B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG AI HOC NNG NGHIP HA NI

------ ------

LUN VN THC S NNG NGHIP

nh gi tuyn chn mt s ging c chua c kh nng
chn chm v khng virus

Chuyn ngnh o to: trng trt

M s:
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. Phan Hu Tn
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn Th Hi Linh

H Ni 2011

LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan tt c s liu v kt qu nghin cu trong kha lun tt
nghip ny l khch quan, trung thc v cha tng c s dng bo v mt hc v
no.
Ti xin cam oan mi s gip cho vic thc hin kha lun tt nghip ny
c cm n, cc thng tin trch dn trong kha lun u c ch r ngun
gc.
H Ni, ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2011
Tc gi

Nguyn Th Hi Linh

LI CM N
hon thnh lun vn ny, ngoi s n lc c gng ca bn thn, ti nhn
c s quan tm, gip rt tn tnh ca cc thy c, bn b cng nh nhng ngi
thn trong gia nh.
Trc ht, ti xin by t lng bit su sc ti PGS.TS Phan Hu Tn, ngi
tn tnh hng dn, gip ti v chuyn mn trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti v
hon thnh lun vn. Ti xin chn thnh cm n KS. Tng Vn Hi v ton th cn
b, nhn vin b mn cng ngh sinh hc ng dng, Khoa cng ngh sinh hc, H
Nng nghip H Ni rt nhit tnh gip , to iu kin thun li nht cho ti
trong thi gian thc hin ti ti b mn. Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n cc thy
c gio trng H nng nghip H Ni trang b cho ti nhng kin thc cn thit
c th thc hin ti v hon thnh lun vn.
Cui cng, ti xin chn thnh cm n nhng ngi thn trong gia nh, anh em,
bn b ng vin, gip v to iu kin cho ti hon thnh lun vn ny.
H Ni, ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2011
Tc gi

Nguyn Th Hi Linh

ii

MC LC
LI CAM OAN ...........................................................................................................i
LI CM N.................................................................................................................ii
MC LC.....................................................................................................................iii
DANH MC BNG.......................................................................................................v
DANH MC HNH.......................................................................................................vi
PHN I. M U.........................................................................................................1
1.1. t vn .............................................................................................................1
1.2. Mc ch v yu cu.............................................................................................3
1.2.1. Mc ch............................................................................................................3
1.2.2. Yu cu..............................................................................................................3
PHN II. TNG QUAN TI LIU...............................................................................4
2.1. Gi tr dinh dng v gi tr kinh t ca cy c chua...........................................4
2.2. Cc c im thc vt hc c bn ca cy c chua..............................................4
2.3. Yu cu ca cy c chua i vi iu kin ngoi cnh........................................5
2.3.1 . Nhit ............................................................................................................5
2.3.2 nh sng.............................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Nc v m...................................................................................................6
2.3.4. t v dinh dng.............................................................................................7
2.4. Mt s thnh tu v chn ging c chua Vit Nam..........................................7
2.5. Tnh hnh nghin cu chn to ging c chua khng virus xon vng l ...........9
2.5.1. Nghin cu v cc ngun gen khng virus xon vng l..................................9
2.5.2. Bn phn t v marker h tr chn lc (MAS) cc gen khng TYLCV....11
2.5.3. nh gi cc ngun gen khng cc vng khc nhau....................................17
2.6. Nghin cu v cc dng t bin lin quan n s chn ca qu c chua..........19
2.6.1. Ethylene v c ch chn ca qu.....................................................................19
2.6.2. Cc dng t bin lin quan n s chn ca qu...........................................22
3.1. Vt liu, a im v thi gian nghin cu........................................................26
3.1.1. Vt liu............................................................................................................26
3.1.2. a im v thi gian nghin cu...................................................................27
3.2. Ni dung nghin cu..........................................................................................27
3.3. Phng php nghin cu....................................................................................28
3.3.1. Cc th nghim kho st nh gi tp on c chua........................................28
3.3.2. Nghin cu pht hin gen Ty-3 khng virus xon vng l v gen chn chm
rin..........................................................................................................................................32
3.3.3. nh gi c tnh chn chm ca cc mu ging mang gen chn chm rin....35
3.4. Phng php x l s liu..................................................................................35
4.1. Kho st nh gi cc mu ging trong v ng xun (2011)...........................36
4.1.1. Cc giai on sinh trng ...............................................................................36
Bng 4.1. Cc giai on sinh trng ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011..............36
4.1.2. Mt s c im hnh thi v cu trc cy......................................................38
Bng 4.2. Mt s c im cu trc cy ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011.........39
4.1.3. Cu trc chm hoa v c im n hoa .........................................................41
Bng 4.3. c im hnh thi l, cu trc chm hoa v c im hoa ca cc mu
ging v ng xun 2011..........................................................................................................42
4.1.4. nh gi tnh hnh nhim bnh mt s bnh hi chnh trn ng rung .......44
iii

Bng 4.4. Tnh hnh nhim virus xon vng l trn ng rung ca cc mu ging v
ng xun 2011.........................................................................................................................46
4.1.5. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut .................................................47
Bng 4.5. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc mu ging v ng
xun 2011..................................................................................................................................48
4.1.6. c im hnh thi v cht lng qu ............................................................49
Bng 4.6.a. Mt s c im hnh thi qu ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011....51
Bng 4.6.b. Mt s c im v cht lng qu v ng xun 2011...........................53
4.2. Kt qu PCR pht hin gen Ty-3 khng virus xon vng l v gen chn chm rin
...............................................................................................................................................54
4.2.1. Kt qu PCR pht hin gen Ty-3 khng virus xon vng l...........................54
4.2.2. Kt qu pht hin gen chn chm rin ..............................................................56
4.3. nh gi c tnh chn chm ca qu.................................................................57
Bng 4.7. nh gi c tnh chn chm qu cc ging c chua mang gen rin..............57
4.4. Kho st nh gi mt s mu ging tt trong v xun h mun (2011)..........58
4.4.1. Cc giai on sinh trng................................................................................58
Bng 4.8. Thi gian cc giai on sinh trng v xun h mun 2011........................58
4.4.2. Mt s c im hnh thi v cu trc cy......................................................59
Bng 4.9. Mt s c im hnh thi v cu trc cy v xun h mun 2011..............60
4.4.3. Cu trc chm hoa v c im n hoa..........................................................61
Bng 4.10. Cu trc chm hoa v c im hoa v n hoa v xun h mun 2011.....61
4.4.4. nh gi kh nng khng bnh xon vng l trn ng rung.......................62
Bng 4.11. Kh nng khng virus trn ng rung v xun h mun 2011.................62
4.4.5. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut..................................................62
Bng 4.12. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc mu ging v xun
h mun 2011............................................................................................................................63
4.4.6. Mt s c im hnh thi v cht lng qu.................................................64
Bng 4.13.a. Mt s c im hnh thi qu v xun h mun 2011...........................64
Bng 4.13.b. Mt s c im v cht lng qu v xun h mun 2011...................65
4.5. xut mt s mu ging c chua trin vng ..................................................66
Bng 4.14. Cc mu ging trin vng trong v ng xun 2011..................................67
PHN V. KT LUN V KIN NGH..................................................................68
4.1. Kt lun..............................................................................................................68
4.2. Kin Ngh...............................................................................................................68
TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................69

iv

DANH MC BNG
Bng 4.1. Cc giai on sinh trng ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011..............36
Bng 4.2. Mt s c im cu trc cy ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011.........39
Bng 4.3. c im hnh thi l, cu trc chm hoa v c im hoa ca cc mu
ging v ng xun 2011..........................................................................................................42
Bng 4.4. Tnh hnh nhim virus xon vng l trn ng rung ca cc mu ging v
ng xun 2011.........................................................................................................................46
Bng 4.5. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc mu ging v ng
xun 2011..................................................................................................................................48
Bng 4.6.a. Mt s c im hnh thi qu ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011....51
Bng 4.6.b. Mt s c im v cht lng qu v ng xun 2011...........................53
Bng 4.7. nh gi c tnh chn chm qu cc ging c chua mang gen rin..............57
Bng 4.8. Thi gian cc giai on sinh trng v xun h mun 2011........................58
Bng 4.9. Mt s c im hnh thi v cu trc cy v xun h mun 2011..............60
Bng 4.10. Cu trc chm hoa v c im hoa v n hoa v xun h mun 2011.....61
Bng 4.11. Kh nng khng virus trn ng rung v xun h mun 2011.................62
Bng 4.12. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc mu ging v xun
h mun 2011............................................................................................................................63
Bng 4.13.a. Mt s c im hnh thi qu v xun h mun 2011...........................64
Bng 4.13.b. Mt s c im v cht lng qu v xun h mun 2011...................65
Bng 4.14. Cc mu ging trin vng trong v ng xun 2011..................................67

DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1. V tr gen Ty-2 trn nhim sc th s 11 ......................................................13
Hnh 2.3. Bn phn t gen Ty-4 trn nhim sc th s 3 ........................................16
Hnh 2.4. Bn khong cch cM gia cc marker gen Ty-5 trn nhim sc th 4....17
Hnh 2.5. S th hin c ch iu ho, tc ng ca Ethylene ...............................20
Hnh 2.7. Bn gen rin trn nhim sc th s 5 ca c chua.....................................23
Hnh 2.8. S v tr ca cc cp mi pht hin gen rin v mc...................................24
Hnh 4.4. nh in di sn phm PCR gen Ty-3 bng cp mi P6-25F2/R5................55
Hnh 2. Kt qu in di sn phm PCR s dng cp mi C43R/F pht hin gen chn
chm..........................................................................................................................................56

vi

PHN I. M U
1.1. t vn
Cy c chua (Licopersicon esculentum Mill.) thuc h c (Solanaceae) c
ngun gc t Chu M, l mt trong nhng loi rau ph bin v c trng rng ri
rt nhiu nc trn th gii. C chua l loi rau n qu c gi tr dinh dng cao, cha
nhiu vitamin v cht khong c li cho sc khe con ngi. V ch bin, n cng
chim t l ln nht trong cc loi rau qu. Qu c chua c th s dng di nhiu
hnh thc khc nhau nh: s dng qu ti, nu canh, st c chua, nc qu, bt
nhuyn, tng, sy kh, mt, ng hp..v..v..
C chua qu ti v cc sn phm ch bin khng nhng l mt hng xut khu
c gi tr mang li hiu qu kinh t cao ma cn c gi tr quan trong v mt y hc trong
vic ngn nga mt s bnh, c trng vi din tch ln.
Sn xut c chua min Bc nc ta kh thun li c bit l v ng xun nn
loi rau ny c trng ch yu t thng 10 n thng 4 nm sau (chim 70% sn
lng thu hoch). C chua v ng xun cho nng sut v cht lng kh cao. Tuy
nhin do thu hoch tp trung nn gi c tng i thp nh hng n thu nhp ca
ngi sn xut. Trong khi , t thng 6 n thng 9 do thi tit nng bc m nhu cu
c chua n ti, lm nc gii kht hay phc v ch bin v cng nghip hp li rt
cao, thc t c chua thi im ny rt khan him, gi lc ny tng gp 2-3 ln so vi
thi im chnh v. V th, c nhiu bin php k thut nhm ri v c chua nh
trng sm hoc mun, trng trong nh li v dng cc ging chu nng, ng v su
bnh, tuy nhin chi ph cho sn xut cao m v nng sut v cht lng khng t
Chnh v th, chn to ging c chua c c tnh chn chm l mt gii php u vit
hn c. C chua cha gen chn chm s gip qu c chua c thi gian s dng lu hn
v c nhiu thun li cho nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng, gip gim ng k thit hi
sau thu hoch. Qu c chua chuyn gen c cng cao hn c chua thng thng do
n khng b thi dp trong khi di chuyn, ko di c thi gian bo qun cng
nh thi gian s dng m qu c chua vn m bo cht lng nh mong mun.

Chnh v th, chn to ging c chua c c tnh chn chm l mt gii php u
vit hn c. C chua cha gen chn chm s gip qu c chua c thi gian s dng lu
hn v c nhiu thun li cho nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng, gip gim ng k thit
hi sau thu hoch. Qu c chua chuyn gen c cng cao hn c chua thng thng
do n khng b thi dp trong khi di chuyn, ko di c thi gian bo qun cng
nh thi gian s dng m qu c chua vn m bo cht lng.
Hin nay Vit Nam cha c ging no c c tnh chn chm ca qu, v th
vn cha p ng c nhu cu ca th trng. Trong , nhiu nc chn to v
pht trin c mt s ging c chua c tnh chn chm hoc khng chn. Nhng ging
c chua c c tnh ny qu d t kch thc v tch ly cht kh nhng khng
chn trn cy do mt hoc gim kh nng sinh tng hp ethylene l hoocmon tn hiu
gip hot ha nhiu enzyme xc tin cho qu trnh lm qu chn ca qu. Tnh chn
chm hoc khng chn l do cc gen Gr, rin, Nr 2 v NR quy nh, iu khin qu
trnh hnh thnh ethylene c chua, hin nay ngi ta tm thy mt s ch th phn
t DNA pht hin v chn lc cc gen chn chm ny.
Mt hin trng in hnh na v sn xut c chua ni chung hin nay trong
nc cng nh ton th gii, l vic ng u vi s honh hnh ca virut gy
hi. c bit l s xut hin viirut xon vng l. Cy c chua b nhim virut ny s
pht trin chm chp v ci cc hoc tr nn ln hn. Nhng l non b xon vo trong
v hng ln trn. L thng cp xung v cng li ch khng mm r nh khi cy b
kh ho. Cy bnh hu nh s khng cho qu, lm thit hi 70 80% tng sn lng.
Bnh thng pht sinh v gy hi nng vo ma kh, khi trng c chua tri v, sm
hoc mun. Bnh ly lan rt nhanh, d bo 1, 2 nm ti c nguy c thnh dch hi
nguy him. Tuy nhin, virut gy bnh xon vng l khng ly truyn qua ht, t, tip
xc c hc Chng nm trong cy nhim bnh v c ly truyn bi vector b
phn trng. Hin nay, ngi ta pht hin v chn to ra c mt s gen khng
virut ny bng cch nghin cu c mt s ch th phn t DNA nhm pht hin v
chn lccc gen gy nn tnh khng virut ny.

Da vo tnh cp thit ca cc vn trn, p ng c cc yu cu cn

thit, di s hng dn ca PGS.TS. Phan Hu Tn, chng ti quyt nh tin hnh
ti: nh gi, tuyn chn mt s ging c chua c kh nng chn chm v khng
virut xon vng l
1.2. Mc ch v yu cu
1.2.1. Mc ch
- Bc u chn lc ra nhng dng/ging c chua c nng sut cao, phm cht
qu tt.
- Pht hin gen chn chm trong tp on dng/ging c chua thu thp phc v
cho cng tc chn to ging.
- Pht hin gen khng virut xon vng l trong tp on dng/ging c chua thu
thp phc v cho cng tc chn to ging khng virut.
1.2.2. Yu cu
- nh gi cc c im nng sinh hc, nng sut v cht lng qu ca cc
dng/ging c chua thu thp.
- S dng ch th phn t pht hin gen rin (ripening inhibitor) quy nh c ch

s chn ca qu trong tp on ging c chua thu thp.

- S dng ch th phn t DNA pht hin gen khng virut xon vng l trong
tp on ging c chua thu thp.

PHN II. TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1. Gi tr dinh dng v gi tr kinh t ca cy c chua
C chua l ngun cung cp vitamin A v C rt quan trng, l loi rau n qu
c s dng nhiu phng thc khc nhau. Trong qu c chua chn c nhiu dinh
dng nh: ng, vitamin A, vitamin C v cc cht khong quan trng nh Ca, Fe,
P, K, Mg (T Thu Cc, 2002). Edward C. Tigchelaar (1989) phn tch qu c chua
chn v xc nh thnh phn ha hc gm: 94 - 95% nc, 5 - 6% cht kh. Trong cht
kh gm c 55% ng (gluco, fructoza, sucroza), 21% cht khng ha tan trong ru
(protein, xenlulo, pectin, polysacarit), 12% axit hu c (xitric, malic, galaturonic,
pyrolidon carboxylic), 7% cht v c v 5% cc cht khc (dn theo T Thu Cc, 2002).
Theo V Vn Chi (1997), c chua c v ngt tnh mt, gii nhit chng hi
huyt, khng khun, lc mu, nhun trng, gip tiu ho tt tinh bt... Nc p c
chua kch thch gan, tt cho d dy (dn theo Nguyn Th Hng Thu, 2009). Mt
nghin cu ca M cho thy, lycopen trong qu c chua gip gim nguy c mc bnh
tim mch. Ngoi ra lycopen c c chng minh l c th ngn nga bn ung th
tin lit tuyn (dn theo Trng Vn Nghip, 2006).
Sn sut c chua ng bng sng Hng cho thu nhp bnh qun 42,0 n 68,4
triu ng/ha/v vi mc li thun 15 n 26 triu ng/ha, cao gp nhiu ln so vi
trng la (Trng Vn Nghip, 2006). i Loan hng nm xut khu c chua ti
vi tng gi tr l 925.000 USD v 40.800 USD c chua ch bin, mi hecta c th
em li thu nhp cho nng dn t 4.000-5.000 USD. . M hng nm tng gi tr xut
khu c chua rt cao, ch tnh ring kim ngch xut khu nm 1997 t hn 4 ln so
vi la nc v 20 ln so vi la m (T Thu Cc, 2006).
2.2. Cc c im thc vt hc c bn ca cy c chua
C chua l cy trng hng nm, dng thn bi, phn nhnh mnh, c lp lng
dy bao ph, trn thn c nhiu t v c kh nng ra r bt nh. Chiu cao v s
nhnh rt khc nhau ph thuc vo ging v iu kin trng trt.
R c chua thuc h r chm, trn ng rung r c chua c th pht trin rng
4

ti 1,3 m v su ti 1 m. Vi khi lng r ln nh vy, c chua c xp vo nhm

cy chu hn.
L c chua a s thuc dng l kp, cc l cht c rng ca, c nhiu dng khc
nhau: dng chn chim, l khoai ty, l t... tu thuc vo ging m l c chua c mu
sc v kch thc khc nhau.
Hoa c chua c mc thnh chm. C ba dng chm hoa l n gin, trung
gian v phc tp. S lng hoa / chm, s chm hoa/cy rt khc nhau cc ging. S
chm hoa/ cy dao ng t 4- 20, s hoa /chm dao ng t 2 - 26 hoa. Hoa n tnh
di bu, i hoa mu vng, s i v cnh hoa tng ng nhau t 5 n 9. Hoa lng
tnh, nh c lin kt nhau thnh bao hnh nn, bao quanh nhu ci.
Qu c chua thuc loi qu mng, c 2, 3 n nhiu ngn ht. Hnh dng v
mu sc qu ph thuc vo tng ging. Ngoi ra, mu sc qu chn cn ph thuc vo
iu kin nhit , ph thuc vo hm lng Caroten v Lycopen. Khi lng qu
dao ng rt ln tu theo c im ca ging, t 3 n 200g thm ch 500g.
2.3. Yu cu ca cy c chua i vi iu kin ngoi cnh
2.3.1 . Nhit
C chua c th sinh trng v pht trin thun li trong phm vi 20-270C. Gii
hn nhit ti cao v ti thp i vi c chua l 35 0C v 120C. S quang hp ca l
c chua t ti u 25-300C, trn 350C lm gim qu trnh quang hp. Nhit khng
kh ngy / m trn 30 / 25oC lm tng s t di chm hoa th nht. Nhit khng
kh ngy / m trn 30/25oC kt hp vi nhit t trn 21oC lm gim s hoa trn
chm. Nhit nhit ngy/m trn 30/24oC lm gim kch thc hoa, trng lng
non v bao phn. T l u qu t ti u nhit 18-20 oC, nhit cao vo 2 n 3
ngy sau khi n hoa gy cn tr qu trnh th tinh, auxin khng c hnh thnh lm
cho hoa rng. Qu c chua pht trin thun li nhit thp, nhit trn 35oC ngn
cn s pht trin ca qu v lm gim kch thc qu r rt (dn theo Nguyn Th
Hng Thu, 2009).
Qu trnh sinh tng hp caroten rt mn cm vi nhit , do nh hng ln
5

n mu sc qu. S hnh thnh lycopen v caroten din ra r dng 24-28oC lm cho

qu c mu hoc da cam m. Nhit 30-36oC lm qu c mu vng do lycopen
khng c hnh thnh. Nhit trn 40oC lm cho qu gi nguyn mu xanh v c
ch phn hu chlorophyll khng hot ng, caroten v lycopen khng c hnh
thnh. Nhit cao trong qu trnh pht trin qu cng lm gim s hnh thnh pectin
nn qu nhanh mm hn (dn theo Nguyn Th Hng Thu, 2009).
2.3.2 nh sng
C chua l cy a nh sng, cy con trong vn m nu nh sng (5000
lux) s cho cht lng tt, cng cy, b l to, kho, sm c trng. iu kin nh
sng tt lm cho cng quang hp tng, cy ra hoa u qu sm hn, cht lng
sn phm cao hn. im bo ho nh sng ca cy c chua l 70.000 lux, l cy trng
cn nhiu nh sng ch sau cy da hu. Cng nh sng thp lm chm qu trnh
sinh trng, cn tr qu trnh ra hoa, lm vi nhu vn di v to nn nhng ht
phn khng c sc sng, th tinh km. nh sng y th vic th tinh thun li,
dn n s pht trin bnh thng ca qu, qu ng u, nng sut tng. Khi c chua
b che bng, nng sut thng gim v qu b d hnh. Trong iu kin thiu nh sng
nng sut c chua thng gim, do vy vic trng tha lm tng hiu qu s dng nh
sng kt hp vi nh sng b sung s lm tng t l u qu, tng s qu trn cy, tng
trng lng qu v lm tng nng sut. Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng c chua
khng phn ng vi di ngy, quang chu k trong thi k u qu c th dao ng
t 7-19 gi. Tuy nhin mt s nghin cu khc cho rng nh sng ngy di v hm
lng nitrat nh hng r rt n t l u qu. Chiu sng 7 gi v tng lng m
s lm cho t l u qu gim trong khi nh sng ngy di lm tng s qu/cy.
Trong iu kin ngy ngn nu khng bn m th ch cho qu t, trong iu kin ngy
di m khng bn m th cy khng ra hoa v khng u qu (dn theo Nguyn Th
Hng Thu, 2009).
2.3.3 Nc v m
C chua c yu cu v nc cc giai on sinh trng rt khc nhau, xu
hng ban u cn t v sau cn nhiu. Ra hoa v hnh thnh qu l cc thi k cy c
6

chua cn nhiu nc nht. Thi k ny khng nc s lm cho hoa rng, t hoa, t

qu, qu kh. C chua sinh trng v pht trin tt nht m t 70-80%, m
khng kh l 45-55%. Cy c chua chu c hn nhng khng chu c ng, khi
chuyn t ch m thp sang ch m cao t ngt nh ti nc nhiu hoc ma
to sau mt thi gian di thng gy nn hin tng nt qu. m khng kh trn
90% d lm cho ht phn b trng nt, hoa c chua khng th phn c v s rng.
m thp lm gim nng sut qu nhng phn no lm tng phm cht qu v hm
lng ng v hm lng cht kh trong qu tng ln. m thp cng lm rt
ngn thi gian chn ca qu (dn theo T Thu Cc, 1983).
2.3.4. t v dinh dng
t ph hp vi cy c chua l t tht nh, t tht trung bnh, t tht pha ct,
giu mn, ti xp, ti tiu thun li, pH t 5,5-7,5. pH t 6,0 - 6,5 thch hp
nht cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy. Theo Kiu Th Th (1998) c 1 tn
c chua cn 2,9 kg N; 0,4 kg P; 0,4 kg K v 0,45kg Mg. C chua ht nhiu nht l
kali, tip n l m v t nht l ln. C chua s dng 60% lng m, 59-60% K2O
v 15-20% P2O5 tng lng phn bn vo t sut v trng. Ngoi cc yu t a
lng N, P, K c chua cn cc yu t vi lng sinh trng, pht trin nh B, Mn,
Mg, Fe, Cu, S. Khi thiu cc yu t vi lng cy sinh trng chm, d nhim bnh,
rng hoa, qu non lm gim nng sut (dn theo Nguyn Th Hng Thu, 2009).
2.4. Mt s thnh tu v chn ging c chua Vit Nam
Nhn chung, cc nghin cu chn to ging c chua thng tp trung vo cc
mc tiu nh: sinh trng kho, nng sut cao, qu cng, tht qu dy, tnh chu nt
qu cao, chng chu su bnh tt, chu nhit, ngn ngy, qu chc, thi gian bo qun
di, mu sc chn u, cht lng p ng c nhu cu n ti v ch bin... Cho
n nay, s lng v chng loi ging c chua tr nn rt phong ph, a dng,
phn no p ng c nhu cu ca sn xut v tiu dng. Vi nhng mc tiu ny,
nhiu ging c chua u t c to ra Vit Nam, p ng c thc tin sn xut
nh MV1, XH5, HT7, C95, CS1,

Ging c chua MV1 c c im sinh trng 90 n 100 ngy, c kh nng

chu nng tt, m cao, thp khc nhau, nng sut tri v t 33 n 46 tn/ha,
chnh v trong iu kin thm canh c th t 52 n 60 tn/ha, qu chc, t dp nt,
mu ti, chng chu tt vi bnh xon l, cy cao trung bnh 65 cm, c cng
nhn ging quc gia nm 1998 (Nguyn Hng Minh v Kiu Th Th, 1998).
Ging c chua lai HT7 c kh nng chu nng cao, ch yu trng vo cc v
sm v v xun h, thuc dng ngn ngy, thp cy, nng sut t 40 n 56 tn/ha,
qu chc, khi lng 70 n 85 g/qu, chu vn chuyn, thi gian bo qun lu di
Ging c chua C95 c nng sut cao, c cc ch tiu cht lng p ng yu
cu ch bin cng nghip, c B Nng nghip v PTNT cng nhn ging Quc gia
nm 2004. Ging CS1 c thi gian sinh trng ngn (120 ngy), ra hoa v chn tp
trung, qu nh (40-50 g/qu), cht lng tt, v dy, chc, c kh nng chng chu
virus, thch hp trng v ng xun sm v xun h mun, nng sut t 35 n 40
tn/ha, c cng nhn l ging khu vc ha nm 1995 (Trng ch, 1999).
Ging c chua XH5 c thi gian sinh trng t 130-140 ngy, nng sut v
ng xun t 44 n 55 tn/ha, v xun h t 30 n 40 tn/ha, khi chn c mu
ti c kh nng chu bnh ho xanh vi khun, m vi khun v mt s bnh khc,
thch hp cho trng tri v min Bc Vit Nam, c cng nhn ging khu vc ha
nm 2002 (Trn Vn Li v cng s, 2005).
Hai ging XH1 v XH2 c Vin nghin cu rau qu chn ra trong cc
ging nhp ni t AVRDC nm 1999, l cc ging c chua n ti, chu nhit tt,
nng xut n nh. Ging XH2 c cng nhn l ging quc gia (B NN v
PTNT, 2005).
Ging PT18 c vin nghin cu rau qu chn to t ngun vt liu ban u
l cc ging nhp ni t AVRDC. Ging sinh trng hu hn, chiu cao cy t 80
n 110 cm, t l u qu trung bnh t 60 n 75%, nng sut thc thu t 25 n
50 tn/ha, c cng nhn ging quc gia nm 2005 (Dng Kim Thoa v Trn
Khc Thi, 2006).

Ging c chua DT 28 do Vin Di truyn Nng nghip chn to thuc dng hnh
sinh trng bn hu hn, thi gian sinh trng 120 - 130 ngy, thch hp trng v
ng sm v chnh v cho nng sut trn 50 tn/ha; v xun h cho nng sut 30 n
33 tn/ha. Ging c B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng nhn l ging
tm thi v cho php sn xut th nghim trn din rng t thng 10/2006.

Mc d c nhng thnh tu ng k v chn to cc ging c chua c nng

sut cao, cht lng tt, chng chu c mt s bnh nhng chn to ging c chua
khng virus xon vng l v chn chm vn cn l mt vn ln i vi cc nh
chn ging trong nc. Nghin cu chn to ging c chua nng sut cao, cht lng
tt, chn chm v khng virus xon vng l s gip tng hiu qu sn xut, mang li
li ch thit thc cho ngi nng dn.
2.5. Tnh hnh nghin cu chn to ging c chua khng virus xon vng l
Nhn chung, cc nghin cu to ging c chua khng bnh xon vng l i theo
cc hng ch yu: (1) to ging khng vector b phn; (2) to ging khng virus
xon vng l nh nhng ngun khng t nhin t c chua di v (3) to ging khng
bnh nh ngun khng t virus thng qua cng ngh RNAi. Trong , to ging mang
tnh khng t nhin c cho l hiu qu nht phng chng bnh (Pena v cng s,
2010).
2.5.1. Nghin cu v cc ngun gen khng virus xon vng l
Loi c chua trng (Solanum lycopersicum) cc k mn cm vi virus xon
vng l (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus TYLCV). Tuy nhin, mc khng cao vi
TYLCV c tm thy trong cc loi c chua di S. pimpinellifolium, S.
peruvianum, S. chilense, S. habrochaites, v S. cheesmaniae. Mt vi accession ca
v S. pimpinellifolium cng biu hin mc chng chu tt vi TYLCV (Ji v cng
s, 2007a; Pena v cng s, 2010). Trong cc loi c chua di biu hin tnh khng vi
TYLCV, S. chilense, S. habrochaites, v S. peruvianum cung cp kh nng khng tt

v c s dng rng ri trong chng trnh to ging pht trin cc ging c

chua thng mi khng TYLCV (Ji v cng s, 2007a; Pena v cng s, 2010).
Mt s gen ln lin quan n tnh khng trong cc cy c kh nng chng chu
TYLCV t accession PI26935 thuc loi S. peruvianum c pht hin bi
Pilowsky v Cohen. Nhng nghin cu ny d n s ra i ca TY20, mt ging
khng va phi. Tip , cc dng ging vi kh nng khng cao nh TY172,
TY197 c pht trin ti Trung tm Volcani Israel t loi S. peruvianum (Ji
v cng s, 2007a). Tnh khng trong TY172 c iu khin bi mt QLT
(Quantitative Trait Locus) ln v bn QLT nh, QLT ln c t tn l Ty-5, nm
trn nhim sc th s 4 (Anbinder v cng s, 2009). Cc accession LA372, LA452,
LA462, LA1274, LA1333, LA1373, v CMV sel INRA (PI126926 PI128648-6),
cng nh S. peruvianum var. humifusum LA385 c pht hin l c kh nng
khng cao vi TYLCV. Cc gen t S. peruvianum nhanh chng c a vo cc
ging lai thng mi tn tui v cung cp kh nng khng tt vi TYLCV (Ji v cng
s, 2007a).
S. chilense l ngun gen khng rt quan trng trong nhiu chng trnh to
ging trn th gii. Nm 1991, Zakay v cng s bo co kh nng khng cao vi
TYLCV trong cc c th LA1969 (Ji v cng s, 2007a). Nm 1994, Zamir v cng s
lp bn gen Ty-1 trn nhim sc th s 6 v hai gen b sung trn nhim sc th
s 3 v 7 (Ji v cng s, 2007a). Vic a gen khng TYLCV t LA1969 vo c chua
trng c tin hnh trong cc chng trnh to ging ca nhiu nhm nghin cu,
n cng c a vo c chua trng bi mt s cng ty ging t nhn (Ji v cng
s, 2007a). Hin tm ra S. chilense cc accession LA1932, LA1938, LA1959,
LA1960, LA1961, LA1963, LA1968, LA1969, LA2747, LA2774, v LA2779 c kh
nng khng ToMoV Florida v c s dng bt u mt chng trnh to
ging khng bng phng php lai khc loi. Tip , LA1932, LA2779, v LA1938
c chng minh l ngun khng hu ch cho chng trnh to ging c chua
Florida. Hin nay, mt s chng trnh nhn ging thng mi ang s dng cc gen
khng t S. chilense v ngi trng chp nhn cc ging ny trn th trng (Ji v
10

cng s, 2007a). Cc nh gi ti trung tm rau th gii (The World Vegetable Center

- AVRDC) cng cho thy LA1932 khng tt ti tt c 8 a im th nghim ti ng
Nam (Green v Shanmugasundaram, 2007), gi rng LA1932 c th l mt ngun
gen khng tt cho Vit Nam v cn c nghin cu thm.
Nm 1982, Hassan v cng s nh gi cc accession LA0386, LA1252,
LA1295, LA1352, LA1393, LA1624, v LA1691 thuc loi S. habrochaites v thy
rng chng c kh nng khng cao vi TYLCV, tnh khng t cc accession ny l tri
(Ji v cng s, 2007a). Accession LA1777 c cng b c kh nng khng
TYLCV, cc cy khng t accession ny c chn lai vi cc cy khng t
accession LA0386 to ra mt qun th F1 c kh nng khng cao, qun th ny
c s dng lai vi S. lycopersicum v to ra cc cy c kh nng min dch v
chu bnh, tnh khng c cho l do mt gen tri chnh v mt s gen nh iu khin
(Ji v cng s, 2007a). Mt dng ging Ih902 c s dng to ra cc cy lai,
trong FAVI 9 l mt ngun khng quan trng cho cc chng trnh to ging
Guatemala v cc nc Trung ng khc (Ji v cng s, 2007a).
Ti n , S. habrochaites f. glabratum B6013 c chng minh c hai gen
ln t (epistatic genes) kim sot tnh khng Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV). Sau ,
cc nh nghin cu y pht trin dng ging H24 t accession ny. "H24"
c chng minh mang gen khng Ty-2. "H24" to ra tnh chu bnh r rng vi mt
s chng (strains) TYLCV/ToLCV nhng khng phi tt c. V d, H24 chu c cc
chng TYLCV/ToLCV i Loan, min Bc Vit Nam, Nam n , v Israel nhng
mn cm vi cc chng TYLCV pha bc n , Thi Lan, v Philippines. Ty-2 l
ngun gen khng c s dng sm nht trong chng trnh to ging c chua
Trung tm Nghin cu v Pht trin rau Chu (AVRDC) v c khai thc rng
ri bi mt s cng ty ging cy trng Chu (Ji v cng s, 2007a).
2.5.2. Bn phn t v marker h tr chn lc (MAS) cc gen khng TYLCV
Locus Ty-1 c lp bn u tin trn nhim sc th s 6 vi cc RFLP
marker TG297 v TG97 s dng cc qun th c tao ra t php lai gia dng m
mn cm cm M82-1-8 S. lycopersicum vi accession khng TYLCV S. chilense
11

LA1969 (Zamir v cng s, 1994). Cc cy ng hp t cho cc alen t S.chilense ti

TG297 v TG97 l khng cao v khng to ra triu chng bnh. Cc marker da trn
locus TG97 lin kt cht vi gen Ty-1 c pht trin ti Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Israel. Cng vi Ty-1, vi gen khng khc c lp bn trn nhim
sc th s 6 gn vng Ty-1. V d nh gen Mi-1 c ngun gc t S. peruvianum khng
tuyn trng nt sng r, nh v trong pham vi khong 6cM gn locus Ty-1. iu ny
cho php s dng cc marker phn t lin kt vi gen Mi-1 lm marker cho gen Ty-1
nu cc alen t S. peruvianum v S. chilense khc nhau v cc marker ny. Trng
hp cc alen t 2 loi l ging nhau v cc marker ny, s dng chng c th dn n
kt qu sai. CAPS marker REX-1 lin kt vi gen Mi-1 c th c s dng lm
marker pht hin locus Ty-1 (khong 5,5 cM) (Milo, 2001). Tip , CAPS marker
JB-1 lin kt cht vi Ty-1 c xc nh, n cho php chn lc Ty-1 m khng
ph thuc vo Mi-1 (Castro v cng s, 2007). Marker Jb-1 c ngun gc t RFLP
C21, n to ra 3 alen khc nhau nh ct hn ch sn phm PCR bng enzyme TaqI.
Alen 1 c mt band xp x 400bp, alen 2 gm mt band hi ln hn 400 bp v alen 3
c mt band 500bp. Alen 2 v 3 l ng tri v tri hn alen 1. Alen 3 pht hin
c cc dng mang gen Ty-1 m khng ph thuc vo s c mt ca Mi-1 (Castro
v cng s, 2007).
Locus Ty-2 c lp bn trn nhim sc th s 11 vi cc RFLP marker TG393
v TG36 s dng dng ging H24 c ngun gc t S. habrochaites nh mt ngun
khng (Hanson v cng s, 2000). Hin nay, mt s marker da trn PCR cho vng
DNA chuyn vo t S. habrochaites c pht trin. CAPS marker TG105A cho
thy kh nng khuch i mnh v ct hn ch sn phm PCR bng enzyme TaqI
to ra cc band a hnh cho S. habrochaites v S. lycopersicum. Mt marker da trn
PCR khc l T0302 cng c pht trin cho locus Ty-2 m khng phi dng enzyme
gii hn. Phn tch lin kt cho thy TG105A v T0302 lin kt cht vi nhau, khong
cch ca cc marker ny vi gen Ty-2 l xp x 10 cM (Ji v cng s, 2007a).

12

Hnh 2.1. V tr gen Ty-2 trn nhim sc th s 11

(Hanson v cng s, 2000)
Nm 2006, Agrama v Scott a ra mt bn QLT cho tnh khng
TYLCV v ToMoV (Tomato Mottle Virus) trong cc accession S. chilense LA2779
v LA1932 s dng cc RAPD marker (Ji v cng s, 2007a; Pena v cng s, 2010).
Nghin cu ny cho thy rng c 3 vng trn nhim sc th s 6 gp phn to nn tnh
khng c hai virus TYLCV v ToMoV. Vng th nht bao gm vng Ty-1, trong khi
hai vng khc nm hai bn sn ca cc locus sp (self-pruning) v c (potato leaf). Cc
RAPD marker lin kt vi tnh khng trong cc vng ny c xc nh bng cch
s dng cc dng ging khng c ngun gc t cc accession LA2779 v LA1932.
Sau , Ji v cng s (2007b) lp mt bn chi tit cho tnh khng begomovirus
v nhn ra mt vng DNA ln c chuyn vo t S. chilense ko di t marker
C2_A2g39690 n T0834 trong cc dng ging tin tin c ngun gc t LA2779
khng c hai virus TYLCV v ToMoV. Mt locus khng begomovirus c lp
bn khong gia marker cLEG-31-P16 v T1079 trn nhnh di ca nhim sc
th s 6, v c xc nh l Ty-3. Pha trn locus Ty-3, vng DNA ln c chuyn
vo ny cng ni vi vng Ty-1 gn gen Mi, gi rng cc alen ti c hai locus Ty-1
v Ty-3 c kh nng cng tn ti v ni vi nhau. Tri li, cc dng ging tin tin c
ngun gc t LA1932 c mt vng DNA c chuyn vo ngn hn, t cLEG-31-

13

P16 n C2_At5g41480, vng ny cng mang mt locus khng begomovirus m c l

thuc alen ti locus Ty-3. Ji v Scott (2006) xc nh rng cc locus Ty-3 nh v
trong mt khu vc bao gm locus FER (25 cM, BAC clone 56B23, AY678298). Cc
trnh t cho cc gen G8 ca BAC clone 56B23 l khc nhau i vi cc dng c
ngun gc t S. chilense LA2779 v LA1932 (Maxwell v cng s, 2007). phn
bit hai introgression ny, mt t LA2779 c ch nh l Ty-3 v mt t LA1932
c ch nh l Ty-3a. Mt marker ng tri FLUW25 (SCAR marker) c bo
co (Ji v cng s, 2007a) pht hin c cc alen Ty-3 v Ty-3 (c ngun gc t S.
lycopersicum), nhng khng pht hin c alen Ty-3a (Ji v cng s, 2007c).
khc phc vn ny, nhm tc gi trn pht trin marker ng tri P6-25 (SCAR
marker) pht hin c cc alen Ty-3, Ty-3, Ty-3a (Ji v cng s, 2007c). Khi s dng
cp mi P6-25F2/R5 ny sng lc mt vi ging lai t cc cng ty ging thng
mi, cc tc gi nhn c mnh PCR 660 bp t 3 ging thng mi, cc mnh
ny c gii trnh t v cho thy 100% tng ng vi on t S. chilense LA1969.
Introgression mi c pht hin c ngun gc t S.chilense LA1969 ny c gi l
Ty-3b (Ji v cng s, 2007c).
Ji v cng s (2008) pht hin mt introgression S. chilense 14 cM trn
nhnh di ca nhim sc th s 3 trong mt s dng ging khng c ngun gc t
LA1932. Sau , mt locus khng begomovirus mi l Ty-4 c lp bn vi
cc marker vo khong 2,3 cM gia C2_At4g17300 v C2_At5g60160 trong vng
introgression (Ji v cng s, 2009). Phn tch qun th phn ly v locus Ty-3 v Ty-4
chng minh rng Ty-3 gii thch 59,6% bin d kiu hnh khng (phenotypic
variation), trong khi Ty-4 ch gii thch cho 15,7%, iu ny gi rng Ty-4 to ra
mt hiu lc khng TYLCV nh hn. Cc dng ti t hp mang c Ty-3 v Ty-4 c
mc khng cao hn vi TYLCV (Ji v cng s, 2009).

14

Hnh 2.2. Bn gen Ty-3 trn nhim sc th s 6 (Ji v cng s, 2007b)

Bn lin kt c xy dng t qun th F2 lai gia loi S. lycopersicum mn cm vi
dng ging khng tin tin c ngun gc t LA1932 (bn phi, gn nhn LA1932-AL-F2),
hoc gia loi S. lycopersicum mn cm vi dng ging khng cao cp c ngun gc t
LA2779 ( gia, gn nhn LA2779-F2-AL). Cc vng bi en biu din cc on DNA c
chuyn vo t S. chilense.

15

Hnh 2.3. Bn phn t gen Ty-4 trn nhim sc th s 3

(Ji v cng s, 2009)
Anbinder v cng s (2009) lp bn mt QLT ln v bn QLT ph nh
gp phn to nn tnh khng TYLCV trong dng ging TY172 c ngun gc t S.
peruvianum. QLT ln c t tn l Ty-5, c lp bn trn nhim sc th s 4
trong vng ln cn ca marker SINAC1 v chu trch nhim 39.7 - 46.6% bin d kiu
hnh. Cc QLT nh, bt ngun t cc cha m khng hoc mn cm, c lp bn
trn nhim sc th s 1, 7, 9 v 11, v chu trch nhim 12% bin d trong mc
nghim trng triu chng, b sung cho gen Ty-5 (Anbinder v cng s, 2009).

16

Hnh 2.4. Bn khong cch cM gia cc marker gen Ty-5 trn nhim sc th 4
(Anbinder v cng s, 2009)
c nhiu c gng trong vic nhn din v lp bn cc gen qui nh tnh
khng TYLCV trong S. pimpinellifolium v S. cheesmaniae nhng khng to ra c
cc bn tt cng nh khng tm ra c cc marker lin kt cht ph hp cho MAS
(Pena v cng s, 2010).
2.5.3. nh gi cc ngun gen khng cc vng khc nhau
Mt trong nhng vn ln khi lai to ging c chua khng begomovirus l
kh nng khng ca cc alen khc nhau trong cc khu vc c mt cc begomovirus
khc nhau. Vn ny c iu tra vi mt s dng nhiu a im th nghim.
Dng ging TY52 (mang gen Ty-1) vi tnh khng c ngun gc t S. chilense
LA1969, c pht trin Israel, khng va phi vi TYLCV. Khi nh gi
Guatemala, ni c cc Begomovirus genome kp vi p lc virus rt cao th dng ny
li mn cm. Khi nh gi trong tm a im ng Nam v ti Florida, M,
TY52 mn cm by a im, khng va mt a im (Ji v cng s, 2007a). i
vi dng H24 mang gen Ty-2 ToLCV t S. habrochaites f. glabratum, cc th nghim
cho thy n khng c ti nm a im v mn cm hoc khng nh bn a im
khc (Ji v cng s, 2007a).
17

Trong s chn ngun gen c th nghim ti AVRDC, ch c S. chilense

LA1932 khng c ti tt c tm a im ng Nam (Green v
Shanmugasundaram, 2007). LA1932 cng khng c ti cc a im kho st
Florida, M (Ji v cng s, 2007a). Accession ny mang c 3 gen khng: Ty-1, Ty-3
v Ty-4. Trong , Ty-3 quyt nh khong 60% bin d kiu hnh khng, iu ny
chng t Ty-3 l gen chu trch nhim chnh i vi tnh khng TYLCV (Ji v cng
s, 2007a).
Cc nh gi ngun gen Bangalore, n v Rehovot, Israel ni c cc
begomovirus tng ng l ToLCV v TYLCV cho thy dng ging Ih 902 vi tnh
khng c ngun gc t S. habrochaites khng c c hai a im. Trong khi , S.
pimpinellifolium LA121 khng va phi n nhng mn cm Israel. Cc dng
ging c ngun gc t Ih902 v Fla595 (mang gen Ty-3) vi tnh khng bt ngun t
S. chilense LA2779 cng c nh gi l khng Guatemala, ni pht tn ca t nht
7 loi begomovirus khc nhau (Ji v cng s, 2007a). Nhng dng ging khng cao
vi TYLCV t trung tm Volcani, Israel, nh TY172 v TY197 c gen khng bt
ngun t S. peruvianum, cng khng cao Guatemala (Ji v cng s, 2007a).
Nh vy, ti cc a im khc nhau, ni c s phn b khc nhau ca cc loi
begomovirus v c cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau th kh nng khng ca cc dng
ging khng l khc nhau. Nhng nghin cu trn gi rng gen Ty-1 v Ty-2 ch to
c tnh khng va v chu c mt s chng virus. Trong khi gen Ty-3 t S.
chilense to nn tnh khng cao nhiu ni, trong c ng Nam . Tt nhin
hiu qu khng s cao hn v bn vng hn khi quy t c nhiu gen khng khc
nhau vo cng mt nn di truyn chung, nhng vic lai v quy t nhiu gen khng l
mt cng vic rt kh khn. ng dng marker phn t s gip pht hin cc gen khng
v chn lc cc cy khng trong cc php lai tr ln d dng hn. Cho n nay ch c
gen Ty-1, Ty-2 v Ty-3 l c marker da trn PCR c s dng ph bin (Pena v
cng s, 2010). Do , nhng nghin cu ban u vi mc ch chn to ging c
chua khng virus xon vng l cho min bc Vit Nam nn bt u t cc gen ny,
trong Ty-3 l gen nn c u tin nht.
18

2.6. Nghin cu v cc dng t bin lin quan n s chn ca qu c chua

2.6.1. Ethylene v c ch chn ca qu
Ethylene l mt phytohormon quan trng trong cy, iu chnh nhiu qu trnh
sinh trng v pht trin ca cy. Ethylene c tng hp trong tt c cc t bo v
cc m nhng nhiu nht l cc m gi, c bit l trong qu ang chn, c vn
chuyn bng phng thc khuych tn. Khi qu bt u chn, s tng hp ethylene
trong qu tng ln rt nhanh, t cc i lc qu chn hon ton sau gim i nhanh
chng. S c mt ca ethylene lm bin i tnh thm ca mng dn n s gii phng
cc enzyme gy nn nhng bin i sinh ha c lin quan n qu trnh chn (cc enzyme
bin i h hp, bin i chua, mm...) ng thi kch thch hnh thnh cc enzyme
mi trong qu trnh h hp bt pht v gy nn nhng bin i sinh ha gn lin vi s
chn. Qua , ethylene lm tng hot tnh ca cc enzym lin quan n s chn ca qu.
Theo Barry v cng s (2005), s con ng sinh tng hp ethylene gm 2 bc
chnh: tng hp SAM v oxy ha ACC. Nguyn liu u tin l acid amin methionine,
methionine c hot ha bng ATP hnh thnh nn SAM (S- adenosyl ethionine).
Sau t SAM to ra ethylene, acid fomic v CO2.
Cc th th tip nhn ethylene (Ethylene Receptor)
Nghin cu trn Arabidopsis ngi ta pht hin v nhn dng c 5 gen m
ha cho cc receptor lin quan n vic cm ng sinh ra ethylene trong qu trnh chn
gm: CTR1 (constitutive-tripe-respone) (Kieber v cng s, 1993), EIN2 (ethyleneinsensitive) (Alonso v cng s, 1999), EIN3 (Chao v cng s, 1997), ERF1
(ethylene-response-factor) (Solano v cng s, 1998) v ETR1 (Chang v cng
s,1993) m ha cho cc loi recetor c tn tng ng.
Nghin cu gen CTR1 (constitutive-tripe-espone) cho thy gen ny m ha cho
Kinase, c s tng ng cao vi gia nh Raf ca serine/threonine kinase
(MAPKKK) (Kieber v cng s, 1993) [16]. Gen CTR1 cng c phn lp c
chua cho thy c s tng ng vi Arabidopsis (Jones, 1999; Zegzouti v cng s,
1999; Leclercq v cng s, 2002; Adams-Phillips v cng s, 2004). Sn phm ca
CTR1 hot ng pha sau ETR1, ETR2, ERS1, ERS2 v EIN4 trong ng hng vn
19

chuyn tn hiu v cm ng vi ethylene, c lin quan ti genes EIN2, EIN3, ERF1

(Giovannoni, 2004; Stepanova & Alonso, 2005)
Theo Bleecker & Kende (2000), Giovannoni (2004) v Stepanova and Alonso
(2005) c ch iu ha ca ethylene nh sau: Khi Ethylene gn vo vng cm ng ca
receptor (gm 1 h thng cc receptor thuc gia nh ETR) s cm ng cho phn ng
xy ra gia vng hisitdine kinase vi vng iu ha ca receptor CTR1 (Raf-like
kinase) to ra thnh phc hp receptor. Phc hp receptor tc ng ln protein mng
EIN2 (l mt knh protein vn chuyn nguyn t khong). u C ca EIN2 l tn hiu
dng cm ng vi yu t sao m EIN3 nm trong nhn. Yu t sao m ny hot ng
s cm ng sao m cho gen ERF1 sinh ra yu t phn ng vi ethylene.

Hnh 2.5. S th hin c ch iu ho, tc ng ca Ethylene

(Bleecker v Kende,2000)
Cc nghin cu trn c chua cho thy c t nht 6 loi receptor: LeETR1,
leETR2 (Zhou v cng s, 1996; Lashbrook et al, 1998), NR (LeETR3) (Wilkinson et
al, 1995; Payton v cng s, 1996), LeETR5 (Tieman and Klee, 1999), v LeETR6
(Ciardi and Klee, 2001)[35], [36]. S biu hin ca cc receptor ny ph thuc vo
tng giai on sinh trng, pht trin v ph thuc vo s tc ng t mi trng [35].
+ LeETR1 v LeETR2: Biu hin tt c cc loi m bc sang giai on
pht trin,
+ NR: C lin quan n giai on trc ht phn,

20

+ NR v LeETR4: Lin quan n giai on trc chn, gi ha, s rng (Payton

et al, 1996), s xm nhim ca ngun bnh (Ciardi et al, 2000),
+ LeETR5: Biu hin trong qu, hoa khi c s xm nhim ca ngun bnh
(Tienan & Klee, 1999).

Hnh 2.6. S khc bit v cu trc ca 5 loi receptor ethylene c chua (Tieman
v Klee, 1999) [32].
Ngoi ra theo nghin cu ca Tieman & Klee v cng s (1999), s dng
na u 5 ca receptor ETR ca Arabidopsis lm mu d trong lai vi cDNA ca c
chua bnh thng pht hin ra NR gen. Gen ny c cDNA di 2.4-kb v c trnh t
tng ng 81% vi trnh t acid amn ca receptor ETR1 nhng b mt 100 acid amin
thuc vng nhn bit u C ca ETR1 [30]. Nghin cu ca Wilkinson et al, 1997,
s dng antisense inhibition vi NR gn dng di cho thy n khng c nh hng g
ti qu trnh chn. iu ny t ra cu hi v vai tr ca gen NR trong cy c chua
bnh thng.
Nghin cu v c im protein ceceptor ch ra rng n gm c 3 phn. c
im protein receptor gm c 3 phn chnh: [30], [31].
+ Vng sensor (ethylene binding) (aa1-aa313): l vng cm ng tip nhn
ethylene, l u N k nc, c cu S-S v c gn trn mng mng li ni
cht ER.
+ Vng histidine Kinase (aa314-aa581).

21

+ Vng respone (receiver): (aa582-aa738) Quyt nh cm ng mc i khc

nhau vi ethylene.
Theo nghin cu ca Chang & Svewart, 1998, receptor ca c chua c s tng
ng ln vi receptor 2 thnh phn vi khun (2 vng: vng sensor v vng respone,
s kt hp 2 vng ny gip vi khun c kh nng phn ng vi s thay i ca cc
iu kin mi trng) [23].
2.6.2. Cc dng t bin lin quan n s chn ca qu
Theo nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi th cc dng t bin lin quan n s chn
c chua c th chia thnh 2 dng chnh: cc t bin lin quan n s tng hp tng
cng ca ethylene trong qu trnh chn v cc t bin lin quan n kh nng phc
hi biu hin ca cc gen lin quan n s chn ca ethylene (Adams-Phillips v cng
s, 2004a; Giovannoni, 2004)
i din cho nhm th nht gm c cc t bin: rin (ripening inhibitor), nonripening (nor) v t bin lin quan n s bin i mu ca qu chn. c im ca
cc dng t bin ny l ethylene khng c tng hp khi chn nhng lun
c duy tr mc c bn (baseline). Khi x l vi ethylene c th phc hi
c biu hin ca mt s gen nhng qu khng chn. iu ny c th gii thch
l do cc locus t bin ny iu ha biu hin ca cc yu t trong qu trnh
qu chn m c lp vi ethylene v cc yu t c th c ch s chn hon
ton ca qu (Giovannoni, 2004)
i din cho nhm th hai l cc t bin lin quan n cc th cm tip nhn
ethylenen nh Nr. Vi dng t bin ny, ethylene vn tng trong khi chn nhng s
biu hin ca cc gen lin quan n s chn b gim. Chng s khng chn ngay c khi
x l vi ethylene (Lanahan v cng s, 1994).
Dng t bin rin (ripening inhibitor)
Nm 1993, Picton v cng s nhn dng cc cDNA lin kt vi dng t
bin ny v pht hin c mt lot cc ERT: ERT1, ERT10, v ERT15 l cc cDNA
c phn ng sinh mARN trong qu trnh chn ca dng t bin ny. Khi x l dng
22

t bin ny vi ethylene th 1 phn cc gen ny c sao m, chng t dng t bin

ny vn c kh nng phn ng vi ethylene ngoi sinh (Lincoln & Fischer, 1988;
Knapp v cng s, 1989)

Hnh 2.7. Bn gen rin trn nhim sc th s 5 ca c chua

thc vt, mi loi u c hp gene cha cc gene m ha cho cc yu t sao
m, iu khin qu trnh ra hoa v chn ca qu c gi l MADS-box transcription
factor. V d nh Arabidosis, hp en MADS-box c 47 gen (Rebekah v cng s,
2008). Trong khi c chua, theo nghin cu ca Vrebalov (2002) pht hin ra
rng gene rin l mt gen nm trong hp gen ny. Cng theo nghin cu ny gene rin
nm trn nhim sc th s 5 v s biu hin ca rin l do tc ng ca 2 locus kim
sot s chn v iu khin s pht trin ca i hoa.

23

Hnh 2.8. S v tr ca cc cp mi pht hin gen rin v mc

Nhm nghin cu ch ra rng C34 v C43 u l thnh vin ca gia nh
MADS-box v c gi l tn tng ng LeMADS-RIN v LeMADS-MC. Trong
LeMADS-RIN m ha cho gene c ch s chn v LeMADS-MC c nh hng xc
nh s n hoa v s pht trin ca i hoa c chua. T thit k c cc cp mi
pht hin cc gene ny da vo phng php PCR.
Dng t bin Never ripe (Nr)
Dng t bin ny c pht hin t rt sm bi Rick & Butler vo nm 1956.
y l mt dng t bin bn tri xy ra ti 1 trong cc receptor cm ng vi ethylene
(Lanahan v cng s,1994; Wilkinson v cng s, 1995). Dng t bin Nr ny c
s dng trong nhiu nghin cu v vai tr ca ethylene trong cc giai on pht trin
khc nhau (Aloni v cng s, 1998; Hansen v Grossmann, 2000), nghin cu biu
hin ca gene (Nakatsuka v cng s, 1998; Rose v cng s, 1997) v kh nng
khng stress (Ciardi v cng s, 2000)
Khi gen NR c chua bnh thng b t bin DNA thay C bng T lm thay i
acid amin proline bng acid amin leucine ti v tr 411 trong vng sensor ca receptor
ETR1 s dn n s xut hin ca gen Nr c kiu hnh c chua Nr. Qa c chua b t
bin lm thay i qu trnh to mu sc, mm c qu.
Dng t bin Never-ripe-2 (Nr-2) v Green ripe (Gr)
t bin Nr-2 c trnh t gen m ha khng tng ng vi t bin Nr. t
bin Nr-2 c ch ra l do gen Nr-2, nm trn nhnh di ca NST s 1 (Giovannoni
v cng s, 2005). Nghin cu s di truyn ca 2 dng t bin Gr v Nr-2 cho thy
y l 2 dng t bin tri. Khi lp bn di truyn ca 2 dng t bin cho thy gen
quy nh dng t bin ny nm trn 1 vng 2cM gia 2 ch th TG260 v TG245 trn
nhnh di ca NST s 1 (Barry v cng s, 2005).

24

Hnh 2.9. Bn gene Gr v Nr-2 trn nhim sc th s 1 ca c chua (Barry v

cng s, 2005)

25

PHN III. VT LIU V PHNG PHP

3.1. Vt liu, a im v thi gian nghin cu
3.1.1. Vt liu
Vt liu nghin cu gm 50 mu ging c chua c nhp ni t: M, Php,
Nht Bn v Nga, i chng l ging HT7. Danh sch ngun vt liu nghin cu c
trnh by trong bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1. Ngun vt liu s dng trong nghin cu

26

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

K hiu
2
3
9
17
18
20
28
41
58
59
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
82
84
89
91
94
95
98
101

Ngun thu thp

M
M
M
Php
Php
Php
Nga
Php
Php
Php
Php
Php
Php
Php
Nh
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht
Nht

STT
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

K hiu
102
106
107
110
111
117
118
120
121
124
125
128
129
130
131
132
134
138
141
142
143
146
154
157
HT7 (C)

Ngun thu thp

Nht
Nht
Nht
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Vit Nam

3.1.2. a im v thi gian nghin cu

Cc nghin cu c thc hin ti phng nghin cu B mn Cng ngh sinh
hc ng dng v khu th nghim ng rung khoa Cng ngh sinh hc - Trng i
hc nng nghip H Ni, Tru Qu - Gia Lm - H Ni trong thi gian t 22/09/2010
n thng 07/2011.
3.2. Ni dung nghin cu
-

Th nghim 1: kho st mt s c im nng sinh hc, nng sut, cht lng

qu, kh nng khng virus trn ng rung ca cc mu ging c chua nhp ni
trong v ng xun 2011.

Th nghim 2: pht hin gen Ty-3 khng virus xon vng l trong tp on cc
27

mu ging bng phng php PCR s dng cp mi P6-25F2/R5.

-

Th nghim 3: pht hin gen chn chm rin trong tp on cc mu ging bng
phng php PCR s dng cp mi C43F/R.

Th nghim 4: nh gi c tnh chn chm ca qu ca cc mu ging mang

gen chn chm rin (pht hin nh PCR) v so snh vi mt s mu ging khng
mang gen rin.

Th nghim 5: kho st mt s c im nng sinh hc, nng sut, cht lng

qu, kh nng khng virus trn ng rung ca mt s mu ging tt trong v
xun h mun 2011.

3.3. Phng php nghin cu

3.3.1. Cc th nghim kho st nh gi tp on c chua
B tr th nghim
-

Th nghim kho st tp on c chua c b tr theo kiu tun t mt hng

khng nhc li, mi mu ging trng 20 cy.

Thi v:
+ ng xun: gieo ngy 21/9/2010, trng ngy 21/10/2010

+ Xun h mun: gieo ngy 25/2/2011, trng ngy 26/3/ 2011

K thut trng v chm sc: p dng theo hng dn trong tiu chun ngnh
10TCN219: 2006 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (B NN v PTNT,
2006).
-

Giai on vn m: ht ging c gieo trn gi th gm tru hun v t bt theo

t l 1:1. Ht c gieo trong khay bu, ti phun m m, t trong nh c mi
che. Hng ngy chm sc, ti nc v gi m cho cy. Khi cy con c 5-6 l
th trng.

Giai on trng rung sn xut:

+ Chn t, ln lung: th nghim c b tr trn t trng la, ln lung

28

cao 25 cm, mt lung rng 1 m, rnh rng 50 cm.

+ Mt 2.67 vn cy/ha, trng 2 hng/lung, cy x cy 50 cm, hng x
hng 65 cm.
+ Lng phn bn cho 1 ha: 15-20 tn phn hu c, 80-100kg N, 80-

100kg P2O5, 100-120kg K2O. Bn lt ton b phn hu c, ton b phn

ln, 1/3 phn m v 1/3 kali. Lng m v kali cn li chia u bn
thc vo 3 ln xi vun.
+ Ti nc: sau khi trng cn ti nc gi m cho t khong 75%
+ Vun xi, lm c: vun xi kt hp bn thc ln 1 sau trng 30 ngy, ln 2

khi sau trng 60 ngy, ln 3 sau trng 80 ngy. Thng xuyn nh b c

di.
+ Lm gin hnh ch A khi cy cao 30 - 40 cm
+ Ta cnh: i vi ging v hn ta b cnh ph, ch li 2 thn chnh.

+ Phng tr su bnh hi: theo di v phng tr bnh xon vng l, mc

sng, ho xanh vi khun bng thuc Daconil, Zinep; phng tr su ct
l, su xm, su v ba, su xanh, su c qu bng thuc Sherpa.
+ Thu hoch khi qu bt u chuyn mu (bt u chn), s ln thu cn c

vo c im chn ca ging.
Cc ch tiu theo di: p dng theo hng dn trong tiu chun ngnh
10TCN219: 2006 (B NN v PTNT, 2006) v 10TCN557-2002 (B NN v PTNT,
2002).
-

Cc giai on sinh trng:

+ Thi gian t trng n ra hoa: khi 50% s cy trong th nghim c hoa u

tin.
+ Thi gian t trng n thu qu t 1: khi 50% s cy theo di c qu chn.

+ Thi gian t trng n kt thc thu hoch: tnh n ngy thu ht qu thng
phm.
29

- Mt s ch tiu v cu trc cy v hnh thi l:

+ Kiu hnh sinh trng: quan st c tnh ra hoa v sinh trng ca cy vo giai

on ra hoa: kiu hu hn, khi cy ra hoa r thn chnh ngng sinh trng;
kiu v hn, cy ra hoa thn chnh vn tip tc sinh trng v kiu bn hu
hn, trung gian gia hai kiu trn.
+ Mc xanh ca l: quan st mu mt trn phin l khi thu hoch la qu th

2-3, cc mc: xanh m, xanh, xanh sng.

+ Dng l: quan st s phn thy ca l cht thi k thu hoch la qu th 2 - 3,

gm dng l bnh thng v dng l khoai ty.

+ S t t gc ti chm hoa th nht: theo di thi k ra chm hoa th 2 - 3.
+ Chiu cao t gc ti chm hoa th nht: o t c r n chm hoa 1, theo di

thi k ra chm hoa 2 - 3.

+ Chiu cao thn chnh: o t c r n nh sinh trng, giai on kt thc thu
hoch.
- Cu trc chm hoa v c im n hoa

+ Kiu chm hoa: n gin - hoa ra trn mt nhnh chnh; trung gian - hoa ra
trn 2 nhnh chnh; phc tp - chm hoa chia thnh nhiu nhnh.
+ S hoa/chm: s hoa n ca 5 chm u tin trn 3 cy thi k hoa r, ly
trung bnh.
+ c im n hoa: quan st v phn ra n hoa r tp trung hay n hoa ri rc.
- Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut:
+ T l u qu: m s qu u ca 5 chm hoa u tin ca 3 cy vo thi k

kt thc qu xc nh t l u qu trn tng chm v t l u qu

trung bnh, gm cc mc: rt thp (di 10%), thp (10 - 20%), trung bnh
(21- 40%), cao (41 - 60%) v rt cao (trn 60%).
+ Tng s qu/cy: tng s qu cc ln thu/cy, theo di 5 cy, ly trung bnh.

+ Khi lng trung bnh qu: tng khi lng ca s qu iu tra/s qu.
+ Nng sut c th (khi lng qu/cy): tng khi lng qu thu c/cy, theo

di 5 cy, tnh trung bnh.

- c im hnh thi v cht lng qu:
30

+ ng knh qu ( ln qu): o ng knh qu phn ln nht ca 10 qu

chn thuc la qu th 2 hoc 3 xc nh ln ca qu.

+ Chiu cao qu (H): b dc qu, o chiu cao t nh n y qu ca 10 qu

chn, chm qu 2-3.

+ Ch s hnh dng qu: I = H/ D, da vo ch s hnh dng qu phn bit cc

dng qu: dng qu dt (I < 0.6), trn dt (0.6 < I < 0.9), trn (0.9 < I < 1.1),
trn di (1,3 > I >1,1) v di (I > 1,3).
+ S ngn ht/ qu: b ngang qu m s ngn ht ca 5 qu, ly trung bnh.
+ chc qu: dng tay nn khi qu chn hon ton, chm qu 2-3. Gm cc

mc: mm, trung bnh, cng.

+ Mc xanh ca qu: quan st mu phn y qu xanh ca chm qu 2 - 3,

m t mc : xanh nht, xanh, xanh m.

+ Mu sc vai qu xanh: quan st s khc nhau v mu xanh vai qu so vi phn

cn li ca qu trng thnh la qu 2-3, m t mc : khng i, xanh nht,

trung bnh, xanh m.
+ Mu sc qu chn: quan st mu qu ca chm qu th 2 - 3 khi chn hon

ton.
+ nh gi hng v qu: c hay khng hng v thm c trng ca c chua

hoc c hng v ph khc (hng, ngi).

+ Brix%: o khi qu chn hon ton (dng khc x k), ly ngu nhin qu

ca la 2-3 ca 5 cy mu, phn tch chm nht sau thu hoch 3 ngy, cc
mc: thp (di 3,5%), trung bnh (3,6-4,4%), cao (4,5 - 6,0%), rt cao (trn
6%).
+ Khu v (*): nh gi cm quan theo cc mc: chua, chua du, nht, ngt du,
ngt, ngt m.
+ t tht qu (*): dng dao sc ct ngang qu v phn bit: t - mt tht qu

t, khng c dch qu chy ra; kh nh - mt tht qu lm tm dch qu; kh mt tht qu ro nc.

(*): theo hng dn ca trung tm nghin cu v pht trin ging rau cht
lng cao, i hc Nng nghip H Ni
31

- nh gi tnh hnh nhim mt s su bnh hi chnh trn ng rung: bnh mc

sng v ho xanh c nh gi theo tiu chun ngnh 10TCN219: 2006 ca B

Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn (b NN v PTNT), bnh xon vng l c
nh gi theo ch s mc nghim trng bnh (Lapidot v Friedmann, 2002).
+Bnh mc sng (Phytophthora infestans): nh gi sau trng 30, 60 v 90

ngy theo thang im t 0 n 5:

[0] Khng bnh
[1] Di 20% din tch thn l nhim bnh
[2] T 20-50% din tch thn l nhim bnh
[3] T 50-75% din tch thn l nhim bnh
[4] T 75-100% din tch thn l nhim bnh
+Bnh ho xanh vi khun (Ralstonia solanacerum Smith): theo di t trng n

thu hoch, m s cy c triu chng bnh, tnh t l% cy bnh.

+Bnh virus xon vng l: theo di t trng n kt thc thu hoch, nh gi

theo ch s mc nghim trng bnh t 0 n 4:

[0] khng thy xut hin cc triu chng bnh;
[1] vng rt nh mp l cht trn l nh;
[2] bin vng nh v nh l cht cun nh;
[3] mt lot cc l vng, xon, v cong hnh tha nhng cy vn tip tc pht
trin;
[4] cc cy cy ci cc rt nng, l vng, xon, v cong hnh tha rt r, cy
ngng pht trin
3.3.2. Nghin cu pht hin gen Ty-3 khng virus xon vng l v gen chn chm
rin
Chit xut DNA
DNA c chit xut theo phng php CTAB (Doyle v Doyle, 1990), c
ci tin bi b mn CNSH ng dng, Khoa Cng ngh sinh hc, Trng i hc Nng
nghip H Ni.
- Ha cht v m:
32

+ DEB (DNA Extraction Buffer): 2% CTAB (w/v), 1,5 M NaCl, 100mM Tris-

HCl, 20 mM EDTA, 2% PVP (w/v), 2% - Mercaptoethanol. Ha tan CTAB v cc

ha cht khc trong nc ct 2 ln bng cch trong waterbath 65oC. Thm 2 % Mercaptoethanol ngay trc khi s dng.
+ TE buffer: 10mM Tris-HCl, 1mM EDTA, pH 8.0.
+ Ha cht khc: Phenol : Chloroform : isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1), Chloroform:
isoamyl alcohol (24:1), 100 % ethanol, 76 % ethanol.
-

Qui trnh chit xut DNA:

+ Thu cc l non vo bui sng, t trn lnh v a v phng th nghim
cng sm cng tt.
+ Ct khong 100 mg m l vo ci s, nghin nhuyn mu vi 400 l DEB,

tip tc thm 400 l DEB v trn u trc khi chuyn hn hp vo tuble 1,5 ml. a
ngay cc tube vo 65oC trc khi chuyn sang nghin mu khc.
+ mu 65C trong 1 gi hoc hn. lu hn kt qu nng sut DNA pellet

cao hn, sch hn, trng hn (Aldrich v Cullis, 1993).

+ Chit xut vi cng th tch 25:24:1 (1:1) v trn nh nhng bng cch o

ngc cc ng trong 5 pht, sau ly tm mu 5 pht nhit phng, 12000 rpm

phn tch cc pha, chuyn pha lng pha trn sang mt tube 1,5 ml mi. T bc ny
trnh vortex, ht i ht li c bit qua cc u pipet th tch nh, v bt c thao tc
no gy ra lc c hc trnh gy t gy DNA (Herzer, 2001).
+ Chit vi cng th tch 24:1, trn nh nhng bng cch lt p ri lt nga
(inverting) tubes trong 3 pht, ly tm mu 5 pht nhit phng, 12000 rpm, chuyn
pha lng pha trn sang 1 tube mi.
+ Ta DNA vi 2 - 2,5 ln th ethanol lnh 100 % sao cho nng lm vic

khong 70%, nu khng thy xut hin ta trng th t mu - 20oC trong khong 20
n 2 ting hoc qua m nu thy cn thit (Herzer, 2001).
+ Ly tm thu ta DNA nhit phng trong 5 pht, tc 12000 rpm.
33

+ b cn, ra pellet hai ln vi ethanol 70% nhm loi b NaCl v CTAB.

CTAB c ha tan trong ethanol, s cn li c loi b trong bc ny (Aldrich

v Cullis, 1993). Lm kh pellet trong khng kh khong 1h v ha tan trong 50 l TE.
+ Kim tra cht lng v nng DNA bng in di trn gel agarose 1% hiu

in th 100V trong khong 15 pht. gn v sng ca bng DNA cho bit mc

t gy v nng DNA tng s.
Chy PCR pht hin gen Ty-3 s dng cp mi P6-25F2/R5
- Trnh t cp mi P6-25F2/R5 (Ji v cng s, 2007c):
+ P6-25-F2: 5- GGT AGT GGA AAT GAT GCT GCT C - 3
+ P6-25-R5: 5- GCT CTG CCT ATT GTC CCA TAT ATA ACC - 3
- Phn ng PCR c tin hnh trong th tch 25 l gm 2.5 l 2.5 mM hn

hp 4 loi dNTP, 5 l 5x buffer, 2.5 l 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 l (0.5 units) GoTaq
DNA polymerase, 2.5 l mi mi xui v ngc nng 10 M, 2-5 l DNA khun,
v nc ct.
- Chu k nhit: 94oC trong 4 pht, 35 chu k gm 94oC trong 30 s, 53oC trong 1

pht, v 72oC trong 1 pht, sau cc chu k ny l bc ko di 72 oC trong 10 pht,

sau phn ng c gi 4oC.
- Cc mnh khuch i bng PCR sau c phn tch bng in di trn gel
agarose 1.5% trong m TAE 1 X, nhum vi ethidium bromide v hin th di nh
sng UV.
Chy PCR pht hin gen chn chm rin s dng cp mi C43F/R
- Trnh t cp mi C43F/R (Vrebalov v cng s, 2002)

+ C43F: 5- GAC GGG AAC CAT TAG ATT TTA AAG ACA - 3
+ C43R: 5- GTG TTA TCA ATA TTG CCA TAC TCT TCT TGA CAA - 3
- Phn ng PCR c tin hnh trong tng th tch 25 l gm: 2.5 l 2.5 mM

hn hp 4 loi dNTP, 5 l 5x buffer, 2.5 l 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 l (0.5

34

units) GoTaq DNA polymerase, 2.5 l mi mi xui v ngc nng 10

M, 2-5 l DNA khun, v nc ct.
- Chu k nhit ca phn ng PCR: 940C trong 3 pht, 39 chu k gm 940C

trong 1 pht, 560C trong 1 pht, 720C trong 30 giy, kt thc bng bc ko
di 720C trong 5 pht.
- Cc mnh khuch i bng PCR sau c phn tch bng in di trn gel
agarose 2% trong m TAE 1 X, nhum vi ethidium bromide v hin th
di nh sng UV.
3.3.3. nh gi c tnh chn chm ca cc mu ging mang gen chn chm rin
Cc mu ging mang gen chn chm rin (pht hin bng PCR) c nh gi
c tnh chn chm ca qu thng qua 2 ch tiu:
+ Thi gian t khi qu t kch thc ti a n khi qu chn hon ton (trn

90% din tch b mt qu chuyn mu).

+ Thi gian tn tr qu: t qu chn hon ton n khi qu bt u thi.

Cc ch tiu ny c theo di trong 2 iu kin: (1) qu chn t nhin trn

cy v (2) thu qu khi t kch thc ti a, tri u qu trn b mt sch, kh, thong
trong phng v tin hnh theo di. Vi mi iu kin tin hnh theo di 10 qu/mu
ging. Thi gian qu t kch thc ti a c xc nh bng cch dng panme o
kch thc qu (chiu cao, ng knh) hng ngy, khi kch thc qu khng tng
thm trong 3 ngy o th ngy u tin l ngy qu t kch thc ti a.
3.4. Phng php x l s liu
Cc s liu nghin cu c x l bng phn mm Excel 2007.

35

PHN IV. KT QU V THO LUN

4.1. Kho st nh gi cc mu ging trong v ng xun (2011)
4.1.1. Cc giai on sinh trng
Cng nh cc loi cy trng khc, hon thnh chu k sng cy c chua phi
tri qua cc thi k sinh trng khc nhau. Mi thi k u c tc ng hoc gin tip
hoc trc tip n nng sut v cht lng qu. Cc thi k ny di hay ngn c quy
nh bi yu t di truyn ca ging. Bn cnh , iu kin ngoi cnh v cc bin
php k thut cng gp phn quan trng lm thay i thi gian sinh trng ca cy.
Vic nghin cu cc thi k sinh trng ca cy gip cho vic tc ng cc bin php
k thut hp l, kp thi nhm xc tin qu trnh sinh trng ca cy theo hng c
li, pht huy c tim nng ca ging cng nh b tr thi v v c cu lun canh
hp l. Cy c chua c nhiu giai on pht trin, trong ra hoa, thu qu ln 1, kt
thc thu hoch v tng thi gian sinh trng l cc giai on ng quan tm nht. Kt
qu theo di cc giai on ny c trnh by trong bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1. Cc giai on sinh trng ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011

36

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

Thi gian t trng n ra hoa lThi

thigian
k t
cy
hon
giai on sinh trng
trng
nthnh
(ngy)
MG
2
2
9
17
18
20
28
41
58
59
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
82
84
89
95
91
94
98
101
102
106
107
110
111
117
118
120
121
124
125
128
129
130
131
132
134
138
141
142
143
146
154
157
C

Ra hoa
28
26
28
28
27
26
25
26
31
25
32
31
35
36
37
25
39
26
37
25
38
32
27
40
30
29
32
28
26
25
26
26
28
25
27
25
22
27
26
26
30
25
21
21
25
26
26
22
25
25
25

Thu qu t 1
90
79
84
82
87
78
85
89
92
86
95
78
91
90
93
90
90
73
95
73
95
90
94
108
78
68
70
80
80
86
95
95
82
75
76
79
70
80
72
78
65
83
66
77
90
72
80
37 60
73
73
60

Kt thc thu hoch

130
135
145
125
135
135
145
135
135
130
135
135
135
135
145
130
145
135
140
104
124
130
135
140
135
120
120
125
110
145
135
130
135
130
135
140
120
135
145
135
120
140
135
123
145
135
140
135
120
120
110

Thi gian t trng n thu qu t 1 l ch tiu nh gi tnh chn sm hay

mun ca ging. Ch tiu ny ph thuc vo c im ca ging, cc yu t nh sng
v nhit cng c nh hng rt ln. Nhit cao, s gi chiu sng nhiu s thc
y qu trnh chn din ra nhanh hn. Kt qu nghin cu v thi gian t trng n thu
qu t 1cho thy i chng H7 v 146 cho thu qu sm nht, ch sau trng 60 ngy.
Cc mu ging khc cho thu qu ln u mun hn, mun nht l 94, ln ti 108 ngy
sau trng.
Thi gian t trng n kt thc thu hoch th hin thi gian sinh trng ca
ging trn ng rung. Cc ging kt thc thu hoch sm th thi gian sinh trng
ngn, thun li cho lun canh, xen v. Cc ging c thi gian kt thc thu hoch di
nu gp iu kin thun li v c chm sc tt th vn tip tc ra qu, c ngha
trong ri v v cho nng sut cao hn. Nghin cu cho thy mu ging 84 c thi gian
kt thc thu hoch sm nht (104 ngy), mu ging 107 v i chng H7 c thi gian
kt thc thu hoch tng i sm (110 ngy). Cc mu ging 101, 102, 131, 125, 154
v 157 cng kt thc thu hoch sm, ch 120 ngy sau trng. Cc mu ging kt thc
thu hoch mun nht l 9, 29, 28, 77, 110 (145 ngy sau trng).
4.1.2. Mt s c im hnh thi v cu trc cy
c im hnh thi v cu trc cy c nh hng ln n s sinh trng v pht
trin ca ging. Cc c im hnh thi v cu trc cy c bn c th k n gm:
chiu cao chm hoa th nht, s t di chm hoa th nht, kiu hnh sinh trng v
chiu cao thn chnh. Kt qu nghin cu v cc c im hnh thi v cu trc cy
ca cc mu ging trong v ng xun 2011 c trnh by trong bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2. Mt s c im cu trc cy ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011
STT MG
1
2
3
4
5

2
2
9
17
18

Mc
xanh
ca l
X
X
X
X
X

Dng
l
BT
BT
BT
KT
KT

Chiu cao t gc
ti chm hoa th
nht (cm)
53.1
84.1
52.3
30.2
68.1

S t di
chm hoa th
nht (cm)
10.0
12.8
9.0
8.8
13.0
38

Chiu cao
thn chnh
(cm)
147.2
140.1
137.3
118.2
120.8

Kiu hnh
sinh
trng
VH
VH
VH
BHH
VH

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

20
28
41
58
59
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
82
84
89
91
94
95
98
101
102
106
107
110
111
117
118
120
121
124
125
128
129
130
131
132
134
138
141
142
143
146
154

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

BT
KT
KT
KT
KT
BT
BT
KT
BT
KT
BT
BT
KT
KT
BT
KT
KT
KT
BT
BT
BT
BT
KT
BT
BT
KT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
KT
KT
BT
BT
BT
BT

49.2
26.2
41.1
64.8
36.3
74.7
33.2
44.1
47.2
67.9
49.9
55.1
27.8
67.8
16.7
46.3
36.2
54.2
36.3
39.3
27.5
22.5
46.2
47.3
50.2
52.2
31.4
50.1
28.3
34.1
28.5
26.8
27.4
23.2
40.1
26.8
29.9
30.2
39.8
45.8
43.8
40.9
30.3
27.2

8.8
7.0
10.0
11.8
9.0
13.0
9.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
10.2
13.8
7.0
12.8
5.7
11.0
9.2
12.0
10.0
11.0
6.7
7.1
10.2
9.0
10.8
12.0
8.2
11.0
7.0
8.2
8.0
6.0
9.0
10.0
9.2
7.5
13.0
10.2
10.0
11.0
9.0
9.0
7.2
7.0
39

270.2
280.5
163.4
124.2
90.2
155.4
195.1
177.9
136.8
215.1
118.1
121.5
150.5
146.7
86.3
125.6
135.8
190.3
124.5
159.6
169.7
93.1
105.7
151.7
140.7
152.2
191.2
205.4
93.2
177.3
138.7
96.3
140.5
186.5
170.4
124.0
220.3
188.2
87.8
193.2
130.4
180.1
155.6
98.5

VH
VH
VH
VH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
VH
BHH
VH
VH
BHH
VH
VH
HH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
BHH
VH
VH
HH
VH
VH
VH
BHH
VH
VH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
VH
BHH

50
51

157
C

X
XS

BT
KT

30.3
25.0

7.0
9.2

92.8
74.3

BHH
HH

Ch thch: X: xanh m; X: xanh; XS: xanh sng; BT: bnh thng; KT: khoai ty;
HH: Hu hn; BHH: Bn hu hn; VH: v hn.
Cc mu ging u c mu sc l xanh (29 mu) hoc xanh m (21 mu), ch
c i chng H7 c l mu xanh sng.
Dng l ca cc mu ging nghin cu c c dng bnh thng (33 mu) v
dng l khoai ty (18 mu), k c i chng H7. Cc mu ging c dng l khoai ty
thng c s l trn cy t, l di v cung l ngn hn dng l bnh thng (hnh 4.1).
Do c s l t nn cc ging ny t rm rp hn do cng t su bnh hn. S
hoa/chm l mt trong nhng ch tiu lin quan n vic hnh thnh nng sut, s
qu/chm v lin quan n khi lng qu.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy c 37 mu ging thuc nhm sinh trng v hn,
ch c 125, 102 v i chng H7 thuc nhm hu hn, cc mu ging cn li u
thuc nhm bn hu hn.
S t t gc n chm hoa u c tng quan vi thi gian t trng n ra hoa
v vi thi gian t trng n qu chn (Kiu Th Th, 1998). Mu ging c s t t
nht l 84 vi 5.7 t, nhiu t nht l 79 vi 13.8 t, i chng H7 c 9.2 t.
Chiu cao t gc n chm hoa th nht ph thuc vo s t t gc n chm
hoa th nht, chiu di lng, iu kin ngoi cnh v k thut trng trt, chm sc.
Chiu cao chm hoa th nht quyt nh v tr chm qu th nht, chm qu qu thp
s d b hng do su, bnh, v tr ny qu cao s nh hng n v tr, s lng v s
pht trin cc chm hoa tip theo do nh hng n s lng qu trn cy, qua
lm gim nng sut so vi cc ging c v tr chm qu th nht thp hn. Kt qu
theo di chiu cao chm hoa th nht cho thy mu ging 2 cao nht (84.1 cm), 84
thp nht (16.7 cm) v thp hn i chng H7 (25.0 cm).
Chiu cao thn chnh ph thuc rt ln vo iu kin chm sc v iu kin
ngoi cnh. Vi iu kin chm sc tt, khng b su bnh hi, thi tit thun li th
cy cao hn. Nhn chung, cy cng cao th s chm hoa trn thn chnh thng cng
40

nhiu, do nng sut thng cao hn. Cc ging thp cy c s chm hoa trn thn
chnh t, do nng sut cng thp hn. Trong v ng xun 2011, giai on pht
trin thn l gp iu kin thi tit ph hp, t su bnh nn chiu cao cc cy ca
cng mt mu ging l kh ng u. Mu ging c chiu cao thn chnh cao nht l
28 (280.5 cm), thp nht l 84 (86.3 cm), i chng H7 c chiu cao thp hn 84, t
74.3 cm.
4.1.3. Cu trc chm hoa v c im n hoa
c im n hoa l cc tnh trng c trng ca ging, t b tc ng ca ngoi
cnh. Kt qu nghin cu trong bng 4.3 cho thy dng chm hoa ca cc mu ging
ch yu l dng n gin, ch mt s t c dng trung gian nh 80, 89, 110, 120, 132,
143.
Cc mu ging v hn u c c im n hoa ri rc, cc mu bn hu hn v
hu hn u n hoa tp trung. Nhn chung, kh nng n hoa tp trung s dn n cho
thu qu tp trung, thun li cho thu hi v trnh c cc iu kin bt li. Mt khc,
hoa n ri rc th qu cng chn ri rc, do thi gian thu qu ko di, y l c
im rt thun li cho vic tiu th qu, gip hn ch mt mt sau thu hoch.
S hoa nhiu th c kh nng hnh thnh nhiu qu hn kh nng hnh thnh
qu/chm cao hn. Cc ging c s hoa/chm nhiu th qu thng nh, s hoa t th
qu thng to. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy 142 c s hoa/chm nhiu nht t 21.6
hoa/ chm, 75 c t hoa/chm nht ch t 3.6 hoa/chm. i chng H7 c s
hoa/chm mc trung bnh vi 6.8 hoa/chm.
Bng 4.3. c im hnh thi l, cu trc chm hoa v c im hoa ca cc mu
ging v ng xun 2011

41

S hoa/chm
STT
MG
Kiu chm hoa
c im n hoa
2 n gin; TG:
G trung gian; TT: tp9.5
RR
Ch1 thch: G:
trung; RR: ri rc
7.5
2
2
G
RR
13.0
3
9
G
RR
5.8
4
17
G
TT
7.5
5
18
G
RR
7.0
6
20
G
RR
10.2
7
28
G
RR
6.5
8
41
G
RR
6.0
9
58
G
RR
6.6
10
59
G
TT
6.8
11
71
G
RR
7.7
12
73
G
RR
3.6
13
75
G
RR
6.3
14
76
G
RR
5.9
15
77
G
RR
9.0
16
78
G
TT
7.4
17
79
G
RR
8.4
18
80
TG
RR
5.1
19
82
G
RR
7.0
20
84
G
RR
3.8
21
89
TG
TT
5.9
22
91
G
RR
6.0
23
94
G
RR
5.9
24
95
G
TT
9.4
25
98
G
RR
6.0
26
101
G
RR
8.2
27
102
G
TT
5.9
28
106
G
TT
5.1
29
107
G
RR
8.3
30
110
TG
RR
5.1
31
111
G
RR
5.1
32
117
G
RR
6.2
33
118
G
RR
6.8
34
120
TG
TT
6.7
35
121
G
RR
6.8
36
124
G
RR
7.9
37
125
G
TT
7.7
38
128
G
RR
7.5
39
129
G
RR
10.6
40
130
G
RR
6.2
41
131
G
TT
11.8
42
132
TG
RR
18.4
43
134
G
RR
7.4
44
138
G
TT
5.5
45
141
G
RR
21.6
46
142
G
RR
47
143
TG
RR
42 16.3
16.1
48
146
G
RR
8.2
49
154
G
TT
8.7
50
157
G
TT
6.8
51
C
G
TT

4.1.4. nh gi tnh hnh nhim bnh mt s bnh hi chnh trn ng rung

Nng sut v cht lng c chua ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau, trong
bnh hi l mt yu t ng k lm gim nng sut, cht lng qu. iu kin nng
m, ma nhiu giai on u v ng xun rt thun li cho nhiu loi bnh hi pht
trin, c bit l bnh xon vng l v ho xanh vi khun. Thm vo , nhit mt
(khong 20oC) kt hp vi ma phn giai on cui v ng xun l iu kin l
tng cho s pht trin ca bnh mc sng. Vic theo di tnh hnh pht trin ca
bnh trn ng rung l rt cn thit ra chin lc phng tr hp l nhm hn
ch tc hi ca bnh.
Kt qu theo di tnh hnh mt s bnh hi chnh trn ng rung ca cc mu
ging cho thy ch c bnh virus xon vng l l gy hi ch yu. Khng thy xut
hin ho xanh vi khun. Nguyn nhn l do th nghim c b tr trn t trng la,
trc y cha tng trng cy h c, do khng c mm bnh. Thi tit kh hn ko
di trong v ng xun 2011 lm cho bnh mc sng ch xut hin vo giai on cui
trong chu k sinh trng ca cc mu ging (125 ngy sau trng). Lc ny a s cc
mu ging kt thc thu hoch, do khng b nh hng ca bnh. Cc mu ging
cn li cng chun b vo giai on kt thc thu hoch, do bnh ch gy hi mc
nh, nh hng khng ng k n nng sut. Do ch c bnh virus xon vng l
gy hi ch yu nn bng 4.4 ch trnh by tnh hnh nhim virus xon vng l trn
ng rung.
Bnh virus xon vng l bt u xut hin trn ng rung vo giai on 40
ngy sau trng. Tnh hnh nhim bnh xon vng l c nh gi theo ch s mc d
nghim trng bnh (DSI - Disease severity index) t 0 n 4 (hnh 4.2). Tnh hnh pht
trin bnh virus c theo di nh k 10 ngy mt ln, bt u t sau trng 40 ngy
khi bt u thy xut hin triu chng bnh. Cc cy nhim bnh tng giai on theo
di c qui ra ch s bnh theo cng thc:

43

Trong :
N0, N1, N2, N3, N4: s cy c ch s DSI tng ng (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
Nx4: tng s cy theo di x cp bnh cao nht
Do ch c bnh xon vng l gy hi ch yu nn kt qu theo di trong bng
4.4 ch tng kt v tnh hnh nhim bnh virus xon vng l.

Hnh 4.2. Ch s mc nghim trng bnh TYLCV (Lapidot v Friedmann, 2002)

Kt qu nghin cu cho thy c 13 mu ging khng c cy biu hin triu
chng l 28, 41, 73, 79, 80, 110, 125, 138, 141, 146, 154, 157 v i chng H7. Cc
mu ging 76, 77 v 78 c khong trn 25 % s cy biu hin triu chng mc 1.
Tuy nhin, mc ny cy vn sinh trng tt, vn ra hoa, qu v cho nng sut
cao. Cc mu ging cn li a s u biu hin triu chng mc 2 v 3. Ch c cc
mu ging 2, 20, 82, 89, 94, 121, 124 v 128 c cy biu hin triu chng mc 4.
Cc mu ging 118 v 124 c tng % cy biu hin triu chng cao nht (70 %). Cc
mu ging 20, 82 cng c t l cy biu hin triu chng kh cao, ln n 60 %. Kt
qu theo di ny cho thy a s cc mu ging l mn cm vi virus xon vng l, ch
c 13 mu ging khng biu hin triu chng v 3 mu ging biu hin mc 1 l c
th c kh nng khng virus. Trong cc nghin cu tip theo cn tin hnh thm cc th
nghim ly nhim nhn to khng nh iu ny.
44

Bng 4.4. Tnh hnh nhim virus xon vng l trn ng rung ca cc mu ging
v ng xun 2011
STT

MG

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

2
2
9
17
18
20
28
41
58
59
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
82
84
89
91
94
95
98
101
102
106
107
110
111
117
118
120
121
124
125
128
129
130
131
132

40 ngy
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.03
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.10
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.04
0.09
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.00
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.06

Ch s bnh sau trng

50 ngy
0.08
0.24
0.19
0.25
0.10
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.10
0.21
0.01
0.10
0.08
0.11
0.16
0.01
0.03
0.18
0.08
0.24
0.11
0.21
0.08
0.15
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.24
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.00
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.09
0.20
45

60 ngy
0.14
0.26
0.24
0.24
0.13
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.15
0.24
0.00
0.13
0.06
0.11
0.10
0.01
0.03
0.39
0.13
0.35
0.13
0.29
0.10
0.18
0.15
0.11
0.10
0.13
0.04
0.13
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.10
0.16
0.00
0.30
0.23
0.23
0.13
0.21

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

134
138
141
142
143
146
154
157
C

0.10
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.08
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.16
0.03
0.01
0.18
0.19
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01

0.18
0.00
0.01
0.23
0.25
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01

4.1.5. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut

Nng sut l yu t c quan tm u tin i vi ngi sn sut cng nh cc
nh chn ging. Nghin cu cc yu t cu thnh nng sut cho bit tim nng nng
sut ca ging. T c bin php chm sc, thu hoch hp l khai thc ti a
nng sut ca ging. Kt qu nghin cu v nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng
sut ca cc nhm ging c trnh by trong bng 4.5.
T l u qu l ch tiu quan trng nht quyt nh nng sut cng nh th
hin kh nng thch ng ca ging vi iu kin sinh thi ca vng. T l u qu chu
nh hng rt ln ca iu kin ngoi cnh, c bit l nhit v lng ma. Nhit
cao, ma nhiu lm gim t l u qu. Trong v ng xun 2011, do iu kin thi
tit thun li cho s th phn, th tinh nn cc mu ging u c t l u qu rt cao,
a s t trn 60 %, ch c mu ging 71 v 110 c t l u qu trung bnh, H7 c t
l u qu t 75.6 %.
S qu/cy v khi lng qu trung bnh l hai yu t quyt nh trc tip nng
sut ca ging. Cc ging c cng nhiu qu vi khi lng qu cng cao th nng sut
cng cao. Nghin cu cho thy cc mu ging c nhiu qu nht l 134 (288.3 qu), 28
(263.6 qu), 146 (247.0 qu), 124 (237.8 qu), 143 (208.4 qu) v 132 (200.1 qu).
Cc mu ging t qu nht l 118, 76, 91, 79, 94, 89, 58, 110, 71 vi s qu ch t 11
n trn 15 qu. Nhn chung, cc mu ging c nhiu qu th khi lng qu rt nh,
thm ch ch t 1 n 2 g nh 134 v 132. Cc mu ging t qu u c khi lng
qu kh ln, khong 200 n trn 350 g. i chng H7 c 40.4 qu vi khi lng qu
t 85.3 g.

46

Bng 4.5. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc mu ging v

ng xun 2011

TT

MG

1
2
3
4
5
6

2
2
9
17
18
20

28

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

41
58
59
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
82
84
89
91
94
95
98
101
102
106
107
110
111
117
118
120
121

S
T l
Tng
KLTB KLTB
chm
S qu S qu
u
s
qu
qu
qu/cy
ln/cy nh/cy
qu
qu/cy
ln
nh
(chm
(qu)
(qu)
(%)
(qu)
(g/qu) (g/qu)
qu)
74.6
6.2
20.5
15.9
4.6
95.2
24.2
80.8
6.8
37.2
30.4
6.8
72.2
21.3
90.2
7.0
103.6
91.6
12.0
10.3
1.4
82.8
9.8
48.6
44.4
4.2
57.4
17.1
60.2
5.2
21.0
18.4
2.6
166.5
29.8
96.8
10.2
90.9
82.1
8.8
12.2
1.6
100.
11.8
263.6
246.2
17.4
18.9
1.8
0
86.8
7.0
36.7
29.7
7.0
77.6
21.6
66.8
4.2
13.8
11.4
2.4
140.0
32.3
71.2
20.8
76.9
65.9
11.0
46.4
13.1
35.9
3.2
14.6
11.6
3.0
256.5
67.4
90.7
9.4
74.7
64.1
10.6
19.3
6.2
94.7
7.8
19.4
17.0
2.4
246.2
64.7
70.4
5.4
11.2
9.4
1.8
247.7
59.8
68.0
12.6
15.3
13.1
2.2
213.4
66.6
81.3
18.4
98.9
87.7
11.2
47.7
13.2
60.0
3.2
12.3
10.3
2.0
351.6
89.8
84.8
7.2
35.5
28.5
7.0
177.8
38.7
71.9
4.4
16.1
13.7
2.4
150.5
35.6
68.9
5.2
50.2
40.4
9.8
72.5
19.1
84.4
3.0
13.6
11.6
2.0
331.2
85.6
80.1
5.4
11.4
9.8
1.6
235.6
49.2
94.3
5.0
12.4
10.8
1.6
132.2
28.9
71.1
6.0
32.2
26.0
6.2
28.2
9.1
82.5
12.8
61.2
51.4
9.8
47.2
11.2
68.7
6.2
41.7
34.5
7.2
79.2
21.4
88.9
6.6
53.7
45.3
8.4
76.5
20.8
79.8
10.8
37.9
31.5
6.4
119.6
29.7
86.4
6.4
17.7
13.3
4.4
302.1
78.7
29.3
7.0
14.1
12.1
2.0
213.1
47.6
83.8
5.0
21.3
18.9
2.4
241.7
56.5
88.9
6.0
16.3
13.7
2.6
300.0
75.1
92.2
7.0
8.6
8.0
0.6
128.2
27.2
70.6
13.2
32.3
27.7
4.6
45.5
11.3
92.8
12.2
51.1
43.1
8.0
23.9
7.4
47

NSCT
(g/cy)
1625.0
2339.7
960.3
2620.4
3141.1
1015.7
4684.5
2455.9
1673.5
3201.9
3177.6
1302.9
4340.7
2436.0
2942.1
4331.1
3801.1
5338.2
2147.3
3116.2
4013.1
2387.6
1474.0
789.6
2535.8
2886.5
3640.2
3957.5
4364.2
2673.7
4703.7
4305.3
1041.9
1312.3
1089.3

36

124

37
38
39
40
41

125
128
129
130
131

42

132

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

134
138
141
142
143
146
154
157
C

100.
0
96.4
94.4
91.3
75.8
72.4
100.
0
82.6
92.2
92.8
80.6
90.0
92.4
90.2
86.7
75.6

12.6

237.8

216.0

21.8

7.0

1.1

1536.0

25.2
24.4
10.4
6.4
6.5

99.5
96.2
105.5
37.8
38.5

86.9
85.8
95.7
30.8
32.5

12.6
10.4
9.8
7.0
6.0

38.1
4.0
4.0
58.8
61.2

12.6
0.6
0.5
17.5
8.6

3469.7
349.4
387.7
1933.5
2041.0

15.8

200.1

186.7

13.4

2.0

0.3

377.4

22.2
9.2
15.2
7.2
9.4
15.2
20.4
22.3
8.0

288.3
43.2
62.1
144.3
208.4
247.0
87.9
89.2
40.4

272.3
36.4
54.3
130.5
194.2
230.4
79.1
80.0
32.4

16.0
6.8
7.8
13.8
14.2
16.6
8.8
9.2
8.0

1.0
54.0
68.4
9.2
9.2
10.0
39.8
40.5
85.3

0.1
13.4
15.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
11.1
11.3
22.4

273.9
2056.7
3833.5
1217.2
1802.3
2323.9
3245.9
3344.0
2942.9

S chm qu/cy l yu t nh hng ti s qu/cy, s chm nhiu th ging

thng c nhiu qu. Nghin cu cho thy s chm qu dao ng t 3.0 (89) n 25.2
chm (125), ging i chng H7 c 8.0 chm.
Nng sut c th l ch tiu quan trng nht i vi nh chn ging cng nh
ngi trng. Nghin cu cho thy cc mu ging c tng nng sut c th cao nht l
80 (5338.2 g), 111 (4703.7 g), 28 (4684.5 g), 107 (4364.2 g), 75 (4340.7 g), 78 (4331.1
g), 117 (4305.3 g), cao hn i chng H7 (2942.9 g). Cc mu ging 134, 128, 132 v
129 c tng nng sut c th rt thp, ch t di 500 g. Nhn chung, kt qu nghin
cu cho thy nhiu mu ging trong tp on nghin cu c tng nng sut c th cao
hn i chng, t trn 4000 g nh 80, 111, 28,
4.1.6. c im hnh thi v cht lng qu
Cng vi nng sut qu, c im hnh thi v cht lng qu l cc ch tiu
quan trng c cc nh chn ging, ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng c bit quan
tm. Kt qu nghin cu v c im hnh thi cht lng qu c trnh by trong
bng 4.8a v 4.8b.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy cc mu ging u c mu vai qu t khng i so

48

vi mu qu xanh cho n c mu xanh hoc xanh m hn. a s cc ging u c

mu sc qu khi xanh l xanh hoc xanh sng, ch c mu ging 128 mu xanh m v
73 mu xanh sng c sc xanh m dc theo chiu cao qu. Ging i chng c vai
qu mu xanh, qu xanh c mu xanh sng.
Mu sc qu khi chn hon ton l ch tiu quan trng nht quyt nh kh nng
thng mi ca ging. a s cc mu ging nghin cu u c qu chn mu , i
chng H7 cng c qu mu . Cc mu ging 28, 125 c qu ti, 2 v 41 c qu
vng, 91 c qu mu hng, 107 mu hng. Ch c mt s mu ging c qu chn
mu da cam l 59, 76, 111, 117. Ring mu ging 118 c mu ht d v 73 mu c
sc m. Nh vy, a s cc mu ging trong nghin cu p ng c ch tiu
ny.

vng

Da cam

Hng

ti

hng

Hnh 4.5. Mt s dng mu sc qu

Hnh dng qu c xc nh thng qua ch s hnh dng qu (H/D). Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy c 13 mu ging dng qu dt, 25 mu ging dng trn dt, ch c
49

6 mu ging dng qu trn, 4 mu ging dng trn di v 3 mu ging dng qu di.

Trong cc mu ging ny, 117 c ng knh qu ln nht (12.4 cm), 134 nh nht
(1.1 cm), i chng H7 c ng knh qu trung bnh (5.24 cm).
Cc ging c nhiu ngn ht thng c t dch qu, do nh hng n cc
ch tiu v cht lng qu nh khu v, hm lng cht kh ho tan... Cc ging t
ngn ht c chc qu km nn d dp nt khi vn chuyn. Nhn chung, s ngn ht
t khong 3 n 4 ngn va ph hp cho mc ch vn chuyn trong khi vn m
bo cht lng qu. Kt qu nghin cu v s ngn ht/qu cho thy cc mu ging c
s ngn ht dao ng t 1.9 ngn/qu (142, 146) n 19.6 ngn/qu (117), a s c t
2 n 6 ngn ht, ging i chng c c 3 ngn ht.
Bng 4.6.a. Mt s c im hnh thi qu ca cc mu ging v ng xun 2011
TT MG

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

2
2
9
17
18
20
28
41
58
59
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
82
84
89
91
94
95

Mu sc
vai qu
xanh
Khng i
Khng i
Xanh
Khng i
Khng i
Xanh m
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh m
Khng i
Xanh
Khng i
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Khng i
Xanh m

Mu sc
qu xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
XSSX
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh

Mu sc
qu chn

Vng

DC
Vng
S

DC

Vng

50

Chiu
cao qu

ng
knh qu

4.0
5.0
3.2
6.8
5.6
2.7
4.1
3.5
5.3
4.0
6.7
3.2
5.0
4.7
5.1
5.8
4.6
6.1
4.5
5.1
5.2
4.8
6.4
5.8

5.5
5.9
2.8
4.8
6.2
3.1
3.3
6.1
7.3
5.4
11.6
3.5
9.1
8.3
8.5
4.5
9.1
7.6
7.8
6.9
8.6
9.4
8.7
3.9

Ch s
hnh
dng qu
0.73
0.85
1.14
1.42
0.90
0.87
1.24
0.57
0.73
0.74
0.58
0.91
0.55
0.57
0.60
1.29
0.51
0.80
0.58
0.70
0.60
0.51
0.74
1.49

S
ngn
ht
4.2
3.2
2.0
3.0
8.2
2.0
2.0
5.3
3.9
5.2
11.5
2.0
7.8
10.1
5.3
3.0
10.7
10.4
6.2
6.3
5.2
10.6
8.0
2.0

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

98
101
102
106
107
110
111
117
118
120
121
124
125
128
129
130
131
132
134
138
141
142
143
146
154
157
C

Khng i
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh m
Xanh m
Xanh m
Khng i
Xanh m
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh m
Khng i
Khng i
Xanh m
Xanh m
Xanh m
Khng i
Khng i
Xanh

Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanhsng
Xang sng

DC
DC
HD

7.4
4.4
6.7
5.0
6.2
6.5
5.5
6.9
6.7
2.6
2.7
2.3
5.0
1.3
1.3
4.3
4.9
1.7
1.0
4.4
4.2
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.9
5.31

3.4
8.7
11.2
7.9
8.2
12.1
9.4
12.4
6.2
5.1
3.5
2.9
4.0
2.3
2.1
6.2
7.7
1.7
1.1
5.2
4.9
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.3
5.24

2.18
0.50
0.60
0.63
0.76
0.54
0.59
0.56
1.08
0.51
0.77
0.79
1.25
0.57
0.62
0.69
0.60
1.00
0.91
0.85
0.86
0.68
0.76
0.78
0.82
0.88
1.01

2.0
11.0
14.1
6.4
9.3
7.8
10.6
19.6
4.0
10.2
2.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
5.0
9.3
2.2
2.0
4.3
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.0
2.0
3.0

Ch thch: HD: mu ht d; DC: da cam; S: sc m; XSSX: xanh sng

sc xanh m
Hm lng cht kh ho tan trong qu c chua chu nh hng bi c iu kin
mi trng v kiu gen. Cng nh sng cao, quang chu k di, iu kin thi tit
kh ti thi im thu hoch to cho qu c hm lng cht kh ho tan cao. Theo Kiu
Th Th (2003), cc ging c chua trong ch bin phi t ngng brix yu cu ln
hn hoc bng 4.5. Kt qu o brix ca qu cho thy c s khc nhau rt ln v
hm lng cht kh ha tan gia cc mu ging tham gia th nghim. Cc mu ging
c hm lng cht kh ha tan cao nht l 58 (6%), 134 (6%), 132 (5.8 %), 107 (5.6
%), 146 (5.6 %), 9 (5.5%), 128 (5.5%), 143 (5.5%), cao hn i chng H7 (4.6%).
Ngoi ra, nhiu mu ging khc cng c brix cao trn 4.5 % nh 20, 28, 59... Bn
51

cnh , mt s mu ging c brix rt thp nh 120 (2.5 %), 142 (3.0 %), 2 (3.2
%).
Bng 4.6.b. Mt s c im v cht lng qu v ng xun 2011
TT MG Khu v

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

2
2
9
17
18
20
28
41
58
59
71
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
82
84
89
91
94
95
98
101
102
106
107
110
111
117
118
120
121
124
125
128

Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt du
Ngt
Ngt du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua
Chua du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt
Chua du
Chua du
Chua
Nht
Chua du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Chua du

Hng v
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Khng thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Khng thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Khng thm
Thm
Thm
Thm

t tht qu c im tht qu

Cng
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Cng
Cng
Cng
Cng
Mm
Trung bnh
Mm
Trung bnh
Cng
Trung bnh
Cng
Mm
Cng
Cng
Trung bnh

Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh
Kh nh
t
t
Kh nh
t
Kh
Kh nh
Kh
Kh nh
Kh
Kh
Kh nh
Kh nh
t
t
t
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh nh
t
t
Kh nh
Kh
t
Kh
Kh nh
t
Kh nh
t
t
t

Trung bnh
Cng
Trung bnh

Mm
Trung bnh
Cng
Cng
Trung bnh
Trung bnh

Mm
Trung bnh
Cng
Mm
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Mm
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Mm
52

Brix (%)
3.2
4.9
5.5
4.0
4.0
5.0
5.4
4.3
6.0
5.0
4.2
5.1
4.9
4.5
4.6
4.2
4.5
4.0
4.8
4.6
4.5
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.4
4.9
5.3
4.5
5.6
4.2
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.5
4.6
4.6
4.8
5.5

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

129
130
131
132
134
138
141
142
143
146
154
157
C

Chua du
Chua
Ngt
Ngt
Chua
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt du

Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Khng thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm

t
t
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh
Kh
Kh nh
t
Kh nh
t
t
Kh nh

Mm
Mm
Trung bnh
Trung bnh

Trung bnh
Cng
Cng
Trung bnh
Mm
Cng
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Cng

5.0
4.6
5.2
5.8
6.0
4.6
4.2
3.0
5.5
5.6
4.5
4.5
4.6

Khu v ngt du, hng v thm l yu cu ca ngi tiu dng cng nh ch

bin. nh gi v khu v v hng v qu ca cc mu ging cho thy a s cc mu
ging c mi thm c trng ca c chua, ch c 4 ging khng thm l 71, 78, 121 v
134. V khu v, phn ln cc mu ging c khu v chua du v ngt du, ch mt vi
ging c v chua v ngt.
Kt qu nh gi v t tht qu cho thy c 23 mu ging c tht qu kh
nh ging nh i chng H7, 9 mu ging c tht qu kh, 18 mu ging cn li u
c tht qu t.
cng ca qu quyt nh kh nng vn chuyn v tn tr qu. Cc mu
ging qu mm rt d dp nt khi vn chuyn, thi gian tn tr khng lu. Nghin cu
cho thy c 11 mu ging qu mm, 17 mu ging qu cng bao gm c i chng
H7, 23 mu ging cn li gm u c cng qu trung bnh.
4.2. Kt qu PCR pht hin gen Ty-3 khng virus xon vng l v gen chn chm
rin
4.2.1. Kt qu PCR pht hin gen Ty-3 khng virus xon vng l
Vic pht hin cc mu ging mang gen khng bnh xon vng l c ngha
rt quan trng i vi vic to ging c chua khng virus xon vng l. Trong nghin
cu ny, chng ti tin hnh kim tra kh nng cha gen khng virus xon vng l
Ty-3 trong tp on mu ging c chua bng cp mi P6-25F2/R5.

53

Cp mi P6-25F2/R5, c thit k da trn RFLP marker FER, l cp mi

c hiu pht hin gen Ty-3. Theo Ji v cng s (2007e), sn phm PCR vi cp
mi P6-25-F2/R5 l mt on 450 bp cc dng ging khng mang gen Ty-3 bt
ngun t LA2779, mt on 630bp cc dng ging khng bt ngun t LA1932,
mt on 660 bp cc dng ging khng bt ngun t LA1969 v mt on 320 bp
cc dng ging mang alen ty-3 t S. lycopersicum. Cp mi ny cng cho php pht
hin d dng cc cy lai d hp t mang cc alen tng ng.
Kt qu tin hnh phn ng PCR vi cp mi P6-25F2/R5 (hnh 4.5) cho thy
ch c 2 mu ging c vch khuch i vi kch thc 450 bp l 157 v 754. Tt c
cc mu ging cn li u ch c mt vch vi kch thc 320 bp. i chng m
khng c vch khuch i, chng t phn ng PCR khng b nh hng ca thnh
phn v nng cc ho cht tham gia. Kt qu ny cho thy kch thc cc vch
bng c khuch i bi cp mi P6-25F2/R5 l ng nh bo co ca Ji v cng s
(2007c).

500
400
300

Hnh 4.4. nh in di sn phm PCR gen Ty-3 bng cp mi P6-25F2/R5

Ging 1: 100 bp DNA ladder; Ging 2: 157; Ging 3: 154; Ging 4: 18; Ging 5: 28;
Ging 6: 41; Ging 7: 71; Ging 8: 73; Ging 9: 79; Ging 10: 80; Ging 11: 82;
Ging 12: 110; Ging 13: 111; Ging 14: i chng m (nc ct).
T kt qu ny c th a ra nhn nh rng trong s 46 mu ging c chua
nghin cu pht hin c 2 mu ging mang gen Ty-3 l 154 v 157. Cc mu
ging cn li u khng pht hin thy gen Ty-3. So snh kt qu pht hin gen khng
Ty-3 vi kt qu iu tra tnh hnh nhim bnh xon vng l trn ng rung cho thy
c 154 v 157 u khng tt trn ng rung vi t l cy biu hin triu chng bnh
54

l 0%. Mt s mu ging khc cng khng c cy b nhim bnh nhng khng pht
hin thy c gen Ty-3, rt c th l do cc mu ging ny mang mt hay mt s gen
khng khc m khng phi gen Ty-3, hoc cng c th cc ging ny khng c b
phn hay khng b b phn tn cng. c c nhng nhn nh chnh xc v vn
ny cn tin hnh nhng nghin cu su hn.
4.2.2. Kt qu pht hin gen chn chm rin
Kt qu pht hin gen chn chm rin bng k thut PCR s dng cp mi
C43F/R (Vrebalov v cng s, 2002) cho thy ch c 4 mu ging c vch bng c
khuch i vi kch thc 1500 bp l 59, 76, 111 v 117, i chng m v cc ging
khc khng c vch khuch i. Kt qu ny cho thy kch thc cc vch bng c
khuch i l ng nh bo co ca Vrebalov v cng s (2002). Nh vy, nghin cu
pht hin c 4 mu ging mang gen rin l 59, 76, 111 v 117 bng phn ng
PCR. Cc mu ging ny tip tc c nh gi kiu hnh chn chm ca qu c
hng s dng hp l i vi tng ging.

Hnh 2. Kt qu in di sn phm PCR s dng cp mi C43R/F pht hin gen

chn chm
Ging 1: 250 bp DNA ladder; Ging 2: 59; Ging 3: 76; Ging 4: 111; Ging 5: 28;
Ging 6: 117; Ging 7: 71; Ging 8: 73; Ging 9: 79; Ging 10: nc ct
4.3. nh gi c tnh chn chm ca qu
Trong nghin cu ny, cc mu ging 59, 76, 111, 117 mang gen chn chm rin
c nh gi c tnh chn chm ca qu v so snh vi c tnh chn chm ca 3
mu ging khng mang gen chn chm l 80, 125 v 141. c tnh chn chm c
55

nh gi trong iu kin chn t nhin trn cy v trong iu kin thu hoch khi qu
t kch thc ti a, t trong nh v qu chn. Kt qu nh gi c tnh chn
chm qu trnh by trong bng 4.8 cho thy cc mu ging mang gen chn chm rin
u th hin thi gan t khi qu t kch thc ti a n khi chn v thi gian tn tr
qu di hn cc mu ging khng mang gen rin. Thi gian t khi qu t kch thc
ti a n khi qu chn trong iu kin chn t nhin trn cy di nht mu ging
76, sau l 59, 111 v 117. Cc mu ging khng mang gen rin th thi gian ny
ngn hn, di nht l mu ging 80, tip theo l 125 v 141. iu kin thu hi, bo
qun trong nh th thi gian ny c cc mu ging mang gen rin v khng mang gen
rin u ngn hn so vi iu kin chn t nhin trn cy mt cht, di nht l 76,
tip n l 59, 117 v 111. Thi gian tn tr qu trong iu kin chn t nhin trn
cy nhm mang gen rin t 24.7 n 35.4 ngy, di nht l mu ging 59, sau l
76, 111 v 117. nhm khng mang gen rin th thi gian ny ngn hn nhiu, ch t
13.2 n 17.4 ngy, di nht l 125, tip l 141 v 80. Thi gian tn tr qu iu
kin thu hi bo qun trong phng c hai nhm nhn chung ngn hn so vi iu
kin chn t nhin trn cy mt cht.
Bng 4.7. nh gi c tnh chn chm qu cc ging c chua mang gen rin
Trn cy
Nhm

Mang
gen rin
Khng
mang
gen rin

MG

Thi gian t qu t
kch thc ti a
n qu chn (ngy)

Thi gian
tn tr qu
(ngy)

59
76
111
117
80
125
141

15.4
17.3
12.8
12.5
8.2
7.1
6.6

35.4
32.2
28.6
24.7
13.2
17.4
16.6

Trong nh
Thi gian t qu
Thi gian
t kch thc ti
tn tr qu
a n qu chn
(ngy)
(ngy)
14.6
35.4
16.3
31.7
11.8
28.3
12.2
24.7
7.6
13.2
6.3
16.2
6.2
15.4

4.4. Kho st nh gi mt s mu ging tt trong v xun h mun (2011)

4.4.1. Cc giai on sinh trng
Thi gian t trng n bt u ra hoa: v xun h mun, do nhit
56

trung bnh cao hn so vi v ng xun, hu ht cc mu ging u c thi gian t

trng n ra hoa ngn hn dao ng trong khong 21-28 ngy, trong c mu ging
106 l ngn nht (21 ngy), mu ging c thi gian ra hoa di nht l 75, 111, 157 (28
ngy), i chng H7 c thi gian ra hoa trung bnh (25 ngy).
Thi gian t trng n thu qu t 1: thi gian t trng n thu qu t 1
ca cc mu ging trong v xun h mun dao ng trong khong 50-66 ngy. Mu
ging c thi gian t trng n thu qu t 1 sm nht l 146 (50 ngy sau trng),
thp hn i chng H7 l 13 ngy. Mu ging c thi gian t trng n thu qu t 1
di nht l 131, 18, 76, 75 (66 ngy sau trng), di hn i chng H7 l 3 ngy.
Thi gian t trng n kt thc thu hoch: Nghin cu cho thy trong v
xun h mun mu ging 125 c thi gian kt thc thu hoch sm nht (90 ngy), mt
s mu ging c thi gian kt thc thu hoch tng i sm nh 154 (92 ngy), 157,
131 v i chng H7 (94 ngy). Cc mu ging kt thc thu hoch mun nht khong
110 ngy sau trng nh 101, 141.
Tng thi gian sinh trng: Cc mu ging c tng thi gian sinh trng ngn
nht l 125 v i chng H7, mun nht l cc mu ging nh 141, 101, 111.
Bng 4.8. Thi gian cc giai on sinh trng v xun h mun 2011

57

TT

MG

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

18
59
75
76
79
80
84
101
102
106
107
111
117
125
141
146
154
157
C

Thi gian t trng n (ngy)

Ra hoa
24
22
28
24
27
22
24
25
22
21
26
28
23
27
24
22
26
28
25

Thu qu t 1
66
57
66
66
65
62
65
62
64
64
62
65
64
62
59
50
60
61
63

Kt thc thu hoch

100
99
100
102
100
101
105
110
97
95
105
106
105
90
110
105
92
94
94

Tng thi gian

sinh trng
132
131
131
134
135
132
136
140
129
128
137
141
138
121
140
136
123
124
120

4.4.2. Mt s c im hnh thi v cu trc cy

Mc xanh ca l ch yu l mu xanh v xanh m ch c i chng H7 c
mu xanh sng. Cc mu ging nghin cu trong v xun h mun 2011 c 10 mu
ging c mc xanh ca l mu xanh, 10 mu ging mu xanh m.
Qua kt qu nghin cu bng 4.11 cho thy: chiu cao t gc ti chm
hoa th nht ca cc mu ging dao ng trong khong 15.3-56.2 cm. Trong
mu ging c chiu cao t gc ti chm hoa th nht thp nht l 84 (15.3 cm),
mu ging c ch tiu cao nht l 18 (56.2 cm), i chng H7 c chiu cao t gc ti
chm hoa th nht mc trung bnh 28.4 cm.
S t di chm hoa th nht ca cc mu ging dao ng trong khong 6-10
t. Cc mu ging c s t di chm hoa th nht thp nht l 75, 80, 117, 131 (6
t). S t di chm hoa th nht cao nht l cc mu ging 84, 125, 138,146, 111
(9-10 t), i chng H7 c 8.9 t.
58

Chiu cao thn chnh ca cc mu ging dao ng trong khong 50-190 cm.
Trong mu ging c chiu cao cy thp nht l 106 (50 cm), mu ging c chiu
cao cy cao nht l 107 (190 cm), i chng H7 c chiu cao cy mc thp 73.2 cm.
Kiu hnh sinh trng trong v xun h mun khng c s thay i so vi v
ng xun, c 6 mu ging c kiu hnh sinh trng bn hu hn, 4 mu ging c kiu
hnh sinh trng hu hn bao gm c i chng H7, cn li 11 mu ging c kiu hnh
sinh trng v hn. Vi nhng mu ging c kiu hnh sinh trng bn hu hn, hu hn
th chiu cao cy thng thp hoc mc trung bnh, mu ging c kiu hnh sinh
trng v hn th chiu cao cy thng cao hn mu ging c kiu hnh sinh trng bn
hu hn, hu hn.
Bng 4.9. Mt s c im hnh thi v cu trc cy v xun h mun 2011
Mc
TT MG
xanh
ca l
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

18
59
75
76
79
80
84
101
102
106
107
111
117
125
141
146
154
157
C

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XS

Dng
l
KT
KT
KT
BT
BT
KT
BT
BT
BT
KT
BT
KT
BT
BT
KT
BT
BT
BT
KT

Chiu cao t
gc ti chm
hoa th nht
(cm)
56.2
34.8
40.5
42.6
48.3
24.1
15.3
25.6
20.8
18.7
44.8
50.6
29.8
25.3
40.3
29.7
26.1
27.3
28.4

S t di
chm hoa
th nht
(cm)
7
7
6
7
7
6
9
8
8
8
7
10
6
9
7
9
7
8
8.2

Ch thch: nh bng 4.2

59

Chiu cao
thn chnh
(cm)
180.0
80.0
150.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
85.0
140.0
130.0
50.0
190.0
170.0
145.0
85.0
130.0
130.0
89.0
91.0
73.2

Kiu hnh
sinh trng
VH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
VH
HH
VH
HH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
HH
VH
VH
BHH
BHH
HH

4.4.3. Cu trc chm hoa v c im n hoa

c im n hoa ca cc t mu ging theo c hai hng ri rc v tp
trung. Nghin cu cc mu ging trong v xun mun 2011 th c 12 mu ging n
hoa ri rc, 9 mu ging n hoa tp trung k c i chng H7. Mu ging c c im
n hoa tp trung thng cho qu chn tp trung nh 59, 102, 106Mu ging c c
im n hoa ri rc th thch hp cho trng ri v nh 18, 75, 76
Cc mu ging trong nghin cu c kiu chm hoa ch yu l n gin ch c
duy nht mu ging 80 c kiu chm hoa trung gian, i chng H7 c kiu chm hoa
n gin.
Dng l c chua trong v xun h mun 2011 khng c s thay i so vi v
ng xun. C 8 mu ging c dng l khoai ty (80, 138, 106), 12 mu ging dng
bnh thng (76, 84, 117), i chng H7 c dng l khoai ty.
Nhn chung s hoa/chm trong v xun h mun thp hn s hoa/ chm v
ng xun. V xun h mun c s hoa/ chm dao ng trong khong 3.1-14.9, trong
mu ging c s hoa/chm thp nht l 75 (3.1 hoa/ chm), mu ging c s hoa/
chm cao nht l 141 (14.9 hoa/ chm), i chng H7 c s hoa/ chm mc trung
bnh (6.5 hoa/ chm).
Bng 4.10. Cu trc chm hoa v c im hoa v n hoa v xun h mun 2011
MG 4.3
ChTT
thch: nh bng
1
18
2
59
3
75
4
76
5
79
6
80
7
84
8
101
9
102
10
106
11
107
12
111
13
117
14
125
15
141
16
146
17
154
18
157
19
C

Kiu chm hoa

c im n hoa
G
RR
G
TT
G
RR
G
RR
G
RR
TG
RR
G
RR
G
RR
G
TT
G
TT
G
RR
G
RR
G
RR
G
TT
G
RR
60
G
RR
G
TT
G
TT
G
TT

S hoa/chm
7.1
6.1
3.1
5.8
7.2
7.9
6.8
5.6
7.8
4.9
4.2
4.3
4.2
7.4
14.9
13.8
6.8
7.1
6.5

4.4.4. nh gi kh nng khng bnh xon vng l trn ng rung

Bng 4.11. Kh nng khng virus trn ng rung v xun h mun 2011
STT

MG

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

18
59
75
76
79
80
84
101
102
106
107
111
117
125
141
146
154
157
C

40 ngy
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.08
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00

Ch s bnh sau trng

50 ngy
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.04
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00

60 ngy
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.16
0.15
0.09
0.13
0.09
0.13
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01

4.4.5. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut

Kt qu nghin cu bng 4.14 cho thy: t l u qu ca cc mu ging trong
th nghim dao ng trong khong 58.9-94.4%, trong mu ging c t l u qu
thp nht l 79 (58.9 %), t l u qu cao nht l mu ging 125 (94.4 %) cao hn i
chng H7 (74.7 %). Trong th nghim c 13 mu ging c t l u qu cao hn i
chng H7, v d nh: 125, 75, 138, 141
S chm qu/ cy ca cc mu ging dao ng t 2.1-20.7 chm. Trong mu
ging c s chm cao nht l 125 (20.7 chm qu/ cy) cao hn i chng H7 (6.8
chm qu/ cy), mu ging c s chm thp nht l 79 (2.1 chm).
Tng s qu trung bnh/ cy ca cc mu ging dao ng trong khong 11.7231.3 qu/ cy. Mu ging c tng s qu trung bnh/ cy thp nht l 76 (11.7 qu/
cy) thp hn so vi i chng. Mu ging c tng s qu ln nht l 146 (231.3 qu/
cy) cao hn i chng H7 l 20.7 qu/ cy. Tng s qu trung bnh/ cy bao gm s
61

qu ln v s qu nh trn cy. S qu ln trong nghin cu dao ng t 9.3-228.2

qu/ cy, i chng H7 c 31.7 qu/ cy. S qu nh dao ng trong khong 1.5-16.1
qu/ cy, i chng H7 c s qu nh l 7.6 qu/ cy.
Bng 4.12. Nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc mu ging
v xun h mun 2011

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
17
18
19
20
21

MG
18
59
75
76
79
80
84
101
102
106
107
111
117
125
141
146
154
157
C

T l
u
qu
(%)
59.8
71.0
93.4
68.5
58.9
84.1
67.6
66.2
85.9
77.7
84.6
81.3
86.2
94.4
89.7
88.9
86.4
84.3
74.7

S
chm
qu/cy
(chm
qu)
4.8
18.2
7.2
5.3
3.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.3
9.8
6.1
4.8
5.9
23.7
14.8
15.0
19.7
19.9
7.8

Tng s
qu/cy
(qu)

S qu
ln/cy
(qu)

S qu
nh/cy
(qu)

KLTB
qu ln
(g/qu)

KLTB
qu
nh
(g/qu)

20.0
74.1
18.3
10.8
11.7
33.0
48.9
38.5
52.1
35.7
17.3
20.4
15.7
97.5
60.6
244.3
86.1
87.2
39.3

17.6
63.8
16.2
9.3
9.9
26.4
39.6
31.7
44.1
29.5
13.2
18.4
13.3
85.8
53.3
228.2
77.8
78.5
31.7

2.4
10.3
2.1
1.5
1.8
6.6
9.3
6.8
8.0
6.2
4.1
2.0
2.4
11.7
7.3
16.1
8.3
8.7
7.6

160.3
45.4
241.7
243.6
348.2
172.7
70.1
77.8
75.3
110.7
298.1
239.8
288.4
37.6
66.5
9.8
35.3
38.4
83.6

28.1
12.8
62.5
55.2
80.3
37.4
18.6
16.5
15.9
28.3
76.7
54.2
70.5
12.1
14.2
1.0
10.1
10.6
20.7

NSCT
(g/cy)
2888.7
3028.4
4046.8
2348.3
3591.7
4806.1
2948.9
2578.5
3447.9
3441.1
4249.4
4520.7
4004.9
3367.7
3648.1
2252.5
2830.2
3106.6
2807.4

Khi lng trung bnh qu ln ca cc mu ging dao ng trong khong 9.8-348.2 g/

qu trong mu ging c khi lng trung bnh qu ln cao nht l 79 (348.2 g/ qu) cao
hn i chng H7 (83.6 g/ qu), mu ging c khi lng trung bnh qu ln thp nht l 146
(9.8 g/ qu). Khi lng trung bnh qu nh ca cc mu ging dao ng trong khong 1.080.3 g/ qu, i chng H7 c khi lng trung bnh qu nh l 20.7 g/ qu.

Nng sut c th biu hin tim nng nng sut ca ging, nng sut c th ca
cc mu ging trong v xun h mun 2011 gim rt t so vi v ng xun 2011. Qua
kt qu tnh ton bng 4.14 cho thy: nng sut c th trung bnh ca cc mu ging
dao ng trong khong 1973.2 - 4806.1 g/cy. Trong mu ging c nng sut c th
62

thp nht l 131 (1973.2 g/cy), thp hn so vi i chng H7 (2807.4 g/ cy). Mu

ging c nng sut c th cao nht l 80 (4806.1 g/cy), cao hn so vi i chng H7.
4.4.6. Mt s c im hnh thi v cht lng qu
Qua kt qu nghin cu bng 4.15.a cho thy: mu sc vai qu khi xanh c
mu xanh gm 9 mu ging k c i chng H7 : 79, 101, 102, 111, mu khng i
c 7 mu ging: 18, 59, 125, 138, mu xanh m c 5 mu ging: 76, 80, 107,
131 Mu sc qu xanh c hai mu xanh v xanh sng, c 11 mu ging c mu
xanh, 9 mu ging mu xanh sng, i chng H7 c mu xanh sng. Hu ht cc mu
ging c mu sc qu khi chn k c i chng H7, ch c 4 mu ging c mu da
cam khi chn l 59, 76, 111, 117.
Hnh dng qu ca cc mu ging: 2 mu ging dng qu dt (111, 117), 9 mu
ging dng qu trn dt (75, 76, 79, 84), 5 mu ging dng qu trn (59, 80, 102,
138, 146), 4 mu ging dng trn di (18, 125, 154, 157), i chng H7 c dng qu
trn.
S ngn ht trn qu ca cc mu ging dao ng t 2-20 ngn ht/ qu, i
chng H7 c s ngn ht l 3 ngn ht/ qu.
Bng 4.13.a. Mt s c im hnh thi qu v xun h mun 2011
T
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

MG
18
59
75
76
79
80
84
101
102
106
107
111

Mu sc
vai qu
xanh

Mu sc
qu xanh

Khng i
Khng i
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh m
Xanh

Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh

Mu
sc
qu
chn

DC

DC

DC
63

Chiu
cao
qu

ng
knh qu

Ch s
hnh
dng qu

5.8
5.0
4.5
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.2
6.2
6.4
5.1
7.1
5.3

4.7
4.9
7.5
8.5
8.2
5.8
7.0
8.9
6.6
7.7
8.3
9.6

1.23
1.02
0.60
0.82
0.76
0.95
0.74
0.70
0.97
0.66
0.86
0.55

S
ngn
ht
3
3
7
10
10
12
9
10
9
6
12
11

13
14
17
18
19
20
21

117
125
141
146
154
157
C

Xanh
Khng i
Khng i
Xanh m
Khng i
Khng i
Xanh

Xanh sng
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh
Xanh sng
Xanh sng
Xanh sng

DC

5.1
4.8
4.7
3.4
5.3
5.0
5.2

10.7
4.2
5.3
3.3
4.4
4.2
5.8

0.48
1.14
0.89
1.03
1.20
1.19
0.9

20
2
2
2
3.
3
3

Trong th nghim ny chng ti nhn thy: khu v ca cc mu ging ch yu

l ngt du k c i chng H7 nh 18, 79, 80, 84, c 9 mu ging chua du, duy
nht mu ging 131 c khu v ngt. Hng v ca cc mu ging u thm ph hp
vi yu cu tiu dng ti v ch bin. t tht qu ch yu l kh nh nh cc
mu ging 75, 107, 131c 5 mu ging c t tht qu l kh (76, 79, 117, 138,
141), 7 mu ging c t tht qu t 84, 102, 111, 125i chng H7 c t
tht qu kh nh. Brix chnh l hm lng cht ho tan, cc mu ging c Brix
dao ng trong khong 2.5-5.5 %. Trong mu ging c Brix cao nht l 131 (5.5
%), mu ging c Brix thp nht 141 (2.5 %), i chng H7 c Brix mc
trung bnh 4.5 %.
Bng 4.13.b. Mt s c im v cht lng qu v xun h mun 2011
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
17
18
19
20

MG
18
59
75
76
79
80
84
101
102
106
107
111
117
125
141
146
154
157

Khu v
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt du
Chua du
Chua du
Ngt du
Ngt du

Hng v
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm

t tht qu
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh nh
Kh
Kh
Kh nh
t
Kh nh
t
t
Kh nh
t
Kh
t
Kh
Kh nh
t
t
64

cng qu
Cng
Mm
Trung bnh
Cng
Cng
Trung bnh
Cng
Trung bnh
Trung bnh

Mm
Trung bnh
Mm
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Cng
Cng
Trung bnh
Trung bnh

Brix (%)
3.5
5.0
4.7
4.2
4.3
3.7
3.9
3.1
4.0
4.4
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.2
4.5
4.5

21

Ngt du

Thm

Kh nh

Cng

4.5

4.5. xut mt s mu ging c chua trin vng

50 mu ging trng trong v ng xun 2011 c nh gi s b v nng
sut v cht lng qu chn ra cc mu ging c nng sut cao tng ng vi
i chng H7, c qu mu , brix trn 4 % v c kh nng chn chm hoc khng
virus. Danh sch cc mu ging trin vng v mt s tnh trng chnh c trnh by
trong bng 4.9.

65

Bng 4.14. Cc mu ging trin vng trong v ng xun 2011

MG

18
59
75
76
79
80
84
101
102
106
107
111
117
125
141
146
154
157
C

NSCT
(g/cy)

3141.1
3201.9
4340.7
2436.0
3801.1
5338.2
3116.2
2886.5
3640.2
3957.5
4364.2
4703.7
4305.3
3469.7
3833.5
2323.9
3245.9
3344.0
2942.9

Thi gian t
khi qu t
kch thc
ti a n
khi chn
hon ton
7
35
9
33
10
7
8
11
10
12
11
31
32
10
12
9
11
8
10

brix
(%)

Khi
lng
qu ln
TB (g)

4.0
5.0
4.9
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.6
4.9
5.3
4.5
5.6
4.0
4.0
4.8
4.2
5.6
4.5
4.5
4.6

166.5
46.4
246.2
247.7
351.6
177.8
72.5
79.2
76.5
119.6
302.1
241.7
300.0
38.1
68.4
10.0
39.8
40.5
85.3

Ch s
hnh
dng
qu
0.90
0.74
0.55
0.57
0.51
0.80
0.70
0.50
0.60
0.63
0.76
0.59
0.56
1.25
0.86
0.78
0.82
0.88
1.01

Chiu cao
Chiu
t gc n
cao thn Kiu hnh
chm hoa
chnh sinh trng
1
(cm)
(cm)

T l
u qu
5 chm
hoa u
(%)

S
chm
qu/cy

68.1
36.3
44.1
47.2
55.1
27.8
16.7
27.5
22.5
46.2
47.3
52.2
31.4
26.8
45.8
30.3
27.2
30.3
25.0

60.2
71.2
94.7
70.4
60.0
84.8
68.9
68.7
88.9
79.8
86.4
83.8
88.9
96.4
92.8
92.4
90.2
86.7
75.6

5.2
20.8
7.8
5.4
3.2
7.2
5.2
6.2
6.6
10.8
6.4
5.0
6.0
25.2
15.2
15.2
20.4
22.3
8.0

66

120.8
90.2
177.9
136.8
121.5
150.5
86.3
169.7
93.1
105.7
151.7
152.2
191.2
96.3150
193.2
155.6
98.5
92.8
74.3

VH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
VH
HH
BHH
VH
VH
VH
HH
VH
VH
BHH
BHH
HH

Thi
gian
sinh
trng
(ngy)
165
165
165
165
175
165
131
150
150
155
140
165
160
150
175
165
150
150
140

PHN V. KT LUN V KIN NGH

4.1. Kt lun

4.2. Kin Ngh

67

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Ting Anh
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70