/ln.

Dch phng bnh v tim phng cho ngan. Ngy tui 1-3 Vccin, thuc khng sinh v cch dng Phng chng nhim trng rn : cc bnh ng rut v chng stress bng cc loi khng sinh Ampi-Coli Tetracycline . Streptomycin: Necx, Noetesol B sung vitamin nh B1 ,Bcomlex, ADE hay du c. 18-25 Tim phng vccin dch t ln 1 (tim di da c hay cnh) B sung vitamin v khng sinh phng bnh v chng, stress sau tim phng. 28-46 Phng bnh EColi, t huyt trng , ph thng hn bng cc loi khng sinh, Sulphamide v b sung vitamin 56-60 Tim phng vaccin dch t ln 2 70-120 Phng bnh bng khng sinh, b sung vitamin theo nh k 1 - 2 thng/ln liu trnh 3 - 5 ngy. 180-190 Tim vccin dch t ln 3 B sung vitamin v khng sinh phng bnh trong thi k trng Sau khi 6 thng Tim phng nhc li vaccin dch t ln 4 Phng bnh bng khng sinh nh k 1-2 thng/ln Vc xin v lu s dng vc xin Mt s loi vc xin lun bo qun lnh t 4- 100C (ng vi ch dn ghi trn nhn vc xin). Khng vc xin nhit bn ngoi, khng nh sng chiu trc tip. Dng cho ng vt kho mnh, khng dng cho ng vt yu hay mc bnh: ng vt qu non. Vc xin phng bnh no ch dng phng bnh . Dng vc xin ng liu lng, ng v tr: ng la tui. Phi tim nhc li vc xin ng nh k theo hng dn ca nh sn xut. Khi dng vc xin phi kim tra l vc xin bng mt thng, kim tra nhn, c ng loi khng, xem mu sc: vn c g khc thng. Xem Cn dng, nu ht hn tuyt i khng dng mc d c bo qun tt. Vc xin pha xong dng ngay, khng qu 2-3 gi sau khi pha, khng cm lu trong tay. Cc Vc xin c th tim cng mt lc nhiu v tr khc nhau: ng liu qui nh Cch tim phng . Cc ch khi ly thuc v tim Dng c, ng tim, kim tim, nc ct u v trng, sau khi hp hoc luc phi ngui mi dng. Trc khi pha hoc ly vc xin, tay phi st trng bng cn 700, nt l thuc phi c st trng trc khi ly thuc i vi vc xin nhc c cc dng c phi ngui, khng c dng thuc st trng nh cn. Nu l vc xin c b tr phi tim bp su. Dng c dng xong phi tit trng, kim tim, l thu tinh khng c vt ba bi.

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Ch 3: K THUT NUI LN THT TRONG NNG H


3.1. Cc ging ln nng dn thng nui
Ln ni: 1, Ln Mng Ci C ngun gc huyn Mng Ci, tnh Qung Ninh Ln Mng Ci c c im: u en, gia trn c im trng hnh tam gic hoc hnh thoi; vai c c vnh trng di n bng v 4 chn; lng mng mu en hnh yn nga; u to, tai nh, lng vng. 2, Ln Tm vc nh hn Mng Ci, ton thn mu en, chn ngn, mn ngn, cong hoc thng. Lng vng, bng s, chn yu. 3, Ln Lang Hng Ln Lang Hng l ging ln a phng Bc Ninh, c pha mu cu ln Mng Ci Ln c mu lng da en trng khng n nh, tm vc nh 4, Ln Mng Khng C ngun gc Mng Khng, Bt st, tnh Lo Cai Lng en tuyn, c con c m trng trn v 4 chn, c khc ui tai to r che kn hai mt, tm vc trung bnh, mnh lp 5, Ln Ba Xuyn L ging lai gia ln B X v ln Becsia. Ln c nui nhiu tnh Cn Th, Minh Hi, Sc Trng Ln c mu lng khoang trng en, phn b khng u trn thn, tm vc trung bnh, trng mnh va, mn ngn 6, Ln Thuc Nhiu L ln lai gia ging ln trng B X vi ln Yoocsia vng Thuc Nhiu, huyn Cai Ly, tnh Tin Giang. Ging ln ny c nui ph bin vng nc ngt thuc ng bng sng Cu long. Mu lng trng tuyn, c m en nh mt, mnh ngn, tai hi nh v pha trc, tm vc trung bnh 7, Ln trng Ph Khnh c hnh thnh trn nn chnh l ging ln c a phng vi s pha mu ca mt s ging ngoi nh Yoocsia, Duroc hnh thnh nn nhm ln lai c mu trng, c nng sut cao hn. Ton thn mu trng, lng tha, da mn bng, tai ng, u nh, ngc su, lng thng, bng to khng s * Ln lai kinh t L con lai gia ln m ni (Mng Ci, , ln a phng khc) v ln b ngoi (i bch, Yoocsai, Landrat). Con lai thng c mu lng trng hoc lang trng en (mu lng theo b), kh nui, nu c u t tt th ln nhanh, t l tht nc cao hn ging ni v cho hiu qu kinh t cao. Hin nay con lai i Bch x Mng Ci ang c ngi dn a chung

3.2. Chn ging


Ln ging tt, phi l nhng con kho mnh, c thn hnh cn i, phm n, thng l nhng con u n nui ln nhanh nht, sau n nhng con trung bnh v chm ln nht l con cui . + Mnh di, cn i, lng thng, mng trn, bng thon gn, mng vai n, gc ui to, chn thanh thng v chc, c 12 v tr nn. Nu ln ng co rm, bng cc, t nhn l ln

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ci hoc c bnh. Ln con sau cai sa 60 ngy tui phi t 12 - 14 kg (ln lai); 16 - 18 kg (ln ngoi); + Nhanh nhn, mt tinh sng, ham vn ng hay chy nhy, kho mnh. Ln bnh thng chm chp hay ng ngc. + Da mng, hng ho (i vi ln trng), en bng (i vi ln en). Nu ln c da dy, ni gai c, sn si l ln c bnh nui chm ln. + Lng mn v mng. Nu ln c lng cng, da dy l ln ci hay ln tui nui chm ln. + Khng chn nhng con ln ci, c khuyt tt nh kho chn, ng rn, c tt ming, mi. + Ln c tim phng vacxin (hi ch nui)

3.3. Chung tri


Chn nhng ni cao ro lm chung, chung nui phi sch s v thong mt v ma h, v vy nn lng xi mng nn chung hay lm vn g, vn lung thng xuyn tm ra cho ln vo ma h. Ma ng phi gi m cho ln bng cch lt cho ln nm, che chn xung quanh chung. Chung tra phi m bo cc yu cu sau: + Chung phi thun tin cho ngi nui, khng cho ngi ngoi vo t do v cc sc vt khc vo chung ln. + C Iu kin thng xuyn lm v sinh v tm ra cho ln vo ma h. + Khi c ln m phi c chung nht ring + Chung lm di bng cy khng kh mt m n ho + Gn ni c ngun nc sch cho ln ung v tm ra cho ln

3.4. K thut nui dng v chm sc


3.4.1. Thc n cho ln: b con cn phn bit mt s loi thc n sau y: - Thc n tinh gm: cm go, thc nghin, bt ng, bt sn, c khoai lang. Nhng thc n ny cung cp nng lng cho ln vn ng, lm cho ln nhanh bo. - Thc n giu m: bt c, tng rang, kh lc, cua, c v giun. Loi thc n ny gip cho ln pht trin c bp, ln ln mau. - Thc n ph phm trong gia nh: nc go, cm canh tha ... - Thc n xanh: rau lang, rau mung, cy khoai nc, thn cy chui, cc loi rau rng. Loi thc n ny cung cp vitamin, lm cho da ln hng ho, lng mt. - Thc n khong: bt xng; bt v hn, s, c v bt . Loi thc n ny cung cp nhu cu can xi v pht pho, gip cho ln pht trin b xng, lm cho ln di ra v phng chng bnh ci xng v bi lit sau khi ca ln ni. 3.4.2. Tiu chun thc n hn hp Bng 1: Tiu chun thc n hn hp cho ln lai (ngoi x ni) Nhu cu NLT (Kcal/kg tA) m th (%) X th (%) khng qu Can xi (%) Pht ph (%) Mui n (%) Giai on 1 3000 17,0 5,0 0,8 0,6 0,35 Giai on 2 2900 15,0 6,0 0,7 0,5 0,5 Giai on 3 2900 13,0 7,0 0,7 0,6 0,5

3. Xy dng khu phn thc n hn hp

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Bng 2: Khu phn TAHH nui ln tht con lai (ngoi x ni) Loi thc n (%) B u, bng ru Cm go Bt ng Bt c Kh du Premix VTM-khong Bt vi Tng s Trong 1kg NLT (Kcal) m th Khi lng (10 - 30 kg) 18 42 20 8 10 1 1 100 3060 17,50 Khi lng (31 - 60 kg) 30 42 10 6 10 1 1 100 2920 15,30 * Mc n Trng lng (kg) 20 - 30 30 - 50 50 - 70 70 - 100 Thc n (kg/ngy) 0,7 - 1,2 1,2 - 1,7 1,7 - 2,2 2,2 - 2,6 Khi lng (61 - 100 kg) 36 40 10 6 6 1 1 100 13,60 13,60

Bng 3: Cng thc trn thc n nui ln a phng Giai on 1 Giai on 2 Loi thc n 20 - 40 kg 41 - 70 kg Bt ng, bt go 3,5 4,0 Cm go 2,8 2,8 Bt sn 2,0 2,0 tng, bt c 1,5 1,0 Bt khong 0,2 0,2 Tng s 10 10

tng, bt c 15%

Bt khong 2% Bt ng, bt go 35%

Bt sn 20% Cm go 28%

T l thc n cho ln giai on 1

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t -ng, bt c 10%

Bt khong 2% Bt ng, bt go 40%

Bt sn 20%

Cm go 28%

T l thc n cho ln giai on 2 3.4.4. K thut nui dng


Mun cho ln ln nhanh ta cn phi cho n cht v lng. Nu b con ch cho rau nhiu cm t, ln vn no, nhng khng cht nn chm ln. cht c ngha l trong ba n ca ln c tinh bt, cht m, cht khong v rau xanh. V vy ta cn bit t phi hp cc loi thc n sn c trong gia nh, tng gi tr ca thc n, ln mau ln hn. Nui ln sau cai sa c im trong giai on ny l h thng c xng pht trin mnh. Nhu cu v protein (m) trong lc ny l cao nht trong ton b chu trnh sinh trng. Nhu cu v vitamin v cht khong phi y m bo cn bng v trao i cht v pht trin b xng. Kh nng tiu ho thc n th ca ln lc ny km, nn ch cho n rau xanh v non. Nu dng thc n ht phi ngm, rang, nghin, nu chn. - Khi ln cn nh (di 25 kg) cho n 3 ba/ngy - Cn cho ln vn ng v tm nng mi ngy 1 gi - Cn hon ln ci: ln ni lc 3 thng tui v ln lai 4 thng tui - Nn nui 2 con tr ln trong 1 chung tng tnh phm n Nui ln choai (Ln nh) Thi gian nui t 5-8 thng tui. c im ca giai on ny l ln choai c kh nng tiu ho v hp thu cc cht dinh dng cao. H c pht trin nhanh, ni ln r rt l cc c mng, c vai, c ln lng. n cui giai on nui choai th dng tch lu m mi th hin r. Giai on ny ln phm n, nn b tr khu phn y cht dinh dng ng thi tn dng cc loi thc n sn c nh thc n th xanh, cc kh phm va tng dinh dng, va tit kim chi ph thc n. Trong giai on ny cn chng hin tng bo sm: - Gim t t t l thc n tinh trong khu phn, hn ch thc n giu nng lng nh kh du. - Cho n 2 ba/ngy - Thng xuyn cho ln vn ng, tm nng Nui bo Giai on ny thng ko di 8-10 thng tui, nu nui km c th ti 1 nm tui. c im ca giai on ny l h thng c v xng pht trin chm li, s tch lu m bt u mnh. Ln bo nhanh nu c nui tt, nhng cng bt hu n, khng thch di ng. V ma nng ln cng t vn ng, a tm mt, thch ng. Do tiu tn thc n trn kg tng trng tng ln. V mt dinh dng, cc loi thc n giu tinh bt cm, go cc loi ng cc gip to nhiu m, m s chc v ngon. Gim thc n m trong khu phn, nn cho n nhiu ba trong ngy.

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- V chm sc gim bt di ng ca ln hn ch tiu hao nng lng, khng cn cho vn ng, ch chng nng - Ma h nn tm cho ln 2 ln /ngy 4.4 nh lng thc n hn hp cho ln tht n gin c th p dng cc cng thc tnh nh sau nh lng thc n hn hp/ngy + Ln n 30 kg = P x 5,2% + Ln t 31 - 70 kg = P x 4,2% + Ln t 71 - xut chung = P x 3,4% V d: Ln c khi lng P = 45 kg, lng thc n cn cho 1 ngy m l: 45 x 4,2 = 1,89 = 1,90 kg + T 60 kg (i vi ln lai) v 70 kg (i vi ln ngoi), ngi ta thng p dng cho n hn ch tng t l nc trong tht x. Mc n hn ch l 80 - 85% so vi mc n t do. Nc ung nn cho ung t do bng cc van t ng Mt nui v v sinh th y - Mt nui nht: nn b tr 10 15 con /1 chung. Din tch /1 ln: t 7 - 30 kg: 0,3 m2 /con; 31 60 kg: 0,6 m2 /con; t 61 - n xut chung: 0,7 - 0,9 m2 /con. Mt nui nht hp l ln khng hay cn ui nhau, d pht hin ln m Ch : trong cng mt phi m bo s ng u v khi lng v tui c th p dng phng thc cng vo - cng ra. - Ln cn c ty giun sn trc khi a vo nui tht ( khi lng 18 - 20 kg). S dng dng tim bp Hanmextion vi liu 1,2 ml/10 kg th trng. - Phi c ra v ty trng chung tri bng dung dch nc vi pha long hoc cc ho cht ty trng v trng trong thi gian t 3 - 5 ngy, sau mi tip tc nhn l ln khc vo nui. 3.4.5. Ch bin thc n 1. men - Cho nguyn liu: bt ng, cm, tm, khoai vo thng hoc chum, vi - Trn vi 2% bt men (men ru) - Pha nc sn st - trong trong mt ngy mt m thy c mi thm th cho n, n trong 2 - 3 ngy ht lng thc n . - Nu khng c men ging, c trn thc n vi nc va phi ri y bao ti li, sau 2 ngy c mi thm th em cho n. 2. K thut chua d tr thc n * Dng c : + Nu nhiu c th o h ri lt nylon + Dng chum vi tn dng + Dng ti nylon hoc bao phn m tn dng * chua c sn hoc khoai lang: + Sn ti bc v la, khoai lang c ra sch + Gi hoc nghin nh + Trn u vi 10% cm go (tnh theo trng lng ca c) + B sung 0,5% mui n + Ln lt cho thc n vo dng c cha tng lp mt, ch ln cht sau mi lp rc mui n + Khi dng c cha y, bt ming h bng tm nylon trn c tm g, ln cht to ra ym kh trong thng cha. i vi ti nylon c bao ti ngoi bo v. Buc ming ti li ri xp cc ti chng ln nhau ni kh ro + Sau 2 tun ly ra cho n, thc n c th bo qun c vi thng + Lu : sau mi ln ly thc n phi y kn ming h li hoc buc ming ti. * chua l sn, dy l lc: + L sn bnh t b cung. Thn, l lc sau thu hoch ct b phn cui gc (10 cm). + Bm nh vi kch thc 2 - 3 cm

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+ Dng c nh phn trn, nu nhiu c th o h + Trn u nguyn liu vi 7% cm go + B sung 0,5% mui n + Cho nguyn liu vo dng c nh phn trn + Sau mi lp dy 20-30 cm m, ln cht + Khi y bt kn ming li bng tm nylon, sau chn cht + Sau 1 thng ly ra cho n + Sn phm c th bo qun c vi thng + Sau mi ln ly ra cho n, bt kn ming h thc n khng b thm 3.4.6. Mt s bnh truyn nhim thng gp ln 1. Bnh dch t ln Bnh do virus gy nn, ly nhanh, cht nhanh, t l cht cao. *Biu hin: + Qu cp: bnh pht rt nhanh. Vt ang kho t nhin b n, r, st cao t 40 42oC tr ln, da mng pha trong i, di bng c ch ng ln ri tm nht. Con vt giy gia mt lc ri cht. Bnh tin trin trong vng 1-2 nga. + Cp tnh: con vt r, bun b, n t, ung nhiu, sau st cao 41- 42oC. Phn a ra c ln mu, mt c d, mi chy di, ho kh th, nn ma nhiu ln. C t mu vnh tai, bng c vt v tm en. Ln dn b n, nn, a chy sau to, c mng nhy bao quanh khun phn, tip theo l tho d, a chy vt cn cu.. Vi ngy sau khi a chy vo chung c mi tanh, thi khm rt kh chu. Chn sau lit, t l cht 80 - 90 % . Ln ni cha c th b sy thai. + Mn tnh: Con vt gy yu, lc i to, lc i lng, phn thi khm, da c xut huyt t huyt tng mng thm. Bnh ko di 1 - 2 thng, con vt kit sc v cht * M khm: l lch mu ra. Thn c lm tm lp ngoi. Ch tip gip rut non v rut gi bn trong t mu. nim mc rut gi v van hi manh trng c vt lot hnh cc o, c vng trn ng tm ph ba mu vng xm. * Cha bnh: bnh dch t do virus gy ra nn khng c thuc c tr. *Phng bnh: tim vacxin dch t cho ln con, ln ni v ln tht 2 ln/nm. 2. Bnh t huyt trng ln Bnh truyn nhim do vi khun gy nn. Bnh pht sinh ri rc c khi thnh dch. Bnh thng xy ra vo u v cui ma ma khi kh hu m t. Ln 3-5 thng tui d mc. Vi khun tn ti trong t, trong phi ln, khi ln yu bnh pht sinh. T l cht t. * Biu hin: + Th nng: c sng ph. Vi trng vo mu v c th gy cht nhanh sau vi gi. Ln st cao 41-42oC, b n, nim mc mt mi t mu tm bm. Ln th dc mt nhc, n mnh vo vng ngc con vt c phn ng au (th bng ming, th bng bng khi ngi th nh ch), km n hoc b n hon ton Sau 2-3 ngy st, xut hin nhiu vt tm trn da mng c bit vng hu, tai, bng. Nim mc tm ti, chy nc mi c ln mu. Thng ln cht sau 1 - 2 ngyhoc ko di 5 - 10 ngy. + Th nh: ln st, b n, sng phi, kh th, da bng, hng, gc tai v c c nt . Ln yu dn v cht sau 4-5 ngy. + Th mn: Ln thng gy, yu, ho, kh th, i khi ho khan hoc ho lin min. Lc u i phn to sau chuyn sang a chy, phn mi kh chu. Trn da thy nhng m xut huyt tm bm c bit tai, c bng pha di i. Ln sng khp. Nhit c th khng cao. Ln kh th, cc khp xng ng sng to chn qu, ln gy. * M khm: phi t mu, hch c sng v t mu khi bnh th nng. th nh v mn: phi sng tm, c m, mng phi dnh vo lng ngc, t huyt thnh tng m, khp xng sng v c m. * iu tr: tim khng sinh trong 3-5 ngy lin tc + Steptomycine: Liu dng 30-50 mg/kg trng lng/ngy. Kt hp vi Penicilin: liu 5000-10000 n v/kg trng lng/nga, chia 2 ln (1 triu - 2 triu n v/con), chia 2 ln.

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+ Kanamycin: liu 15-20 mg/kg trng lng/ngy, chia 2 ln. + Chloramphenicol: liu 30-50 mg/kg trng lng/ngy, chia 2 ln + Gentamycin 4% : 5 ml/5 kg TT + Hantril-50: 10 - 15 mg/kg TT + Norfloxilin 5%: 1 ml/5kg TT * Phng bnh: tim vacxin nh k, 2 ln /nm, n trc v dch. 3. Bnh ln ng du Nguyn nhn do vi khun gy nn. Cch ly bnh, vi khun qua vt thng trn da, qua ming, mi vo hch lm ba, ri t vo huyt qun, vo mu. Vi khun tp trung nhiu trong mu gy t huyt , tch huyt, xut huyt. Bnh ly trc tip t con m sang con khe do nht chung hoc gin tip qua thc n, cht n chung, cht bi tit. Bnh cn ly lan do git m v vn chuyn gia sc mc bnh. Ln st cao n trn 42oC, km n, a to sau a chy. Mt au, mi mt sng kh, cc hch ni to au. Sau vi ngy st trn da c vt trn hoc vung ging nh con du nm ri rc khp c th. + Th qu cp: ln b bao huyt nng cht nhanh trong vng 2-3 gi hoc 12 - 14 gi. Th ny bnh tch thng khng r rng gi l bnh ng du trng. Con vt bui sng cn n, thn nhit bnh thng mt hai gi sau t ngt cht, c khi ngy hm trc cn n, n m ku c, c giy da ri ln ra cht, nht l ln ni hoc ln bt khang 15 - 20 kg. + Th cp tnh hay bi huyt: Th ny thng rt nguy him, v gy cht nhiu. Con vt biu hin r, mt mi, mt , chy nc mt, chui vo rm nm l, con vt st cao 42 - 43 oC, ko di t 2 - 3 ngy, mnh nng, da kh, run ry 4 chn. Triu chng tiu ho: lc u con vt i to, rn nhiu, mu en c mng bc ly nhy, c trng hp ln b nn ma, cui giai on ca bnh con vt i tho c ln mu. Cc nim mc thm hoc tm bm, kt mc mt vim, mt , m mt sng, vim nim mc mi, chy nc mi. Con vt th kh, th hng hc, nhp ht tng, 2 - 3 ngy sau trn da xut hin cc vt , du nng, nht l tai, lng, ngc bng. Dn dn lin thng thnh mng ln, c gii hn r rt, khng au, c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: hnh vng, qu trm, bu dc. T l cht 50 - 60%. + Th mn tnh: th ny thng tip theo th cp, bnh c khuynh hng ko di. Con vt n ung km, gy cm, thiu mu, nim mc mt nht nht, thn nhit bnh thng hoc st nh. Triu chng hoi t thy nhiu ni: lng, bng, vai, u, mi tai. Da kh dn, en hay nu, sau bong ra nh t giy b qun li, bc ra b trc tng lp, tng mng nh bnh a, cui cng ng vy li. 15 - 16 ngy vy rng, da non mc ln thnh so trng mo m. Da dy ln khong 2 - 3 thng sau mi mc lng tr li, Sau con vt a chy, thiu mu, rng lng, li lot. Bnh c th ko di 3 - 4 thng con vt c th khi hoc cht. * Tr bnh: iu tr bng khng sinh 3 - 5 ngy + Penicilin: 10 - 20 ngn UI/ kg TT/ngy + Suanovet 5: 1 ml/ 5-10 Kg TT/ngy + Amp-Kana: 15 ml/kg TT/ngy + Lincomycin 10%: 10 mg/kg TT/ngy * Phng bnh: tim vacxin nh k 4. Bnh ph thng hn Bnh ph thng hn l bnh truyn nhim ng tiu ho ph bin ln con. Bnh do vi trng Salmonella gy ra. Ln con, ln nh loi 3-5 thng tui hay b v d cht. Vi trng c sn trong rut ln v gy bnh nhanh khi c th yu, kh hu m thp. Bnh thng kt hp vi bnh dch t. + Th cp tnh: thi gian nung bnh 3- 4 ngy.

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Ln st cao ln xung tht thng, km n hoc khng n, khng b. Sau vt i to, b i tin, nn ma, tip theo l giai on a chy rt nng, phn lng thi khm mu vng, ln nc, c khi li dom. Con vt ku la, au n do vim d dy, vim rut cata. Cui thi k bnh, da bng, trong i, ngc tai ng r chuyn sang tm bm. Da c vt nh chm tai, mn v 4 chn. Ln a to lc u, sau i lng ln mu mi hi thi, ln gy nhanh. Bnh nng c th lm cht c n trong vng 8-10 ngy. Bnh ly qua phn v nc tiu ca ln bnh vi ln kho cng chung. + Th mn tnh: ln b bnh gy yu dn, n ung gim st, chm ln do thiu mu, da nht nht, c khi trn da c nhng mng hoc xm tm bm. Con vt a chy xen k i to, thng phn lng, vng, rt thi i to ko di lin min, cui thi k bnh con vt kh th, ho, c bit sau khi vn ng. Bnh c th t khi nhng chm ln. * M khm: lch mu, d dy rut mu c mn lot. * Tr bnh: cho ung Sulfaguanidin, ganidan. Ln 5-10 kg: 1 g/con/ngy; Ln 10-20 kg: 2 g/con/ngy Ln 21-50 kg: 4 g/con/ngy; Ln >50 kg: 10 g/con/ngy + Tetracylin: cho un, liu 20 - 30 mg/kg TT/ngy, ung lin tc 5- 7 ngy. + Ampicilin: tim bp hay tim di da, liu 40 - 50 mg/kg TT, ngy chia 2 ln. Ung 60 mg/kg TT/nag, 5- 7 ngy lin tc + Kanamycin: tim bp hay di da, liu 15 - 20 mg/kg TT/ngy + Gentamycin: tim bp hay di da, liu 4 - 6 UI/kgTT /ngy + Trimethoxazol 24%: tim bp, liu 1ml/ 10 kg TT/ngy + Sulmet (dung dch tim Sulfamethazin natrium), tim bp, di da 1ml/kg TT/ngy. * Phng bnh: tim vacxin nh k cho ln, i vi ln con tim lc 20 - 30 ngy tui, liu 1 ml/con. Ln 2 tim nhc li vi liu 2 ml/con cch tun u 3 tun l. Thi gian min dch ko di 6 thng. 5. Bnh xon khun (Leptospirosis) * Nguyn nhn: Do xon khun lepto sinh ra. Xon khun c nhiu vng xon st nhau, nn chng c sc khng mnh. Cc loi hay mc: th hoang, gia cm, chut, t, ngi, ln. c bit chut mc, chn c hin tng mang mn bnh. Khi vo c th xon khun xm nhp vo mu, gy st. Sau mn bnh xm nhp vo gan, thn. Trong mu xon khun sinh ra c t ph v hng cu, gy vng da, nc tiu mu sm. * Biu hin: Ln st bt thng, b n hoc n t. Ln mi mt, thch nm x chung, rc mn vo rm. Ln b ph r: u to, mt hp, c khi ph c ngc. Ting ku yu , khn c hay mt hn. Nc tiu vng,trng hp nng ln i ra mu. Nim mc da b vng cc b phn khc nhau. Nu b nng thy mu vng ton thn, vng nh ngh. Ln cht, tht vng (bnh ln ngh). * M khm: vng da, nim mc vng, tht c mi kht c trng Xoang ngc, xoang bng, t chc lin kt di da tch y nc vng. Gan sng, vng, nt, ti mt teo Lch nht mu hoc mu vng. Thn: b mt xut huyt c m hoi t, bn trong xut huyt Bng i cng, cha y nc tiu vng xm c ln mu, nim mc bng i xut huyt * Cha bnh: cha bnh Lepto phi ton din v trit . Bn cnh Iu tr phi nng cao sc chng ca c th. + Tt nht l dng khng huyt thanh kt hp vi khng sinh. Khng hut thanh vi liu 10- 50 ml/con, ngy 2 ln, trong 2-3 ngy. + Tim khng sinh: Steptomicine 10.000 - 15.000 UI/kg trng lng Kt hp vi Peniciline 20.000 UI/kg trng lng, tim bp, ngy 2 ln, tim lin tc 3 - 4 ngy.

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+ Oxytetraxylin: tim bp, 5 ml/kg TT/ngy, 3 ngy lin tc + Thuc tr sc: Cafein benzoat 0,5 - 2 g/con/ngy Vitamin B1: 10 ml/con/ngy * Phng bnh: tim vacxin Lepto 2 ln / nm 6. Bnh suyn ln * Nguyn nhn: do mt loi trung gian gia vi khun v vi rus gy ra * Biu hin: - Th cp: lc u biu hin nh, kh pht hin. Ln m ri n, ng, nn gc chung, chm ln, n km. St nh, con vt ht hI hi lu, do dch tit su trong ng h hp. VI ngy sau con vt h. Thng ho lc vn ng, hoc sng sm lc i li n. Ho lin tip trong vI tun th gim dn. Khi phi b tn thng gy kh th, th nhanh v nhiu, th kh kh, mn h hc ra th, chy nc mi. - Th mn: kh pht hin, lc u con vt ho kh, ho tng ting hoc ho tng hi. Bnh tin trin vI thng, c khi n na nm, thnh thong c 1 hai con cht. * iu tr: cha c thuc c hiu C th dng Teracilin, Reomicine, tim 20 - 40 mg/con/ngy. Tim lin tc 5 - 7 ngy. Ngoi ra c th dng: Tilozin, Eritomicine, Fuaolidon * Phng bnh: - V sinh chung tri nh k - chung kh, thong - Gi m v ma ng 7. Bnh ph u ln con sau cai sa Do nhim c huyt ca vi khun E.coli c tr rut non, sn sinh ra c t gy bi thnh mch, gy ph u, ph d dy, rut. Bnh thng gy ra nhng triu chng thn kinh trung ng, t l cht kh cao (65 - 100%). Xut hin l t, khng ly t n ny sang n khc. * Triu chng: ln thng cht t ngt 1 - 2 con trong n, trong vng 4 - 48 gi t khi pht hin. u to, m mt sng, mt li ra, nc mi c nhy, ra tai v mn tm ti, th kh, trc khi cht hm cng, co git, thn kinh ri lon, dng i lo o, siu vo hay vp ng, ln ku r vi ging khn, thch nm mt ch. Ln con to nht trong n pht bnh u tin v cht t ngt. * Bnh tch: m d dy thy thc n trong d dy khng tiu ho c. Nim mc d dy b vim, sng ph, mng treo kt trng, rut non, trc trng sng ph, xoang ngc, bng tch nc. Vim mng phi v vim phi nng. Gan lch sng, t huyt, xut huyt. * iu tr: Bnh ny hu nh khng iu tr c iu tr d phng bng mt s thuc sau: + Colivinavet (gi): 10 gam/ 50 kg TT, cho ung. + Gentacosmis (gi): 10 gam/40 kg TT, cho ung. * Phng bnh: Tim vacxin E.coli ph u, 1 ml/con 8. Lch tim phng tng hp Phng bnh l yu t quan trng quyt nh s thnh cng trong chn nui ln. Cn thc hin y ch tim phng nh sau: * i vi ln con: - 21 ngy tui: tim vacxin ph thng hn ln 1 - 30 ngy tui: tim vacxin ph thng hn ln 2 tim vacxin dch t ln 1 - 45-60 ngy tui: tim vacxin dch t ln 2 tim vacxin t du ln 1 - 2-3 thng tui: tim vacxin t du ln 2 * i vi ln tht:

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Nu nh giai on ln con tim phng nh lch trn, vo gi k nui dng nn tim nhc li vacxin dch t v t du. Nu mua ln con ch, sau vi ngy nn tim vacxin dch t v t du ngay * i vi ln ni v c ging: Mi nm tim phng 2 ln vo thng 3 v thng 9 cc loi vacxin sau: vacxin dch t, vacxin t du c vacxin lepto. * Nhng lu khi s dng vacxin: - Trc khi tim phi Iu tra lch s bnh a phng. Nu tim vacxin cho con vt nhim bnh th bnh s pht ra sm hn v nng hn; - Vacxin phng bnh no, ch duy nht phng c bnh ; - Hiu qu vacxin ph thuc ln vo tnh trng sc kho ca con vt-do vy phI chm sc, cho n, nh ngI vi con vt sau tim phng; - PhI tim phng t t l 80% s gia sc trong vng mi c hiu qu phng bnh cho c vng; - Sau tim 7-21 ngy mi c min dch, min dch ko di 6, 9, 12 thng tu loi vacxin; - Con vt qu non, qu yu khng tim vacxin, cho con vt kho mi tim; - Phi dng ng liu vacxin, ng cch tim; - Khi m l nt vacxin ch dng trong ngy. Nhng l h nt, bin mu, teo nh khng s dng c; - C th tim 1-2 vacxin cng lc, nhng phI tch ring mi loi vacxin mt v tr tim khc nhau.

3.4.6. Tnh l li trong chn nui ln tht


- Lp s sch theo di ngy mua ln ging, chi ph thc n thuc th y Bng 1: Mu theo di tim phng v dch bnh Ngy, thng Ging Din gii L do

Bng 2: Mu theo di chi ph con ging, thuc th y


Ngy, thng Ging Din gii Thnh tin

Bng 3: Theo di chi ph thc n


Ngy, thng Nm Din gii S lng (kg) Thnh tin (ng) Ghi ch

Bng 4: Theo di thu sn phm

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Ngy SL

Ln gia nh tiu dng Kg Gi Tin

SL

Kg

Ln bn Gi

Tin

* Hiu qu kinh t (cha tnh khu hao chung tri, cng nui dng v rau xanh) Hiu qu chn nui = Gi tr tng sn phm - Gi tr tng chi ph

Ch 4: K THUT CHN NUI D SA, D THT

T.S. Nguyn Th Mi

4.1. Vai tr v ngha chn nui d gia nh


1. Vai tr ca chn nui d gia nh D l ngn hng ca ngho D chnh l c quan bo him ng tin cy ca ngi ngho". 2. ngha chn nui d gia nh Vn u t ban u t hn so vi b, nht l b sa. D sinh sn nhanh: Tuy d nh con nhng n c th sn xut ra t 1,5-3,5 lt sa/ngy, ch s sn lng sa/100 kg th trng th d Barbari l cao nht: 3,41, d Bch tho: 2,4 Thc n ca d a dng, phong ph d tm kim v cn s lng t hn D cn t din tch ng c, c th nui d vi s lng nhiu hn so vi nui b D nh b, hin lnh nn ai cng c th nui c n, nhng i vi b sa th ngi gi, ph n v tr nh nui chng rt vt v. D cung cp ngun phn bn Chn nui d cn l ngun bo him kinh t cho gia nh, chng may ma mng tht bt hay trong gia nh cn tin trang tri, phc v cuc sng th c th bn bt mt s d. D nh con, d vn chuyn, d bn, cc sn phm t d l ngun thc n c gi tr v ang c th trng a chung. Sa d rt tt, lnh tnh c bit i vi ngi gi v tr em.

4.2. K thut chn nui d sa, tht


4.2.1 Gii thiu v cc ging d sa, tht, hin c Vit Nam 1. D C Khi lng con s sinh: 1,7-1,9 kg, khi lng trng thnh 30-35 kg

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Kh nng cho sa 350-370g/ngy

2. D Bch tho: L ging d kim dng sa tht. Khi lng trng thnh 40-45 kg (ci), 75-90 kg (c), Kh nng cho sa 1,1-1,5 lt/ngy. Tui phi ging ln u l 78 thng, 1,7 con/la v 1,8 la/nm.

3. D Beetal 4. D Jumnapari Khi lng trng thnh: 70-80 kg Khi lng trng thnh: 70-80kg (c), 40-50kg (ci) (c), 42-48 kg(ci) Nng sut sa: 3.5- 4lt/ngy Nng sut sa: 3,5lt/ngy Tui phi ging ln u 8-9 thng Tui phi ging ln u 8-9 thng 1,3 con/la v 1,3 la/nm 1,3 con/la v 1,3 la/nm

5. D Barbari Khi lng trng thnh: 30-35 kg (c), 30-35 kg(ci)

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Nng sut sa: 0,9-1,1 lt/ngy, Tui phi ging ln u 8-9 thng, 1,8 con/la v 1,7 la/nm. Chu ng kham kh tt, hin lnh, thch ng rng

6. D Boer Khi lng con s sinh 3,5g Khi lng trng thnh: 140 kg (c), 110 kg (ci) D c c bp rt y n, pht trin, c tc sinh trng nhanh

7. D Saanen Khi lng trng thnh: 60-80 kg Nng sut sa: 3-3,5lt/ngy D sinh sn tt 1, 4 con/la v 1,7 la/nm

8. D Alpine Khi lng trng thnh: 40-45 kg (ci), 70-90 kg (c) Nng sut sa: 3-3,5lt/ngy D sinh sn tt 1, 4 con/la v 1,7 la/nm

4.2.2 K thut chn ging v phi ging 4.2.2.1 Chn ging ci Ngoi hnh Nhng c im ca d sa ci nn chn lm ging: u rng, hi di, rn chc, v mt linh hot. 1. C di, mm mi, c c chc, ni, nhn v pha u. 2. Lng thng. 3. Sn trn v xin v pha sau. 4. C mt hm pha trc xng chu, th hin kh nng tiu ho tt. 5. Hng rng v hi nghing m bo cho d c bu v gn cht vo phn bng. 6. Nhng mch mu ln ni r phi sau. 7. Khp mt c thng trnh cho d khi i khng lm nh hng ti cc mch mu trn bu v. 8. V da 9. Nhng nm v to di t 4-6cm treo vng vng trn bu v. Bu v gn cht vo phn bng, gn v pha trc. 10. Thy r cc tnh mch pha trc bu v. 11. Gn sa (tnh mch) chy t bu v ln ti nch chn trc. Gn sa gp khc th d nhiu sa. d ci t gn sa thng ln di da, phi ly tay s mi thy. 12. Chn trc thng, cn i. 13. Hm di kho.

Hnh1: Ngoi hnh ca d nn chn lm ging Ngoi hnh d ci khng nn chn lm ging

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

u di, tri lng tai C ngn, th Sn thng, nhn ngang c hnh vin gch Bng nh V tht (bp bn trong thy tht) trng g gh nhng khi cng sa bp thy cng, sa ra t. 6. Khp mt c hai chn g st nhau khi d i. 7. Xng hng hp v dc.

Hnh 2: Nhng d khng chn lm ging Kh nng cho sa: Kh nng cho sa l ch tiu rt quan trng nh gi phm cht ging, nn chn d va phi c sn lng sa trung bnh hng ngy cao, mc st sa thp v thi gian cho sa ko di. nc ta vi ging d sa Bch tho nhng d ci sa nn chn con c nng sut cao hn 1,1lt/ngy v thi gian cho sa t 150 ngy tr ln lm d ging. D Barbari 0,8-1lt/ngy v thi gian cho sa 150 ngy, d Jumnapari 1,2lit/ngy v thi gian cho sa t 180 ngy tr ln. Kh nng vt sa: D ci hin lnh, d vt sa (hin nay trong chn nui vic vt sa ch yu thc hin bng tay) v vy y cng l mt vn cn lu trong chn ging nhm tng nng sut sa hng ho v v mt thi gian. Kh nng sinh trng pht trin v kh nng sinh sn, th trng v kh nng thch ng vi ngoi cnh: Khi lng c th con vt nn chn nhng c th c ch tiu sinh trng pht trin lun cao hn mc trung bnh n, Kh nng sinh sn: th hin tnh mn con m, bi vy chn d sa ci ging phi c: o T l th thai hng nm phi t t 90% tr ln. o Khong cch la u n, s con ra , t l nui sng, s d con sinh ra/nm/m phi t cao hn trung bnh ging tr ln, nh d Bch tho v Barbari phi t t 3 con/nm/m d Beetal v Jumnapari phi t t 1,8 con/nm/m tr ln Kh nng thch ng: d ci c sc chng chu cao l d sinh n d dng, n tt v chu ng c nhng iu kin ngoi cnh sy ra ti ni chn nui, t l cm nhim k sinh trng v m au thp so vi ton n. Dng ging: Nn chn con ging t nhng b m c l lch r rng Cn lu rng: kh nng sn xut sa ch yu da vo lng sa thc t thu c th h b m chng chn. 4.2.2.2 Chn d c ging Ngoi hnh: D c c u ngn rng tai to v dy di cp xung, thn hnh cn i, c to, ngc n, t chi kho mnh, cng cp, chc chn, hai tinh hon u n, to. Dng ging: Chn con c ging t d m l d cao sn, t la th 2 n la th 4 l thi k d m ang sung sc.

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Nn chn d c lm ging l con mt (tc l la d m ch 1 con) v con mt bao gi cng c th trng cao. Kh nng phi ging th thai t nht t t 85% tr ln. Chn d b tt c vai tr rt quan trng v n gp 50% c tnh di truyn tit sa cho d con.

2.3. K thut phi ging cho d: i vi d ci phi ging ln u khi d t tui v trng lng ti thiu phi 7-9 thng tui khi lng phi t 19-20kg. Trong thc t sn xut p dng bng cch b qua 2 ln ng dc u tin ca d ci mi phi ging. i vi d ci ang sinh sn thng sau khi 1,5-2 thng d phc hi sc kho mi cho phi ging li Tuyt i khng cho d c ging phi vi d ci c quan h l anh ch em rut hoc l con chu ca d c ging . Chu k ng dc ca d l 19-21 ngy ng dc ko di 1-3 ngy. Khi ng dc m h hi sng hng, chy dch nhn, ku la b n, nhy ln lng con khc, nu ang tit sa th gim sa t ngt. Sau khi pht hin c triu chng d ng dc bng cch quan st theo di trn hoc s dng c th sau 18-36 gi cho d giao phi l thch hp. Trong sn xut thng khi pht hin d ng dc ngy hm nay th sng sm hm sau cho giao phi 2 ln sng v chiu l ph hp. Phi c s theo di phi ging ghi chp ngy phi kt qu phi ging v d nh ngy d chun b cho d. 4.2.2.3 K thut phi ging: Ngoi vic chn ghp i giao phi thch hp, trnh ng huyt th cho d giao phi ng thi im l vic lm ht sc quan trng. Thi gian ng dc ko di ca d thng l 36-40 gi v thi gian phi ging thch hp s l 12-30 gi v vy nn cho d phi ging 2 ln trong ngy ng dc. kim tra, pht hin d ci ng dc v iu khin c vic phi ging theo nh , bui sng th d ci v d c ra sn chi, theo di n d, nu thy con c ui theo con d ci no v c c biu hin phi ging v con ci ng im cho con c nhy th bt nht ring con d ci vo chung, kim tra thy m h hi sng v t th chn con c cho phi ging. Tuyt i khng chn th d ci ng dc cng n d trnh d c nhy nhiu ln v s cnh tranh d ci trong s d c dn n nh hc nhau, nh hng n chn th v sc kho n d. Phi ging tt nht l vo bui sng v phi lp li vo bui chiu sau khi chn th v. Thng sau phi ging 21 ngy, nu d ci khng ng dc li th c ngha l d ci c cha. Sau khi cho phi cn ghi chp li s hiu d c, ngy phi theo di, qun l ging v d kin ngy d chun b cho d. Hnh 4: Xc nh thi im phi ging thch hp cho d

Hnh 3: D

c nn ch n l m

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4.3. Thc n v k thut nui dng


4.3.1. Cc loi thc n cho d S dng cc loi cy, c mc t nhin Cc loi cy bi, c mc t nhin bi chn, trn i, , cc loi l cy nh mt, keo tai tng, chui, xoan, cy u Flemingia ... u l ngun thc n phong ph cho d. Ngoi ra con c th tn dung cc vng ni , i bi, rng cy, vn cy n qu cao, tt lm ni chn th d. Tn dng cc ph ph phm nng nghip Rm: L ph ph phm sau khi thu hoch la. Rm c phi nng th c mu vng ti v d thch n, cn rm lu, b mc nt, dnh bn t thi d khng thch n.. tng kh nng tiu th v tiu ho th nn x l rm trc khi cho d n: o Mm ho: Cht rm r thnh tng on 5-10 cm ri vy nc mui, trn u cho n o Kim ho: Cht rm 5-10 cm ri u trn mt sn sch, phng. Dng nc vi pha long 1% ti ln rm (1kg rm cho 6 kg nc), ho Urea 3% L sn: phi kh lm thc n d tr cho d. L sn kh c hm lng protein cao l ngun thc n b sung m rt tt, r tin d kim cho d. Thn cy ng: Dy lang, cy lc, u tng: Ma: S dng thn v ngn ma lm thc n cho d c th thay th 50% khu phn thc n th xanh. Khi cho n nn cht ma c v thnh lt mng. y l ngun thc n th xanh c tin nng nht l vo ma kh, khi thiu cc ngun thc n khc. Chui: Thc n c qu nh b , khoai, snc kh: Thc n tinh: Thc n tinh bt bao gm cc loi ht ng cc, cc loi c phi kh Thc n cao m bao gm bt u tng, kh du, cc loi cm tng hp, nm men, bt c, bt mu. Thc n ph phm cng nghip l cc loi b bt, bt xng, bt c, b hoa qu p, bng ri bia, r mt Cc loi b bt (t sn, dong ring, sn dy. C th s dng b bia v bo cho d trc khi bn. Dng cc loi b hoa qu p, r mt cng rt tt, nhng phi m bo chng khng b ln men hay thiu thi. C th s dng r mt trn vi Urea, khong premix, cm lm tng Block cho d n, hay ho nc ti u ln c hay rm kh nhm tng tnh ngon ming v thm n ca d. Thc n khong Cc loi thc n t nhin trong khu phn n ca d thng khng p ng y nhu cu khong ca c th. V vy cn bng y trong khu phn, nng cao kh nng sn xut, khng bnh cn cho d n thm thc n khong cc loi nh bt khong can xi, bt xng, bt v s hay v trng. Nn b sung mui vo khu phn n ca d qua vic cho vo nc ung hay thc n xanh nhm tng tnh ngon ming v hn ch d ung cc ngun nc khc b nhim. Thc n th xanh i vi con d, thc n th xanh chim v tr tr hng u v rt quan trng. Trong thc n th xanh cn c rt nhiu cht dinh dng cn thit cho c th nh cc loi a xt amin khng thay th, cc loi vitamin, cc enzim, cc cht khong. Clorophin ca thc n xanh c tc dng thc y cc qu trnh to mu ca c th. Thc n th xanh phong ph v thnh phn cc cht dinh dng v c cha nhiu nc (60-80%). Cy non th lng nc cn cao hn. Vt cht kh ca mt s loi c trng c gi tr dinh dng ni chung tng t vi thc n tinh nhng gi tr sinh hc ca chng cao hn nh cc loi c trng: c Voi, Ghin, Pngola, Ruzi v cc loi ngn l Keo du, Ch khng

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l, u Sn ty c cht m trong vt cht kh cn cao hn so vi cm tng hp nhn hiu Con C. D c cung cp thc n th xanh qua chn th hay cc loi cy, c trng hay t nhin c thu ct v l thc n. K thut chn th Chn th d trn cc bi chn t nhin khng nhng tn dng ngun cy c t nhin m cn c nhng nh hng tt i vi d, thc y qu trnh sinh tng v pht dc. Ngoi ra d cn c kh nng t tm cc loi l t cha bnh cho chnh bn thn, hoc tm kim nhng cy c cc cht m c th chng ang cn m cc ngun thc n khc khng p ng . Khng nn chn th d c nh mt bi chn, m nn c s lun phin cy ci c th pht trin tt ln c, hn ch nhim bi chn. Chn th nn trnh nhng ni gn h nc, bi chn c vng nc nhm hn ch mc nhim giun sn ca d. C th kt hp trn bi chn vi tru, b, cu tn dng ng c t nhin, hn ch c nhng bnh ca mi loi gia sc. i vi d con di 3 thng tui khng nn cho i chn th theo m v s lm d con yu sc d mc bnh v cht. Tuy nhin khi chn th t nhin trung bnh/ngy ch khong t 6-8 ting, khng p ng c nhu cu dinh dng hng ngy ca chng, cn b sung thc n cho d. Ch bin v d tr thc n C cc phng php ch bin v bo qun thc n thng c p dng: Phi kh c, l sn, l keo du, l u Flemingia... Cht ngn chua cy ng, c voi, thn l lc, sn c... S dng r mt trn vi cm, bt sn v l cy giu m cht ngn phi kh. Bin php d n c nhiu thc n Thc n th xanh: nn ct ngn cho d n. D thch n thc n cao, nn cn phi treo mng thc n ln cao trn mt t 0,5-0,7 m. Khng ri xung t v d khng n li thc n ri xung t. Ngoi sn chi hoc trong chung nui nht nn c mng n rng tt c d c th n cng mt lc c v d d n. Thc n c qu, ma cy: nn st thnh ming mng cho d d n, khng nn nghin nh hay c c qu nguyn. Thc n b sung nh khong, mui nn lm thnh tng, hoc cho vo ng tre c c l nhr pha di treo bn lng chung cho d lim. Mt s khu phn n ca d (kg/con/ngy) Thnh phn thc n Khu phn I Khu phn II Khu phn III C l xanh 3 2,5 3 L mt hay l u Sn Ty 1 1,5 1 C (sn, khoai ti0 0,5 0,5 0,5 Ph phm (b u, b bia) 0,5 Tinh hn hp (14-15% protein) 0,5 0,4 0,3 Khu phn cho d sa c trng lng v nng sut sa khc nhau Thnh phn thc n D nng D nng D nng 40 D nng D nng 30 kg cho 40 kg cho kg cho 1,5 50 kg cho 50 kg cho 1 lt sa 1 lt sa lt sa 1 lt sa 2 lt sa C l xanh 3 3,5 4 4 4 L mt hay l cy u 1 1,5 2 2 2 Tinh hn hp (14-15% 0,35-0,4 0,4-0,5 0,6-0,7 0,5-0,6 0,9-1,0 Protein) 4.3.2 K thut chm sc nui dng Chm sc nui dng d con t s sinh n 15 ngy tui

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D con sau khi c lau kh mnh, ct rn xong (vut sch mu ra pha ngoi v ct cch rn 3-4cm) cn a d con vo nm lt rm r cho kh, m bn cnh m. Sau khi 20-30 pht cho d con b sa u ngay v b ht sa u trong vng 3-7 ngy u sa d m c nhiu dinh dng nht l c khng th gip cho d con mau ln v phng trnh c cc bnh tt. Nu d con mi yu cn gip d con tp b, hoc vt sa u cho con b bng bnh1 ngy3-4 ln. Nu d m khng cho con b th phi p cho b bng cch gi cht d m vt b tia sa u ri vt t sa vo ming d con cho quen dn, sau gi nguyn cho con b no tip tc lm nh vy cho n khi d m chu cho d con b trc tip. Ch trong 3-4 ngy u d con cn yu nn phi hng dn cho d con b u c hai v d m, nu d ch b 1 v v cn li s cng sa d m au s khng cho con b na dn n vim v d m v d con s khng c sa b.

Hnh 5: Tp cho d con mi sinh b sa Giai on sau 15 ngy n 45 ngy Tch d con khi d m vt sa d m. Thng thng vt sa 2 ln / ngy sng v chiu i vi d c sn lng sa trn 1 lit. D con c cho vo b d m ngay sau khi vt sa khai thc ht sa ca con m sau cho con con b thm 300g-350ml (2-3ln/ngy) tu theo lng sa m con con b c trc tip t con m nhng phi m bo tng lng sa b c trong ngy 450-600ml/con (c th xc nh lng sa con con b c bng cch cn d con trc v sau khi b m) trn c s lng sa b c t con m m tnh lng sa cn cho con con b thm bng bnh. i vi chn nui gia nh v vi d cho sa di 1l/ngy p dng phng thc tch d con khi d m ban m (t 5g chiu nay n 6.30 gi sng hm sau) vt sa ngy 1 ln vo bi sng sa thu c l sa hng ho sau l cho con con theo b m c ngy khng cn cho b thm sa m bng bnh na. Giai on t ngy 46-90 ngy tui Cho d n 600ml ri gim dn xung 400ml sa nguyn/con/ngy chia 2 ln/ngy. Sa d hay sa thay th cn c hm nng 38-40oC, nm v bnh v, chai ng sa phi ra sch tit trng trc v sau khi cho d b, lau kh sch nn chung sau khi d con b. Cn lu t ngy tui 15 tr i bt u tp cho d con n cc loi thc n d tiu nh chui chn, bt ng,bt tng rang c bit l cc loi c l non , kh sch... T ngy 24 n 45 ngy tui cho n 30-35g thc n tinh t ngy 46-90 ngy tui cho n 50-100g tinh. Lng thc n tng dn n ht 3 thng tui khi d con t n khng cn n sa m, tho mn nc ung sch cho d con. Chm sc nui dng d hu b Cn chon lc nhng d ci, d c sinh trng pht dc tt ,c ngoi hnh p sau cai sa chuyn sang nui hu b Nui d hu b theo khu phn qui nh tng kh nng sinh trng pht trin c th hp l, khng nn v bo bng thc n giu nng lng nh ng, sn, go, tinh

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hn hp. Cho n y thc n th xanh (2-5kg/ngy) bng 75-80% VCK tng khu phn n hng ngy, phn cn li b sung bng thc n tinh v ph phm nng nghip. i vi cc loi thc n mi, cc ph phm nng cng nghip cn tp n v tng dn t t n nhiu ph hp vi kh nng tiu ho ca d thng mt ngy cho n 0,1-0,5kg/con. Cung cp nc sch cho d, to iu kin cho d c ch vn ng 3-4 gi/ngy, v sinh kh sch nn chung sn chung sn chi, mng n, mmg ung hng ngy. Ring d c con lm ging cn chm sc ring sau 3 thng phi nui tch ring v ch cho giao phi khi d t 11-12 thng tui. Giai on u ca thi k nui d hu b l thi k chuyn tip t giai on d b sa m sang t hon ton thu nhn t thc n v vy giai on ny d con thng hay mc cc bnh v ng tiu ho nh bnh tiu chy , chng bng y hi, phng cc bnh ny cn phi v sinh sch s ngun thc n nc ung sn chung sn chi ca d ,nu d mc cc chng bnh ny cn phi iu tr kp thi bng bin php c hc v thuc th y Chm sc nui dng d ci sinh sn. D ci mang thai: Sau khi phi ging theo di nu n chu k ng dc bnh thng (21-23 ngy) m khng thy d ng dc tr li l c th d th thai. Thi gian mang thai ca d trung bnh l 150 ngy (bin ng t 145-157 ngy) v vy phi chun b cho d trc 140 ngy. Khi c cha nhu cu dinh dng ca d tng dn ln c bit 2 thng cui cng d ci chu kim n hn, phm n hn bnh thng, biu hin th trng bn ngoi lng mt tng cn. Cn p ng s lng v cht lng thc n d nui thai tt v c nhiu sa sau khi sinh. i vi d ang cho sa, th tui thai cng ln, lng sa ca d m khai thc cng gim bo thai pht trin tt v trnh c sn lng sa gim cc chu k sau. Ch : Cho d cn sa t t bng cch gim dn s ln vt sa nh ngy 1 ln ri 2 ngy 1 ln 3ngy 1 ln v ct hn. Khng chn d qu xa chung v trnh dn ui, nh p d, tuyt i khng nht d c ging trong n ci ang cha. i vi d cha ln u cn xoa bp nh bu v kch thch tuyn sa pht trin v tp cho d quen dn vi vic vt sa sau ny. D tnh ngy d chun b trc, ch ng v chm sc d con s sinh c chu o. D : D sp nn nht ring tng con chung c v sinh tiu c kh, sch, kn m v yn tnh. Trc khi 5-10 ngy nn gim bt thc n tinh nhng d ci c nng sut sa cao trnh vim v, st sa. C ngi trc d , chun b ci, lt nm cho d con sau khi sinh v cc loi dng c nh cn it, gi lau, ko, ch ct rn cho d s sinh. D sp c nhng biu hin: D kh chu, i i lun, bu v v m h sng , bng sa, bu v cng. m h c dch c chy thnh dng v xut hin bc nc i l d sp . Khi nc i v ra l d . Bnh thng thai s c y ra t t theo nhp rn ca d m. Thi gian d t 1-4 gi tu theo s lng thai v v tr thai. Nu d con ang ra m b kt, kh , d m thng ku la cn h tr bng cch a tay st trng vo y thai theo chiu thun, khi li thai ra cn cn thn, hai tay nm phn thn pha ngoi ko nh ra theo nhp rn ca d m. iu quan trng trc khi can thip l xc nh ng v tr ngi thai hin ti

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Khi d con ra c ngoi, d m t lim con, song vn phi ly khn sch, mm, kh lau ht nht t ming, mi, tai, mnh, 4 chn ca d cng vut sch mu t cung rn tr ra pha ngoi, dng dy ch chc tht cht cung rn cch bng khong 34cm, dng dao sc hay ko ct cung rn pha ngoi 1-1,5cm ri xt trng bng cn it 5% hoc dung dch xy gi. Sau khi ht con (khong 30 pht n 4 gi) nhau ra, khng d m n nhau. Trng hp kh hoc sau 4 gi m nhau vn cha ra th mi bc s th y can thip. D m xong cho ung nc m c pha mui 0,5% hoc nc ng 5-10%. Hng ngy cho d m n thc n th, xanh non, thc n tinh cht lng tt theo khu phn xc nh. Khng cho d m n qu nhiu thc n tinh v c qu trnh d b chng bng y hi. Sau ra sch bu v v m h, v sinh kh sch ni d va . Trng hp nu d m sng nm sa th chm nc nng v vt sa cho khi tc cc tia sa. D vt sa Nui dng tt chm sc chu o, d sa s cho nng sut cao. m bo tiu chun, khu phn ca d sa: u tin cho d m n thc n th xanh non, ngon cht lng tt b xung thm protein th t 15-17%, thc n tinh hn hp, Premix khong sinh t v mui n. La chn cc loi thc n m d a thch c nhiu sa, nh l mt, keo du, cm tng hp. D c nng sut sa trn 2 lt/con/ngy ( thng th 1 v thng th 2) cn cho n thc n tinh v vt sa 2-3 ln/ngy. Cho ung nc sch tho mn (t 3-5 lt/con/ngy) yu cu nc sch c y cc mng trong chung v ngoi sn chi. B sung thng xuyn premix khong cho d 0,5kg/thng/con trong sut thi gian vt sa, bng cch trn vo thc n tinh v lm tng khong treo ln thnh chung hoc cho mui, khong vo ng tre treo ln thnh chung cho d lim. To iu kin cho d vn ng sn chi hoc bi chn kh ro gn chung 3-5 gi/ngy, kt hp xoa chi, bt ve rn (nu nui nht) Theo di s thay i khi lng ca d m 1-2 thng u d m s st trng t 5-7% nhng t gia thng th 2 d s hi phc dn v n nh khi lng Nu nui dng khng tt, thiu khong hao ht khi lng d m ln, s hi phc chm, sn lng sa s gim, d khng ng dc tr li i khi s b bnh bi lit. D cho sa nht l con cao sn thng d b bnh vim v v vy hng ngy khi vt sa phi quan st theo di tnh trng con vt, bu v, mu sc mi v ca sa nu thy khc thng cn can thip kp thi bng bin php chm nc nn, xoa bp bng nc mui m 10%, dn cao tan, hoc bng can thip ca th y. K thut vt sa Khi vt sa phi thao tc ng qui trnh vt sa, v sinh bu v trc v sau khi vt ht sa, lau sch bu, nm v, trnh xy st nm v bu v. Trc khi vt sa phi chun b khn mm sch, nc m lau bu, nm v v kch thch sn xut sa. Thng ng sa phi m bo sch s: ra sch, trng nc si sau mi ln ng sa. Chun b dng c v t th ngi vt sa

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Kh n v t s a

Hnh 6: Quy trnh vt sa d 1. Ra sch tay v bu v d trc khi vt sa

2. Nm nm v bng ngn tay ci v tr

3. Nm cht cc ngn tay tip theo

4. Nm ton b bu v bng ngn tay b tia sa u

5. Bp cht c bn tay

6. Th bn tay cho sa xung nm v

7. Th t lp li nh trn

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8. Vt ngn tr v ci

9. Vut t trn xung di cho ht sa trong nm v

Chm sc d c ging D c ging c nui nht tch ring khu d ci vt sa, hoc vo pha cui chung, va to thm tnh hng cho n va trnh mi hp th vo sa. Thng thng 1 d c nng 50kg 1 ngy cho n n 4kg c xanh 1,5kg l cy giu protein 0,4kg thc n tinh. Nu mun phi ging 3 ln ngy cho n thm 0,3 kg rau r hoc 1-2 qu trng g. Lun ch b sung khong a v vi lng cho d bng cch lm tng lim cho d n thng xuyn. Thng xuyn cho d c vn ng tun 2 ln cng vi vic tm chi kh cho d. C s theo di hiu qu phi ging ca tng c ging trnh qu kh nng sn xut ca chng. Khi kh nng phi ging ca d t di 60% v tui qu 6 nm th nn thi loi chng.

4.4. K thut xem rng tnh tui

4.5. K thut ct, kh sng d


Hnh 7: Kh sng d

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trnh vic d c sng hay nh v hc nhau, hoc sng qup vo u, c gy tn thng. i vi ging d c sng di nn kh sng cho d ngay giai on d ang trong thi k theo m (di 3 thng tui). Dng c kh sng l mt ng st c di 5-7 cm, ng knh 3-4 cm, c cn bng g. Trc khi kh sng phi ct lng, v sinh quanh khu vc sng. Dng la nung nng phn ng st ri p nhanh vo gc sng. Nhng d m sng qu di hay c nguy c m vo u, c hay mt th nn ct b bt sng. u tin v sinh st trng vng ct sch s. Dng nvcain phong b vng gc sng vi liu 30-50ml. Ly ca sc nh nhng ct nhanh phn sng qu di. Nu c chy mu nhiu th dng dao nung p nhanh vo phn ct.

4.6. K thut bt gi d
Thng thng khi bt d ngi ta d trn chung hay trong sn chi, khng ui d chy lung tung. Khi bt d phi tip cn gn d nhanh tay nm ly u, sng hay tai d (ging tai di) ri gh cht li. C th hai chn kp phn trc c, trong khi hai tay vn gi c nh u gi d. Khi bt d khng c tm hai chn git (d gy chn) hay tm lng d, hoc nh p d. c bit i vi d ang mang thai khng c nm vo bng d nhc ln v d gy xy thai. Hnh 8: Bt gi d

4.7. K thut ct mng chn d


Phi thng xuyn kim tra v ct mng chn d khi chng qu di. nht l d nht, t c chn th. Khi mng qu di thng gy kh khn cho d i li b gy, xc hay b kt si, vo gy tn thng lm thi mng chn, c th dn n qu. S dng dao hay ko sc ct mng. Khi ct nn loi b ht cc phn mng tha, bn v b bnh. C th ct hi su vo t chc mng khi m cc t chc b hng cn loi b.

4.8 K thut lm chung


4.8.1 Nguyn tc lm chung d D l loi ng vt sch s, khng a m cao, iu kin bnh thng khi ngh ngi d thng tm ch cao ro nm. Do vy khi lm chung tri cho d phi m bo: Sch s, thng thong, trnh nmg nng, m t. Sn chung phi cch mt t t 50-70 cm. Chung d phi m bo trnh ma ht, gi la v nh nng gay gt trc tip chiu vo d. V tr nn lm chung d ni cao ro, d thot nc v tt nht l ni c bng cy. C th lm chung st nh hay st bp, hoc ring bit, nhng m bo thun tin trong chm sc, nui dng d. Chung nui d phi c sn chi theo di, qun l d khi bt d, phi ging, cho n v phng tr bnh. Trong chung v sn chi phi c mng n, mng ung b sung thc n v nc ung cho d. Nc ta c kh hu nhit i gi ma, nng m, nn tt nht l lm chung d theo hng ng nam. Vi hng ny, ma h c th hng c gi ng nam mt m, cn khi vo ma ng gi rt th li tin cho vic che chn.

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Tuy vy khi lm chung cn phi cn c theo c im tng vng, tng nh c th m xc nh v tr v hng chung thch hp tn dng yu t thun li v hn ch ti a cc yu t bt li ca thi tit i vi d. Hnh 9: V tr chung nui d Hnh 10: Sn chi cho d

Vt liu lm chung bng g, thp hay tn dng tre, na. Gi chung nn xy bng gch cho chc chn. i vi d sa th tt nht chung d nn ngn thnh cc gian chung c kch thc 1,2 x 1,5 m v mi gian nht mt con thun tin cho vt sa v chm sc. Cn vi d tht hay d sinh trng th c th lm gian chung to hn mi gian c th nht c nhiu con cng mt lc. Mi gian chung phi c mng n, ung ring. Hnh 11: Chung nui ph hp vi c tnh v giai on pht trin ca d

Ngh ngi

n ung

Phi ging

Nui con

Hnh 12: Sn chung dc thun tin cho thu gom phn v rc thi 4.8.2 K thut lm chung tri Mi chung: Mi chung c cao va phi trnh gi la, nhng phi m bo chc chn, c dc d thot nc v nh ra khi thnh chung t nht 60 cm trnh ma ht hay nh nng trc tip chiu vo d. Mi chung lm bng tre, g v c th lp ngi, tranh na, hay tn hoc phi br xi mng.

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Hnh 13: Mi chung d Thnh chung: Thnh chung c tc dng ngn d, c cao t 1,5-1,8m. C th lm bng tre, g, hay li st B40. Cc nan cch nhau khong 6-10 cm d khng chui qua c. Thnh chung m bo kho, chc chn, khng c mc sc gy tn thng cho d. Thnh chung tt nht l ng nan dc theo chung trnh kt chn d. Hnh 14: Thnh chung d

Ca chung: ca ln xung chung phi c rng hn kch thc thn d (vo khong 60-80cm) d i li v trnh c st. Vt liu lm bng tre, g, nha. Ca chung c th thit k va lm cu va lm bc ln xung mi khi cho d vo chung Khi d m cn iu tr bnh kp thi, cch ly ngay d m khi n d kho, tt nht nht d m gian chung ring hay chung cch bit. Nu khng nht cch ly th nguy c ly lan bnh sang d khc s ln hn. D m khng nn chn th, v chng khng theo kp n v d lan truyn mm bnh vo mi trng. Nht d mc bnh truyn nhim thm t nht 2 tun sau khi khi bnh. V sau khi khi bnh, gia sc vn c th thi mm bnh v gy nhim cho con khc. Lng chung ca d m nn c st trng hng ngy. Khi tip xc (iu tr, chm sc) vi d m xong cn phi ra v st trng tay trc khi tip xc vi d kho, tt hn l nn eo gng tay trong khi iu tr d. Bi dng sc kho bng cch cho d n ung y hn v b sung thm khong, vitamin. Khi d a chy nn nc ung v tng lim thng xuyn trong ci lng chung. a chy lm cho c th mt dch th v khong nghim trng. Nu a chy nng v ko di (vi ngy) th cn thit phi cung cp dung dch chng mt nc. Nu thiu s can thip, d s mt nc, mt cn bng cht in gii trong c th, d tr nn yu v c th b cht.

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3.4. Nhng bnh thng xy ra v phng php phng tr

4.9. Bnh v phng bnh cho d 4.9.1 Nhng bnh gy nn do vi rt v vi khun Hi chng tiu chy d (Diarhoea)
Triu chng Dng nh: Th trng bnh thng, tiu chy ngn, phn thay i t nho n long, tng nhu ng ng rut. Dng nng: Mt nc, d mt mi, r, km n, mm kh, hay nm, hu mn dnh bt phn. Phn c mi hi thi. Nu nng d khng ng vng c, gy st nhanh, mt hm su, da, tai lnh, mt nht nht, b n, c trh dn n cht do mt nc. Phng bnh Cch ly ngay nhng con d mc bnh. Chuyn d ra khi chung nhim v sinh st trng. Chung tri hng ngy phi c v sinh sch s, m bo kh ro, thng thong. i vi d con s sinh cn c b sa u cng sm cng tt. Thc n, nc ung phi m bo v sinh sch s, thc n khng b i thiu ln men mc. Khng thay i thc n cho d t ngt. Nhng d mi chuyn t vng khc n, nn nht ring chung tri t nht 3-4 tun, ly cc loi thc n xanh v cho n, khi d n quen, lc c th th ra i cng n c.

Bnh vim phi (Pneumonia)


Triu chng Bnh thng dng cp tnh thi gian nung bnh thng t 1-2 ngy hoc lu hn. D bnh biu hin st cao, ho v th kh, au, u ci xung, c th chy nc mi v chy di, d km n hay nm mt ch mt mi, r. Nu nng v khng c iu tr kp thi d d b cht hoc chuyn sang dng mn tnh d gy cm, m yu rt kh hi phc li. Phng bnh Phi m bo chung tri lun sch s, thong mt v ma h, m p v m ng, trnh ma ht gi la vo chung d Thc n nc ung phi m bo sch s. p ng y nhu cu dinh dng ca d, c bit khi vn chuyn, khi d ch , hoc nhng thi k thi tit thay i t ngt hay chuyn ma

Bnh t huyt trng (Pasteurellosis)


Triu chng lm sng Bnh thng xy ra th qu cp hay cp tnh, d st cao 4041oC, chy nc mi v nc mt. D l , st cn, kh th v ho. T l cht ln ti 60% hoc cao hn. Ph bin thng thy mt con d trong n cht t ngt trc khi c biu hin triu chng m. Phng bnh m bo mi trng nui nht d thng thong gim m trong chung nui. n d mi nhp v phi cch ly t nht 2 tun. Cho n ung y p ng vi nhu cu dinh dng ca d. nh k tim phng vc xin phng bnh t huyt trng d 6 thng/ln.

Bnh vim rut hoi t (Enterotoxemia)

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Triu chng lm sng C 3 dng vim rut hoi t: Qu cp tnh, cp tnh v mn tnh. Dng qu cp Bnh thng xy ra nhiu hn d hu b, d trng thnh t b hn. D con ln nhanh, kho mnh cng hay b nhim bnh ny. D km n t xut, bun du; au bng, ku ht, phn lng dnh ln bt, mu v c cht nhy, st cao 40oC. D cht trong vng 24 gi. Sau khi thy mt hay nhiu d cht vi cc triu chng trn, cn ngh ti bnh vim rut hoi t qa cp tnh xy ra trong n. Him khi thy d hi phc mc d c iu tr. Dng cp tnh Thng xy ra d trng thnh, D au bng, c th khng ku tht hoc t ku hn. Phn lc u c th sn st hoc nho, nhng sau tr thnh lng nh nc, c mi hi thi. Triu chng lm sng c th ko di 3-4 ngy. Tnh trng mt nc v d tr kim gim l hu qu ca bnh. Bnh c th hi phc li, nu c iu tr kp thi. Dng mn tnh Bnh xut hin theo giai on, c nh k vi tun li lp li. D bun b, gim tit sa, km n. D gim trng cng vi a chy gin on vi phn nho. Kh xc nh c bnh ny. Phng bnh Dng vac-xin gii c t 6 thng mt ln c kh nng hn ch c s pht bnh trong n. Khng thay i thc n t ngt. Khng cho n qu nhiu thc n tinh m t thc n th trong khu phn. Khng cho n t xut cc loi ng cc v thc n d tr khc.

Bnh vim v (Mastitis)


Triu chng lm sng Du hiu u tin ca bnh vim v l gim tit sa. Bu v sng, nng hoc lnh v tm ti. Sau bu v b trng cng ln hay b ph n chy nc. D au n mi khi s nn vo bu v. Kim tra mu sc sa c th thy thay di r t mu trng ng sang mu nht, vng nht, thm ch i khi ln mu, m hay sa b ln cn. Nu bnh nng d c biu hin triu chng ton thn nh st cao, b n, nm mt ch, khng cho con b sa. Phng bnh Nui d trong mi trng chung tri c v sinh sch s hng ngy. Chng xy xt bu v, nm v, kim tra thng xuyn pht hin cc vt thng nm v iu tr kp thi. Dng khn mm sch ra v lau kh nm v trc khi vt sa, khng bao gi c nm v t. Ra tay sch trc khi vt sa. Vt sa phi thao thc ng k thut, c bit khng dng mt tay nm c hai bu v vt sa. Phi pht hin, cch ly v iu tr kp thi nhng con mc bnh trnh ly lan ra khi n.

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Bnh vim mt truyn nhim (Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis)


Triu chng lm sng Lc u hoc khi bnh nh th thy vng lng, da di mt, cnh mt b t. Kt mc mt v sng. Sau mt xung huyt nng hn, gic mc b m mt phn gia hoc m c hon ton Sau vt m ny dy dn ln v che kn ht con ngi mt (mt ci nhn). D s nh snh thng nhm mt li khi nh sng chiu vo. D mt mi hay nm gc ti. Bnh thng xy ra c hai mt lm cho d b m khng nhn v ly thc n c. Bnh ko di d suy yu dn do i n v kit sc thm ch dn n cht d non. iu tr Ra mt bng dung dch nc mui sch :ra sch cht dch r, d vt, bi bm. Dng khng sinh: Kanamycin, Gentamycine, hay thuc m tetracyclin tra mt ti thiu 3-4 ln/ngy. Trng hp mt ko mng th dng dung dch sun-pht km 10% nh 2-3 ln/ngy, hoc dng bt v c nhi t chy thnh than thi vo mt d 1-2 ln/ngy cho n khi khi hn Khi nhiu gia sc trong n nhim bnh ny th cn dng khng sinh tim cho ton n.

Bnh vim lot ming truyn nhim (Contagious Ecthyma)


y l bnh truyn nhim c tnh cht ly lan mnh. Bnh xy ra mi la tui d nhng thng xy ra nhiu v nng n d con theo m. Bnh thng xy ra n d mi c chuyn t vng ny sang vng khc Triu chng lm sng Ban u c cc nt nh nh ht u xanh ni ln trn mi mp ca d. Cc nt ny pht trin nhanh thnh cc mn nc, mn m v ra v to cc vy cng Vy ny khng bong ra m bm chc vo to thnh cc lp vy cng x x trn mi mp d. Khi cy ra di c mt lp keo nhy mu vng, i khi ln m v mu. Cc vt lot cn c th xut hin mt, tai, bu v, nm v, bu di, m h, vch mng v sn. Ngoi ra nht l d non cc vt lot c th xut hin li hoc nim mc ming c ph lp ba trng. D b bnh au n, km n, chy di c mi hi thi. Nu nng v nhim trng k pht u mt sng ph ln, i khi ko theo vim phi hoc vim rut k pht. Phng bnh Cn lu phi nht cnh ly con bnh cho n khi iu tr khi mi th cng n. i vi d con mc bnh, khng nn cho b trc tip m vt sa ra bnh ri cho b, trnh bnh lay sang v d m.

4.9.2. Nhng bnh k sinh trng Bnh giun trn


Nhim giun trn ca ng tiu ho l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh ca s hao tn v gim kh nng sn xut ca d khp mi ni, c bit trong iu kin chn th v l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh lm hn ch hiu qu chn nui d.

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Triu chng lm sng Nhim k sinh trng kt hp nhiu loi l ph bin, nn khng th phn bit triu chng lm sng ca tng loi giun sn gy nn. Nhm giun trn th nht ( Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Cooperia v Nematodirus) sinh ra s suy gim th lc, tng trng km v km n. Trng hp nhim nng th thy a chy, phn xanh thm n mu en, lm bn lng da ui v khu vc xung quanh. Sau mt thi gian th thu thng biu hin r. Trng hp mn tnh th thy lng x, da kh, v nt da, a chy thng xuyn v lp li. Thng thng khng xut hin thiu mu. Nhm giun trn th hai (Oesophagostomum columbianum) c th gy nn triu chng lm sng au bng nh cong lng, khng mun hot ng, c th l hu qu ca vim phc mc. D c th st. D a chy phn nho ln cht nhy d con v c ln mu d ln hn. D gim th lc ngy cng r rt. Giun trn ht mu nh Haemonchus contortus hay nhim d, hin tng thiu mu th hin r rt. Khi nhim nng bnh xut hin vi triu chng xut huyt d dy. Cc dng cp tnh v mn tnh rt ph bin. Cc nim mc v kt mc b nht nht, nhp th v nhp tim tng ln. Hay xut hin thu thng di hm. D m yu, t hot ng. Trong nhiu trng hp giun xon khng kt hp, phn b to bn nhiu hn l a chy. Bnh ko di d b st cn cng rt ph bin. Phng bnh nc ta, vi iu kin nhit v m cao, kt hp vi vic chn th d t do, chung tri li t c v sinh, to iu kin cho u trng tn ti v pht trin mi trng. Vic s dng thuc ty giun nh k l phng php c hiu qu hn ch mc nhim giun v hn ch ti thiu tc hi cho d v bnh k sinh trng.

Bnh sn l gan (Fasciolosis)


Triu chng Bnh sn l gan cp: Mc d t xy ra d, nhng c th xut hin cc trng hp: o nh d cht t ngt, hoc yu dn, suy nhc c th, bing n v xanh xao (da, kt mc, nim mc nht nht). o Hin tng ny ko di 3 ngy ri cht. Bnh sn l gan bn cp tnh: C cc du hiu ging nh trn nhng ko di vi tun. Bnh sn l gan mn tnh: L dng ph bin nht. o Gia sc mc bnh th suy yu, km n, l , gim tit sa v gim trng lng sau mt thng tr ln. o Trong trng hp ko di, c th d b a chy. o Th lc km, x lng, nim mc nht nht v tim p nhanh hn. o C xut hin thu thng trong trng hp ko di. Bin php phng bnh bnh giun sn d 1. D con di 3 thng tui theo n c nui nht ti chung. Sau 3 thng cai sa mi th i chn cng n. D mi mua v phi ty giun sn v nui cch ly t nht 3-4 tun trc khi cho chn th cng n 2. Chung tri nui nht d phi m bo cho d thoi mi. Sn chung cch mt t trn 50 cm, c k h 1,5-2 cm cho phn d lt xung, nn chung bng phng c dc v pha sau. Chung tri c sn chi, c mng n mng ung t cao cch mt t hn 30 cm v c rnh thot nc ng. Chung tri phi thong mt, c v sinh sch s, 4 thng 1 ln tng v sinh, c ra v st trng chung tri. 3. Phn v rc thi c cho vo h phn. Phn c ti thiu 1 thng trc khi s dng.

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4. Chm sc nui dng chu o, cung cp thc n cho d. Thc n xanh , nc ung phi m bo sch s khng ln bn t. Ly nc t ging cho d ung. Thc n xanh khng ly st mt t, hay vng ngp nc. Khng cho d ung nc cc vng nc ng hay ao t. Tt nht l cung cp nc ung sch c pha mui cho d ung trc v sau khi chn th trnh cho d ung cc ngun nc khc d b nhim. 5. Khng chn th d mt bi chn qu 1 tun v nhng ni ngp nc hay trn bi chn c nhiu vng nc ng. Bi chn th d nn xa cc ao h, vng nc ng. Thng xuyn khai thng, tho b nc ng trn bi chn. Cc loi c l khng nn ly ni st mt nc hay gn vng cng rnh, h cha phn 6. nh k kim tra trng thi sc kho d, pht hin con m, gy yu c bin php khc phc. 7. B sung trong thc n xanh nhng loi l cy c sc khng k sinh trng vi lng hp l nh l xoan, l keo du...., 4 thng mt ln trong 3 ngy vi lng 0,5-1kg/con/ngy. 8. Nhng ni c nguy c nhim giun sn cao, dng thuc ty giun sn cho d sau khi cai sa, chn th cng n 2-3 tun. 9. Nhng ni v sinh, chm sc tt mi nm ty giun sn cho d mt ln. Khi ty giun sn cho d nn nht d ti chung t nht 3 ngy, phn v rc thi sau ty phi c thu gom v vi vi bt. 10. Ty giun bng Levamisol hay Ivermectin, ty sn dy bng Nichlosamid,. Vng bi chn th c nc ng hay ao h ty sn l bng Fascinex hay Tozlan.

Bnh gh (Scabies)
Triu chng lm sng Bt u xut hin cc nt sn si, c bit l trn u. Mt s d pht trin bnh nng hn dng vim da quanh mt v tai, trn c v ngc, pha trong bn v bu v. Ngoi ra con c th thy cc lp vy, lot trn da thng thy tai, chn sau, bu v, bu di v khu vc xung quanh. D thng ci lim cc lp vy lot chn sau. iu tr Mt s ho cht c th s dng iu tr cc dng bnh gh nh sau: S dng huyn dch bt lu hunh, du n v Amitraz 0,05%, iu tr 2 ln cch nhau 5-7 ngy c tc dng tt. i d s dng ivermectin iu tr l tt nht (1 ml dung dch 10kg d, tim di da), iu tr hai ln cch nhau mt tun. Dng nc x phng ra bong sch vy trc khi iu tr. 4.9.3. Cc bnh do dinh dng v tiu ho.

Bnh st sa (Parturient Paresis)


Triu chng lm sng D bnh km n, suy nhc c th, d c th b trng hi nh hoc to bn Nu nng, ko di d di tp tnh, kh di chuyn hoc b lit hn, khng ng dy c Thn nhit h (<38oC), mch p tng. Nu khng iu tr kp d c th cht. iu tr Trong cc trng hp st sa hoc thiu can-xi huyt khi , c th tim ven chm 20 - 30 ml CaCl2 10% hoc 50-100 ml dung dch calcium gluconate 10%. i khi c th tim di da dung dch Canxi gluconate 10-20% vi liu 50-100 ml vo vi ch.

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B xung khong (can-xi, phot-pho v.v.) bng tng lim cng c tc dng phng bnh.

Chng bng y hi (Ruminal Tympani)


Chng bng y hi d t thy hn tru b v cu. Tuy nhin khi xut hin cng phi cp cu ngay. Trng bng do thc n hay xy ra hn so vi chng hi th cp. Triu chng lm sng Chng hi do thc n: o C th xy ra trong vng vi gi sau khi n phi cc loi thc n khng hp l. o Trong giai on u ca bnh, con vt mt mi, kh chu v b n. o Du hiu in hnh nht l cng bng, c bit l cng bn tri. o Nu g vo khu vc th thy ting ku nh ting trng. o Sau khi y bng mt thi gian con vt tr nn kh chu hn, ng xong chn, long chong, chy di, i nhiu ln v i tp tnh chuyn ng trn. o Nu khng can thip kp thi con vt s b hn m, kit sc, tc th v s cht trong vng 1 gi. Chng hi th cp: o Cc du hiu lm sng cng ging nh trn. Chy di nhiu hn nu b tc nghn c hon ton, nc di khng th chy li vo d c c na o Nu tc nghn khng hon ton th hi c th thot ra c. Chng bng trong trng hp ny s nh hn, t nguy him hn. iu tr Can thip kp thi l rt cn thit. Chng hi th cp: o c can thip bng ng sng d dy v hoc tho b d vt khi cung hng. Chng hi do thc n: o Trc ht cho d ng ni thong mt, u cao hn mng. o ng thi phi chng s to kh v thot hi ra khi d c bng cch ch xt vng d c nhiu ln. o Ly tay hay on tre nh ngoy vo cung hng kch thc phn x hi v cho d ung 300-500 ml du n, hoc 150-200 ml riu hay dm ti. o Cho d hot ng sau khi ung du s lm gim s to bt v tng cng thot hi. o Nu d b t lit th nn xoay trn d hoc xoa vut vng d c c th gip cho du phn u trong d c, chng to bt. ng sng d c nn c s dng thot hi v chng s to bt. o Ch nn dng kim chc d c khi cp cu giai on cui cng ca chng hi cp. Tt nhin phng php ny d lm vim phc mc v r r d c. Cho nn cn tim khng sinh 3-5 ngy sau khi chc thot hi d c.

4.9.4 Cch tim v cho d ung thuc

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VV tr tim bp: trong c vng vai hoc i sau. Trnh vo v tr tnh mch, dy thn kinh , Tim chm, nh nhng vo v tr tim. - St trng kim v seringe bng cch luc si. Cho d ung thuc

Ch 5 : PHT TRIN CHN NUI B


PGS TS Tn Tht Sn Trng i hc Nng nghip 1

5.1. t vn
Chn nui b c hnh thnh t lu nc ta. Theo s liu thng k, trong vng 10 nm qua tc tng bnh qun ca n b l 2-3%/nm, n b sa tng 11%/nm. Nm 2000 tng n b c nc l 4.146.233 n nm 2002 tng ln n 4.300.000 con.

5. 2. Ging b Vit Nam


Trc y, n b nc ta ch yu l ging b vng a phng c tm vc nh. Khi lng b trng thnh: b ci 170-190 kg, b c 220-250 kg. Kt qu kho st n b vng 6 tnh: Lng Sn, Thanh Ho, Ngh An, Ph Khnh, Sng B, Ty Ninh b c khi lng bnh qun 200 kg. 5.2.1. c im ca mt s ging b:

B vng Thanh ho
L ging b tt, c chiu cao vy trung bnh t 103 105 cm, vng ngc: 132cm, di thn cho 112-113 cm; Khi lng s sinh bnh qun: 12-15 kg;, ci trng thnh nng 180200 kg, con ln c th nng n 250 kg. Con c trng thnh nng 300 350 kg ( con to nng: 400 kg).

B Ngh an
Thuc loi b u, khi lng ln hn b Thanh Ho. Khi lng s sinh 13-16 kg, lc 2 tui nng 155-180 kg, b ci trng thnh 190-210 kg, b c nng 310- 360 kg.

B Cao Bng

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C tm vc vm v hn b Ngh An, b c thn hnh di, chiu rng kh pht trin, kt cu ngoi hnh vng chc, lc trng thnh b ci nng: 200-250 kg, b c nng: 300400 kg, t l tht x 40-50 %. B Ph Yn B Ph Yn l mt ging b tt nc ta. B c dng u ngn v nh, chiu di thn v lng kh rng v ngc su v rng, l c im ca b hng tht. B c chiu cao 1,15 1,27 m; Khi lng t t 330 400 kg, cht lng tht mm, ngon. 5. 2.2. Nng sut ca mt s ging b Vit Nam Theo Nguyn Vn Thng v CS ( 1983) B Ngh An B Thanh Ho B Lng Sn c Ci c Ci c Ci Khi lng (kg/con) 279 206 250 205 215 184 Di thn cho ( cm ) 124,6 115,9 119,8 113,3 117,2 113

KCH THC MT S CHIU O CA B CI VIT NAM Ch tiu Khi lng (kg) Cao vy (cm) Cao khum (cm) Cao xng ngi (cm) Di thn cho (cm) Vng ngc (cm) Vng ng (cm) Lai Sind 280 112 118 101 122 156 17 Thanh Ho 207 99 102 92 113 141 15 Ngh An 200 183 108 112 140 14

Theo L Quang Nghip (1982) + Khi lng b vng Thanh Ho: S sinh, 1,3,6,12,18,24 v 36 thng tui: 15,86; 28,05; 46,35; 57,74; 106,95; 153,3; 183,94 v 190,65 - Kch thc vng ngc tng ng: 58,67; 72,90; 83,93; 86,29; 114,47; 129,78; 132,09; v 138,43 cm - Cao vy tng ng (cm): 45,92; 60,25; 71,83; 78,99; 93.04; 98,21; v 100,08 - Di thn cho (cm): 47,15; 61,46; 70,91; 76,69; 94,66; 100,88; 105,77 v 109,89 + B Red Sinhi v b lai Sind: B c: 415 kg v 416 kg B ci: 232 kg v 275,6 kg Theo L Vit Ly v V Vn Ni ( 1980)Khi lng ca con lai : c Red Sinhi x ci lai Sind s sinh, 6,12,18 v 24 thng tui tng ng l: 18,5; 106; 122,6; 156,1 v 212,2 kg Nguyn Vn Thng v Trn Trng Thm (1990): khi lng ca b lai Sind giai on s sinh v 6 thng tui: 20,5 v 90,5 kg L Quang Nghip (1992) khi lng s sinh, 1,3,6,18,24 v 36 thng tui ca b F1( b vng x Sind ) l 17,5; 31,4; 52,2; 70,2; 110,3; 158,5; 189,0; 225,6 kg v b lai ( vng Vit Nam x Zebu Cuba) c khi lng tng ng l: 18,1; 35,2; 59,2; 80,2; 117,5; 159,3; 198,2 v 239,1kg. L Quang Nghip (1982) tng trng hng ngy giai on: 1-3; 3-6; 12; 18 v 24 thng tui tng ng l: 400; 123,3; 273; 257,3 v 170 g/ ngy.

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Khi lng phn: Hng ngy trung bnh 1 con tru trng thnh thi ra: 15-20kg phn cn b l: 1015 kg

B H Giang
Nui nhiu t lu cc huyn vng cao H Giang: ng Vn, Mo Vc, Qun B, Yn Minh. Do c ng bo HMng ( ng bo Mo) nui nhiu nn b H Giang cn c gi l b Mo. B H Giang tnh nt rt thun thc, chu kham kh. Khi lng trung bnh con c: 250-350 kg, Con ci: 220 - 280 kg, b s sinh: 15-16 kg. Mu lng a s c mu vng nht, sm hoc cnh dn. Mt t c mu en nhnh hoc loang trng, da mng, lng mn, tht mn v ngon. u b ci thanh, u b c th hn, nh trn c u g hoc phng (91%), mt t trn lm (9%); tai to a ngang, lng hi vng, mng di nhng hi lp, ngc su, chn cao, cao khum cao hn cao vy. B H Giang ni chung chu kh, rt thun, dng i nhanh nhn, chc chn, ngay c khi phi cy nhng nng cheo leo trn ni tai mo. B H Giang chu kham kh, chu rt. B Mo ri rc quanh nm, a s 3 nm hai la, t l nui sng t 90-95 %. Kh nng cy ko tt, mi ngy c th cy 1000 1500 m2 vng ni dc ng. Hnh thc nui b ca ng bo vng cao H Giang l nui nht. Chung nui b ng bo lm rt thong mt, v sinh.

Khi lng b H Giang


- B c loi A: 6-7nm tui c khi lng 390 kg / con - B c loi B : 6-7 nm tui --------------- 378 /con - B c loi C : 4-5 nm tui ------------ 355 kg Ni chung b c trng thnh c khi lng trung bnh 350 kg/con, c con nng 450-500 kg. - B ci loi A: 6-7 nm tui c khi lng 327 kg - B ci loi B : 6-7 nm tui ---------------- 265 kg - B ci loi C : 6-7 nm tui ---------------- 220 kg - B ci loi A : 4-5 nm tui ---------------- 348 kg - B ci loi B : 4-5 nm tui ----------------- 267 kg - B ci loi C : 4-5 nm tui ----------------- 215 kg B ci trng lng khng ng u nhng cng c con nng n 300350 kg. - B c 1 nm tui: 210 kg - ---------2 ----------: 218 kg - ---------3 ----------: 278 kg - B ci 1 nm tui : 195 kg - --------2 nm tui : 210 kg - --------3 nm tui : 252 kg

5.3. Kh nng sinh trng


5.3.1. Khi nim v sinh trng v c s di truyn ca sinh trng Sinh trng l s tch lu cc cht hu c do ng ho v d ho l s tng chiu cao, chiu di, b ngang, khi lng ca cc b phn v ton b c th con vt trn c s tnh di truyn t i trc. 5.3.2. c im sinh trng K t sau khi th thai: Tinh trng x trng to thnh hp t, c th pht trin qua hai thi k: - Thi k trong c th m (bo thai) - Thi k ngoi c th m (sinh ra n cht) Sut trong hai thi k ny, trong c th gia sc lun lun xy ra nhng qu trnh bin i l s sinh trng v pht dc. 5.3.3 c im trong gii on sinh trng: + Trong giai on sinh trng th s pht trin ca ton b c th bin i khc nhau theo tng giai on ( th 1)

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S bin i v tc sinh trng ng vt v ngi u ging nhau: sau khi th thai pht trin chm, sau tng nhanh n khi trng thnh th chm li. ng biu s sinh trng Gia hai thi k nhanh v chm c bc ngot sinh trng. Tu tng gia sc khc nhau c bc ngot sinh trng khc nhau: B : 1,5 - 2 nm tui Ln: 18 thng tui - S bin i ca s tng tc sinh trng l do s tng ln ca s lng t bo ch khng phi l kch thc. Trong c th c 3 loi t bo: - T bo vnh cu: phn chia mnh trong giai on pht trin thai (t bo thn kinh) - T bo bn: phn chia mnh trong giai on sinh trng, trng thnh th ngng: c. - T bo khng bn: Phn chia lin tc (biu b) KHI LNG C TH (kg) 1000 B 800 400 200 100 CU NGI 50 25 12,5 0,25 0,5 1,0 2,0 4,0 8,0 16 32 LN

TUI (nm, t th thai) TH 1. SINH TRNG CA MT S LOI GIA SC V NGI S tng ln ca s lng t bo ph thuc vo dinh dng. Nu nui dng tt ngay t khi cn non th lm cho t bo tng nhanh. S lng t bo tng nhanh th tng trng s nhanh, lm c s cho giai on sau tng v kch thc, con vt li dng thc n tt. Nui dng tt khi cn non th nh hng tt hn n khi trng thnh.

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Trong iu kin dinh dng tt, cc nh pht trin ca cc t chc gn nhau v thi gian sinh trng nhanh. Nu dinh dng km, cc nh cch xa nhau, thi gian sinh trng ko di. Bng cc bin php ging hay nui dng khng lm thay i th t pht trin ca cc t chc m ch y nhanh hoc lm chm li qu trnh sinh trng. C s u tin v cc cht dinh dng i v cc b phn v cc t chc ca c th . - Trong trng hp thiu dinh dng th cht dinh dng s khng cung cp cho s tng hp m (khng c s tch lu ca m). - Nu ch nui dng tip tc km, th c cng khng pht trin, m c th c chuyn thnh nng lng nui c th. Khi gia sc ci c thai th cht dinh dng trong mu li u tin cho s pht trin ca thai v t chc ngoi thai. S d c s xc nh th t sinh trng nh vy l do c s u tin v cc cht dinh dng i v cc b phn v cc t chc ca c th trn. (Biu 1) - Trong trng hp thiu dinh dng th cht dinh dng s khng cung cp cho s tng hp m (khng c s tch lu ca m). - Nu ch nui dng tip tc km, th c cng khng pht trin, m c th c chuyn thnh nng lng nui c th. Khi gia sc ci c thai th cht dinh dng trong mu li u tin cho s pht trin ca thai v t chc ngoi thai. Bng 1. Bin ng hiu qu s dng thc n theo khi lng c th b (Blowey, 1988) Khi lng c th (kg) Tiu tn thc n/tng trng (kg/kg) 50 2:1 100 3:1 300 5,5 : 1 500 8,5: 1 iu khin qu trnh trn l do hormon

5.4 K thut nui b tht


im mu cht trong k thut nui b tht l nui b t s sinh n 15-18 thng tui t khi lng git tht vi t l tht x cao. cc nc c ngnh chn nui b tht truyn thng vi nhng b chuyn dng tht ni tin trn th gii nh b Charolais, Limousin, Santa-gertrudis, Hereford, Shorthorn, Aberdin Angus vv..b tht nui n 15-16 thng tui t 450-500 kg, t l tht x 60-70%, th tht mm c dt m. Ta cha c k thut nui b tht ny. Nui b c ging b vng Vit nam n 21-24 thng tui t 190-230 kg l c th git tht v c hiu qu kinh t. Nui b lai hng tht c th t trn 300 kg 21-24 thng tui. Trong k thut nui b tht c hai phn: - K thut nui b ci sinh sn - K thut nui b n 21-24 thng tui

5.4.1. K thut nui b ci sinh sn


Trong k thut nui b tht, nui b ci sinh sn v nui b ly tht c mi quan h mt thit v h tr ln nhau. B ci sinh sn l ngun cung cp b nui tht (t l cao, nui con tt..). C cu n trong h nui b tht: b ci sinh sn v nui b tht th c cu phi c t nht > 40% b ci sinh sn v 10-12% b ci hu b. Nu b sinh ra nui n 6-8 thng tui, bn ging hoc chuyn cho ni khc nui tht, th c cu n phi c 50-60 % b ci sinh sn v 12-15% ci hu b. Loi nhng con b gi, m yu, t,vv.. c ging c vai tr quan trng trong pht trin n b nn cn phi c chm sc nui dng tt v s dng hp l. Mi c ging dng phi ging khng qu 40-50 b ci sinh sn trong ma phi ging. c ging trng thnh mi ngy c th cho phi ging 2-3

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ln vi thi gian ngh 1-2 ngy. c ging t cho phi 1-2 ln trong ngy vi khong cch 2 ngy. Vi nhng vng c bi chn, i rng th vi qui m mi gia nh nui 30-50 b, trong 12-20 ci sinh sn v 3-6 ci hu b, 2-3 n nh vy c th dng chung mt c ging. 5.4.2. K thut nui b tht Nui b c ging b vng n 24 thng tui c th t 190-230 kg. Tng trng qua tng thi k (bng 1) Bng 1. Tng trng b tht (b vng Vit Nam) Ch tiu Thng tui S sinh 6 12 18 21 24 Khi lng cui k(kg/con) 14 76 125 176 202 230 Tng trng (g/ngy) 289 272 284 289 310 Tng trng (kg/thng) 8,7 8,2 8,5 8,6 9,3 Mun t cc ch tiu trn cn phi c u t v thc n. Bng 2. Tng trng b tht lai Thng tui Ch tiu S sinh 6 12 18 21 24 Khi lng cui k(kg/con) 20 95 160 230 267 310 Tng trng (g/ngy) 416 361 388 411 478 Tng trng (kg/thng) 12,5 10,8 11,7 12,3 14,3 Bng 3. nh hng ca vic b sung kh du lc n tng trng ca ci t (khi lng 150 kg) Kh du b sung (g/ngy) 0 200 400 600 Rm thu nhn (kg/ngy) 3,8 3,8 3,8 3,8 Tng trng (g/ngy) 84 371 373 508 Hiu qu s dng T (kg T/kg tng trng) 46 11 12 9

5.4.3 Sinh trung v kh nng phc hi sinh trng Bng 4. Tng trng ca b tht trong 4 thng ma h (168 ngy ma ng trc n 3 ch n khc nhau: cao, trung bnh v thp) Cao 0,73 155 Ch dinh dng trong ma ng Trung bnh Thp 0,33 0,01 125 101

Tng trng (kg/ ngy ) Khi lng c th trc khi vo v h (kg) Bin ng ca khi lng c th hng ngy (kg/con) 4 ngy u tin -3,21 (12 -,0+ ) -1,08 (11- v1+) +0,27 (6-v 6+) 4 ngy th hai + 0,48 (4- v 8+) +2,28 (0-v 12+) +3,17 (0-v 12+) 4 ngy th ba Khng cn 4 ngy th t +1,06 (0-v 12+) +1,68 (0-v 12+) +1,68 (1-v 11+) 4 ngy th nm +0,65 (2-v 10+) +1,52 (1-v 11+) +2,15 (0-v 12+) 4 ngy th su +1,46 (0-v 12+) +1,90 (1-v 11+) +2,55 (0-v 12+) 4 ngy th by tip theo + 0,65 (3-v 9+) +1,14 (0-v 12+) +1,40 (0-v 12+) Thng th nht +0,27 +1,28 +1,84 Thng th hai +0,93 +1,40 +1,51 Thng th ba +0,58 +0,96 +1,17 Thng th t +0,22 +0,27 +0,41 Thng th nm +0,85 +0,97 +1,05 Ghi ch: cc s trong ngoc n (1- v 11 +): 1 b gim, 11 b tng trng

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5.5. Thnh phn ca sa b + Khc nhau theo loi, ging


BNG 1. THNH PHN CA SA GIA SC Loi gia sc B sa D Ln Tru Cht rn khng phi b 8,7 8,7 11,6 Protein 3,3 3,3 5,8 4,3 Lactose % 4,7 4,1 4,8 5,2 3,6 4,5 8,5 7,5 0,13 0,13 0,25 0,09 0,11 0,17 M (b) Ca P

Ngun gc ca thnh phn sa + Sinh tng hp protein ca sa Protein ca sa c nhiu axit amin khng thay th hn cc loi thc n thng thng. 95% N sa l protein v 5 % N phi protein : ur, creatin, NH3.. Protein sa c 3 dng ch yu: Cazein, globulin, albumin (78%). Cazein v globulin c hnh thnh t nhng axit amin trong mu, thng qua s tng hp ca t bo tuyn v, albumin khuych thm trc tip t mu. + ng sa Trong sa c mt t ng glucose v galactose, nhng ch yu vn l ng lacto. Trong t bo tuyn v c enzym chuyn glocose thnh galactose, hai loi ny kt hp vi nhau to thnh ng lacto. ng gluco c t mu, vo t bo tuyn v, sau vo sa. + Tng hp m sa M sa l hn hp ca nhng Triglyxerit, gm 50% l axit bo mch ngn gm (C4 C14), cn li l axit bo mch di. Thnh phn m sa c trng Butyric (C3H7COOH) Caproic (C5H11COOH) Palmitic (C15H31COOH) Oleic (C17H33COOH) Stearic (C17H35COOH) - loi khng nhai m sa c hnh thnh t glucose - loi nhai li m sa c hnh thnh t axetat v Hydroxybuterat nhng phi nh glucose kch thch. + Cht khong trong sa Trong sa c hn 30 nguyn t khong. Cc cht khong ly t mu thng qua hott ng ca t bo tuyn v. Trong nhng cht khong ny th thnh phn khong trong mu v sa khc nhau: - Hm lng Ca trong sa cao hn hm lng Ca trong mu 13 ln - Hm lng P trong sa cao hn hm lng P trong mu 10 ln - Hm lng K trong sa cao hn hm lng K trong mu 5 ln - Hm lng Na trong sa bng 1/7 hm lng Na trong mu - Hm lng Cl trong sa bng 1/3 hm lng Cl trong mu + Vitamin Vitamin trong sa c hnh thnh t vitamin c trong mu, thng qua hot ng ca t bo tuyn v 6. CH DINH DNG NUI B CHA CAI SA Sau khi b sinh ra, nn cho b b ngay sa u. B sau khi sinh cha c khng th, trong sa u nhiu khng th (thnh phn sa u). 1-2 h sau khi sinh cho b ngay sa u. Vic hp thu khng th trong sa u tt nht thng qua rut, trong thi gian t 12 -24 h sau khi sinh, sau thi gian ny s gim. Sa thay th cho b

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Trong giai on b theo m, ngoi ch cho b sa m, ngi ta c th nui ring b trong ci v cho ung sa m. Trong ch nui dng b thi k u, c th cho b ung ton b sa m hay c th cho ung dung dch sa thay th. Thnh phn dinh dng ca sa thay th: Protein : 20 - 22%; M: ti thiu 10 %; C th cho n 20% trong iu kin lnh hay b b stress. Thc n khi ng cho b c th cho n vo 4 ngy tui. Thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n khi ng: 80% TDN, 18-20% protein th v ti thiu 3 % m, nn p vin. C th trn 4-6 % r mt trong thc n khi ng. B s c cai sa khi lng thc n thu nhn t khong: 680 - 900 g/ngy, trong 3 - 4 ngy lin tc. Tui cai sa c th thay i theo tng vng, nm trong khong 4 - 8 tun tui. Trong thi gian trc khi cai sa khng cho n c kh, c h u p vin, thc n xanh.

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