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BI GING MN HC CHT LNG V V SINH AN TON THC PHM BI M U (1t) 1.

Cc khi nim c bn Thc phm: Tt c cc cht hoc cha ch bin m con ngi hay ng vt c th n, ung c, vi mc ch c bn l thu np cc cht dinh dng nhm nui dng c th hay v s thch. Cc thc phm c ngun gc t thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt hay cc sn phm ch bin t phng php ln men nh ru, bia. Thc phm c thu nhn thng qua vic gieo trng, chn nui, nh bt v cc phng php khc. Cht lng: Ton b cc c tnh cua mt thc th, to cho thc th kh nng ta mn cc nhu cu cng b hay cn tim n. Qun l cht lng: Tt c cc hot ng ca chc nng qun l chung nhm ra chnh sch cht lng, cc mc tiu v trch nhim, v thc hin chng bng cc bin php nh hoch nh cht lng, kim sot cht lng, bo m cht lng v ci tin cht lng trong khun kh ca h thng cht lng Bo m cht lng: Mi hot ng c k hoch v c h thng v c khng nh nu cn, em li lng tin tha ng rng sn phm tho mn cc yu cu nh i vi cht lng. Cht lng thc phm = cht lng hng ha + an ton thc phm. Trong , cht lng hng ha bao gm: cht lng bao b, gi tr ch thc ca thc phm, kiu dng, mu m, nhn sn phm... c bo m cho ti khi ti ngi tiu dng. An ton thc phm l s m bo rng thc phm khng gy hi cho ngi tiu dng khi n c ch bin hay n ung theo mc ch s dng nh trc. Ngoi ra n cn c ngha l kh nng cung cp y , kp thi v s lng v cht lng thc phm khi c l do no xy ra (thin tai, chin tranh)-(food security). V sinh thc phm l tt c nhng iu kin v bin php nhm m bo s an ton v tnh hp l ca thc phm trong ton b dy chuyn thc phm. Gim st thc phm l vic quan trc lin tc s cung cp thc phm m bo rng ngi tiu dng khng b tip xc vi cc thnh phn trong thc phm nh cc cht nhim ho hc, cc nguy him phng x gy nn mt mi nguy c cho sc kho. Bnh do thc phm: L bnh mc phi do n, ung thc phm b nhim c v nhim khun (gi chung l nhim), thng c gi khng chnh xc l ng c thc n (ch khi c triu chng lm sng). N c th dng cp tnh, nh hng tc thi ti tnh mng hoc c th dng trng din dn ti nhiu tnh trng bnh l khc nhau. Trn thc t, phn ln mi ngi bnh th nh hoc s nhim c tch ly t t, c th gi chung l b nhim c hay ng c tim n. Ng c thc n do vi khun thng chim t l tng i cao, trong tht c l thc n ch yu gy ng c, tuy vy t l t vong thp, ngc li, ng c thc n khng do vi khun tuy t xy ra hn nhng t l t vong li cao hn nhiu. Ng c thc n ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit, ma h thng xy ra nhiu hn ma ng. Ngoi ra, n cn ph thuc vo kh vc a l, tp qun n ung, iu kin sinh hot n ung ca tng ni khc nhau.

Trong nhng nm gn y vic s dng rng ri ha cht tr su trong nng nghip, cc cht ph gia trong cng nghip thc phm... cng ang l mi quan tm ln i vi nhng ngi lm cng tc v sinh an ton thc phm. V ng c thc phm: L khi c t nht hai ngi b ng c do cng n mt hay nhiu mn ging nhau trong cng mt thi im. Bnh dch do n ung cng l mt dng ca ng c thc phm. Trong v dch, khi mm bnh tn ti trong mi trng xung quanh, cc ca ng c thc phm c th xy ra l t tng ca trong mt thi gian di. c tnh (toxicity): l kh nng gy c ca cht c. c tnh ca cht c ph thuc vo mc gy c v liu lng ca cht c. Cht c c tnh cao l cht c liu lng rt nh c kh nng gy ng c hoc gy cht ngi v ng vt khi s dng cht c ny trong mt thi gian ngn. Nu cht c khng c c tnh cao nhng s dng nhiu ln trong mt khong thi gian di cng c th c nhng tc hi nghim trng. nhim thc phm: l tnh trng bt k mt cht no khng c ch cho vo thc phm m c mt trong thc phm do kt qu ca vic sn xut, ch bin, x l, ng gi, vn chuyn, lu gi thc phm hoc do nh hng ca mi trng ti thc phm. Cht nhim: Bt k cht no khng c ch cho vo thc phm m c mt trong thc phm do kt qu ca vic sn xut, ch bin, x l, ng gi, bao gi, vn chuyn v lu gi thc phm hoc do nh hng ca mi trng ti thc phm. c im ca cht nhim: Khng c mc ch cng ngh v khng ch ng cho vo thc phm Xut hin khng do ch nh trong thc phm. C th xut hin mt cch t nhin (tnh c) trong thc phm, kh c kh nng kim sot c hoc cn phi chi ph rt cao cho vic loi b chng. S c mt trong thc phm thng kh nhn bit c, cn phi gim st. 2. Phn loi nhim thc phm nhim thc phm c chia thnh 3 loi chnh da trn bn cht ca ngun gy nhim. l nhim sinh hc, ha hc v vt l. nhim sinh hc c sinh ra bi cc tc nhn c ngun gc sinh hc v c th c trnh by tm tt thng qua s di y.

S 1: Cc con ng gy nhim sinh hc vo thc phm nhim ha hc: l nhng cht ho hc cho thm vo thc phm theo mun ( bo qun, tng tnh hp dn ca mn n), nhng ho cht ln vo thc phm (ha cht cng nghip, kim loi nng), ho cht bo v thc phm.

nhim vt l: bao gm cc d vt, cc mnh kim loi, cht do, cc yu t phng x 3. Tnh hnh nhim thc phm ti Vit Nam Thc trng v sinh an ton trong sn xut thc phm Trong sn xut lng thc: Thc hin khng ng quy trnh s dng phn bn v thuc BVTV lm cho mi trng t, nc b nhim; do vy nh hng n tnh an ton ca nng sn thc phm c nui trng trong mi trng . Cht lng phn bn hu c vi sinh, phn hn hp NPK thp dn n nhim mi trng. Cng ngh bo qun nng sn sau thu hoch cha pht trin gy tn tht ln do lng thc b nhim cn trng, nm. Trong sn xut rau qu Tnh trng lm dng v s dng thuc BVTV nhiu qu mc cn thit; s thiu hiu bit v tc hi ca thuc, khng chp hnh quy trnh s dng v thi gian cch ly. Vn cn tnh trng s dng cc ha cht khng r ngun gc, thuc bo v thc vt cm s dng trong trng trt v bo qun rau qu. Trong chn nui v v sinh git m gia sc, gia cm (Bi c thm) Hm lng cc cht kch thch sinh trng, cht khng sinh cng nh c t nm mc trong thc n chn nui cao hn nhiu so vi ngng cho php Quy trnh v v sinh git m phn ln cha tun th theo cc quy nh hin hnh S v sinh trong vn chuyn v phn phi tht cha c quan tm ng mc CHNG 1. NHIM C THC PHM V CC NGUYN NHN (10t) Thc phm rt d b nhim bi cc tc nhn sinh hc, ha hc, vt l. Thc phm b nhim c th gy ng c v nh hng ti sc khe ngi tiu dng. 1. Nhim c thc phm do tc nhn sinh hc Cc nhim thc phm do tc nhn sinh hc thng xy ra hn v nguy him nhiu hn v vi sinh vt l cc sinh vt sng rt d thch nghi vi mi trng v nhn ln nhanh chng trong iu kin thun li, l k th v hnh khng nhn bit c bng mt thng. Theo cc s liu dch t hc th a s cc v ng c thc phm l do : Vi khun v c t vi khun : Salmonella, Shigella, Cl.perfringens, E.coli... K sinh trng: sn dy, sn l gan, sn ln... c t vi nm: aflatoxin, citrinin... Siu vi khun: vi rt vim gan A, B... Cc sinh vt c c: c c, to c, cc... C ch ng c thc phm ch yu l do n phi cc loi thc phm b nhim mt hoc ton b cc yu t sau y: c t hoc cc cht chuyn ho ca vi sinh vt (ng c do c t). Nhim cc VSV c kh nng sinh c t trong qu trnh pht trin h tiu ho. Nhim cc vi sinh vt c kh nng nhn ln trong nim mc rut. T l ng c theo nguyn nhn pht sinh rt khc nhau gia cc nc, cc vng sinh thi v ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin kinh t x hi, tp qun, tn gio v kh nng kim sot thc phm. Nht Bn nguyn nhn ng c thc phm ch yu l do Vibrio parahaemlyticus do ngi dn tiu th nhiu hi sn. Trong khi nc Anh (do ngi Anh thch dng cc loi tht gia sc, gia cm) th Campylobacter v Salmonella li ng

hng u trong danh mc cc nguyn nhn gy ng c thc phm. Vit Nam tuy nhiu s liu nghin cu cn cha chun xc nhng cng thy r c l bnh i trng v Salmonella ang l mi quan tm ln hin nay. 1.1. Vi khun gy ng c thc phm Vi khun c mi ni xung quanh chng ta. Phn, nc thi, rc bi, thc phm ti sng l cha ca nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh. Trong khng kh v ngay trn c th ngi cng c hng trm loi vi khun, chng c th c tr da (c bit l bn tay), ming, ng h hp, ng tiu ha, b phn sinh dc, tit niu. Thc n chn nhit bnh thng l mi trng tt cho vi khun trong khng kh xm nhp v pht trin. i vi cc thc n cn tha sau cc ba n th ch cn mt vi gi l s lng vi khun c th sinh sn t n mc gy ng c thc phm. i vi cc loi vi khun, gy bnh trc ht chng phi nhim vo thc phm sau pht trin rt nhanh trong thc phm v khi t n mc nhim cao th s gy bnh cho ngi n vo. Liu gy ng c cho ngi ph thuc vo loi vi khun gy bnh, tui tc v tnh trng sc kho. Cc iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin nhanh trong thc phm l : Cc cht dinh dng c trong thc phm, ngun dinh dng cng phong ph th lng vi sinh vt pht trin cng d dng. m, pH, nhit l cc yu t nh hng n tc sinh sn ca vi khun. m cng cao, pH trung tnh (5-8) v nhit 10-600C l nhng iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca vi khun gy bnh. 1.1.1. Nhm vi khun khng sinh bo t 1.1.1.1. Campylobacter c im : Campylobacter l nhng vi khun c hnh xon, Gram m, vi hiu kh. Di ng c nh mt hoc 2 tin mao mc lng cc. Campylobacter jejuni c bit n nh mt loi gy bnh thc phm xy ra nhiu nc pht trin trn th gii. Hin nay c khong hn mt chc loi Campylobacter gy tiu chy bnh cho ngi m ph bin nht l C. jejuni v C. coli. Tnh gy bnh ca Campylobacter tng i cao, khong 500 t bo c th gy bnh. Bin nhit thch hp t 30-450C. Nhit ti thch cho s pht trin l 420C. pH thch hp t 5-9, ti thch t 6.5-7.5 Hnh: Campylobacter jejuni Ngun ly nhim: cha vi khun l ng vt, thng l gia sc v gia cm, ch, mo, cc vt nui lm cnh khc. Cc ng vt gm nhm v chim, ln, cu u c th l ngun ly bnh cho ngi. Bnh ly truyn do n phi thc n c cha vi khun nh tht g, tht ln nu cha chn, nc ung hoc thc n b nhim khun, sa ti cha c tit khun. Bnh cn ly do tip xc vi vt nui lm cnh c cha vi khun (c bit l ch con v mo con). t khi c s ly truyn C.jejuni t ngi sang ngi. Biu hin bnh: tiu chy, au bng, mt mi, st, bun nn v nn. Thi k bnh c th t 2-5 ngy, cng c th l t 1-10 ngy ty theo th trng ca tng ngi. Phn ca ngi bnh lng, c nhiu mu hoc khng r, ln vi cht nhy v c bch cu. C th c hi chng ging thng hn hoc vim khp hot tnh. cc nc pht trin, tr di 5 tui v thiu nin c t l mc cao nht, cn cc nc ang pht trin i tng ch yu l tr di 2 tui. Ngi ta cho rng s gn gi ca tr vi cc vt nui v khng th cha pht trin hon thin l iu kin khin tr d b nhim bnh. Phng nga: Cn n chn, ung nc si, nu chn k cc thc n c ngun gc t gia cm, ch ung sa tit khun, trnh thc n b nhim bn li sau khi nu chn.

Nu gia cm, gia sc nui mc bnh cn phi c iu tr khng sinh, ngi tip xc nn mc qun o bo h, i giy dp vo chung tri. iu tr: y l bnh do nhim khun v vy s dng khng sinh l bin php quan trng. Ethyromycin, tetracyclin, quinolon c th c s iu tr. Nhng trng hp tiu chy nhiu s c ch nh b nc v in gii. 1.1.1.2. E.coli c im: Vi khun E.coli thuc nhm vi trng ng rut Enterobacteriaceae, c nhiu trong t nhin, trong ng rut ca ngi v gia sc. Trong ng rut, chng hin din nhiu i trng nn cn gi l vi khun i trng. Vi khun E.coli nhim vo t, nc t phn ca ng vt. Chng tr nn gy bnh khi gp iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca chng. Hnh: Vi khun E.coli E.coli thuc loi trc khun gram m, di ng bng chu mao, khng to bo t, Kch thc trung bnh t 0,5 x 1-3m, hai u trn. Mt s dng c khun mao (pili). Nhng loi c c lc th c mng nhy, loi khng c c lc khng c mng nhy. L loi hiu kh hay hiu kh ty tin. Nhit thch hp 370C nhng c th mc trn 400C, pH 7,4. E. coli c c ni c t v ngoi c t. Ni c t gy tiu chy, ngoi c t gy tan huyt v ph thng. Ni c t ng rut: Gm 2 loi chu nhit v khng chu nhit. C hai loi ny u gy tiu chy. Loi chu nhit ST (Thermostable): gm cc loi STa, STb. Loi khng chu nhit LT (Thermolabiles): gm cc loi LT1, LT2. Nhng dng E.coli sn sinh c t (ETEC) gm nhiu type huyt thanh khc nhau nhng thng gp nht l cc type O6H16, O8H9, O78H12, O157. Nhng dng E.coli c c 2 loi ni c t LT v ST s gy ra tiu chy trm trng v ko di. Gn y ngi ta pht hin chng E.coli mi k hiu l E.coli O157:H7. Chng ny gy ra nhng v ng c ln trn th gii trong nhng nm gn y (theo CDC, Center for Disease Control and prevention ca M). Nm 1982, ln u tin ngi ta ghi nhn c ngun bnh do E.coli O157:H7. Nm 1985, ngi ta nhn thy triu chng hoi huyt c lin quan n chng O157:H7. Nm 1990, bng n trn dch t ngun nc nhim chng E.coli O157:H7. Nm 1996, xy ra trn dch kh phc tp Nht Bn do ung nc to cha dit khun. Ngun ly nhim: E. coli 0157:H7 c th ly t tru b qua ngi khi n tht sng hoc cha chn, sa khng c kh trng, nc b nhim, v nhng thc phm b cc sn phm t tht b sng lm nhim. Biu hin bnh: thi k bnh 2-20 gi. Ngi ng c thy au bng d di, i phn lng nhiu ln trong ngy, t khi nn ma. Thn nhit c th hi st. Trng hp nng bnh nhn c th st cao, ngi mi mt, chn tay co qup m hi. Thi gian khi bnh vi ngy. Nguyn nhn l do nhim E.coli vo c th vi s lng ln. Trong mt s trng hp, E. coli O157:H7 gy mt bin chng lm h thn c gi l hi chng gy suy thn cp tnh, hoc cn gi l HUS. Bnh ny thng gp hn tr em v ngi cao tui. Phng nga: E.coli gy tiu chy thng theo phn ra ngoi do d gy thnh dch. Do cn phi nu chn k thc n v kim tra nghim ngt quy trnh ch bin thc phm. iu tr: khng nn dung thuc khng sinh i vi bnh tiu chy do E. coli O157:H7 gy ra v c th lm bnh nng hn. a s ngi bnh s hn trong vi ngy m khng cn c iu tr c bit. Cng nh i vi bt c dng tiu chy no, iu quan trng l ung nhiu nc ngn nga b mt nc.

(Bi c thm) 1.1.1.3. Listeria c im: L nhng VK hnh que, gram dng, ngn. Thuc nhm VSV hiu kh hoc k kh khng bt buc, catalase (+), oxidase (-), di ng 20-25oC v khng di ng 37oC. Hin ti c 6 loi Listeria c cng nhn L. monocytogenes L. ivanovii L. innocua L. wels L. seeligeri L. grayi Hnh : L. monocytogenes Trong s cc loi ny ch c 2 loi gy bnh qua thc nghim v t nhin : L. monocytogenes v L. ivanovii. Trc kia chng gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt, sau ny chng gy bnh ch yu cho ng vt. C hai loi ny v loi L. seeligeri u sn sinh ra b-haemolysis trn Sheep Blood Agar v y chnh l si dy ni kt vi mm bnh. Tuy nhin, L. seeligeri khng gy bnh v th khng th xem xt mt cch ring bit c im ny nh l mt gi nh v kh nng gy bnh ca cc loi Listeria. Listeria c th chu ng c mn v pH trong mt khong rng, trong khi khng chu c nng (mc d chng c kh nng chu nng tt hn Salmonella). Kh nng c bit quan trng ca loi Listeria l sinh tn v tng trng nhit lnh. Ngun ly nhim: Listeria c mt khp ni trong t nhin v b cch ly khi nc, t v cht thc vt. Listeria c th truyn vo c th ngi thng qua ng n ung nhng thc phm nhim bn. S nhim bn c th xy ra bt k khu no trong qu trnh sn xut thc phm t nng trng, khu ch bin, phn phi, bo qun, ... Nhng loi thc phm c bit lin kt vi loi Listeria l : Sn phm sa c bit pho mt mm, kem, b Tht nh pat v tht jambon Tht g Trng Hi sn Thc n ch bin sn, lnh Biu hin bnh: L. monocytogenes l mt ngun bnh ni bo c kh nng gy ra nhiu triu chng bnh khc nhau. Biu hin bnh ngi theo nhiu dng bao gm vim mng no v nhim trng mu. Nhm i tng c nguy c nhim bnh do L.monocytogenes cao bao gm ph n mang thai, ph n mi sinh, ngi cao tui v ngi c h min dch yu. i vi ph n mang thai, d gy n vic sy thai hoc nhim trng mi sinh. T l t vong nhng tr s sinh c m nhim vi khun ny l 3050%. Listeria truyn t m sang con khng ch thi k mang thai m c khi sinh n (do tr tip xc vi ng sinh dc ca m). Nhng trng hp nhim bnh do L.monocytogenes tng i him thy (3-5 phn triu) so vi nhim sinh vt gy ng c thc phm khc (20-200 / 100000 i vi Salmonella v 30-60 / 100000 i vi Campylobacter).

Khi mi nhim Listeria, bnh nhn c th b st, au u d di, bun nn, nn, ri lon thc v hn m. Mt s ngi b try mch, sc, c mn m, sn cc da. C trng hp b nhim nhng khng c triu chng, cng c trng hp ch st nh hoc c biu hin ging nh bnh cm. Phng nga: phng nga Listeria, ch nn s dng cc sn phm tht nu chn k, cc sn phm sa qua tit trng; trnh tip xc vi nhng ngun ly bnh cao nh tht ti, pho mt cha qua chiu x, rau sng khng c ra sch... 1.1.1.4. Proteus c im : Proteus l vi khun sng k sinh rut v cc hc t nhin ca ngi (v d : ng tai ngoi). Chng l loi vi khun gy bnh c hi. Proteus l trc khun gram m, di ng mnh. Vi khun c nhiu hnh th thay i trn cc mi trng khc nhau, t dng trc khun n dng hnh si di. Vi khun mc d dng trn cc mi trng nui cy thng thng. Trn mi trng thch dinh dng, khun lc c mt trung tm lan dn ra, tng t, tng t , mi t l mt gn sng v c mi thi c bit. Trn mi trng c natri deoxycholate, Proteus mc thnh khun lc trn, ring bit khng gn sng, c mt im en trung tm, xung quanh mu trng nht. Proteus khng ln men lactose. a s Proteus c phn ng H2S v urease dng tnh. Da vo tnh cht sinh vt ha hc ngi ta phn loi ging Proteus thnh cc loi: P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, P. myxofaciens, P. penneri. Ngun ly nhim: Proteus c rng ri trong t nhin, c trong rut ngi v ch gy ng c khi c iu kin, ng c thc n do Proteus chim t l tng i cao, nhiu nht l khi xm nhp vo tht sng. Biu hin bnh: Proteus l mt loi vi khun "gy bnh c hi". Chng c th gy ra : - Vim tai gia c m - Vim mng no th pht sau vim tai gia tr cn b. - Nhim khun ng tit niu - Nhim khun huyt ... c im ca cc tn thng v m do Proteus gy ra c mi thi nh trong hoi th do vi khun k kh gy nn. Phng nga: Nng cao th trng ngi bnh, khi p dng cc th thut thm khm phi tuyt i v trng d phng tt cc nhim trng bnh vin... Cha bnh: S dng khng sinh da vo kt qu ca khng sinh . Vi khun ny thng c sc khng cao vi khng sinh. (Bi c thm) 1.1.1.5. Salmonella c im: Salmonelleae thuc h Enterobacteriaceae. Cc loi gy bnh c th k n nh Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella cholera v Salmonella ententidis. y l nhng trc khun Gram m, hiu kh tu nghi, di ng, khng to bo t, c kch thc khong 0,4-0,6 x 2-3m. D mc trn cc mi trng nui cy thng thng. Hnh: S. typhimurium Nhit pht trin t 5-45C, thch hp 37C, pH thch hp = 7,6 nhng n c th pht trin c pH t 6-9. Vi pH > 9 hoc < 4,5 vi khun c th b tiu dit, kh nng chu nhit ca vi khun km: 50C trong 1 gi, 70C trong 15 pht v 100C trong 5 pht. Nh vy dit khun thc phm bng phng php Pasteur c tc dng tt. Cc cch ch

bin thc n thng thng nh: xo, nu, luc rn... hoc lm chua nh ngm gim c th dit khun tt. nng mui 6-8%, vi khun pht trin chm v nng mui l 8-19% s pht trin ca vi khun b ngng li. Tuy vy, vi vi khun gy ng c thc n ch b cht khi p mui vi nng bo ha trong mt thi gian di. Nh vy, tht c p mui, cc mn n kho mn cha th coi l an ton i vi vi khun Salmonella. Ngun ly nhim: Ngun truyn nhim ch yu l sc vt nh b, ln b bnh ph thng hn, g a phn trng... Bnh vim rut ph thng hn tru, b thng do Salmonella typhimurium v Salmonella-enteritidis. Chim cu, chut nht, chut cng cng l ngun truyn nhim. Ngun nguy him th hai l sc vt khe v lm sng nhng c mang v o thi vi khun ra ngoi theo phn, i khi theo nc tiu. Vi ngi bnh sau khi khi cn tip tc o thi vi khun sau vi chc ngy na c khi ko di ti 10-12 thng. Ngun o thi vi khun nguy him l g, vt, ngan, ngng Thc n gy ng c thng l thc n c ngun gc ng vt nh tht gia sc gia cm. Tht l nguyn nhn gy ng c chim 68% Anh v 88% Php, ngoi ra c th ng c do n trng, c, sa... nhng t l t hn nhiu. Thc phm gy ng c thc n thng c m cao, pH khng axt, c bit l thc n nu chn dng lm thc n ngui nh mn ng, pate, xc xch, di tit... cc sn phm ny thng l nguyn nhn ca nhng v ng c thc n do Salmonella. Vi trng c th b nhim Salmonella sm ngay t bo thai cho n khi c tiu th, c bit l trng cc loi gia cm nh trng vt, trng ngan, trng ngng...do kh nng nhim khun rt sm, v vy i vi loi trng ny phi c ch bin chn hon ton, tuyt i khng n di dng sng hoc na sng na chn nh trng g. Ngi ta xt nghim trn 200 qu trng vt thy c Salmonella typhi murium trong 10 mu lng trng v 21 mu lng . Vi khun t phn, t, nc d dng t nhp vo qu trng v v trng xp v lun m t. C ch gy bnh: Salmonella xm nhp vo c th qua ng ming v hu ht l do n phi thc n b nhim nh thc phm, sa, nc ung. Sau khi xuyn qua hng ro acid d dy, vi khun di ng v pha rut non v sinh sn , tip tc chui qua mng nhy v vo thnh rut. Cc t bo Paneth ca nim mc rut tit ra mt loi peptide c tnh chng li s xm nhp ca tc nhn gy bnh. Salmonella c ba loi khng nguyn b mt (khng nguyn thn O, khng nguyn lng H v khng nguyn c). Kh nng gy ng c thc n ca Salmonella cn c hai iu kin: Thc n phi b nhim mt lng ln vi khun v kh nng gy ng c ca Salmonella yu. Vi khun vo c th phi phng ra mt lng c t ln. Vn ny ph thuc nhiu vo phn ng c th ca tng ngi. iu ny gii thch hin tng nhiu ngi cng n mt loi thc n nh nhau nhng c ngi b ng c c ngi khng b, c ngi b nh, c ngi b nng... Thng thng th nhng ngi gi, ngi yu v tr em nh bao gi cng b nng hn. Salmonella theo thc n vo ng tiu ha v pht trin. Mt s khc i vo h bch huyt v tun hon gy nhim trng huyt. V Salmonella l VK a mi trng rut nn li nhanh chng tr v rut gy vim rut. Ni c t s c thot ra khi vi khun b

phn hy trong mu cng nh rut, gy nhim c cp bng mt hi chng lon tiu ha nng n, nhng ch sau 1-2 ngy bnh nhn nhanh chng tr li bnh thng, khng li di chng. ngi gi yu v tr nh c th nng hn, i khi c t vong. Biu hin bnh: Thi k bnh thng t 12-24 gi, c khi ngn hn hoc ko di sau vi ngy. Cc du hiu u tin l: bnh nhn thy bun nn, nhc u, chong vng, kh chu, thn nhit tng ln t (37-38C) sau xut hin nn ma, i tiu ngoi nhiu ln, phn ton nc, i khi c mu, l triu chng ca vim d dy rut cp tnh. a s bnh nhn tr li bnh thng sau 1 n 2 ngy khng li di chng. Ngoi cc triu chng trn, c bit c bnh nhn li biu hin nh mt bnh thng hn, cm cm, ngha l st rt cao 39-40C, mt mi ton thn, au vng tht lng v c bp. Cc triu chng ri lon tiu ha biu hin rt nh hoc khng c v vy chn on d nhm ln. Phng nga: Bo m thi hn ct gi thc n ch bin v cc nguyn liu. S dng p lnh khi bo qun thc n v nguyn liu. un si thc n trc khi n l bin php phng bnh tch cc v c hiu qu. iu tr: Khng c thuc iu tr c hiu v phi nhanh chng tm mi cch a thc n b nhim trng ra khi c th bnh nhn nh ra d dy, gy nn... Nu bnh nhn b mt nc nhiu th phi truyn nc v in gii, ng thi cho thuc tr tim khi cn thit. Ngi bnh phi c m v yn tnh, n ung theo ch n king c bit (theo hng dn ca thy thuc) trong 3-5 ngy cho n khi bnh nhn tr li bnh thng. (Bi c thm) 1.1.1.6. Shigella Shigella l tc nhn gy ra bnh l trc khun ngi. c im : Shigella l trc khun Gram m, khng sinh bo t, khng c tin mao, v vy khng c kh nng di ng. Shigella ln men glucose khng to hi, ln men manitol (tr Shigella dysenteriae khng ln men manitol). Hu ht Shigella khng ln men lactose, ch c Shigella sonnei ln men lactose nhng chm. Khng sinh H2S. Urease m tnh. Phn ng indol thay i. Phn ng metyl dng tnh. Phn ng VP m tnh. Phn ng citrat m tnh. Shigella c khng nguyn thn O, khng c khng nguyn H. Cn c vo khng nguyn O v tnh cht sinh ha, ngi ta chia Shigella ra lm 4 nhm: Hnh: Trc khun Shigella Nhm A (Shigella dysenteriae): Khng ln men manitol, c 10 type huyt thanh c k hiu bng cc ch s Rp t 1 - 10. Type 1 (Sh. dysenteriae 1) c ngoi c t. Nhm B (Shigella flexneri): Ln men manitol, c 6 type huyt thanh. Cc type ny c 1 khng nguyn nhm chung v mi mt type huyt thanh li c 1 khng nguyn c hiu. Nhm C (Shigella boydii): Ln men manitol, c 15 type huyt thanh, mi type c khng nguyn c hiu type. Nhm D (Shigella sonnei): Ln men manitol, ln men lactose chm, ch c 1 type huyt thanh. Cc Shigella u c ni c t. Ring trc khun Shigella shiga cn c thm ngoi c t bn cht l protein . Ni c t Shigella cu to nh khng nguyn thn, c c tnh mnh nhng tnh khng nguyn yu. Tc dng chnh ca ni c t l gy phn ng ti rut.

Ngoi c t ca trc khun Shigella shiga khng ging nh c t rut ca Vibrio cholerae 01 v ETEC, hot tnh sinh hc ch yu ca ngoi c t trc khun Shigella shiga l tc dng c i vi t bo. Vit Nam, Shigella gy bnh l trc khun thng gp nht l nhm B (Shigella flexneri) v nhm A (Shigella dysenteriae). Ngun ly bnh: Bnh ly theo ng tiu ha, do n ung phi cc thc n, nc ung b nhim khun. Rui l vt ch trung gian truyn bnh. Ngi lnh mang vi khun v ngi bnh ng vai tr quan trng gy dch. Dch thng xy ra vo ma h. T l t vong thp, nhng khi mc bnh th rt kh cha tr. Biu hin bnh: Shigella gy bnh l trc khun ngi, y l mt bnh truyn nhim c th gy thnh cc v dch a phng. Thng tn c hiu khu tr rut gi, trn lm sng biu hin bng hi chng l vi cc triu chng: au bng qun, i ngoi nhiu ln, phn c nhiu mi nhy v thng c mu. Shigella gy bnh bng c ch xm nhp vo t bo biu m ca nim mc rut v nhn ln vi s lng ln trong t chc rut. Phng nga: Ch yu l cch ly bnh nhn, kh trng phn v nc thi, pht hin v iu tr ngi lnh mang vi khun, p dng cc bin php v sinh v kim tra dch t i vi ngun nc, thc n... iu tr: Dng khng sinh tiu dit vi khun, vic chn khng sinh thch hp da vo kt qu khng sinh . Vic s dng khng sinh ba bi, thiu thn trng s c nguy c lm tng nhanh cc chng c sc khng i vi khng sinh v tng nguy c b lon khun vi tt c cc hu qu nghim trng ca n. (Bi c thm) 1.1.1.7. Staphylococcus aureus c im : y l nhng vi khun hnh cu hoc hnh thun, ng knh 0,8-1m, thng t thnh tng cm nh chm nho. L loi vi khun Gram dng, khng di ng, khng sinh bo t, thng khng c mng nhy. Vi khun pht trin d dng mi trng thng thng, hiu kh hoc k kh ty , mc tt 370 C nhng to sc t tt 200C. Hnh: Staphylococcus aureus T cu ch gy bnh khi hnh thnh c t. T cu gy ng c thc n ch yu l c t rut. Nu ch ton vi khun sng m khng c c t rut th cng khng th gy ng c c. c t rut chu c nhit. un si 30 pht cng khng b ph hy, chu c mi trng acid (pH : 5). nhit thp, c t rut c th duy tr c tnh c trn hai thng. T cu c h thng enzyme phong ph, nhng enzyme c dng trong chn on l: catalase (phn bit vi lin cu), S. aureus c coagulase (tiu chun quan trng phn bit t cu vng vi cc t cu khc). T cu ln men chm nhiu loi ng, to axt nhng khng sinh hi, S. aureus ln men ng mannit. T cu tng i chu nhit v thuc st khun hn nhng vi khun khc, chu kh v c th sng mi trng nng NaCl cao (9%), nhy cm thay i vi khng sinh, nhiu chng khng vi penicillin v cc khng sinh khc. Kh nng gy bnh ca t cu l do vi khun pht trin v lan trn rng ri trong m cng nh to thnh nhiu c t v enzyme. c t rut do mt s chng t cu to thnh, c bit lc pht trin nng CO2 cao (30%) v mi trng c va. N khng s un si trong 30 pht cng nh tc ng

ca enzyme rut. C 5 typ huyt thanh A, B, C, D, E; typ A, B thng gy ng c thc n Ngun gc nhim bnh v biu hin bnh: Nguyn nhn thc phm nhim t cu c nhiu nhng c t rut th phn ln l do vi khun t ngi v b. Cng nhn vin cng tc trong ngnh thc phm mc bnh ng h hp cp tnh hoc vim da nhim khun c m l ngun gy nhim thc n ch yu. B b vim v th trong sa c t cu sinh c t rut. S pht trin ca t cu v s hnh thnh c t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: nhit , iu kin v sinh, thi gian, tnh cht v thnh phn dinh dng ca thc n. nhit 12-150C, vi khun pht trin chm; 20-220C, vi khun pht trin nhanh gp nhiu ln; 370C th pht trin rt nhanh. Thi gian cng ko di th lng vi khun tng ln gp bi. nhit thch hp, t cu pht trin nhanh nhnng mun hnh thnh c t nhanh th phi c mt s yu t nht nh (thc phm c hm lng nc cao, nhiu tinh bt nh cm, cho, sa). Thi gian hnh thnh c t cng ph thuc vo nhit (nhit cng cao th thi gian hnh thnh c t rut cng rt ngn) (bng). Cn ch l thc n nhim t cu nhit thp trong thi gian di cng khng lm thay i trng thi cm quan, cng khng gy ng c. Bng: Thi gian hnh thnh c t rut theo nhit Loi thc phm 5-60C 19-200C 35-360C 4 gi 4 gi 5 gi

18 ngy Khoai ty nghin 5 gi 18 ngy Cho 8 gi 18 ngy Sa 8 gi Cha sinh c t

Phng nga: Mun phng ng c thc n do t cu, cn phi khng ch s pht trin ca vi khun v s hnh thnh c t rut. Khi b b vim v, phi vt ht sa v khng c dng n. Qu trnh vt sa phi tun theo yu cu v sinh mt cch nghim ngt, trnh tnh trng b nhim t cu lan rng. Thc n t khu ch bin n tiu th phi c bo qun lnh hoc ch mt. Thc n tha phi ct gi trong t lnh v nu li trc khi n. Nhng ngi lnh mang trng c khuyn co khng nn lm vic phng sinh, phng tr s sinh, phng m hoc cc x nghip thc phm. iu tr: Nhiu chng t cu khng vi nhiu khng sinh nht l penicillin nn cn lm khng sinh . (Bi c thm) 1.1.1.8. Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholera gy nn dch ngi. Ngoi ra, s tn ti vi khun ny trong t nhin cng l ngun duy tr bnh gia cc v dch. c im: Vibrio cholera l phy khun, di ng nhanh nh c mt tin mao mc nh, c th tn ti nhiu nm trong ng vt ven bin. Vi khun ny d b tiu dit bi nhit v cht dit khun thng thng (nh Cloramin B). Trong mi trng, mm bnh c th tn ti thi gian di: t 4-40 ngy trong nc my; 3-30 ngy trong nc ging khi, 17-19 ngy trong nc sng; 3-30 ngy trong nc h ao; 4-47 ngy trong nc bin; 2-3 tun trong rui; ti 25 tun trong t. c bit nguy him l trong thc phm nh c, cua,

hu... mm bnh c th sng ti 40 ngy; trong bnh m, mm tm, mm tp, nem cho, nem chua t vi ngy n hng tun. Mm bnh rt a mn v kim. Chng c th tn ti nng mui t 5-20% v pH 8,5-9,5 c th sng ti 40 ngy. Ngun ly bnh: V ng ly bnh, quan trng nht l t ngi sang ngi qua trung gian nc ung, hay thc n ch bin t nc b nhim vi trng. Rt him trng hp ly trc tip sau khi tip xc vi ngi bnh. Ngoi ra, thc n c ngun gc t vng nc mn c cha vi trng nh: nghu, s, cua, c... cng l ngun ly quan trng. Biu hin bnh: Thi k bnh ca bnh t c th t 6-48 gi v ti a khong 5 ngy, ty tng ngi. giai on ny, ngi bnh khng c biu hin triu chng. n thi k khi pht, thng t ngt, vi triu chng y bng thong qua, ri nhanh chng i tiu phn lng vi ln - lc ny ngi bnh khng st, khng au bng, khng nn i. Sang thi k ton pht, bnh nhn nhanh chng b tiu chy t (phn nc trong, hoc c nh nc vo go) v c mi tanh... Ngi bnh i tiu, nn i lin tc, ngi mt l, ni khng ra ting, mt nc, ri lon in gii nhanh, c th dn n suy tun hon, suy thn cp, tr tim mch, dn n t vong, nu khng c cha tr kp thi. Phng nga Ra tay trc, sau khi n v sau khi i v sinh m bo v sinh trong n ung. n chn, ung si. Trong thi im d bng pht dch, hn ch, hoc trnh dng cc thc phm nh rau sng, cc loi s, bin cha qua nu chn. Vi trng t rt a mi trng mn, do vy rau sng ra bng nc mui th khng loi c vi trng t; hn ch n ung ni ng ngi; cn phi i tin vo bn tiu, trnh lm pht tn mm bnh... Ngoi ra, cn thc hin nghim ngt cc bin php cch ly bnh nhn bung ring; x l phn v cht thi bng Cloramin B t l 1:1 hoc vi bt. iu tr: cn phi cch ly bnh nhn; b nc v in gii nhanh chng v y ; dng khng sinh dit vi khun. B nc bng ng ung: p dng cho nhng trng hp nh, giai on u cha mt nc nhiu v giai on hi phc. C th p dng ti nh hoc cc c s y t. Cc loi dch dng ng ung nh: Oresol (gm NaCl 3,5g, NaHCO3 2,5g, KCl 1,5g v glucose 20g) pha vi mt lt nc un si ngui. Hoc c th t pha dch thay th bng 8 mung c ph ng, 1 mung c ph mui, pha trong 1 lt nc; hoc nc cho nu t 50g go v mt nhm ( 3,5g) mui; hoc dng nc da non pha vi mt t mui. Nn cho ngi bnh tiu chy cp ung theo nhu cu. 1.1.2. Nhm vi khun sinh bo t 1.1.2.1. Cl. botulinum c im: Clostridium botulinum thuc loi vi khun k kh, sinh bo t (kch thc bo t ln hn kch thc t bo nn khi mang bo t t bo thng b bin dng thnh hnh thoi hay hnh di trng), gp nhiu trong t (do nhiu loi cn trng sng trong t mang vi khun). y l loi vi khun c c lc rt cao. V kh gy bnh l ngoi c t. Khi pht trin trn thc phm, Cl. botulinum tit c t. C 6 loi nhng 3 loi A, B v E thuc loi gy ng c v nguy him, gy cht ngi do tc ng ln h thng thn kinh.Type A thng thy Chu M, type B thng thy Chu u v type E thng thy Nht Bn.

Sc khng ca bo t rt mnh. Trong thc phm cng nhiu bo t, cng kh b tiu dit. Vi nhit 100oC, phi 360 mi dit c bo t, 105oC phi 120, 110oC phi 30, 115oC phi 12 v nu 120oC phi 4 i vi tng type vi khun, nhit thch nghi pht trin v hnh thnh c t cng khng ging nhau, dao ng t 15-550C, thch hp nht t 25-370C. Di 15 v trn 550C, vi khun khng th pht trin v hnh thnh c t c. Nng mui 6-10% c th c ch s pht trin cu vi sinh vt v s hnh thnh c t. pH thp (<4.5), sc chu ng ca nha bo gim i r rt v d b tiu dit hn. Thc phm b nhim vi khun Cl. botulinum nhit thch hp, thiu khng kh (thc phm cht ng), vi khun vn pht trin v sinh c t. c t ny c hn tt c cc loi c t ca cc vi khun khc, c lc mnh gp 7 ln c lc ca vi khun un vn. c im ca c t l chu c men tiu ha (trypsin, pepsin) v mi trng acid nh trong d dy, chu c nhit thp nhng li mt tc dng bi kim v nhit cao. Mt s tc gi cho rng, cn phi nng nhit ln 800C trong 30 pht mi c th ph hy c c t. Ngun ly bnh: Cc thc phm d b nhim Cl. botulinum thng l rau qu p mui, hoc ch bin mt ti gia nh, cc bn thnh phm t tht, c hoc mt vi hp khng m bo yu cu v sinh khi ch bin v kh khun. Biu hin bnh: Thi k bnh thng l 12-36 gi nhng cng c th t 2 gi n 8 ngy vi cc triu chng au bng, bun nn, au u, chng mt, hoa mt c khi nhn i, kh nut, kh th... Ng c Cl. botulinum cn ph thuc vo rt nhiu iu kin nh yu t mi trng, c tnh thc phm, bin php bo qun, tp qun sinh hot v n ung ca nhn dn m ngun thc phm gy ng c cng khc nhau. Nga, ng c ch yu do c, M do hp rau qu, c do n cc thc n lm bng tht ch bin sn, n ngui, dm bng, xc xch... Phng nga: phng ng c, cn phi hn ch s pht trin vi khun v s hnh thnh c t. Trong sn xut ch bin phi dng nhng nguyn liu cn ti, cht lng tt, sch phi theo ng yu cu quy nh v v sinh trong quy trnh sn xut. Vi thnh phm phi ni thong, sch, trnh nhit cao, m. Trong sn xut hp phi chp hnh ch kh khun mt cch tht nghim ngt. Nhng hp phng rt d gy ng c nguy him, cn phi c bit ch . Thc phm kh nghi, phi un li tt nht l un lin tc nhit 100oC trong 1 gi. 1.1.2.2. Clostridium perfringens Cl. perfringens l trc khun ym kh Gram dng, gy ra nhiu th bnh khc nhau ngi, v gia sc, gia cm. Vi khun ny thng nhim tht b v tht g, vt. c tnh gy bnh ca vi khun lin quan ti 4 loi c t chnh do chng sinh ra l Alpha, Beta, Epsilon v Iota; ngoi ra cn c c t ngoi bo enterotoxin gy ng c thc phm ngi. Cl. perfringens c 5 type cn c vo kh nng sn sinh cc loi c t l type A, B, C, D v E.Ngi b nhim vi khun Cl. perfringens c th b tiu chy trong vng 8 n 16 gi sau khi n thc phm b nhim khun. cc nc phng Ty, nhim Cl. perfringens l nguyn nhn th ba v ng c thc phm, phn ln l do thc phm nu cha chn. 1.1.2.3. Bacillus cereus B. cereus l trc khun Gram dng, sinh bo t, kch thc bo t khng vt qu kch thc t bo nn khi sinh bo t t bo khng b bin dng.

Bo t B. cereus thng c mt trn ng cc v c th sng st khi un nu khng k. Trc khun cn sng st pht trin s sinh c t. Sau khi nu, i vi thc phm t, nu p lnh khng cng lm vi khun tng nhanh. Vi khun ny c kh nng gy vim rut (vi khun Staphylococcus aureus cng c kh nng gy vim d dy rut). Ngi b phi nhim vi khun c th b vim rut trong vng 1 n 6 gi, v dn n tiu chy, i ma, v au bng trong vng 6 n 24 gi. Thc phm c ngun gc gy bnh cho ngi l sn phm ng cc, nc st, xi, cm a. M, cm chin c xem l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn hng u ca nhim vi khun B. cereus. Chnh v th m c ngi cn gi hi chng cm chin (Fried rice syndrome). 1.2. Virus trong thc phm Virus gy ng c thc phm thng c trong rut ngi. Cc nhuyn th sng vng nc nhim, rau qu ti nc c phn ti hoc cc mn rau sng chun b trong iu kin thiu v sinh thng hay b nhim virus, cc loi virus trong cc thc phm ny thng l cc virus gy bi lit, vim gan. Virus c th ly truyn t phn qua tay ngi tip xc hoc t nc b nhim phn vo thc phm. Vi mt lng rt nh virus gy nhim bnh cho ngi. Virus nhim ngi c th ly sang ngi khc trc khi pht bnh. Cc virus ly nhim qua thc phm v qua nc c chia ra thnh ba nhm ty theo loi bnh gy ra. 1.2.1. Virus gy ri lon tiu ha (gastroentrite): Trong nhm ny thng gp nht l Rotavirus v Norovirus (Virus Norwalk )... c im: Rotavirus thuc ging Reovirus h Reoviridae gy nhim trng ng h hp v ng tiu ha. Rotavirus gy bnh tiu chy nng v e da tnh mng tr em di 2 tui trn ton th gii. Virus Norwalk tng t nhng nh hn Rotavirus cng gy bnh tiu chy nhng tr em ln tui v ngi trng thnh. Hnh : Rotavirus Rotavirus c gi tn nh th v c dng trn nh bnh xe, kch thc ht virus l 65 -70 nm. Capsid i xng hnh khi gm capsid trong v capside ngoi. Cc capsome ca lp trong xp theo hnh nan hoa v ko ni cc capsome ca lp ngoi to nn hnh vng do vy cc virus ny mi c tn l rota (Rota = bnh xe). Rotavirus vo c th ngi v nhn ln ch yu nim mc t trng. Chng cn gy tiu chy ln con, b s sinh hoc kh s sinh. Rotavirus nhn ln trong lin bo nhung mao rut non ph hy cu trc lin bo v lm cn nhung mao rut non. T bo hp thu trng thnh ca nhung mao tm thi b thay th bi nhng t bo cha trng thnh khng th hp thu hu hiu ng v thc n, gy bi tit nc v cht in gii rut non, dn ti a chy thm thu do km hp thu. S hp thu thc n tr nn bnh thng lc cc nhung mao rut ti sinh v cc t bo nhung mao trng thnh. Biu hin bnh: a chy nghim trng v st, i khi c nn l mt hi chng thng thng do Rotavirus gy nn tr nh di 2 tui, c bit l tr em b sa m. Virus thi ra trong phn ti a trong 4 ngy u ca chng bnh nhng ngi ta c th pht hin virus 7 ngy sau khi b a chy. S nhn ln ca virus v nhng thung tn bnh l xy ra nhng t bo cu ton b rut non. Rut gi v nhng c quan khc khng b nhim virus.

Bnh c th xy ra t hnh thc nhim trng khng biu hin n a chy va, a chy nghim trng, c th cht. Bnh thng khi pht t ngt. Nn ma trc khi a chy xy ra trn 80% tr em b bnh, khong 1 phn 3 tr em nm vin c nhit trn 390C. Bnh thng ko di t 2 - 6 ngy. Dch nhy thng thy trong phn nhng bch cu v hng cu tm thy t hn 15% trng hp. Nhim Rotavirus cng thng cho thy nhng triu chng ng h hp, st, nn, ri a chy. Nhim trng Rotavirus c bit nghim trng v c th a n t vong tr em suy min dch. Nhim Rotavirus xy ra khp ni trn th gii. Trong khong 3 tui u, mi tr em b nhim Rotavirus t nht mt ln. cc nc n i nhim trng xy ra nhng thng lnh v ma ng. nc ta cng nh cc nc nhit i bnh xy quanh nm, tn s tng ln cc thng mt tri v ma lnh. Rotavirus l cn nguyn quan trng nht gy a chy mt nc nghim trng tr nh v tr di 3 tui cc nc pht trin cng nh cc nc ang pht trin v chim t 30 - 50 % cc trng hp a chy cn nm vin hoc cn b dch tch cc. Phng nga v iu tr Bnh xy ra ngay cc nc pht trin c phng tin y t hin i v cung cp y nc sch nn khng th phng nga bng bin php v sinh n thun. Nhng tin b trong mt s vaccine sng gim c cho php hy vng c th phng nga bng vaccine trong thi gian ti. iu tri bng cch cho ung oresol (ORS) b nc v cht in gii. Ch mt s trng hp n bnh vin qu nng mi phi truyn dch. 1.2.2. Virus thc phm gy vim gan: 1.2.2.1. Virus vim gan A (HAV-Hepatitis A Virus) c im: Bnh vim gan A c bit n t th k th 2 trc Cng nguyn. Danh y Hyppocrate m t bnh ny vi tn gi l bnh vng da truyn nhim. n nm 1947, bnh c t tn l vim gan A phn bit vi vim gan B, mt bnh vim gan virus ly qua ng mu. Hnh: Virus vim gan A Vim gan A l bnh truyn nhim cp tnh, lu hnh khp trn th gii, nht l cc nc ngho. ng Nam , bnh thng gp thanh thiu nin. Mt nghin cu ti Indonesia cho bit, c nhng vng, t l nhim virus vim gan A (HAV) tr em di 4 tui ln n 90-100%. Ti Vit Nam, cng mt nghin cu cho thy, t l nhim HAV tr em Tn Chu (An Giang) l 97%. Ti cc bnh vin, HAV l nguyn nhn ca khong 30-50% s trng hp vim gan cp. Ngun gy nhim: Vim gan A ly trc tip t ngi bnh sang ngi lnh qua thc n v nc ung b nhim virus. Virus HAV c o thi qua phn cui thi k bnh (ko di hng tun, cho ti khi lui bnh). Bi vy, n ung mt v sinh l iu kin thun li cho vim gan A Vim gan A cng c th ly qua truyn mu, tuy nhin kh nng ly theo phng thc ny l rt hy hu. Biu hin ca bnh: Vim gan cp tnh : Sau mt thi gian bnh, trung bnh l 30 ngy, bnh khi pht t ngt bng cc du hiu ging nh cm cm: st, ho, au mi c, nhc u, mt nhc, chn n, i tiu t, nc tiu sm mu. Chnh v du hiu ny m nhiu ngi ch quan,

cho rng ch b cm cm thng thng. Nu khng c pht hin sm, bnh s nng ln, dn n nhng bin chng nguy him. Sau 5-7 ngy vi nhng triu chng trn, bnh nhn ht st nhng vn tip tc mt mi v chn n. Du hiu vng mt, vng da xut hin tng dn v thng ko di 2-4 tun. Bnh vim gan A cp tnh thng t khi, bnh nhn i tiu nhiu v ht vng da, vng mt. Tuy nhin c khong 2% s trng hp din bin nng, c th dn n suy gan, hn m gan, lm cho ngi bnh t vong. Vim gan ti cp : Bnh din bin nhanh chng trong mt tun vi biu hin st cao, vng mt, mt l, gan teo nh. Hn m gan thng l biu hin cui cng trc khi t vong. Vim gan ko di : Hin tng ny rt t gp. Biu hin l mt ko di, i khi xy ra 2-3 thng, nhng t khi li hu qu nng n. Khng ghi nhn th vim mn tnh hoc tnh trng mang HAV sut i. iu tr v phng nga: Hu ht cc trng hp vim gan A cp tnh thng din bin nh. Phng php iu tr ch yu l nm ngh, khng nn tip tc hc tp v lao ng trong thi gian mc bnh.Tuy nhin, ngi bnh khng nn t iu tr ti nh m cn n bnh vin khm, xt nghim xc nh th bnh. a s cc bnh nhn cn iu tr ni tr ti bnh vin. Bnh nhn cn c chm sc tt, n nhng thc d tiu ha, khng nn dng nhiu m, ng... trnh cho gan phi lm vic mt nhc. Cch ly ngi bnh, n ung v sinh cng l bin php phng bnh nhng khng tht s c hiu, khng nga c i dch xy ra. Hin nay, vcxin vim gan A (l virus sng bt hot, gim c lc) c s dng trn ton th gii v Vit Nam, c tnh min dch v an ton cao. 1.2.2.2. Virus vim gan E (HEV-Hepatitis E Virus) c im: Vim gan virus E (HEV) gi tt l vim gan E l mt bnh ly lan qua thc n, nc ung v c lin quan mt thit vi mi trng sng xung quanh chng ta, c bit l ma ma l. Bnh vim gan E c th gp bt c nc no trn th gii, nhng t l mc bnh cao nht l cc nc vng nhit i c bit l nhng nc v sinh mi trng km, ma l thng hay xy ra Hnh: Virus vim gan E Virus vim gan E sng rt km khi ra mi trng bn ngoi, do vy ch cn un si nc trong vng t 1-2 pht l c kh nng tiu dit c chng. y l mt c im rt thun li cho cng tc phng bnh. Virus vim gan E rt him khi ly qua ng mu v ng tnh dc. Ngun ly nhim: Bnh xut hin theo chu k, khong t 5-10 nm, thng c mt v dch ti mt a phng no c lin quan mt thit vi ma l hoc ang xy ra ma l. l do virus vim gan E c trong phn, rc, nc thi, khi ma l v lm trn ngp cc vng t bn c cha cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, trong c virus vim gan A, E. T nc, virus bm vo thc n nh rau, thc phm (do dng nc sng, ao h ra), nc ung. Khi ngi n, ung phi loi thc n, nc ung s lm bnh. Tuy vy mc bnh vim gan virus E ch chim mt t l di 10%, tuy nhin bnh d dng tr thnh c tnh, c t l t vong khong 0,5-4%. Biu hin bnh: Thi gian bnh: kh di, t vi tun n vi thng sau khi virus xm nhp vo c th Thi k khi pht: Bnh nhn st nh, mt mi, chn n, au mi ton thn lm cho ngi bnh d nhm tng l cm cm.

Thi k ton pht: vng da, vng mt, nc tiu sm mu, phn bc mu hoc trng nh phn c. Sau xut hin ri lon tiu ha nh au bng lm rm, bun nn, chn n, c th b tiu chy. Trong giai on khi u v ton pht, men gan thng tng cao, sc t mt trong mu cng tng cao, c bit l thi k c vng da, vng mt, nc tiu sm, phn bc mu. Phng nga: Bnh vim gan E hin nay cha c vaccine d phng. Do vy cn v sinh mi trng tht tt c bit l trc, trong v sau ma l; c bin php qun l v cht thi tht tt. X l ngun nc c vai tr c bit quan trng. Ngun nc l cha vi sinh vt gy bnh, trong c virus vim gan A v E. V vy sau l lt cng nh nh k cn thau ra ging khi. Cc ngun nc ng nh ao, h, cng rnh cn c khi thng. Cn c bin php kh khun ngun nc bng cloramin ng phng php (di s hng dn ca cn b y t). Khng nn ra rau, thc phm cc sng sui, ao, h khng hp v sinh. Tuyt i khng n rau sng, ung nc cha un si, k cc nc m ngun nc dng cha tit khun. Ngi bnh vim gan phi king ru, bia tuyt i. iu tr: Cng ging nh bnh vim gan A, B, C, D, t l bnh nhn vim gan E t khi khng cn cha tr bt k mt loi thuc no l khong 90%. Nhng trng hp khng t khi (do xt nghim chc nng, siu m v sinh thit gan... m bit), cn ngh ngi tuyt i, khng c ung ru, bia. Cho n nay vn cha c loi thuc no iu tr tiu dit mm bnh vim gan, trong c bnh vim gan E. V Ty y c mt s thuc nhm c ch s pht trin virut vim gan v kch thch c th sinh khng th chng li virus. Tuy vy, trc khi dng cc loi thuc ny ngi bnh nht thit phi c khm bnh v chn on ca thy thuc c ch nh dng thuc ng. 1.2.3. Virus thc phm gy nhng bnh khc: c im: y l cc loi virus pht trin trong rut nhng li i tn cng cc c quan khc trong c th. Chng l nhng virus ng rut m quan trng hn ht l virus gy bnh lit chi v bi xui m ngi ta gi l virus polio. Tui nguy c mc bnh l di 10 tui, c bit l tr em di 3 tui. Ngi ln cng c th nhim bnh. Ph n mang thai cn trnh b nhim nga ly nhim cho tr s sinh. Ngun ly nhim: Virus vo c th qua ng tiu ha v khu tr trong phn v hu hng. Virus ly truyn theo ng phn ming nhng cng c th b ly nhim do tip xc trc tip vi dch tit ng h hp. Ni chung thi k ly nhim cao nht l trong tun l u tin. Vi rt c th tm thy trong nc bt, m tit trong 3-4 tun v trong phn ca ngi bnh trong 6-8 tun. Biu hin bnh: a s cc trng hp nhim c biu hin nh v t hi phc m khng cn phi iu tr. Cc trng hp c biu hin nh, th triu chng c th gp ca bnh l st, pht ban, tiu chy, vim hng v ni mn nc trong ming, lng bn tay, chn, v vng mng. Bnh thng ko di khong 7-10 ngy. Sau khi khi, bnh nhn cn min dch mt thi gian ngn vi type nhim bnh, v min dch c vi mt s type khc trong nhm Enterovirus. Mt s t trng hp khc c bin chng thn kinh nh vim no, vim mng no hoc bi lit. Trng hp c bin chng thn kinh th c th gp nhng triu chng nh m sng, l m, co git, hn m, yu lit chn tay, kh th. Phng nga v iu tr:

Tng cng min dch cho c th: n ung cht dinh dng, tp th dc iu n v ung nc . V sinh c nhn tt V sinh mi trng tt Trnh tip xc vi ngi b nhim Hin nay trn th gii cha c thuc iu tr c hiu cng cha c loi vaccine no phng nga loi vi rt ny. 1.3. K sinh trng K sinh trng l nhng t bo sng nh vo nhng sinh vt khc ang sng, s ng cc cht dinh dng ca sinh vt sng v pht trin. Sinh vt b sng nh c gi l vt ch. K sinh trng phn ra 2 loi: n bo v a bo. 1.3.1. K sinh trng n bo: c im: Amip l nhng nguyn sinh ng vt, ch l mt t bo nhng c kh nng di chuyn nh hng nh chn gi. a s cc amip sng t do mi trng bn ngoi, mt s t sng k sinh. Trong rut gi ca ngi c khong 6-7 loi amip sng k sinh, trong Entamoeba histolytica l tc nhn gy bnh quan trng. Amip tn ti di 2 dng: Dng hot ng (th t dng), y l dng gy bnh trong c th ngi nhng khng ly bnh c v chng nhanh chng b tiu dit khi tip xc vi khng kh hoc dch v d dy. Dng kn nh b hn dng hot ng, c bc trong mt mng bn vng, y l tc nhn ly bnh v c kh nng tn ti nhiu tun ngoi cnh, nhng vng c kh hu nhit i hay nhiu ngy nhng vng c kh hu lnh. Kn b hy hoi bng cch nu chn. Ngun ly: Ngi bnh mc phi E.histolytica do n cc kn sng t nc, thc phm hoc bn tay b vy phn, ph bin nht l n nhng loi rau mc ch t nhim phn ngi hoc rau m ngi trng dng phn ngi bn hoc ti nc nhim phn. Ngun ly t gp hn l truyn qua nc. Biu hin bnh: Khi kn xm nhp vo c th con ngi qua ng ming, n rut non th v bao s b dch tiu ha ph v tr thnh amip dng hot ng, y chng tn ti v hi trong rut phn ln bnh nhn. Khong 10% s ngi b nhim amip th cc th hot ng ny xm nhp vo nim mc rut gy vim rut hoc i vo mu ti cc c quan gy p - xe nh gan, phi, no... nhng thng gp bnh amip ng rut. Vim i trng do amip c triu chng t 2-6 tun sau khi n phi kn ly nhim. Trc ht l au bng di v tiu chy, sau mt mi v chn n, au lan ta bng di hoc ra sau lng. Trong thi k ton pht, ngi bnh c th i i tin t 10-15 ln/ngy, c cm gic mt rn mun i i tin mi. Phn ch yu l mu v nhy nht. Bnh nhn b l amip thng khng st, y l im phn bit vi l trc khun (shigella) thng st nhiu, st cao. Din tin ca t cp tnh ko di t vi ngy n vi tun ty theo vic iu tr c tin hnh sm hay mun. Bnh l amip d b ti nhim v cn thn d chng kh nng bnh tin trin thnh mn tnh. Vim i trng mn tnh do amip thng dai dng vi nhng biu hin au bng, phn st, bng, c vi tun hoc vi thng li xy ra mt t cp tnh. Phng bnh: - Thc hin n chn, ung nc un si hoc nc kh khun - Khi dng rau qu ti phi ra sch - Ra tay sch trc khi n v sau khi i tiu tin - Qun l phn v x l phn tht tt

- Bo v ngun nc n, nc ra khng b nhim - Dit cn trng mang mm bnh nh: rui, gin... - Pht hin v iu tr nhng ngi nhim k sinh trng, nht l nhng ngi c lin quan n vn n ung, ch bin thc phm. iu tr: Trong cc trng hp au bng, i ngoi phn c nhy nht v c mu, nht thit ngi bnh phi vo nm vin c theo di v iu tr kp thi. Ngi bnh s c soi phn ti (soi phn va mi i ngoi xong) tm amip dng hot ng trong phn, y l cch chn on xc nh. Ngoi ra cn c th ni soi i trng hoc X quang i trng, hay xt nghim mu tm nguyn nhn gy bnh. Bnh amip rut hon ton c th iu tr c bng thuc thch hp. T l ti pht kh cao (35%) sau mi t iu tr, do cn phi c xt nghim phn theo di sau iu tr. Thuc thng c s dng l metronidazol, y l mt loi thuc rt ng, cn phi ung sau khi n no trnh nhng cm gic kh chu do thuc nh cm gic ng ming khi ung nc, cm gic chng mt nh, bun nn... Trong thi gian iu tr tuyt i khng c ung ru bia. 1.3.2. K sinh trng a bo K sinh trng a bo c chia thnh hai nhm: nhm giun v nhm sn. Mi la tui u c th mc giun, sn (c bit l tr em): 1.3.2.1. Nhim giun Giun sng trong rut non ca ngi, ht mu v cc cht dinh dng gy ra tnh trng thiu dinh dng trng din c th dn n suy dinh dng, thiu mu mn tnh v thiu vi cht ngi Hu qu nhim giun c th gp nh: tc rut, giun chui ng mt hay vim mng no do u trng giun a; vim lot hnh t trng do giun mc; ph voi, i ra dng chp do giun ch; st au c ph n, teo c, cng khp v c th t vong do nhim giun xon 1.3.2.1. Nhim sn c im: Sn trng thnh thng sng trong rut non ca ngi, mt s sn hay u trng sn sng trong cc ph tng ca c th hay trong cc t chc c nh: bnh sn l gan, sn l phi; bnh u trng sn ln trong no hay trong t chc c. Hu qu nhim sn c th biu hin mc khc nhau tu theo v tr c sn. Sn trong rut thng gy: ri lon tiu ho, n khng tiu, bun nn, au bng, a chy, to bn tht thng, gy st, ph n... c th t vong do suy kit Sn gan: au h sn phi m hoc d di, vng da, nc tiu vng sm... Sn phi: Ho ra m c mu, au ngc... Sn no: au u v c nhng cn ng kinh... Nguyn nhn thng do n cc thc n: c, tm, cua, c, ch, nhi, tht ln, tht b nhim bnh, cha nu chn hay n sng cc loi rau hoa qu bn bng phn cha c ra sch. Phng bnh: Bnh giun sn l mt bnh mang tnh x hi, lin quan ti thi quen n ung thiu v sinh v iu kin mi trng b nhim, do vic phng chng bnh l cng vic ca mi ngi. Hin nay c nhiu loi thuc dit giun sn c hiu qu cao, t c, nhng ch ng phng bnh giun sn l iu cn thit cho mi c nhn. i vi tr em: Gio dc thi quen v sinh tt, khng ngm mt tay, n cc vt ri di t, v sinh cc nhn v tp th ti gia nh, vn tr lp mu gio, khng cho tr em mc qun o h t, ct ngn mng tay, tp thi quen ra tay cho tr em trc khi n ung . . .

Mi ngi ni chung: Khng n cc loi tht sng hoc cha nu chn. Ra sch rau qu trc khi n. Khng s dng nc hay tm nhng ao h c sc vt xung tm. Gio dc thi quen v sinh n ung, ra tay trc khi n Qun l phn, x l phn tht tt (dng h x t hoi, h x 2 ngn, nh v sinh c ca), khng dng phn ti ti bn cy ci, hoa qu. Khng th rng sc vt. 1.4. Cc sinh vt c c t 1.4.1. Vi sinh vt c cht c (c t nm mc) c t nm mc (Mycotoxin) l nhng sn phm trao i th cp ca mt s loi nm mc nh Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria c t nm mc c tinh bn vng nhit cao v khng b tiu dit trong qu trinh ch bin thc n thng thng. Tuy theo tng loai ma c t nm mc c th gy nhim c cp tnh v mn tnh. Triu chng nhim c cp tnh gia sc thng l cc tn thng v gan v thn, nhim c h min dch hoc mt tc dng ca hoc mn co lin quan. Nhim c nh hn, c ngha khng c cc triu chng bnh cp tnh do lng c t hinh thnh gy nn, c th l bnh ung th, nh hng di cn hay khng hinh thnh phi thai. Nhng loi nm mc sinh c t ny c th pht trin trong lc canh tc, thu hoch, d tr, sn xut ch bin thc n v trong qu trnh cho n khi iu kin thun li. Nm mc ngoai ng Trong iu kin thc t cua nng nghip hin nay, c t nm mc c hinh thanh t nm mc ngoai ng la vn ln nht m ta ang phai i mt. Nm mc ng rung in hinh va nghim trong nht la Fusarium va Alternaria. c t nm mc Fusarium c bit ti u thuc nhom Trichothecenes, ma loai thng gp nht la c t nm mc Deoxynivalenol (DON). Loai c t nay c m ta nh la "c t gy nn ma". No gy ra cac hin tng chan n, sng ty h tiu hoa cung nh bun nn va bo n. No gy ra tn tht nng sut ang k, c bit trong chn nui ln va san xut thc n cho ln. ng thi nhom c t nay cung co anh hng tiu cc i vi h min dich. iu nay co nghia la khi ta s dung thc n chn nui nhim c t nay, no se gy anh hng nghim trong i vi cac c quan trong c th gia suc, va nh vy tac ng c ch min dich cua c t nm mc la nhn t lam giam ang k nng sut. Mt loai c t nm mc Fusarium na gy tn tht ln cho chn nui ln phai k ti la Zearalenon. Gy ng duc gia la anh hng chu yu c thy c quan sinh san cua vt nui. Triu chng i vi gia suc cai la phu n va sng ty m ao, sng tuyn vu, anh hng ti kha nng sinh san hay thm chi la v sinh. i vi gia suc c thi ang chu y nht la cht lng tinh trung giam. Nm mc trong kho cha Trong iu kin kh hu Trung u, c th phn bit c nm mc la loai nm trn ng rung hay trong kho, v d nm Aspergillus v Penicillium xut hin ngay khi ng cc c thu hoch v bo qun trong iu kin m cao hoc b m. nhng v thu hoch c tin hnh cn thn, khi sy kh v lu kho cng nh bo qun, ng cc s khng b nhim nm mc kho. c t ph bin ca loi nm mc Aspergillus v Penicillium trong thc t l aflatoxine v ochratoxin A. Aflatoxine gy nhim c gan. Triu chng thng gp l bnh v gan lm cho gan c mu xam xanh. Ochratoxine gy ra cc tn thng thn, lm mt chc nng lc nc trong c th vt nui. Nh a s cc loi c t nm

mc khc, hi loi c t nm mc kho lm gim gi tr dinh dng cua thc n v gim s tng trng cng nh lm suy yu h min dch. Nhiu nm trc, ngi ta cho rng, c t nm mc mi ni th khc nhau do iu kin a l ca tng khu vc. Chng hn nh aflatoxin th thng c tm thy khu vc nhit i, trong khi th zearalenon thng tm thy x n i. Tuy vy, ngy nay nguyn liu thc n (kh du u tng, ng, du c...) c mua bn, chuyn tr t khu vc ny n khu vc khc. V th, cng hng ca cc loi mycotoxin l iu d hiu. Vi khu vc chu n, quy nh gt gao v mc mycotoxin khng nhng nh hng rt ln n cc thnh vin trong Lin minh chu u, ngnh ch bin thc n gia sc v ngnh thc phm m cn nh hng n cc quc gia m hin nay ang nhp khu cc sn phm nng nghip vo chu u. Mycotoxin khng nhng hin din trong cc ht ng cc, cc loi ht m cn chuyn qua tht, sa, trng v cc sn phm t nui trng thy sn nh tm, c. Thit hi kinh t do mycotoxin gy ra c th ln n hng triu USD mi nm v nh hng nhiu nht cho cc nh chn nui, sn xut thc n gia sc v thc phm cho con ngi. Tm li, tc hi ca mycotoxin bng n cht hay kt hp s gy ra hin tng sau (i khi th hin nhiu hin tng trn 1 c th). Gim lng thc n vo, gim nng sut Suy yu h thng min nhim (gim lng khng th trong c th) Gia tng mc nhy cm i vi bnh tt H hi cc c quan ni tng (gan, thn, b phn sinh dc) Nng sut sn xut km (gim t l th thai, sy thai, m h sng to, ng dc gi) Mi nguy hi cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng khi thc phm c nhim mycotoxin C kh nng phn hy sinh hc khi loi thi (theo phn vt nui). Cc c t nm mc c cp n nhiu l aflatoxin, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, fumonisin, zearalenone. 1.4.1.1. Aflatoxins Aflatoxins, lin quan ti cc bnh khc nhau gia sc, vt nui trong nh cng nh con ngi, l loi c t nm mc c nghin cu rng v su nht trn ton th gii. A. flavus Khun lc A. flavus A. flavus trn ng Nm 1960, chng c pht hin lin quan ti s bng n ca bnh c gi l Turkey X disease cc trang tri gia cm ti Anh v git cht hng ngn con g ty, g li v vt. Aflatoxins c sn sinh ch yu t nm mc Aspergillus flavus v Aspergillus parasiticus, nhng chng cng c lin quan ti loi Aspergillus nomius v Aspergillus niger, c bit cc vng nng m. C 4 loi Aflatoxins chnh l AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 v AFG2 cng vi hai sn phm chuyn ho thm vo (AFM1 v AFM2), sn phm duy nht t sa ca gia sc nui con. Cc sn phm c th nhim aflatoxin Cc ht ng cc Ht c du Ng, thc, go, la m Lc, bng, da, u tng, hng dng

C Sa Thu sn Sn phm ln men

Sn, khoai ty Sa ti, phomat C, tm Ru, vang, bia, nc gii kht

Tt c cc loi gia sc c coi l nhy cm vi aflatoxin, mc d s nhy cm c s khc nhau ln mi loi gia sc. Gia sc thng thng nh ln v ch nhy cm hn i gia sc. Gia sc non nhy cm hn gia sc trng thnh. Biu hin lm sng khi nhim aflatoxin l cc thng tn gan, vng da, ri lon hot ng chc nng d dy-rut, thiu mu, nng sut gim, kh nng sinh sn gim, s dng thc n v hiu qu s dng thc n gim, cht thai, di truyn d hnh (nhc im khi sinh), hnh thnh khi u v ln t chc nng ca h min dch, thm ch c khi hm lng c t nm mc thp. Gia sc non c th phi chu nh hng ca aflatoxin chuyn ho vo trong sa m. Biu hin nhim c t aflatoxin lm sng ngi c thng k t khp ni trn th gii. Triu chng c trng l nn o, au bng, ph phi, hn m v cht do ph no v cht bo cun vo gan, thn v tim. T mi tng quan r rng gia vic s dng thc n nhim c t AFB1 v t l ung th gan tng ln mt vi nc Chu v Chu Phi, c quan nghin cu ung th Quc t phn chia AFB1 thnh nhm 1A carinogen. Phng php hn ch aflatoxin X l nhit vi mui amoni, monomethylamin, NaOH, NaClO, H2O2. S dng kh quyn iu chnh. Tng CO2 t 0.5% (khng kh) ti 100%; O2 gim t 51% Gim Aw <0.85 S dng bin php kim sot sinh hc (cht chng nm, thuc bo v thc vt 1.4.1.2. Trichothecenes Trichothecenes thuc nhm 150 hp cht c cu trc tng t c sn sinh ch yu t Fusarium sp. , mt loi nm mc phn b rng ri trong cc loi ng cc trn ton th gii.. Fusarium culmorum Fusarium avenaceum Fusarium crookwellense Do c tnh ho hc v s hnh thnh nm mc, chng c th c phn chia thnh 4 nhm cn bn, vi loi A v loi B nh hng tiu cc i vi chn nui gia sc Trichothecenes loi A (sn sinh ch yu t Fusarium sporotrichioides) bao gm cc loi c t khc nhau T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol (NEO) v diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS). Trichothecenes loi B (sn sinh ch yu t Fusarium culmorum v F. graminearum ) gm cc loi deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin or DON) v 3-acetyl cng vi 15-cht dn xut ca n. Triuc chng gy ra bi Trichothecenes T-2 toxin c ch s tng hp protein v lm suy yu s hon thin ca t bo mu trong tu xng v ngn chn h min dch. Ri loin chc nng ribosom, c ch s tng hp protein ty th

Gy nn thng tn cho tuyn nhy ca h d dy v rut dn ti hu qu l xut huyt din rng v vim ton b. Triu chng phc tp ca T-2 toxicosis thng c miu t nh l nh hng chiu x v hu qu l gia sc nhy cm hn khi nhim c t ln th 2. DON, ging nh cc trichothecenes khc, gy c ch min dch lm cho gia sc nhy cm hn khi nhim c t DON. Du hiu khi nhim c t l b n v nn o, tn thng thng dng gi c t ny l "c t nn o". Phng php hn ch Trichothecenes Trichothecenes rt bn vi cc tc ng mi trng v bn vi nhit, khng b phn gii nhit di 230oC, c t ny bn vng trong khng kh v nh sng hng tun l. C th x l hon ton trichothecenes 600oC/10 pht trong dung dch NaOH Trichothecenesc th d dng c loi b phn ln bng nc Trichothecenes mt hot tnh khi kt hp vi mt s tc nhn nh bentonit v t st trng Trichothecenesb v hot trong dung dch NaHSO3 3-5%

1.4.1.3. Ochratoxins Ochratoxins l cht dn xut isocoumarin. N ch yu c sinh ra t nm mc Aspergillus ochraceus v Penicillium viridicatum , nhng cng c khi t loi nm mc khc. c t ny xut hin trong qu trnh lu kho khi nm mc nhim vo ng cc v , c bit tit lnh v n i. c t c sn sinh mnh nht v nhiu nht 20 ti 25C. Trong s cc ochratoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA) c c tnh mnh nht. C quan nghin cu ung th Quc t phn chia OTA thnh nhm 2B carinogen Trong chn nui, thng tn do nhim c ochratoxin A xut hin ch yu gia cm v heo. Tuy nhin, tt c cc gia sc phng th nghim qua th nghim u rt d b thng tn khi n thc n c c t ochratoxins. Khi tiu th thc n cha khong vi trm ppb c t ochratoxins A dn ti s chuyn ha thc n km, t l tng trng gim v pht trin km, km theo l gim sc khng chng li cc vi khun v virus. c im ni bt khi nhim c ochratoxin A l tiu th nc tng v i tiu nhiu do s thng tn thn. i tiu tng heo lm cho nn chung lun m t v cn phi v sinh hng ngy. Khi m heo, c th thy thn thng to v mu xm vi b mt v thn khng nhn nhi v x v thn. Cc thng tn cng c th thy r gan. Xc nh khng c s nhim OTA trn sa i vi ng vt nhai li nhng thy c xut hin i vi sa cu V monogastrique Ti nay cha c tiu chun cho OTA. Cc khuyn co cho rng ngng hp thu hng ngy cho php i vi OTA l 1.2-1.4 mg/kg/ngy. Nc qu v vang nho l 0.2-1 mg/kg Bin php hn ch lng OTA S dng kh quyn iu chnh. Tng CO2 =30% c ch hon ton s to thnh OTA OTA rt bn vng vi cc x l nhit v ho cht. Gia nhit 250oC trong 40 pht ch gim 76% Hin nay cha c bin php hiu qu no phn hu cc c t nm loi ny. Mi bin php gp phn lm gim v hn ch hnh thnh OTA trong sn phm l iu cn c quan tm 1.4.1.4. Fumonisins

F Fumonisin B1 umonisins, nhm bao gm su loi c t khc nhau (FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4, FA1 v FA2). Chng c sn sinh t Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium proliferatum v Fusarium sp., c bit khi kh hu m v n ha. Fumonisins c thy ch yu trong ng v cc sn phm t ng, do vy y l vn kh khn trn ton th gii. Fumonisin B1, c t nhiu nht v ph bin nht trong nhm Triu chng Fumonissin B1 l c t c c tnh mnh nht, gy nn nt s triu chng nh: - Vim no bch cu hoc tn hi gan nga v mt s V mu nng - Ung th gan chut - Bnh phi chut - Tn thng gan, thn, tim, phi, thm ch gy c ch sinh trng v gy cht g - Ung th thc qun ngi Loi tr: Do Fumonisin bn nhit, ch b ph hu khi tc ng nhit >200oC. Cc bin php thu phn khng lm gim m ngc li lm tng cng c tnh. Bin php hiu qu nht l phn lai v la chn nguyn liu 1.4.1.5. Zearalenone Zearalenone (ZON) l sn phm duy nht ca loi nm mc Fusarium pht trin trong iu kin m cao (v d F. roseum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum ). N c tc dng tng t hoc mn ng dc ging ci v gy ra ng dc gi (hin tng tng t ng dc). Heo c coi l loi gia sc nhy cm nht. Hnh: Zearalenone Triu chng: Du hiu lm sng chung l gim hiu qu thc n, thay i trng lng ca cc c quan, sinh sn gim v thay i hot ng. gia sc ci, c t zearalenone dn ti s sng ty tuyn v, ph n c quan sinh sn, sa trc trng, teo d con v bung trng, gim s lng con trong la , sy thai v v sinh. gia sc c, cc triu chng ch yu l sng ty tuyn v, ph n c quan sinh sn, teo tinh hon v cht lng tinh dch km Bin php chung phng nga c t nm mc - Thu hoch kp thi v bo qun hp ly l hai nhn t co tinh cht quyt inh i vi nguy c nhim nm mc cng nh kh nng trnh s hinh thnh c t nm mc. S loi b hon ton c t nm mc ngay ca cc nh my tt nht l iu khng th thc hin c. - Vic ap dung cac phng phap lam sach, bo vo hay chon loc khi nguyn liu chi nhim c t nm mc mt ln thi cung hu nh khng co kt qua. Phng phap nay thc s chi co th loai bo mt ty l rt nho c t nm mc va lng c t chu yu vn con lai trong thc n chn nui. - X ly bng hoa hoc thc s cung phn nao loai bo c c t nm mc. Tuy vy, mt bt li cua phng phap nay la phai thc hin iu kin ap sut va nhit thich hp va bn canh o no lai tn d hoa hoc (c t) hoc cac san phm do cac phan ng hoa hoc trong thc n chn nui. Phng phap nay qua phc tap v mt ky thut va chi phi tn kem khi ng dung vao thc t. - Phng phap khac c ng dung rng rai la b sung cht lin kt c t nm mc (cht hp thu) vao thc n chn nui, ma trong qua trinh tiu hoa cht nay co th hp thu trc tip cac c t nm mc trong h tiu hoa. Khi c t nm mc i qua h tiu hoa,

no se bi lin kt cht vi cac cht hp thu nay va nh vy co th lam mt kha nng gy c cua chung. Mt s loai c t nm mc, vi du nh Trichothecene hay Zearalenon, lin kt rt kem hoc thm chi khng lin kt vi cac loai cht hp thu. Khi o cac sinh phm (men) se c b sung vao thc n chn nui. Cac cht nay co th chuyn hoa c t thanh cac san phm khng co c tinh va v hai. y la phng phap mi va duy nht giai quyt vn c t nm mc. 1.4.2. Ng c do thc vt c cht c 1.4.2.1. Ng c do khoai ty mc mm Hp cht ancaloid (solanin v chaconin) trong khoai ty mc mm hay khi v chuyn sang mu xanh, c tc dng gy c. Solanin phn b khng u, v nhiu hn rut, trung bnh rut c 0.04-0.07g/kg, v 0.3-0.55g/kg. Khoai ty mc mm c th cha 1.34g/kg. Khi c tip xc nhiu vi tia cc tm, nh nng mt tri th hm lng solanin tng ln rt cao. Liu lng 0.2-0.4g/kg th trng c th gy cht ngui. Triu chng nh l au bng i ngoi ri to bn. Nng hn na l gin ng t v lit nh hai chn. Bin php phng chng l trnh n khoai ty mc mm, trng hp mun n phi khot b ht chn mm. 1.4.2.2. Ng c do sn, mng Cyanua (CN) sn c nhiu trong sn, mng... Sn, mng, khi gp men tiu ho s to thnh HCN (axit cyanhydric), gy ng c cp tnh. Liu t vong i vi ngi l 1mg/kg th trng. Tr em, ngi gi, ngi m yu nhy cm hn. Ng c cp tnh c triu chng nhc u, chng mt, bun nn. ng h hp b kch thch sau t i. Dn dn thy c hin tng ri lon thn kinh, s hi, co git, gin ng t, mch khng u, sc mt tm ti. C th cht sau 30 pht. Nu cha tr kp thi khng li di chng g khc, thnh thong ch nhc u, chng mt. Triu chng ca ng c chm l nhc u, chng mt, bun nn, mt ton thn, mt , kh c hng v mi. Bin php khc phc ti ch: Gy nn, ra d dy hoc cho ung dung dch KMnO4 0.2%. Tim tnh mch 50 ml xanh metylen 1% trong dung dch glucose 25%. HCN l cht bay hi, ho tan trong nc, c th oxy ho thnh acid cyanic khng c, kt hp vi ng thnh cht khng c. Da trn cc tnh cht c bin php ch bin ph hp, trnh ng c. 1.4.2.3. Ng c do n u tng sng u tng l loi thc n ph bin, tuy nhin s dng u tng sng l iu nguy him. i vi ngi v ng vt d dy mt ti, u tng sng gy bu c, tn thong gan, kim ch s pht trin. Nhit v m (nu c nc) c th trnh c cc tc hi trn v lm tng thm gi tr dinh dng ca u tng. Nhit c tc dng: Dit cc yu t c tnh cht km hm s hot ng ca enzym. V d chng s hot ng cu men trypsin iu chnh tc thu phn ca cc acid amin, nht l cc acid amin cha S vn c t trong u tng, lm cho cc acid amin ny c gii phng Dit soyin, mt albumin c c tnh trong u tng, km hm s pht trin ca c th ng vt. 1.4.1.4. Ng c do nm c

Nm c l nm c c t, khng n c. C loi nm cha c t gy cht ngi (Amatina phalloides, A.verna...). Mt s loi nm n vo gy nhiu bnh v tiu ha, gan, thn, thn kinh..., nu n nhiu, khng c iu tr kp thi d gy t vong. C mt s nm tit c t ra mi trng sinh trng nh t, phn, nc... Cc loi rau, c trng trn mi trng cng s b nhim c. Phn bit nm c v nm n Khng n nm c mu sc sc s, c mi thm hp dn v nm ny thng l nm c. Khng n cc loi nm hoang di lc cn non (v lc cn non chng rt ging nhau). Khng n loi nm khi ct, vt ct c r ra cht trng nh sa. Khng n nm qu gi, nm c nghi ng, khng r a ch... Cng c nhng loi nm c ging nm n (nm trng), rt kh pht hin nhng nu quan st k s thy gc c bao v c vng c. 1.4.3. Ng c do ng vt c cht c 1.4.3.1. Ng c do nhuyn th Mt s lai ho c cha cht c l mytilotoxin, gy hin tng chng mt, bun nn, i ngoi, bun tay chn, khng iu khin c cc c, tay chn nng, t lit b my h hp. Ngoi ra cn c cht c mytilocongestin gy i ngoi, xung huyt nim mc d dy v rut. 1.4.3.2. Ng c do n cc Cht c cc bao gm cc cht bufotoxin, phrynin, phrynolysin gn ging cu to ca glucozit tr tim c dng trong y hc iu tr bnh ngt khi kt hp vi mt s dc liu khc. Nc ca cc c cc tuyn: Tuyn sau hai mt Tuyn lng (tuyn sn si tit nc snh nh kem, tnh acid, ng, kh ngay khi ra ngoi khng kh, gy un vn, ngng tim nhanh) Tuyn bng, tit nc long, khng mu, khng v, trung tnh hay kim, kch thch nim mc, gy ht hi, tc ng chm hn v gy t lit Nc c ca cc cn c trong cc ph tng, ch yu trong gan. Khi cc c trng, cht c tp trung trng. Tht cc khng c, thng c dng cha bnh cam cho tr. Khi s dng phi loi b ht da v ni tng. 1.4.3.3.Ng c c nc Ng c do n c nc c t l t vong cao: trn th gii l 40%-60%, Vit Nam l 44,4% (theo thng k ca Cc Qun l cht lng V sinh an ton thc phm nm 2001); ng c gp nhiu nht cc tnh min Trung nh: Ph Yn, Quy Nhn, Qung Ngi, H Tnh, ngoi ra cn gp Hi Phng...v thm ch ngay ti H Ni. C nc hay cn gi l c cc, c bng bin, c i g, sng nc mn nhiu hn nc ngt. C nc thuc h Tetraodontidae vi hng trm loi trong Vit Nam c hn 20 loi. Cht c ca c nc c tn l tetrodotoxin, tp trung da, rut, gan, c bng, tinh hon v nhiu nht trng c, v vy, con ci c hn con c v c bit ma c trng. Tetrodotoxin tan trong nc, khng b nhit ph hy (nu chn hay phi kh, sy, c cht vn tn ti) nhng c th b phn hy trong mi trng kim hay acid mnh. y l cht c thn kinh mnh nht, cht c ny cn thy da v ni tng con saging, k nhng, bch tuc vng xanh... C ch gy c: c ch hot ng bm Na v K qua mng t bo thn kinh c, ngng dn truyn thn kinh - c gy lit c xng, c h hp...

Sau khi n c c cht c ny, n c hp th nhanh qua ng rut, d dy trong 5-15 pht, t nng nh trong mu sau 20 pht v thi tit qua nc tiu sau 30 ti 3-4 h. n c c cha Tetrodotoxin t 4-7 gi gy ra triu chng ng c. LD50 cho chut = 10mg/kg. Triu chng sm: sau n 5-10 pht n 3 gi xut hin: t li, mm, mi, t ngn, bn tay, chn, au u, v m hi; au bng, bun nn v nn, tng tit nc bt. Triu chng nng: kh ni, mt phi hp, yu c, mt l, lit c tin trin, tm, lit h hp, ngng h hp, mch chm, h huyt p v hn m. T vong 4 - 24 gi sau khi ng c, cao nht l 6 gi u. Cc triu chng c th xut hin: h huyt p do lit v gin mch; tng huyt p do thiu oxy hoc bnh nhn b tng huyt p t trc; co git. Hng dn x tr: hi sc h hp l c bn nht. Ti nh v ni n c: ngay khi c du hiu u tin (t mi, t tay, vn cn tnh) - Gy nn: d nguy him v bnh nhn c th suy h hp t ngt do lit c h hp - Than hot tnh 30g than hot + 250ml nc sch quy u, ung ht mt ln, tr 1-12 tui ung 25g pha vi 100-200ml nc, tr di 1 tui 1g/kg pha vi 50ml nc. Ung than hot sm trc 1 gi sau khi n c s c hiu qu cao loi b cht c, chng ch nh khi bnh nhn hn m hay ri lon thc. 2. Nhim c thc phm do tc nhn ha hc nhim thc phm do ho hc ngy cng tr thnh mi quan tm ln v lng ho cht c sn xut hng nm trn th gii rt ln v kh kim sot. Mi trng t nhin b nhim trm trng bi cc cht thi cng nghip, nng nghip v s dng ba bi cc ho cht bo v thc vt l nhng nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim thc phm. Cc ho cht gy nhim c qua ng thc phm l : Nhng cht ho hc cho thm vo thc phm theo mun. Cc loi ph gia thc phm Cc loi thuc kch thch sinh trng (i vi thc vt) Cc loi thuc tng trng (i vi ng vt, gia sc) Nhng ho cht ln vo thc phm Cc ho cht khc t cht thi c trong t, nc, khng kh Cc kim loi nng : Ch, thu ngn, asen, cadimi... Ho cht bo v thc phm Cc ho cht bo v thc vt: Thuc tr su, tr c... 2.1. Nhng cht ho hc cho thm vo thc phm theo mun. Cc cht ha hc c cho thm vo thc phm theo mun ch yu l cc cht ph gia thc phm. Ngoi ra cn c cc cht kch thch sinh trng i vi thc vt, cht tng trng i vi ng vt. Khi nim v cht ph gia thc phm c th c hiu nh sau: Ph gia thc phm l mt cht c hay khng c gi tr dinh dng, khng c tiu th thng thng nh mt thc phm v khng c s dng nh mt thnh phn ca thc phm Ph gia thc phm l mt cht ch b sung vo thc phm gii quyt mc ch cng ngh trong sn xut, ch bin, bao gi, bo qun, vn chuyn thc phm, nhm ci thin kt cu hoc c tnh k thut ca thc phm . Ph gia thc phm tn ti trong thc phm vi mt gii hn ti a cho php c quy nh.

Mc ch khi s dng ph gia thc phm: Bo qun thc phm: Cht st khun: mui nitrat, nitrit, acid benzoic, natri benzoat, natri borat (hn the) Cc cht khng sinh: chloramphenicol, tetracycllin, streptomycin, penicillin. Cc cht chng oxy ho: acid ascobic, a.citric, a.lactic, alpha -tocophenol Cht chng mc: natri diaxetat, diphenyl... Tng tnh hp dn ca thc n: Cht to ngt tng hp: saccarin Cc phm mu: phm mu v c, hu c, phm mu tng hp. Cc cht cho thm vo ch bin c bit: Cc cht lm trng bt: kh chlor, oxit nit Cht lm tng kh nng thnh bnh, dai, dn ca bt: bromat, hn the Cc cht lm cng thc phm: canxi chlorua, canxi citrat, canxi phosphat Tng khu v: m chnh (natri monoglutamate) Cc tc dng tch cc ca ph gia thc phm Nu s dng ng loi, ng liu lng, cc ph gia thc phm c tc dng tch cc: To c nhiu sn phm ph hp vi s thch v khu v ca ngi tiu dng. Gi c cht lng ton vn ca thc phm cho ti khi s dng. To s d dng trong sn xut, ch bin thc phm v lm tng gi tr thng phm hp dn trn th trng. Ko di thi gian s dng ca thc phm. Nhng nguy hi ca ph gia thc phm Nu s dng ph gia thc phm khng ng liu lng, chng loi nht l nhng ph gia khng cho php dng trong thc phm s gy nhng tc hi cho sc khe: Gy ng c cp tnh: Nu dng qu liu cho php. Gy ng c mn tnh: D dng liu lng nh, thng xuyn, lin tc, mt s cht ph gia thc phm tch ly trong c th, gy tn thng lu di. V d: khi s dng thc phm c hn the, hn the s c o thi qua nc tiu 81%, qua phn 1%, qua m hi 3% cn 15% c tch lu trong cc m m, m thn kinh, dn dn tc hi n nguyn sinh cht v ng ha cc aminoit, gy ra mt hi chng ng c mn tnh: n khng ngon, gim cn, tiu chy, rng tc, suy thn mn tnh, da xanh xao, ng kinh, tr tu gim st. Nguy c gy hnh thnh khi u, ung th, t bin gen, qui thai, nht l cc cht ph gia tng hp. Nguy c nh hng ti cht lng thc phm: ph hu cc cht dinh dng, vitamin... Quy nh v s dng ph gia thc phm 1. Ch c php sn xut, nhp khu, kinh doanh ti th trng Vit Nam cc ph gia thc phm trong danh mc v phi c chng nhn ph hp tiu chun cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm ca c quan c thm quyn. 2. Vic s dng ph gia thc phm trong danh mc trong sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn thc phm phi thc hin theo Quy nh v cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm ca B Y t. 3. Vic s dng ph gia thc phm trong danh mc phi bo m: ng i tng thc phm v liu lng khng vt qu gii hn an ton cho php.

p ng cc yu cu k thut, v sinh an ton quy nh cho mi cht ph gia. Khng lm bin i bn cht, thuc tnh t nhin vn c ca thc phm. 4. Cc cht ph gia thc phm trong "Danh mc lu thng trn th trng" phi c nhn y cc ni dung theo quy nh. 5. Yu cu i vi c s sn xut, ch bin thc phm: Trc khi s dng mt ph gia thc phm cn ch xem xt: Cht ph gia c nm trong Danh mc hay khng? Cht ph gia c c s dng vi loi thc phm m c s nh s dng hay khng? - Gii hn ti a cho php ca cht ph gia i vi thc phm l bao nhiu? (mg/kg hoc mg/lt) - Ph gia c phi dng cho thc phm hay khng? C bo m cc quy nh v cht lng v sinh an ton, bao gi, ghi nhn theo quy nh hin hnh khng? (Bi c thm) 2.2. Nhng ho cht ln vo thc phm Cc kim loi nng nh asen, ch, km, thic,v.v... nu tn d trong thc phm vi hm lng qu cao s gy tc hi cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. Biu hin trc ht l ng c mn tnh hoc cp tnh. i vi ngi tiu dng: - Gy c hi cp tnh. V d asen vi liu lng cao c th gy ng c cht ngi ngay - Gy c hi mn tnh hoc tch ly. i vi thc n: - Lm h hng thc n, th d ch cn c vt ng cng kch thch qu trnh oxy ha v t oxy ha du m.v.v... - Lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm, th d ch cn vt kim loi nng cng kch thch s phn hy vitamin C, vitamin B1,v.v... Di y l mt s kim loi nng thng thy trong thc phm v ch ch n tnh cht c hi ca chng. 2.2.1. Asen (As) Asen khng c coi nh mt v khong cn thit. Hp cht v c ca asen vi liu lng cao, rt c. Ng c do asen ch yu l ng c cp tnh: b nhim vi liu lng 0,06g As l b ng c, vi liu lng 0,15g/ngi, c th gy cht ngi. Ng c cp tnh l do n nhm phi thc n b nhim asen... ngi, ng c thng din ra do tch ly asen trong c th, kt qu ca bnh ngh nghip, hoc do thc n, thc ung b nhim asen trong qu trnh ch bin cng nghip. Do , mi loi thc n u c quy nh c mt lng ti a asen cho php, v d: - Hoa qu c c ti a 1,4ppm As. - Thic dng lm hp ng thc phm ch c c ti a 0,001ppm As. nhm ng thc phm ch c c ti a di 0,0016ppm As. Liu lng ti a asen c th chp nhn c hng ngy cho ngi l 0,05mg/kg th trng. Triu chng ng c cp tnh nh b dch t, xut hin rt nhanh, c khi ngay sau khi n phi asen. Nn nhn nn ma, au bng, a chy, kht nc d di, mch p yu, mt nht nht ri thm tm, b i, cht sau 24 gi. Ng c mn tnh do tch ly nhng liu lng nh asen trong thi gian di, c triu chng: mt xm, tc rng, vim d dy v rut, au mt, au tai, cm gic v s di ng b ri lon, gy cm, kit sc.

2.2.2. Ch (Pb) Ch l mt thnh phn khng cn thit ca khu phn n. Trung bnh liu lng ch do thc n, thc ung cung cp cho khu phn hng ngy t 0,0033 - 0,005 mg/ kg th trng. Ngha l trung bnh mt ngy, mt ngi ln n vo c th t 0,25 n 0,35mg ch. Vi liu lng hm lng ch tch ly s tng dn theo tui, nhng cho n nay cha c g chng t rng s tch ly liu lng c th gy ng c i vi ngi bnh thng khe mnh. Liu lng ti a ch c th chp nhn hng ngy cho ngi, do thc n cung cp, c tm thi quy nh l 0,005mg/kg th trng. Ng c cp tnh do ch thng t gp. Ng c trng din l do n phi thc n c cha mt lng ch, tuy t nhng lin tc hng ngy. Ch cn hng ngy c th hp thu t 1 mg ch tr ln, sau mt vi nm, s c nhng triu chng c hiu: hi th thi, sng li vi vin en li, da vng, au bng d di, to bn, au khp xng, bi lit chi trn (tay b bin dng), mch yu, nc tiu t, trong nc tiu c poephyrin, ph n d b sy thai. 2.2.3. Thy ngn (Hg) Thy ngn khng c chc nng g cn thit trong chuyn ho c th con ngi v thng c rt t trong thc phm rau, qu. Nu thc phm c ln thy ngn rt c tc hi cho sc kho con ngi. V vy, cn phi gi thc phm rau qu khng c ln thy ngn d hm lng rt thp. 2.2.4. ng (Cu) ng l mt thnh phn cn thit cho c th do thc n a vo hng ngy t 0,033 0,05 mg/kg th trng. Vi liu lng ny, ngi ta khng thy c tch lu ng (Cu) trong c th ngi bnh thng. n mt nng no , ngay c khi th vt ng c th lm nh hng n mi v v gi tr dinh dng ca thc n, th d kch thch s t oxy ho ca du m lm chng chng b i kh, y nhanh s ph hy cc vitamin ... Liu lng ng chp nhn hng ngy cho ngi l 0,5 mg/kg th trng. Liu lng ny khng ng lo ngi vi iu kin nng molypen v km trong thc n khng c qu gii hn thng thng, v cc cht ny nh hng n chuyn ho ca ng trong c th ngi. ng khng gy ng c cho tch lu, nhng nu n phi mt lng ln mui ng, th b ng c cp tnh. Triu trng biu hin ngay nh nn nhiu v nh vy, lm thot ra ngoi phn ln ng n phi. Cng v vy m t thy trng hp cht ngi do b ng c ng. Cht nn c mu xanh c hiu ca ng, sau khi nn, nc bt vn tip tc ra nhiu v trong mt thi gian di vn cn d v ng trong ming. 2.2.5. Km (Zn) Km l thnh phn t nhin ca thc n v cn thit cho i sng con ngi. Mt khu phn mu cung cp hng ngy t 0,17 - 0,25 mg Zn/kg th trng. Hm lng km c quy nh gii hn trong thc n (t 5 - 10 ppm) khng nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng. Ng c do km cng l ng c cp tnh, do n nhm phi mt lng ln km (5-10g ZnSO4 hoc 3-5g ZnCl2) c th gy cht ngi vi triu chng nh c v kim loi kh chu v dai dng trong ming, nn, a chy, m hi lnh, mch p kh, t vong. 2.2.6. Thic (Sn) Thic l mt thnh phn bnh thng ca khu phn n, khng c chc nng sinh l g, nhng tnh cht c hi rt thp. Liu lng thic trong thc phm thng c quy nh

cho php t 100 - 200mg/kg sn phm. Thng thng cha n 100 mg thc n c v kim loi kh chu v nh vy khng t tiu chun v trng thi cm quan. 2.3. Ho cht bo v thc phm Hin nay cc thuc tr su, tr mc trong nng nghip c gi bng tn chung l ha cht bo v thc vt. Nhu cu s dng ha cht bo v thc vt nc ta khong 30-40 ngn tn trong mt nm. Tuy nhin, ngoi tc dng dit su bnh, ha cht bo v thc vt cng v ang gy nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng kh) v lng thc thc phm. T gy nn cc v ng c cp tnh v mn tnh cho ngi tip xc v ngi s dng. Qua iu tra thng k, nguyn nhn ng c ch yu l do cng tc qun l thuc tr su khng tt. Con ng gy nhim c ch yu l qua n ung (tiu ha) chim 97,3%. Qua da v h hp ch chim 1,9% v 0,8%. Thuc gy c ch yu l WOLFATOX (77,3%), k n l 666 (14,7%) v DDT (8%). i tng b nhim c thng l nng dn tui lao ng. Ty theo loi thuc m biu hin lm sng c khc nhau. Thng c nhng hi chng sau y: Hi chng v thn kinh: Ri lon thn kinh trung ng, nhc u, mt ng, gim tr nh. Ri lon thn kinh thc vt nh ra m hi. mc nng hn c th gy tn thng thn kinh ngoi bin dn n lit. Nng hn na c th tn thng n no, hi chng nhim c no thng gp nht l do thy ngn hu c sau n ln hu c v clo hu c. Hi chng v tim mch: Co tht mch ngoi vi, nhim c c tim, ri lon nhp tim, nng l suy tim. Thng l do nhim c ln hu c, clo hu c v nicotin. Hi chng h hp: Vim ng h hp trn, th kh kh, vim phi. Nng hn c th suy h hp cp, ngng th. Thng l do nhim c ln hu c v clo hu c. Hi chng tiu ha - gan mt: Vim d dy, vim gan mt, co tht ng mt. Thng l do nhim c clo hu c, carbamat, thuc v c cha Cu, S. Hi chng v mu: Thiu mu gim bch cu, xut huyt, thng do nhim c clo, ln hu c carbamat. Ngoi ra trong mu c s thay i hot tnh ca mt s men nh: men axetyl cholinesteza do nhim c ln hu c. Ngoi ra c th thay i ng mu. Tng nng acid pyruvic trong mu. Phng nga Tng cng cng tc qun l ha cht bo v thc vt cht ch ca ngnh nng nghip. Ch nhp hoc sn xut cc loi ha cht bo v thc vt c hiu qu cao i vi sinh vt gy hi nhng t c i vi ngi v ng vt. Tng cng gio dc v hun luyn ngi s dng ha cht bo v thc vt cc bin php bo m an ton cho bn thn v ngi tiu dng: Ring i vi cc loi rau qu ti s dng n ngay cn phi thc hin nghim cc bin php sau: + Tn trng v m bo thi gian cch ly qui nh cho tng loi ha cht bo v thc vt trn tng loi rau qu. + Vi rau qu nghi ng l c kh nng b phun thuc ha cht bo v thc vt cn ra sch, ngm nc nhiu ln. + Vi loi rau qu c v, vn phi c ra sch ri mi ct b v. Phi hp cht ch gia ngnh nng nghip vi ngnh y t kim tra vic phn phi, s dng ha cht bo v thc vt. Qun l sc khe i vi nhng ngi c tip xc trc tip . Trang b phng h y .

Tin hnh nghin cu lu di mc nhim ha cht bo v thc vt ra mi trng xung quanh. iu tr a ngay nn nhn ra khi khu vc b nhim c. Ci b qun o, lau sch thuc cn dnh li trn da nu l nhim c qua da. Nu nhim c qua n ung phi cho ra d dy ngay, chm qu 2 gi th khng cn hiu qu na. Tim atropin liu cao 1-2mg/1 ln, ty theo nng nh m tim tnh mch, bp, di da. C 15-30 pht tim nhc li cho ti khi bo ha atropin th thi (bnh nhn c biu hin mt hng, mi kh, mch nhanh). Cho thuc li niu, th oxy. Nu c iu kin th cho tim PAM (Pyridine-andoxim-iodo-metilat) hi phc li hot ng ca men axetyl cholinesteraza. Tim tnh mch, tim 0,5-1g. Nu cha th tim thm 1 ln na. Tng liu khng qu 2g. 3. Nhim c thc phm do tc nhn vt l S nhim vo thc phm cc vt l hay phng x t nhin l thng gp nht. nhim phng x sang thc phm ti sng c th xy ra khi c s c v mi trng, cng c khi phng x nhng vng m c cht phng x. Cc loi ng vt v thc vt trong phm vi vng b nhim, khi ngi n cc loi thc phm ny th b nhim lun. Cc nguyn nhn nhim thc phm do tc nhn vt l thng t khi gy ng c cp tnh m thng b tch lu t t. BI C THM H VI KHUN NG RUT (Enterobacteriaceae) 1. I CNG V H VI KHUN NG RUT 1. Ni c tr: Cc vi khun ng rut thng sng ng tiu ha ca ngi v ng vt, c th gy bnh hoc khng gy bnh. Ngoi ra chng c th sng ngoi cnh (t, nc) v trong thc n. 2. Hnh th: Cc vi khun thuc h Enterobacteriaceae l nhng trc khun gram m khng sinh nha bo. Mt s ging vi khun thng khng di ng (Klebsiella, Shigella), mt s vi khun khc di ng nh c lng xung quanh thn t bo. Mt s ging c v nhn thy c nh knh hin vi thng nh Klebsiella. 3. Nui cy: Cc vi khun ng rut hiu kh k kh ty tin, pht trin c trn cc mi trng nui cy thng thng. Trn cc mi trng c, cc khun lc ca cc vi khun ng rut thng nhn, bng (dng S). Tnh cht ny c th bin i sau nhiu ln nui cy lin tip thnh cc khun lc c b mt kh v x x (dng R). Cc khun lc ca cc vi khun c v nh Klebsiella l khun lc nhy, ln hn khun lc dng S v c xu hng ha ln vo nhau. Nghin cu cc tnh cht sinh vt ha hc gip cho vic nh loi vi khun. 4. Tnh cht sinh vt ha hc: Cc vi khun thuc h Enterobacteriaceae ln men glucose, c sinh hi hoc khng sinh hi, oxidase m tnh, catalase dng tnh, kh nitrate thnh nitrite. Ln men hoc khng ln men mt s ng (v d lactose). C hay khng c mt s enzymeeee nh urease, tryptophanase. Kh nng sinh ra H2S khi d ha protein, axt amin hoc cc dn cht c lu hunh... 5. Cu trc khng nguyn cc vi khun ng rut ngi ta c th phn bit: Cc khng nguyn thn hoc khng nguyn O

Cc khng nguyn lng hoc khng nguyn H Cc khng nguyn b mt (v hoc mng bc) c gi l khng nguyn K. Vic nghin cu cc khng nguyn khc nhau ny cho php phn chia cc vi khun thuc cng mt loi hoc mt ging ra cc type huyt thanh. 5.1 Khng nguyn O L khng nguyn nm trong vch t bo vi khun, bn cht l lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bao gm: Thnh phn protein lm cho phc hp c tnh cht khng nguyn. Thnh phn polysaccharide quyt nh tnh c hiu ca khng nguyn. Thnh phn lipid A chu trch nhim v tnh c. Khng nguyn O (LPS) l ni c t, khi tim cho ng vt, n gy ra cc phn ng gim bch cu, st v nhim c. Cc phn ng ny u thy bnh nhn mc bnh thng hn v sc ni c t. C th ngi hoc ng vt p ng li vi khng nguyn O bng khng th O. Khng nguyn O khi gp khng th tng ng s xy ra phn ng ngng kt gi l hin tng ngng kt O: thn vi khun ngng kt vi nhau di dng nhng ht nh, lc kh tan. 5.2. Khng nguyn H L khng nguyn ca lng ch c nhng vi khun di ng v c bn cht l protein ging nh myosin ca c. Khng nguyn H kch thch c th hnh thnh khng th H v khi gp nhau s xy ra hin tng ngng kt H, trong cc vi khun ngng kt li vi nhau do cc lng kt dnh li to nn cc ht ngng kt rt d tan khi lc. Cc vi khun di ng khi cho tip xc vi cc khng th H tng ng th chng b btng. 5.3. Khng nguyn b mt L khng nguyn bao quanh thn ca vi khun hoc di dng mt ci v nhn thy c r rng knh hin vi thng (v d khng nguyn K ca Klebsiella) hoc l di dng mt mng bc khng nhn thy c knh hin vi thng (v d khng nguyn Vi ca Salmonella typhi) 6. Phn loi C nhiu cch phn loi h Enterobacteriaceae. Theo cch phn loi ca Bergeys Manual (1984) chia Enterobacteriaceae lm 13 ging chnh nh sau: Cc ging : I. Escherichia; II. Shigella; III. Edwardsiella; IV. Citrobacter; V. Salmonella; VI. Klebsiella; VII. Enterobacter; VIII. Serratia; IX. Proteus; X. Providencia; XI. Morganella; XII. Yersinia; XIII. Erwinia Trong cc ging k trn th cc ging vi khun c ngha y hc nht l : Escherichia; Shigella; Salmonella; Klebsiella; Enterobacter; Proteus; Yersinia; cn cc ging khc t ngha 2. ESCHERICHIA COLI Escherichia coli (E.coli) l nhng vi khun k sinh, bnh thng c rut, nhng ng thi cng l tc nhn gy bnh khi chng xm nhp vo cc c quan khc nh ng niu, ng mu..., v c mt s chng E. coli c kh nng gy bnh a chy nh ETEC, EPEC, EIEC... 1. c im sinh vt hc

1.1. Hnh th : E.coli l trc khun gram m, di ng do c lng quanh thn, mt s chng E.coli c v polysaccharide, khng sinh nha bo. 1.2. Tnh cht nui cy: E.coli l vi khun hiu kh hoc k kh khng bt buc, pht trin d dng trn cc mi trng nui cy thng thng, mt s c th pht trin c mi trng tng hp n gin. Nhit thch hp 370C, pH thch hp l 7 - 7,2. 1.3. Tnh cht sinh vt ha hc E.coli ln men nhiu loi ng sinh axit v sinh hi nh: Glucose, lactose, ramnose; indol dng tnh, methyl dng tnh, VP m tnh, citrat m tnh, urease m tnh, H2S m tnh. 1.4. Khng nguyn ca E.coli: E.coli c rt nhiu type huyt thanh m cng thc da vo s xc nh khng nguyn thn O, khng nguyn v K v khng nguyn lng H. Khng nguyn O : C khong 150 yu t khc nhau v mt huyt thanh. Khng nguyn K : c chia ra thnh loi L, A hoc B ty theo sc khng i vi nhit. C chng 100 khng nguyn K khc nhau. Khng nguyn H : xc nh c khong 50 yu t H. 2. Kh nng gy bnh cho ngi E.coli l thnh phn vi khun hiu kh ch yu rut ca ngi bnh thng. S c mt ca E.coli ngoi cnh v trong thc n chng t c s nhim bn do phn. Tuy th vai tr gy bnh ca n c ni ti t lu. E.coli c th gy nhim khun nhiu c quan trong c th ngi. 2.1. Bnh tiu chy do E.coli Cc E.coli gy bnh tiu chy ngi gm c: 2.1.1. Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) L loi E.coli sinh c t rut. ETEC l mt nguyn nhn quan trng gy tiu chy nng ging triu chng do Vibrio cholerae gy ra ngi. Bnh tiu chy do ETEC xy ra ch yu cc x nhit i v c th gp cc la tui khc nhau, nhng c bit tr nh thng thy bnh cnh lm sng nng d dn ti tnh trng kit nc v ri lon in gii. ETEC cn l mt nguyn nhn thng gy tiu chy cho khch du lch t cc nc pht trin sang cc nc ang pht trin. C ch gy bnh: ETEC vo rut s gn vo nim mc rut nh cc yu t bm dnh, ng thi sn sinh ra c t rut tc ng ln t bo nim mc rut gy xut tit ra mt s lng ln mt cht dch ng trng vi huyt tng. Bnh nhn nn, tiu chy lin tc, phn ln c au nhc bp c, au bng v st nh. C hai loi c t rut c nghin cu k v tnh cht sinh l, sinh ha v tnh truyn bng plasmid l: c t rut LT (Thermolabile), c t rut ST (Thermostable). Nhng chng ETEC c th sinh ra mt hoc hai loi c t rut ty thuc vo plasmid m chng mang. LT loi c t rut b hy bi nhit, l mt protein gm 2 tiu phn A (Active) v B (Binding) c chc nng ring bit. Tiu phn A c hai tiu n v A1 v A2, tiu phn B c 5 tiu n v B1 , B2, B3, B4v B5. Cc tiu n v B c chc nng gn vi th th ganglioside GM1 b mt t bo biu m rut v chun b m ng cho tiu phn A m ch yu l A1 xm nhp vo bn trong t bo. Tiu n v A tc ng ti v tr ch mt trong mng bo tng ni iu ha enzymee adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase b hot ha v lm tng hm lng adenosine monophosphate vng (AMP vng). Hin tng ny dn ti s tng thm ca cc in gii v nc qua mng rut, gy tiu chy cp v kit nc, ri lon in gii. ST, loi c t rut khng nhit, l mt phn t c

trng lng thp nht v khng c tnh khng nguyn. Th th dnh cho ST khc vi th th LT. Sau khi gn vi th th, ST s hot ha guanylate cyclase trong t bo nim mc rut. Hin tng ny dn ti s tng guanosine monophosphate vng (GMP vng) v do xy ra tnh trng tng tit dch rut. 2.1.2. Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC) EPEC hin nay c bit gm mt s type huyt thanh thng gy bnh tiu chy cp (bnh vim d dy - rut) tr em la tui nh (tr di mt tui), c th gy thnh dch. Cc v dch do EPEC thng hay gp trong bnh vin, c ch gy bnh ca EPEC cha c bit r. Cc EPEC phn lp t cc v dch thng l thuc cc type huyt thanh: O26: B6O111: B4O126: B16O55: B5O119: B4O127: B18O86: B7O125: B15O128: B12 2.1.3. Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) L loi E.coli gy bnh bng c ch xm nhp t bo biu m nim mc rut, gy tiu chy ngi ln v tr em vi nhng triu chng bnh l ging Shigella: ngha l au bng qun, mt rn, i tiu nhiu ln, phn c nhiu mi nhy v mu. Ngi ta chng minh c rng kh nng xm nhp t chc rut ca EIEC cchi phi bi plasmid. EIEC c th khng ln men lactose, khng di ng v ging Shigella v nhiu mt k c cu trc khng nguyn. Do vy nhng v dch tiu chy do EIEC gy nn d b ln ln vi tiu chy do Shigella. 2.1.4. Enteroadherent E.coli (EAEC) L loi E.coli bm dnh ng rut gy bnh do bm vo nim mc v lm tn thngchc nng rut. 2.1.5. Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) EHEC l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy tiu chy c th dn ti vim i trng xut huyt v hi chng tan mu - ure huyt. EHEC l nhng chng E.coli c kh nng sn xut mt c t gy c t bo Vero (Verocytotoxin), gi l VT. 2.2. Cc nhim khun khc do E.coli E.coli c th gy nn nhim khun ng tit niu: s ng nc tiu do si, thai nghn... to iu kin thun li cho bnh nhim khun ng tit niu d xy ra . Mt khc, khi thng niu o, ngi ta c th gy ra nhim khun ngc dng. E.coli c th gy ra nhim khun ng sinh dc, nhim khun gan mt, vim mng no tr cn b, nhim khun huyt ... 3. Chn on vi sinh vt Ch yu l chn on trc tip phn lp vi khun t bnh phm. Trong bnh tiu chy do E.coli th cy phn phn lp vi khun. Gia cc nhm E.coli khng th phn bit c bng cc th nghim sinh vt ha hc. i vi EPEC th xc nh type huyt thanh bng cc khng huyt thanh mu. i vi ETEC thng c xc nh bng cc th nghim tm kh nng sinh c t rut thng thng nht l tm c t rut bng th nghim ELISA. i vi EIEC cn xc nh tnh xm nhp, c th dng th nghim Sereny xc nh. i vi EHEC tm kh nng sinh verocytotoxin. Trong nhim khun ng tit niu th ly nc tiu gia dng ca bnh nhn nui cy. Ch nui cy khi nhum soi knh hin vi cn nc tiu thy nhiu bch cu a nhn cng vi vi khun. Cn phi nh lng vi khun trong 1 ml nc tiu c th khng nh vai tr gy bnh ca vi khun phn lp c nc tiu. 4. Phng bnh v cha bnh Hin nay cha c vaccine c hiu. Ch yu l phng bnh chung m ch yu l tn trng cc ni quy v v sinh. Qua nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy mt s ln cc

chng E.coli gy bnh khng cc khng sinh v hin tng mt chng vi khun E.coli khng vi nhiu loi khng sinh cng kh ph bin. Do vy nn da vo kt qu ca khng sinh la chn khng sinh thch hp trong cha bnh. 3. SHIGELLA Shigella l tc nhn gy ra bnh l trc khun ngi. 1. c im sinh vt hc Shigella l trc khun Gram m tnh, khng c lng, v vy khng c kh nng di ng, khng c v khng sinh nh bo. Shigella ln men glucose khng sinh hi, ln men manitol (tr Shigella dysenteriae khng ln men manitol), hu ht Shigella khng ln men lactose, ch c Shigella sonnei ln men lactose nhng chm. Khng sinh H2S, Urease m tnh phn ng Indol thay i, phn ng metyl dng tnh, phn ng VP m tnh, phn ng citrat m tnh Shigella c khng nguyn thn O, khng c khng nguyn H. Cn c vo khng nguyn O v tnh cht sinh ha, ngi ta chia Shigella ra lm 4 nhm: 1.1. Nhm A (Shigella dysenteriae): Khng ln men manitol, c 10 type huyt thanh c k hiu bng cc ch s Rp t 1 - 10. Cc type huyt thanh trong nhm khng c quan h v khng nguyn vi nhau v cng khng c quan h khng nguyn vi cc nhm khc. Type 1 (Sh. dysenteriae 1) hay cn gi l trc khun Shiga l type c ngoi c t. 1.2. Nhm B (Shigella flexneri): Ln men manitol, c 6 type huyt thanh. Cc type ny c 1 khng nguyn nhm chung v mi mt type huyt thanh li c 1 khng nguyn c hiu type. 1.3. Nhm C (Shigella boydii): Ln men manitol, c 15 type huyt thanh, mi type c khng nguyn c hiu type. 1.4. Nhm D (Shigella sonnei): Ln men manitol, ln men lactose chm, ch c 1 type huyt thanh. 2. Kh nng gy bnh cho ngi Shigella gy bnh l trc khun ngi, y l mt bnh truyn nhim c th gy thnh cc v dch a phng. Thng tn c hiu khu tr rut gi, trn lm sng biu hin bng hi chng l vi cc triu chng: au bng qun, i ngoi nhiu ln, phn c nhiu mi nhy v thng c mu. Shigella gy bnh bng c ch xm nhp vo t bo biu m ca nim mc rut v nhn ln vi s lng ln trong t chc rut. Cc Shigella u c ni c t. Ring trc khun Shiga cn c thm ngoi c t bn cht l protein. Ni c t Shigella cu to nh khng nguyn thn, c c tnh mnh nhng tnh khng nguyn yu. Tc dng chnh ca ni c t l gy phn ng ti rut. Ngoi c t ca trc khun Shiga khng ging nh c t rut ca Vibrio cholerae 01 v ETEC, hot tnh sinh hc ch yu ca ngoi c t trc khun Shiga l tc dng c i vi t bo. Vit Nam, Shigella gy bnh l trc khun thng gp nht l nhm B (Shigella lexneri) v nhm A (Shigella dysenteriae). Dch t hc: Bnh ly theo ng tiu ha, do n ung phi cc thc n, nc ung b nhim khun. Rui l vt ch trung gian truyn bnh. Ngi lnh mang VK v ngi bnh ng vai tr quan trng gy dch. Dch thng xy ra vo ma h.

Min dch: Ngi ta cho rng khng th dch th khng c hiu lc v thng tn ca bnh trn b mt ca ng tiu ha. Ngc li cc min dch ti ch rut c th c mt vai tr quan trng trc ht l cc IgA tit c trong ng rut v cc i thc bo c hot ha. 3. Chn on vi sinh vt Cy phn l phng php chn on tt nht. Bnh phm cn c ly sm trc khi s dng khng sinh, ly ch phn c biu hin bnh l (c mu c nhy) v phi chuyn n phng xt nghim vi trng nhanh chng. Nui cy phn lp vi khun trn cc mi trng thch hp: mi trng khng c cht c ch (thch lactose) v mi trng c cht c ch (DCA, SS hoc Istrati). Xc nh vi khun da vo cc tnh cht sinh vt ha hc v lm phn ng ngng kt vi khng huyt thanh mu ca Shigella. Trong bnh l trc khun, cy mu khng tm c vi khun. 4. Phng bnh v cha bnh 4.1.Phng bnh: Ch yu l cch ly bnh nhn, kh trng phn v nc thi, pht hin v iu tr ngi lnh mang VK, p dng cc bin php VS v kim tra dch t i vi ngun nc, thc n... Hin nay vn cha c vaccine phng bnh c hiu lc nh mong mun... ang th nghim dng vaccine sng gim c lc ng ung nhm to nn min dch ti ch rut. Vaccine sng ny ch c kh nng bo v c hiu i vi type. 4.2.Cha bnh: Dng khng sinh tiu dit VK, vic chn khng sinh thch hp da vo kt qu khng sinh . Vic s dng khng sinh ba bi, thiu thn trng s c nguy c lm tng nhanh cc chng c sc khng i vi khng sinh v tng nguy c b lon khun vi tt c cc hu qu nghim trng ca n. 4. SALMONELLA Hin nay c ti 2000 type huyt thanh Salmonella khc nhau. Chng gy bnh cho ngi hoc ng vt hoc c hai. Cc bnh do Salmonella gy ra ngi c th chia thnh 2 nhm: thng hn v khng phi thng hn. 1. c im sinh vt hc 1.1. Hnh th: Salmonella l trc khun gram m. Hu ht cc Salmonella u c lng xung quanh thn (tr Salmonella gallinarum v Salmonella pullorum), v vy c kh nng di ng, khng sinh nha bo. 1.2. Tnh cht sinh vt ha hc Salmonella ln men glucose c sinh hi (tr Salmonella typhi ln men glucose khng sinh hi) khng ln men lactose, indol m tnh, methyl dng tnh, VP m tnh, citrat thay i, urease m tnh, H2S dng tnh (tr Salmonella paratyphi A: H2S m tnh)... 1.3. Cu trc khng nguyn 1.3.1. Khng nguyn O: Mi Salmonella c th c mt hoc nhiu yu t khng nguyn. Hin nay ngi ta bit c 67 yu t khng nguyn O. Vic xc nh cc yu t khng nguyn O l ht sc quan trng nh nhm v nh type. 1.3.2. Khng nguyn H: Ch c nhng Salmonella c lng. Khng nguyn H ca Salmonella c th tn ti di 2 pha: pha 1 c ghi bng ch vit thng a, b, c, d... v pha 2 c ghi bng cc ch s rp 1, 2,,, 1.3.3. Khng nguyn Vi: L khng nguyn b mt bao bn ngoi vch t bo vi khun, di dng mt mng mng khng nhn thy c knh hin vi thng. Khng nguyn Vi ch c 2 type huyt thanh Salmonella typhi v S. paratyphi C.

Ngi ta da vo s khc nhau v cu trc khng nguyn xp loi Salmonella. Mt s type huyt thanh Salmonella ch yu gy bnh cho ngi bao gm : Salmonella typhi : Ch gy bnh cho ngi. nc ta bnh thng hn ch yu do S. typhi gy ra. Salmonella paratyphi A : Ch gy bnh thng hn cho ngi v cng hay gp nc ta sau S.typhi. Salmonella paratyphi B : Gy bnh thng hn ch yu cho ngi, i khi c sc vt. Bnh thng gp cc nc chu u. Salmonella paratyphi C : Gy bnh thng hn, vim d dy rut v nhim khun huyt. Bnh thng gp cc nc ng Nam . Salmonella typhimurium v Salmonella enteritidis : Gy bnh cho ngi v gia sc, gp trn ton th gii. Chng l nguyn nhn gy nhim trng, nhim c thc n do n phi thc n nhim Salmonella. Salmonella cholerae suis : Loi ny hay gy nhim khun huyt. 2. Kh nng gy bnh cho ngi 2.1. Bnh thng hn nc ta, bnh thng hn ch yu do S. typhi, sau n S. paratyphi A, cn S.paratyphi B v S. paratyphi C th t gp. Bnh ly t ngi ny sang ngi khc, qua thc n, nc ung b nhim khun. Sau khi khi bnh v mt lm sng, khong 5% bnh nhn tr thnh ngi lnh mang vi khun ko di hng thng hoc hng nm. h, cha Salmonella l ng mt v vi khun vn c tip tc o thi theo phn ra ngoi cnh. Ngi lnh mang vi khun l ngun lan truyn bnh quan trng. Sinh bnh hc: Trc khun thng hn vo c th qua ng tiu ha n rut non th chui qua nim mc rut ri vo cc hch mc treo rut. chng nhn ln v mt phn vi khun b dung gii, gii phng ra ni c t. Ni c t kch thch thn kinh giao cm bng, gy thng tn mng Peyer, xut huyt tiu ha, c th gy thng rut. Ngoi ra, ni c t theo mu ln kch thch trung tm thn kinh thc vt no tht ba, gy ra trng thi st ko di, li b, v gy ra bin chng try tim mch... T cc hch mc treo rut vi khun lan trn vo mu gy nn nhim khun huyt v lan i khp c th, ri vi khun vo mt v t quay tr li rut. Vi khun theo phn ra ngoi cnh. 2.2. Cc bnh khc: Cc bnh khng phi thng hn do Salmonella gy ra thng l mt nhim trng gii hn ng tiu ha trong cc trng hp nhim trng nhim c thc n m Salmonella typhimurium... l tc nhn hay gp nht, sau l Salmonella enteritidis... Nhim trng nhim c do Salmonella c thi gian nung bnh t 10 n 48 gi. Bnh biu hin c st, nn, tiu chy. Bnh khi sau 2 - 5 ngy, khng c bin chng. Ngoi ra, Salmonella c th gy nn cc tn thng ngoi ng tiu ha nh vim mng no, th nhim trng huyt n thun, nhim trng phi... 3. Chn on vi sinh vt 3.1. Chn on trc tip Phn lp vi khun t cc bnh phm nh mu (cy mu), phn (cy phn) v cc bnh phm khc . 3.1.1.Cy mu Ly 5ml n 10ml mu tnh mch bnh nhn lc st cao cy vo bnh canh thang c mt b, m 370C, sau 24 n 48 gi nu vi khun mc, cn phi kim tra hnh th, tnh cht

bt mu khi nhum Gram, kim tra tnh cht sinh vt ha hc, xc nh cng thc khng nguyn vi cc khng huyt thanh Salmonella mu. i vi bnh thng hn, nu bnh nhn cha s dng khng sinh th gi tr ca phng php cy mu cao. Nu cy mu vo : Tun l u ca bnh th t l dng tnh t 90% Tun l th hai ca bnh, dng tnh t 70% - 80% Tun l th ba, t l dng tnh t 40 - 60% Nu bnh ti pht, cy mu s tm thy vi khun thng xuyn trong nhiu ngy. 3.1.2. Cy phn Thng dng tnh t tun th 2 tr i. Nui cy phn lp vi khun mi trng tng sinh v mi trng c cht c ch (mi trng SS, DCA, Istrati, Endo...). Xc nh vi khun da vo tnh cht sinh vt ha hc v lm phn ng ngng kt vi khng huyt thanh mu. Khi nghi ng mt trng hp mc bnh thng hn phi ng thi xt nghim cy mu, cy phn v lm huyt thanh chn on. Cy phn l bin php duy nht chn on vi sinh vt trong trng hp ng c thc n nghi do Salmonella v trong vic xc nh ngi lnh mang mm bnh. 3.1.3. Cy cc bnh phm khc Vi khun thng hn cn c th phn lp bng cch cy ty xng, nc tiu, dch o ban, dch mt ca bnh nhn. 3.2. Chn on huyt thanh Sau khi nhim Salmonella t 7 n 10 ngy, trong mu bnh nhn xut hin khng th O ca Salmonella, sau ngy th 12 n ngy th 14 xut hin khng th H. Khng th O, tn ti trong mu trung bnh 3 thng, khng th H tn ti 1 n 2 nm. Ly huyt thanh cc bnh nhn tm khng th ngng kt ca Salmonella bng phn ng ngng kt Widal. Trong bnh thng hn, chn on huyt thanh (Widal) t tun l th hai, lm 2 ln cch nhau mt tun l tm ng lc khng th. 4. Phng bnh v cha bnh 4.1. Phng bnh Thc hin cc bin php v sinh v phn, nc, rc, tch cc dit rui. Phi n chn, ung si, ra tay trc khi n... Qun l cht ch bnh nhn. Pht hin ngi lnh mang mm bnh iu tr trit . Tim vaccine T.A.B l loi vaccine cht. Mt s nc dng vaccine thng hn sng gim c lc v vaccine chit t khng nguyn Vi ca Salmonella. 4.2. Cha bnh Dit vi khun Salmonella bng khng sinh. Nhng thuc khng sinh thng dng l chloramphenicol, ampicillin vi liu lng thch hp trnh bin chng tru tim mch v thuc dit vi khun lm gii phng ra qu nhiu ni c t. Tuy nhin ngy nay cng xut hin nhng chng Salmonella khng vi cc khng sinh trn, v vy cn lm khng sinh chn khng sinh thch hp. 5. PROTEUS Ging Proteus k sinh rut v cc hc t nhin ca ngi (v d : ng tai ngoi). Chng l loi vi khun gy bnh c hi 1. c im sinh vt hc 1.1. Hnh th : Trc khun gram m, rt di ng. Vi khun c nhiu hnh th thay i trn cc mi trng khc nhau, t dng trc khun n dng hnh si di.

1.2. Tnh cht nui cy: Vi khun mc d dng trn cc mi trng nui cy thng thng. Trn mi trng thch dinh dng, khun lc c mt trung tm lan dn ra, tng t, tng t , mi t l mt gn sng v c mi thi c bit. Trn mi trng c natri deoxycholate: Proteus mc thnh khun lc trn, ring bit khng gn sng, c mt im en trung tm, xung quanh mu trng nht. 1.3. Tnh cht sinh vt ha hc: Khng ln men lactose. a s Proteus : H2S dng tnh v urease dng tnh. Da vo tnh cht sinh vt ha hc ngi ta phn loi ging Proteus thnh cc loi: Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus myxofaciens, Proteus penneri. 1.4. Cu trc khng nguyn Cu trc khng nguyn ca Proteus rt phc tp v khng c vn dng vo cng tc thc t hng ngy. Ngi ta thy c mt mi tng quan c bit gia khng nguyn O ca mt s chng Proteus (c gi l OX2; OX19; OXK) v Rickettsia. V vy, ngi ta dung cc chng ny lm khng nguyn trong chn on huyt thanh bnh do Rickettsia (phn ng Weil - Felix). 2. Kh nng gy bnh Proteus l mt loi vi khun "gy bnh c hi". Chng c th gy ra : - Vim tai gia c m - Vim mng no th pht sau vim ti gia tr cn b. - Nhim khun ng tit niu - Nhim khun huyt ... 3. Chn on vi sinh vt Phn lp vi khun t cc bnh phm nh : m tai, nc tiu, mu ... ty theo th bnh lm sng. c im ca cc tn thng v m do Proteus gy ra c mi thi nh trong hoi th do vi khun k kh gy nn. Nui cy trn cc mi trng thng thng. Xc nh vi khun da vo hnh thi khun lc gn sng, mi thi c bit trn da mi trng v trc khun Gram m urease dng tnh v mt s tnh cht sinh vt ha hc khc. Mun phn lp thnh khun lc ring r th nui cy trn mi trng c Natri desoxycholat, Proteus s mc thnh khun lc ring bit c chm en gia sau 48 gi. 4. Phng bnh v cha bnh 4.1. Phng bnh: Nng cao th trng ngi bnh, khi p dng cc th thut thm khm phi tuyt i v trng d phng tt cc nhim trng bnh vin... 4.2. Cha bnh: S dng khng sinh da vo kt qu ca khng sinh . Vi khun ny thng c sc khng cao vi khng sinh. BI C THM NG C THC PHM DO VI KHUN E.COLI Ngun: Trm Chn on Xt nghim & iu tr. B mn Vi sinh thc phm Hin nay, ng c thc phm tr thnh mi quan tm ca ton x hi. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra cc v ng c thc phm nhng phn ln cc trng hp c ngun gc t vi sinh vt. Ng c thc phm thng xy ra do nguyn liu dng ch bin hay thc phm b nhim vi khun v c t ca vi khun. Mt trong nhng loi ngc c thc phm gy ra bi vi sinh vt thng gp l ng c thc phm do vi khun E.coli. 1. c im hnh dng, nui cy v tnh cht sinh ha

Vi khun E.coli thuc nhm vi trng ng rut Enterobacteriaceae, c nhiu trong t nhin, trong ng rut ca ngi v gia sc. Trong ng rut, chng hin din nhiu i trng nn cn gi l vi khun i trng. Vi khun E.coli nhim vo t, nc t phn ca ng vt. Chng tr nn gy bnh khi gp iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca chng. - Hnh dng: Vi khun thuc loi trc khun gram m, di ng bng tim mao quanh t bo, khng to bo t, loi c c lc th c capsul, loi khng c c lc khng c capsul. Kch th c trung bnh (0,5 x 1-3) hai u trn. Mt s dng c lng bm (pili). - c im nui cy v sinh ha: L loi hiu kh hay hiu kh ty nghi. Nhit thch hp 370C nhng c th mc trn 400C, pH 7,4. - Trn mi trng thch dinh dng NA to khm trn t (dng S) mu trng c. lu khm tr nn kh nhn (dng R). Kch thc khm 2-3mm. - Trn thch mu: C chng dung huyt , c chng khng dung huyt . - Trn mi trng chn on chuyn bit EMB (Eozin Methyl Blue) to khm tm nh kim. - Trn mi trng Rapid E.coli to khun lc mu tm. - Trn mi trng Macconkey, Endo, SS to khm hng . - Trn cc mi trng ng: Ln men sinh hi lactose, glucose, galactose. Ln men khng u saccarose v khng ln men dextrin, glycogen. - Cc phn ng sinh ha: Indol dng tnh, Methyl Red (phn ng MR) dng tnh, Voges-Proskauer (phn ng VP) m tnh v Citrat m tnh, H2S m tnh, hon nguyn nitrat thnh nitrit, Lysine decarboxylaza dng tnh. 2. c im khng nguyn v c t : Gm 4 loi khng nguyn: O, K, H, F v ni c t gy tiu chy, ngoi c t gy tan huyt v ph thng. c t ca E.coli: Loi E.coli c gip m (khng nguyn K) gy ng mnh hn loi khng gip m. Khng nguyn K c 13 loi KA, KB, KL. V d cng thc khng nguyn ca mt E.coli l: O55K5H21F5. Ni c t ng rut: Gm 2 loi chu nhit v khng chu nhit. C hai loi ny u gy tiu chy. Loi chu nhit ST (Thermostable): gm cc loi STa, STb. Loi khng chu nhit LT (Thermolabiles): gm cc loi LT1, LT2. Nhng dng E.coli sn sinh c t (ETEC) gm nhiu type huyt thanh khc nhau nhng thng gp nht l cc type O6H16, O8H9, O78H12, O157. 3. Tnh cht gy bnh : C ch gy ng c: khi c th b nhim vi khun vi s lng nhiu km theo c t ca chng. E.coli gy tiu chy thng gp cc nhm sau: - Nhm EPEC (Enteropathogenic E.coli): gm cc type thng gp O26:B6, O44, O55:B5, O112:B11, O124, O125:B5, O142 l nguyn nhn gy tiu chy tr em di 2 tui. - Nhm ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E.coli): gy bnh cho tr em, ngi ln do tit ra 2 c t rut ST v LT. + LT hot ha men adenyl cyclase trong t bo rut lm gia tng yu t C.AMP (cyclicadenozin 5 monophosphat). Yu t ny s kch thch ion Cl- v bicarbonat tch ra khi t bo ng thi c ch Na+ bn trong t bo. Hu qu l gy tiu chy mt nc.

+ c t ST: hot ha men Guanyl Cyclase lm tng yu t C.GMC (cyclic guanosin 5 monophosphat) bn trong t bo dn n kch thch bi tit mui v nc gy ra tiu chy. Nhng dng E.coli c c 2 loi ni c t LT v ST s gy ra tiu chy trm trng v ko di. - Nhm EIEC (Enteroinvasine E.coli): nhng E.coli ny bm ln nim mc v lm trc nim mc gy lot nim mc do gy tiu chy c m ln mu (ging Shigella). Cc chng ny c th ln men hay khng ln men ng lactose v c phn ng lysin decarboxylaza m tnh. Thng gp cc type O125, O157, O144 - Nhm VETEC (Verocytoxin produccing E.coli): Va gy tiu chy va l nguyn nhn gy vim i trng xut huyt (hermorrhagic colilic) v lm tn thng mao mch gy hin tng sng ph (ederma) rt nguy him n tnh mng (do bin chng). Nhm VETEC bao gm cc type: O26, O11, O113, O145, O157 ; y l ngoi c t vetec gy tiu chy. Cc bin chng trn do vi khun tit ra mt trong 2 loi ngoi c t VT1 (verocytoxin) v VT2 gy tc ng thn kinh. Gn y ngi ta pht hin chng E.coli mi k hiu l E.coli O157:H7. Chng ny gy ra nhng v ng c ln trn th gii trong nhng nm gn y (theo Center for Disease Control and prevention ca M) : Nm 1982, ln u tin ngi ta ghi nhn c ngun bnh do E.coli O157:H7. Nm 1985, ngi ta nhn thy triu chng hoi huyt c lin quan n chng O157:H7. Nm 1990, bng n trn dch t ngun nc nhim chng E.coli O157:H7. Nm 1996, xy ra trn dch kh phc tp Nht Bn do ung nc to cha dit khun. 4. Triu chng trng c : Thi k bnh 2-20 gi. Ngi ng c thy au bng d di, i phn lng nhiu ln trong ngy, t khi nn ma. Thn nhit c th hi st. Trng hp nng bnh nhn c th st cao, ngi mi mt, chn tay co qup m hi. Thi gian khi bnh vi ngy. Nguyn nhn l do nhim E.coli vo c th vi s lng ln v c th ang suy yu. 5. Bin php phng nga ng c E.coli : E.coli gy tiu chy thng theo phn ra ngoi do d gy thnh dch. Do cn phi nu chn k thc n v kim tra nghim ngt quy trnh ch bin thc phm. Ti liu tham kho : - Kim tra v sinh cht lng sn phm - T Minh Chu - nm1999 - c cht hc - Dng Thanh Lim - nm 2004 - i cng v phng php kim tra vi sinh thc phm - Trung tm KT TCL CL3 nm 1997. BI C THM T CU (STAPHYLOCOCCI) T cu tm thy khp ni v c th phn lp t khng kh, bi, thc phm, c th ngi v ng vt. T cu l thnh vin ca khun ch da hoc nim mc t hu ngi. C 3 loi t cu c kh nng gy bnh nhim trng ngi: Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus: t cu vng) c xem l t cu gy bnh, Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) v Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) thng xem nh l t cu khng gy bnh; tuy nhin 2 loi sau cng c th gy nhim khun ng tit niu hoc nhim khun trong phu thut tim, trong thng tnh mch. Ni dung bi ny tp trung vo S. aureus. 1.c im sinh vt hc

1.1. Hnh thi: Vi khun hnh cu hoc hnh thun, ng knh 0,8-1m, canh thang thng hp thnh tng cm nh chm nho, hnh thc tp hp ny do vi khun phn bo theo nhiu chiu trong khng gian. Trong bnh phm vi khun hp tng i hoc m nh. Vi khun bt mu Gram (Gram dng). Vi khun khng di ng, khng sinh nha bo, thng khng c v. 1.2. Tnh cht nui cy: Vi khun pht trin d dng mi trng thng thng, hiu kh hoc k kh ty , mc tt 370 C nhng to sc t tt 200C. canh thang sau 5 - 6 gi lm c mi trng, sau 24 gi lm c r. mi trng c, khun lc trn li, bng lng, ng nhc th c mu vng m, mu vng cam hoc mu trng, tng i ln sau 24 gi.Nhng chng khc nhau lm tan mu nhng mc khc nhau, thch mu typ tan mu thng c quan st xung quanh khun lc. 1.3. Tnh cht sinh ha v khng T cu c h thng enzyme phong ph, nhng enzyme c dng trong chn on l: catalase (phn bit vi lin cu), S. aureus c coagulase (tiu chun quan trng phn bit t cu vng vi cc t cu khc). T cu ln men chm nhiu loi ng, to axt nhng khng sinh hi, S. aureus ln men ng mannt. T cu tng i chu nhit v thuc st khun hn nhng vi khun khc, chu kh v c th sng mi trng nng NaCl cao (9%), nhy cm thay i vi khng sinh, nhiu chng khng vi penicillin v cc khng sinh khc. 1.4. Cu trc khng nguyn Vch t bo vi khun cha khng nguyn polysaccharid, khng nguyn protein A b mt. Ngi ta c th cn c vo cc khng nguyn trn chia t cu thnh nhm, tuy nhin phn ng huyt thanh khng c gi tr trong chn on vi khun. Cn c vo s nhy cm vi phag, ngi ta chia t cu thnh typ phag. Nhng b phage cho php xp loi phn ln cc chng t cu thnh 4 nhm phag chnh. nh typ phage t cu c gi tr v dch t hc v chn on. 1.5. Cc c t v enzyme Kh nng gy bnh ca t cu l do vi khun pht trin v lan trn rng ri trong m cng nh to thnh nhiu c t v enzyme. 1.5.1. Hemolysin: c 4 loi hemolysin c xc nh l , , v. Mt chng t cu c th to thnh nhiu hn mt loi hemolysin. l nhng phm vt bn cht protein gy tan mu nhng tc ng khc nhau trn nhng hng cu khc nhau. Chng c tnh sinh khng. Mt vi loi hemolysin gy hoi t da ti ch v git cht sc vt th nghim. 1.5.2. Leucocidin: l nhn t git cht bch cu ca nhiu loi ng vt, bn cht protein, khng chu nhit. T cu gy bnh c th b thc bo nh t cu khng gy bnh nhng li c kh nng pht trin bn trong bch cu. 1.5.3. Coagulase: lm ng huyt tng ngi hoc th chng ng vi citrat natri hoc oxalat natri. Coagulase lm dnh t huyt vo b mt vi khun v do hnh nh cn tr s thc bo. Tt c cc chng S. aureus u c coagulase dng tnh. 1.5.4. Hyaluronidase: thy phn axit hyaluronic ca m lin kt, gip vi khun lan trn vo m. 1.5.5. -lactamase: s khng penicillin ca t cu vng l do a s t cu vng sn xut c enzyme -lactamase. Ngoi ra, t cu cn c nhng enzyme khc nh staphylokinase l mt fibrinolysin lm tan t huyt, nuclease, lipase.

1.5.6. c t rut: do mt s chng t cu to thnh, c bit lc pht trin nng CO2 cao (30%) v mi trng c va. N khng s un si trong 30 pht cng nh tc ng ca enzyme rut. C 5 typ huyt thanh A, B, C, D, E; typ A, B thng gy ng c thc n. 1.5.7. c t gy hi chng shock nhim trng (Toxic schock syndrome toxin: TSST): thng gp nhng ph n c kinh nguyt dng bng bng dy, bn hoc nhng ngi b nhim trng vt thng. C ch gy shock ca n tng t vi ni c t. 1.5.8. Exfoliatin toxin hay epidermolitic toxin: l mt ngoi c t, gy nn hi chng phng rp v chc l da (Scaded skin syndrome) tr em. 85% cc chng t cu vng thuc loi phage nhm II to c t ny. N gm 2 loi A v B, u l polypeptid, loi A bn vng vi nhit 1000C/20pht, cn loi B th khng. C th xc nh chng bng k thut min dch (nh ELISA hoc RIA hay min dch khuch tn). Khng th c hiu c tc dng trung ho c t ny. 1.5.9. Alpha toxin: bn cht protein, gy tan cc bch cu a nhn v tiu cu, t gy ra p xe, hoi t da v tan mu. c t c tnh khng nguyn nhng khng th ca n ko c tc dng chng nhim khun. 2. Kh nng gy bnh ng xm nhp l da (gc chn lng, ch b thng) v nim mc. T cu khng gy nn mt chng bnh nht nh nhng thng lm pht sinh nhiu hnh thc nhim khun khc nhau. T cu thng gy nn nhng im nung m da, nim mc nhng c th xm nhp vo nhng c quan khc nhau. S nhim trng xy ra nhng c th khng st km nh gi yu, tr cn b, bnh i tho ng. 2.1. Cc nhim trng da v nung m su L mt hnh thc c bit, nng l inh ru, tip n l chc l, vim ty xng, vim phi mng phi, vim mng ngoi tim, vim mng no. 2.2. Nhim trng huyt T nhng im nung m, vi khun c th i vo mu v gy nn nhim trng huyt. Nhim trng huyt do t cu l mt bnh thng gp bnh vin, thng xy ra ngi c sc khng gim st. 2.3. Vim rut cp tnh Thng gp cc bnh nhn ung khng sinh c khng khun ph rng, khng sinh hy dit nhng vi khun bnh thng rut, lm pht trin chng t cu sinh c t rut v gy nn chng bnh. 2.4. Ng c thc n Do t cu sinh c t rut c bit typ huyt thanh A v B gy nn. Chng bnh c nhng c im: thi gian bnh ngn (1-8 gi), bun nn d di, nn, au bng, a chy, khng st, bnh phc trong vng 24 gi. 2.5. Hi chng da phng rp (Scalded skin syndrom) Mt s chng t cu vng tit c t exfoliatin, gy vim da hoi t v phng rp. Bnh ny thng gp tr mi v tin lng xu. 2.6. Hi chng shock nhim c (Toxic shock syndrome) Thng gp nhng ph n c kinh nguyt dng bng v sinh dy, bn, b nhim vi khun t cu vng. Bnh khu tr m o v cn nguyn l t cu vng, lin quan n c t gy hi chng shock nhim trng, cy mu khng tm thy t cu vng. 3. Chn on vi khun

Bnh phm l m, mu, m gii, phn, nc no ty ty theo chng bnh. Phn lp thch mu, canh thang hoc thch Chapman. Xc nh nh hnh thi knh hin vi v tnh cht sinh ha. T cu c xem nh S. aureus nh 4 tiu chun : sc t vng, tan mu, ln men ng mannit, to thnh coagulase. Trong 2 tiu chun coagulase v ln men ng mannit l quan trng nht, ch c th thiu mt trong 2 tiu chun ch khng th thiu c 2. Phn ng huyt thanh khng c gi tr chn on vi khun. Ngi ta nh typ t cu bng phag. Nh nhng phag chnh c hiu ngi ta xp t cu vo mt trong 4 nhm phag chnh (I, II, III v IV). T cu thuc nhm no th b ly gii bi mt hoc nhiu phag trong nhm . nh typ phag c gi tr v dch t hc. 4. Phng nga v iu tr 4.1. Phng nga: Ngun t cu trong thin nhin l ngi. S ly nhim t ngi ny sang ngi khc l do tip xc trc tip hoc qua khng kh. Nhng ngi lnh mang trng c khuyn co khng nn lm vic phng sinh, phng tr s sinh, phng m hoc cc x nghip thc phm. 4.2. iu tr: Nhiu chng t cu khng vi nhiu khng sinh nht l penicillin nn cn lm khng sinh . C trng hp s dng vaccine bn thn v vaccine tr liu c kt qu. BI C THM An ton thc phm chn nui v mt s gii php Ngun: Lm Thanh V- Phng K thut S Nng nghip & PTNT An Giang Trong nhng nm gn y vn v sinh an ton thc phm c rt nhiu ngi quan tm, c bit l trong bi cnh c rt nhiu v ng c thc phm xy ra lin tip. An ton thc phm trong sn phm chn nui khng ch n thun l sn phm (tht, trng, sa) khng nhim bn, i thiu, nhim khun (yu t gy ng c cp tnh), m cn ch sn phm khng cha cc cht gy ra ng tch ly hay mn tnh hay trng din (hormon, khng sinh, c cht). Do c sn phm an ton n tay ngi tiu dng th phi thc hin tt t khu sn xut n khu git m, vn chuyn, phn phi, bo qun v ch bin. y cng chnh l mc tiu ch yu ca bi vit ny. 1. Tnh hnh s dng ho cht trong thc n chn nui v tn d trong sn phm: Vn ho cht tn d trong sn phm chn nui l nguy c tim n e do ti sc kho ca con ngi, n khng gy c hi cp tnh, cht ngi ngay lp tc m n tch ly dn trong c th v gy nh hng bt li cho sc kho. Chnh v vy m nhiu quc gia cm dng khng sinh trong thc n gia sc gia cm (an Mch, Thy in) hoc cho php dng nh c quy nh cht ch v loi khng sinh, liu lng c php s dng (Nht Bn, c, M). ng thi cc nc ny cng quy nh mc tn d khng sinh ti a cho php trong sn phm chn nui. - S dng ho cht trong thc n: trc y cht dietyl stibestrol ngi ta cho n hay cy di da g trng hay b c s gip chng tng trng nhanh v tch ly nhiu m, sau ny ngi ta thy cho chut n nhiu n gy ra bnh ung th. Cho nn ngay nay ngi ta cm s dng loi hormon ny, cho d s dng di bt k hnh thc no hay cht agonist l dn xut tng hp ca catecholamin (Adrenalin) c tc dng lm tng lng nc trong quy tht heo v gim lng m nhng sau khi n gan, tht c nhim cht clenbuterol (-agonist) gy ra ng c trn ngi.

Cc hp cht c cha Arsenic c tc dng kch thch tng trng cho g tht v g li hay cha bnh kit l trn heo t ra rt hiu qu. Tuy nhin hp cht ny c th b phn gii sinh ra cht Arsen rt c hi cho mi trng v l yu t gy nn bnh ung th; Khng sinh tng hp nh Olaquindox (nhm Quinolon) c tc dng phng bnh tiu chy heo con v lm gim mc mt s bnh khc nhng ngy nay ngi ta nhn thy khi n sn phm ng vt c tn d Olaquindox th cht ny tch ly trong c th v lu ngy s gy ra ung th da do d ng vi nh sng. - S dng ho cht trong chn nui: theo DS. Trng Tt Th (trch t bo Lao ng s 108/98 ngy 8 thng 7 nm 1998) khng sinh dng tr cc bnh nhim trng, s dng khng ng cch, vi khun cn sng s t thay i cu trc ADN, ARN chng li khng sinh. C th l l do ti sao m cc khng sinh c in nh penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin ngy nay t hiu qu. Tuy nhin ngi chn nui thng hay dng khng sinh trong vic phng tr bnh v xem n nh l mt thn dc vy. Kt qu iu tra ca L vn Knh v ctv (1996) trn 75 % s mu tht v 66,7 % s mu gan (g nui theo phng thc cng nghip) cho thy u c tn d khng sinh vi mc tn d t 3,67-122 ppm ty theo chng loi, cao hn hng chc ti hng nghn ln so vi tiu chun Quc t (Tiu chun c, Khi EU l 0,01 ppm; M l 0,1 ppm). Tm li vic lm dng khng sinh to c hi cho vi trng lm quen vi khng sinh, do khi mc bnh th vic s dng thuc khng cn hiu nghim na. Chng hn nh bnh thng hn (Salmonella typhi) gi y vi trng ny khng li nhiu loi thuc t loi c (Chloramphenicol, Thiophenicol) n loi mi (Fluoquinolon). Tng t bnh lao cng tr nn nguy him khi chng li nhiu loi thuc tr lao. 3. Tnh hnh v sinh git m: Theo kt bo co ca Chi cc Th y An Giang v thc trng git m, kinh doanh tht gia sc gia cm trn a bn tnh An Giang vo thng 4 nm 2003 th trn a bn 9 huyn th thnh c 23 c s git m tp trung. Ring 2 huyn cha c l git m tp trung l Chu Ph v Chu Thnh. Nhn chung khong cch t c s git m n khu dn c l qu gn chim t l 55,56 %. V qua kt qu kho st trn 2 a bn trong tnh An Giang vo thng 4 nm 2004 ca phng K Thut S c nhn xt nh sau: l git m Th x Chu c (Khm Chu Long 2) v Tp.Long Xuyn (Bnh c) v quy cch cng cha tht m bo yu cu v sinh. Vic thc hin khu m x ngay ti b xi mng v khi xt ra nc bn di nn sn bn ln thn tht v y c th chnh l ngun vy nhim vi sinh vt git m. 4. Tnh hnh nhim vi sinh vt trong vn chuyn v phn phi tht: Qua kt qu kho st trn 2 a bn l git m Chu c v Long xuyn th xe vn chuyn tht t l m n cc ch l xe khng chuyn dng (xe li ko, xe honda, xe p) iu kin v sinh trn phng tin vn chuyn ny cha c quan tm. Tnh trng v sinh ni by bn tht tng i km. 5. Tnh hnh ng c thc phm: Xu hng s dng cc loi thc phm ch bin sn ca th trng ang gia tng. c bit l i vi cc sn phm tht ch bin c truyn ca Vit Nam (gi la, nem chua, lp xng) rt c ngi tiu dng a chung. Tuy nhin theo bo co tng kt ca Chi cc Th y Tp H Ch Minh nm 1999 cho thy: 50-60 % mu xt nghim khng t cc tiu chun vi sinh v sinh ho. Ng c thc n do vi khun v c t ca n thng xy ra do thiu st trong cng tc kim tra, thanh tra thc phm v nguyn liu dng ch bin thc phm, do s xut

trong nu nng, v sinh nh hng phc v n ung. Loi ng c ny thng do Salmonella enteritidis, Clostridium perfrigens, Staphylococcus aureus, E coliTheo bo Thanh Nin thng 5 nm 2001 ti An Giang c 230 ngi nhp vin v ng c thc phm do n m ci, ngi ta nghi thc n nhim khun. Ngoi ra trong thc n chn nui cn trn cht kch thch tng nc vo, nh s kin xy ra H Nguyn Qung ng Trung quc l hn 480 ngi, do n phi tht heo c cha loi thuc tr hen suyn (nhm -agonist) kt qu buc s ngi ny phi nhp vin (Hoi An, Diu Thy thng 11/2001 trn Internet). 6. Mt s gii php khc phc: 6.1. Gii php v thc n chn nui: - Tng cng cng tc kim tra, thanh tra cc nguyn liu dng ch bin thc n chn nui v kim tra thc dng thc n hn hp trc khi xut ra khi nh my n tay ngi chn nui. - Vic s dng ho cht trong phng tr bnh cn tun th nghim ngt thi gian ngng s dng thuc trc khi git tht theo ng ch dn ca nh sn xut. - Nn s dng ch phm sinh hc (probiotic v vitamin) thay th khng sinh trong thc n cho heo, g. Mt s kt qu nghin cu cho thy vic s dng ch phm ny khng lm nh hng ng k n tng trng, tiu tn thc n/kg tht v gi thnh sn phm so vi vic dng khng sinh m n li cn trnh c s tn d khng sinh trong tht. 6.2. Ci tin h thng git m: So snh mc vy nhim vi sinh vt b mt trong git m bng 2 phng php m ng (treo) v m nm (trt), ngi ta thy tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh mu m nm cao gp nhiu ln so vi m trn gin treo. Kt qu ng lu l s gia tng vy nhim vi sinh vt trong qu trnh git m quy trnh git m nm ch sau gn 1 gi git m mc vy nhim vi sinh tng ln rt nhanh trong khi cc mu trn gin treo hu nh khng c s gia tng. Do cn p dng bin php ci tin bng h thng git m treo th cng lm gim ng k lng vi sinh vt nhim trn quy tht. 6.3. Xy dng khu ch bin sn phm truyn thng khng s dng ho cht c hi: nh hn the (borat) m c th nn thay th bng cht khc (polyphosphates) sao cho m bo an ton thc phm i vi sc kho ngi tiu dng. 6.4. Ci tin khu vn chuyn v phn phi tht: vic ra sch quy tht vi nc sch v v sinh ti cc c s git m, phng tin vn chuyn, sn sp by bn bng nc x phng cng vi tiu c nh k s lm gim ng k vi sinh vt vy nhim xe, sp v b mt quy tht. BI C THM Cm nang la chn thc phm an ton Ngun: Nutifood.com.vn MC LC 1. La chn tht 2. La chn c v hi sn 3. La chn trng g, vt, chim ct 4. La chn rau qu ti 5. La chn ng cc 6. La chn khoai c 7. Phng nga ng c thc phm mi lc mi ni

1. La chn tht Chuyn thng ngy ... Ch: Hin nay, ngoi s lng tht ti c kim dch ca cc c s uy tn, mi ngy cn c mt lng ln tht heo v tht b cha c kim dch t nhiu ni, t cc im git m lu a ra ch. Lng tht cha c kim dch ny c th l c mt chui nguy c cho ngi tiu dng do: - Gia sc b bnh trc khi b git tht: heo go, g vt b toi, cht do chuyn ch b ngp, chn p... - Nhng cht c hi cho sc khe con ngi tn ng trn tht c by bn do nhiu nguyn nhn nh vic s dng ngun nc nhim, thc n gia sc b mc, hay thc n gia sc c trn khng sinh v kch thch t tng trng mt cch ba bi trong chn nui vt nui mau ln, vic p tht vi mui dim hay hn the gi cho tht "c v" ti lu hn. - im git m v cc phng tin vn chuyn, cc quy by bn khng t tiu chun v sinh. Cch chn tht ti, an ton: Tht ti - Nn la tht c mu hi hng (tht heo) hoc ti (tht b), th tht sn chc, ly ngn tay n vo tht khng li du vt g khi b ngn tay ra, da mng. Tht heo gi hoc heo ni mu thm, m t, tht nho, da dy. - Bn ngoi c v t nhng khng nht, bng, khng nho. - Khng c mi l: mi i thiu, mi thuc khng sinh... - Nu c xng: tht dnh chc vo xng. - Da sch, mng, trng - i vi tht g: da g mu trng ng hoc hi vng nh. Tht ng nghi ng - Tht heo bnh c m vng, th tht nho, hoc trong th tht heo (b) c nhng m trng nh ht go. Chnh nhng "ht go" ny s gy ra bnh giun sn ngi n phi chng. - Tht km ti: khi n ngn tay, li vt nh trn ming tht, nhng tr li nh thng nhanh chng. - Tht i: Khi n ngn tay ln ming tht, li du vt lu. - Bn ngoi nht nhiu hay bt u nht. - C mi i - Tht tch khi xng mt cch d dng. - Da c vt bm - Da g c mu vng sm mt cch gi to do phm mu.

Xin bn ng qun: Nu bn d kin mua tht ch: Nn i ch sm. i ch sm, bn s c nhiu chn la hn khi cn mua cc thc phm ti sng, nht l nhng thc phm d b hng nh tht, c, rau... Sau khi mua tht, nn i ngay v nh, khng nn la c, "tham quan" mt vng ht ch ri mi v Nu bn c thi quen n siu th, th ch nn mua tht sau cng, ngay trc khi ra v.

Tht xay s mau i, d b nhim khun hn l tht cn nguyn khi v khng th ra c. Nn bao gi tht cn thn trong nhng bao nha, trnh cho nc tht nhu ln nhng thc phm ch bin khc. Mt s a ch ng tin cy: Cc siu th Cc ca hng gii thiu sn phm ca nhng cng ty uy tn, c kim dch. Cc ca hng tht sch c ng k, c h thng tr lnh trong khi ch bn cho khch hng. 2. La chn c v hi sn Chuyn thng ngy ... Ch: Mt s phng php v ang c s dng trong bo qun c tm ti hin nay l: - Bo qun lnh bng phng php p nc . - Dng ha cht, phn ur, khng sinh kt hp vi nc bo qun cho c tm "c v" ti lu hn, t bin i v mu sc v mi v. Tuy nhin, dng ha cht hoc khng sinh bo qun tm c, t nhiu cng nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng. - Ngoi ra, c mt s loi c hoc hi sn nc ta c th gy ng c cht ngi nh c nc, mc bch tuc. iu cn lu l c t tetrodotoxin trong c nc v mc bch tuc khng b hy dit vi nhit cao, nn d c nu chn k th vn gy ng c c. C nc khng c vy r nh cc loi c khc. Thn c nc th rp, sn si c nhiu m mu khc nhau. Mnh c ngn vi lng lm chm y gai. Con di nht khng qu 25cm nng khng qu 1kg v thng di 0,5kg. Bng c phnh trn ra, thn trn, ui nh dn. Mc bch tuc trng ging nh mc nang nhng thn ngn, trn hn mc ng. V khi CB th gn nh rt ging nhau c v hng v ln mu sc. Cch chn c, tm ti: Tt nht l mua c tm ang cn sng, ang li trong nc. Nu c cht th chn c cn ti theo cch nh sau: C hoc hi sn C Ti - Thn c co cng, trn bn tay khng thng xung. - Mt c li, trong sut. - Ming c ngm cng. - Mang c hng, khng c nht v khng c mi hi. - Vy c ti, sng lng lnh, dnh cht vo thn. - Bng c bnh thng, khng phnh, khng b v, hu mn nh, lm hoc phng. - Tht c chc, dnh cht vo xng sng. Km ti hoc n - Thn c mm nhn, trn bn tay qun xung d dng. - Mt c lm, kh v c. - Ming c m hn. - Mang c mu xm hoc nu, c nht bn v c mi hi thi. - Vy c khng sng hoc m, lng lo, d trc, c mi hi n. - Bng c phnh, hu mn li hoc bm. - Tht c mm, dng ngn tay n vo li vt n trong thi gian lu, tht trc ra khi xng d

- Mi tanh c trng ca c, khng c mi l. - V sng lng lnh, cng dai v trn lng, mu xanh. Tm ti luc chn c v , tht chc, mi v bnh thng, thm ngon. Tm tp

dng. - Mi hi, n, mi khng sinh. - u ri ra v que cng d rng. - Mt tm c nhng vt xm v c dn. V rt, ht bng by, mu sm dn. - Mnh tm mm nhn. - C mi hi n. - Khi luc chn, mu ti bn, mi v n thiu, ui mm nhn, tht b. - Que, cng b rng. - C mi n. - Cua p: Nhn vo que, cng cua thy mng nc. - S cht c mi hi.

Cua gh

- Cua chc: Lt nga cua ra, dng ngn tay n mnh ln ym cua, ym cng, khng b ln xung - S sng: s h ming v khi s vo th ming s khp cht li.

Nghu, s c

- c cn sng: dng tay ng nh vo - c cht: mi hi, mi tht su mi c th c s khp kn mi li. c mp vo trong v c. th mi c gn pha ngoi v c.

3. La chn trng g, vt, chim ct Cch chn trng ti: Khi mua trng, chn v trng cn nguyn vn, sch s, khng b rn nt. Trng thi c v ngoi mu xm, c vn, c mi thi, kh chu.

Cch chn trng Soi n hoc soi qua nh sng mt tri: Nm qu trng trong bn tay, ch h 2 u trng, mt nhn vo trng mt pha, cn pha kia soi trn mt ngun nh sng.

Trng ti Mu hng trong sut, vi mt chm hng gia. Phng kh nh (thng u ln ca qu trng)

Trng c

Phng kh cng to trng cng c

Th trng vo ly nc

Trng chm su vo trong nc v trng nm ngang.

Trng cng c cng ni ln trn mt ly nc

Lc p trng

Trng lu: lng trng hi vng, lng Lng trng trng thu gn nht mu, km dai, quanh lng (pha trong km chc hn. c, ngoi ra hi lng), lng - Trng h: mi hi nguyn vn v ni trn thi, lng v, dnh hn ln. Khng c mi. vo v hoc chy thnh nc, c th c mu xm gn . Lng nm chnh gia, khng st vo bn no. V trng thng dnh cht, kh lt v trng hn C mi thi ca lu hunh.

Khi luc trng

4. La chn rau qu ti Chuyn thng ngy ... Ch: V sao cn thuc tr su hoc ha cht c st li trn mt s rau qu? t c nng sut cao hoc tiu dit cc loi su ry, c bit l i vi mt s loi rau qu d b su ph hi, mt s nng dn s dng qu nhiu phn bn ha hc hoc phun thuc tr su vi liu lng vt qu mc an ton, phun thuc tr su n st ngy thu hoch, khng tn trng thi gian cm phun thuc tr su trc khi thu hoch nh quy nh. Mt khc, mt s loi rau qu c trng vng t b nhim, ti phn ti hay nc thi bn cng l mt mi e da nghim trng cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Ngoi ra, ch cn ph bin tnh trng mt s tiu thng gi v hp dn, trng, gin cho mt s loi rau ti sng xt sn nh bp chui bo, chui cy bo, ng sen... trn mt s ha cht c hi (thuc ty, hn the) vo nc ngm. Bn nn thn trng nht i vi nhng loi rau qu no? l nhng loi rau l hoc rau tri khng phi gt v nh: rau mung nc, x lch son, x lch, tn , ci b xanh, ci ngt, ci dng lm da, rau m, u a, kh qua, da leo, c chua, nho, to Thi Lan, i, mn... Th no l rau qu an ton? Rau qu c coi l an ton khi c d lng nitrate, kim loi nng v thuc bo v thc vt v mc nhim vi sinh vt di ngng quy nh tm thi do B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh i vi tng loi rau qu. Nhng nguyn tc chung chn rau an ton Vo ma kh, d lng thuc tr su cn st li trn rau qu thng cao hn l trong ma ma v nc ma s lm tri bt nhng lng thuc cn st li trn rau qu. Cc loi rau c hoc phi gt v thng an ton hn: b, bu, mp kha, mp hng... Khi la chn rau qu, nn chn:

Rau qu cn ti, ton vn, khng b try xc, c hnh dng bnh thng, c mu sc t nhin, gin chc, cm nng tay. Rau qu khng b ho a, gip nt hoc dnh cc cht l. Khng c mi v l Ch : Mt s loi qu bn trong b hng nhng bn ngoi vn cn ti do s dng ha cht bo qun, do phi xem k trc khi mua. Trnh mua rau ci gt v v xt sn, ngm nc ch, v ngoi vic ngun nc ngm khng m bo v sinh hay c ha ln cc ha cht c hi gi v trng, gin, cc sinh t vn c trong rau ti nh sinh t C, d b ha tan v mt i trong nc ngm. Trong iu kin hin nay, gim lng thuc tr su, ha cht cn st li trn rau qu: cn ra vi tht nhiu nc. phng trnh ng c do n phi thc phm b nhim thuc bo v thc vt, ngi tiu dng cn ch n nhng im sau y: Khng mua, s dng rau qu c mi, v l, khc thng. Ngm k, ra sch, ra tng l, nht l cc k l cho tht sch, gt v cc loi rau qu n ti. Ring i vi cc loi rau l nh nh x lch son, rau dn, bng ci th nn pha vo nc ra 1-2 mung c ph mui su b v cn trng b ra khi cc k l. i vi cc loi rau c, tri cy, nguyn c, ra sch trc khi gt v. Ngm k, ra rau qu t nht 3 ln hoc ra di vi nc chy nu c th loi tr phn ln cc thuc bo v thc vt tn d, tc l loi tr phn ln nguy c nhim qua con ng ra tri. Nu chn v m vung khi nu cng l cch tt loi tr phn ln cc thuc bo v thc vt cn st li qua con ng bay hi. 5. La chn ng cc Chuyn thng ngy ... ch v ... nh: C nn s dng go mc, u phng mc c ch, lau bng... vo ra sch? Do kh hu nng m nc ta, nu khng c bo qun cn thn, cc loi ng cc nh go, bp, u phng, u ... d b mc. Nhng nm mc ny li tit ra nhng c t ht sc nguy him nh Aflatoxin v Fumonisin, c th gy bnh, gy ung th ngi v gia sc. Aflatoxin l c t do nm mc Aspergillus, loi nm mc thng mc trn cc ht ng cc (go, u phng, cao lng...) v nht l trn cc bnh du (kh lc). Do mun tit kim, nhiu gia nh li mang go i "ch", "lau", "nh bng", i ra li cc ht ng cc mc s dng m khng bit l lm nh vy vn khng lm ht c cc c t bn trong ht ng cc. Ngoi ra, sc vt chn nui bng thc n nhim Aflatoxin th d lng Aflatoxin vn cn trong cc c quan, trong tht, trong trng... V d nh khi b sa n phi thc n c Aflatoxin th trong sa tit ra cng s c d lng Aflatoxin. Cch chn ng cc an ton Lng thc b nhim c t ca nm mc thng hay thay i hnh dng bn ngoi nh i mu, bin i mi v, bin dng. Go: Go tt c ht u nhau, khng ln ht lp, ht nh, t c, t rn nt, rn chc, mu t hng nht n trng tinh, khng su mt, khng mc meo, mi v thm ngon, khng thy mi l. Ht go km phm cht c ch trng c thng nh hn, km rn chc, d gy, d h hng, t cht m. Go b c l do kh hu xu, rt ko di, ma nhiu trong ma la

chn gy nn. Go c nhiu ht gy l do la gt non, c th l do phi qu nng, c th l thc qu kh em xay xt... Go b nhim nm mc Penicillium c s c mu vng. Cch phng v x l ng cc b mc: Cch phng tt nht l gi cho ng cc khng b nhim nm mc bng cch bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt v c kim tra theo di thng xuyn, go, np lu b mc v su mt, c th vo lu go 1 cc than c ht m. V sau khi s dng ht mt t, cn sc ra lu v phi tht kh ri mi trt go mi vo. Loi b hn cc ng cc b mc. Khng s dng lm thc n cho ngi v gia sc. Aflatoxin l mt c t kh bn vng vi nhit, x l bng cch un si thng khng c tc dng. 6. La chn khoai c Cch chn khoai c: Khoai c tt khng c dp nt, gy vn, khng c chy nha, khng c h, sng, khng c su b, khng ln thuc tr su, khng c c mi hi chua, mc meo, hoc mi v g l. i vi khoai ty, khng chn c mc mm. Trng hp khoai ty mc mm trong qu trnh tn tr gia nh, phi khot b tt c cc chn mm. Nu mm mc qu nhiu, khng nn s dng na v ch khoai mc mm cha nhiu solanin c th gy ng c. Trng hp khoai m (sn), khi mua chn c khng "chy ch", khng c nhng ng mu xanh dc theo c. Sau khi bc v cn ngm nc trong nhiu gi lm gim bt lng acid cyanhydric gy ng c, c khi cht ngi Phng nga ng c thc phm mi lc, mi ni Ngoi vic chn la thc phm ti sng an ton, tt c nhng g tip xc vi thc n trong sut qu trnh bo qun, chun b nu nng, dn n, v sinh nh bp... u c th nh hng ln s an ton ca mn n m bn mt nhiu cng sc chun b. Ng c thc phm hon ton c th phng nga c nu bn p dng nhng gii php sau y: Khi i ch: Nn i ch sm v thc phm cn ti v phong ph bn c th c nhiu la chn. Mua nhng ngi bn quen, ng tin cy hoc nhng ca hng c h thng gi lnh nh siu th, ca hng rau sch, tht sch c ng k. Chn nhng thc phm ti sng theo nhng hng dn cho tng nhm thc phm phn trn, Mua nhng thc phm ti sng d hng nh c tht sau cng v v nh ngay sau khi mua. Trnh khng cho nc t tht, c ti nhu ln cc thc phm khc bng cch cho vo bao b cn thn v vo ni mt m nht trn xe. Bo qun gia nh:Nu khng s dng ngay, v cn tn tr trong vng 2-3 ngy, cn cho thc phm ti sng vo t lnh cng sm cng tt. Trc khi cho vo t lnh nn thc phm vo nhng bao b hoc hp c np y. Cn nh k lau, lm sch t lnh. Chun b nu nng: Lun lun ra tay cn thn vi x bng v nc sch, ri lau kh vi khn sch trc v sau khi chun b thc n, sau khi i v sinh. Bo m l cc b bp, dng c dng trong nh bp, xoong ni, tht... hon ton sch s. Nu nh nhiu gin, chut, tuyt i khng nhng dng c lm bp, chn, a... bn ngoi t bp hoc khng trong nhng r p chn khng c np y.

Nu nng an ton: Nn nu chn tht, c, trng vi nhit cn thit. Khng dng nhng mn n c tht, c sng hoc ti nh gi c sng, tht b ti... i vi nhng mn chin, rn, khng dng du chin rn nhiu ln hoc chy kht Lc dn n: Khng s dng nhng chn, da, dng c tip xc vi thc n sng m cha ra sch ng thc n nu chn. Nn dn n ngay sau khi va nu xong. Thc n cn tha cn ct vo t lnh sm trong vng 2 gi sau khi nu nng xong. Trc khi n cn phi hm li k lng. V sinh trong nh bp:Thng xuyn git sch khn lau tay, khn lau bp. Ra sch b bp, cc dng c lm bp vi x bng v nhiu nc sch sau khi s dng. Tm li: phng nga nhng bnh tt do thc phm khng an ton gy ra, lun lun: Chn: Chn thc phm an ton. Ra sch: Thc phm, dng c trong nh bp, khn lau. Lm lnh nhanh chng: Nhng thc phm ti sng cha s dng ngay, nhng thc phm n cn tha. Nu chn v khng thc n nu chn tip xc vi thc n sng. BI C THM La chn thc n ng ph Ngun: Nutifood.com.vn Thc n ng ph (TAP) l nhng thc n c ch bin sn nh: ph, bn b, bnh bao, xi ch, cm... v cc loi nc gii kht nh: nc sm, nc ma, nc rau m... c nhng ngi bn hng rong hoc nhng ngi bn qun n trn ng ph hay tp trung thnh trung tm n ung vi mc ch dng n ngay, khng cn ch bin hoc x l tip. TAP ngy cng tr nn ph bin cng vi np sng th ha v cc mt tch cc ca n i vi x hi: Trc ht, n cung cp mt ngun thc n thng giu cht dinh dng vi gi c phi chng v mang hng v c bit (do kinh nghim ring ca ngi ch bin). TAP thng a dng v tin li cho nhng ngi c thu nhp thp v eo hp thi gian, ng thi cng hp dn c khch du lch v nhng ngi c kinh t kh. TAP cng to c ngun thu nhp ng k cho nhiu ngi, c bit l i tng ph n, ngun lao ng chnh tham gia vo dch v n ung ng ph. TAP mang n c hi lm n, to bc khi u cho nhng ai c vn kinh doanh t. Bn cnh mt tch cc, TAP cng bc l mt tiu cc ca n, l vn v sinh an ton thc phm. Ngi bn TAP thng cn hn ch kin thc c bn v v sinh an ton thc phm a n hu qu thc n d bin cht lm nh hng sc khe ngi tiu dng. TAP d km cht lng v km v sinh v: Ngun thc phm ti sng dng ch bin nh cc loi tht, c, rau qu... thng c chn mua vi gi r nn c th km phm cht, khi em v ch bin thng c x l t mi l hoc cho thm hn the... thc n c bo qun lu hoc c mua t ngun tri ni (git m heo lu) cha c c quan th y kim dch. Cng c th nguyn liu ti sng c mua t cc ngun cung cp ng tin cy nhng do c s ch bin thiu phng tin bo qun (thiu t ng lnh...) hoc do cch chuyn ch, cch bo qun, cch r ng thc n khng ng quy nh lm cho thc phm c nguy c nhim vi sinh vt.

Thc n ch bin qu lu trc khi em bn hoc ch bin vi mt s lng qu nhiu m khng tun th ch bo qun nh gi nng thc n lin tc nhit t 60C tr ln ( 60C) hoc gi lnh t 10C tr xung ( 10C). Ngoi ra, cc dng c ng thc n nh chn, t, da, a, mung thng khng m bo ra sch do ra nhanh qua loa hay khng nc ra hay tit kim nc. V nhng iu nu trn, khi cn mua TAP hay vo qun, tim n, chng ta cn cn nhc mt s im sau: 1. Ni bn hng: 1.1. Khng nn chn: Thng khng nn mua khi thy ni bn thc n qu gn cng rnh, bn ly, nc ng hoc ni rc hay gn ch bn gia sc, gia c62m (g, vt...) v thy sn ti sng (tm, cua, c sng...) v thc n d b nhim do rui nhng hay lng th ri vo thc n v nht l nhng ni bn hng n ny d c mi hi thi kh chu. Cng khng nn mua thc n tuy c nu chn nhng by bn khng c che y (treo bn ngoi hay l thin trn mt bn) hoc thc n trn nn t hay qu gn mt t u lm cho thc n b nhim bn v bi, t ct v vi khun. Thc n c gi bng giy bao sn, giy v, giy in mc hay giy c u lm cho thc n chn mt v sinh. C nhng hng qun li dng chn da b nt, m hoc tht c nhiu vt rn v khe nt nh lm cho cc dng c ny kh c ra sch, hoc s dng r r ng thc n li di t, ch d hoc ni m t khin thc n gin tip b lm bn. Thm vo li s dng ming xp ra chn, chi xoong... va en, va nhn, l mi trng l tng cho vi trng tr ng. Cng khng qun nhn cc dng c ng mung, a, ng tng, nc chm hay khay p ly c du dao tht dnh ring cho vic thi, cht thc n sng v thc n chn, iu ny lm cho thc n chn b nhim bn gin tip qua dng c v qua thc n sng. 1.2. Nn chn: Ni bn hng n sch s, sng sa, trnh c nng, bi, ma, gi, trnh xa cng rnh hay xa khu vc bn gia sc, gia cm. Mua thc n ch bin sn nh tri cy ct sn: u , c sn, da hu, mn... hoc thc n chn c by bn trong t knh hoc t li hoc ng trong cc dng c sch c che y bng giy bng knh trong trnh c bi, rui nhng v cn trng, ngoi ra thc n c trn gi cao cch mt t t 60cm tr ln. Qun n c t gi ng rc di bn n ca khch nhm gi c sn nh sch, kh ro. Bn gh ca qun sch s, hnh dng nh th no cng c nhng lm dng gc trn d c ra hn l dng gc vung. Ngoi ra, cc chn a hay t ng thc n u c p xung hoc hp ng mung a c np y trnh bi v cc vt khc ri vo... Tng v trn nh bng vt liu mu sng, khng bt bi v lun gi c sch s. Thc n khi mua em v c ng trong bao b sch, gi c tnh hp dn v mi v v mu sc nh mua cm hay xi c ng trong hp. Hoc thc n c gi trong giy sch hay giy bng kn chuyn dng.Bn c bit?Do thiu kin thc hoc do chy theo li nhun lm dng phm mu c hay nhng cht ph gia khng cho php s dng trong ch bin thc n nhng vn c dng v ti v nhm mc ch to mu sc v mi v ca thc n thm phn hp dn. 2. Ngi bn hng hay ngi ch bin:

Chn ni bn cha , ngi tiu dng nn nhn cch lm ca ngi bn hay ngi ch bin thc n rt quan trng v chnh h c th l ngun trc tip lm nhim thc n nhng h khng bit. Ngi bn mc qun o sch s (nu c mang tp d hay nn chp tc s lm tng lng tin cy ca khch hng, mng tay c ct ngn, khng c sn mng tay v ra tay sch bng x bng sau mi hot ng c th gy nhim thc n sau mi ln cm vt d nh ni gi lau bn, gi rc,..., sau khi i v sinh. Ngoi ra, ngi bn cng khng eo nhiu trang sc hoc khng tip xc trc tip vi thc n khi vng da b nhim trng (nht, vt try xc...) nhng li khng c bng kn, dng tay trn bc thc n hoc ho, ht hi s ly lan mm bnh, vi trng vo thc n gy ng c thc phm. Trong khi ch bin, ngi bn khng nn nhai tru, ht thuc l, nh nc ming hoc a tay vut tc... trng kh coi v mt v sinh. 3. Nc v nc : Trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm, nc c dng rt nhiu nh: dng nu nng, dng ra v ch bin thc n hoc dng ra dng c nu nng. Do nhng qun bn c nh thng c ngun nc my hay nc ging sch, lng nc s dng khng b hn ch. Nhng nhng ngi gnh hng rong hay xe y lu ng thng mang theo lng nc hn ch, c th ch c mt x hay mt chu nc c dng i dng li nhiu ln, nc rt bn t khi c thay nc sch khc, lm gin tip nhim bn thc n qua dng c chn, a, mung c ra qua nc bn ny. Nc : Nc cy thng c vn chuyn trn cc xe ba gc bi bm v chuyn ch th, cha k khi n qun khng c bo qun tt nh cy trc tip trn nn t hay xi-mng m khng c vt lt bn di. Do vy, y l ngun gy nhim trng thc phm ph bin. Tm li nn trnh ung nc cy ngoi ng, nu c ung nn t lm t nc chn, nu khng b c th ng ung thng xuyn hng ngy ngoi qun. Nc gii kht: Nc ma: Cng cha m bo v sinh thc phm ca nc loi ny cho ngi tiu dng do vn nc , v sinh xe p nc ma, cha k ma c rc v l thin. Nc sm: Tuy c nu v sinh hn nu khng b thm nc v ch dng trong ngy, qua m d b chua. Dng nc un si ngui l tt nht. Khi i ng xa hay i picnic, nu c th nn em theo nc ung ng chai hay nc khong thin nhin, v y l loi nc ung t tiu chun ung, c phn gi thnh kh cao so vi nc chn, nc lc, nc tr cn hn l mua nhng bch nc ung khng r ngun gc. C th bn cha bit: V phng din v sinh an ton thc phm hu ht cc loi nc lm cy u lm t nc ging trc tip v khng tiu chun nc ung c. 4. Cm quan vi loi thc phm: V mt cm quan trn thc t khng th a ra nhng tiu chun la chn nghim ngt. Tuy nhin, qua cm quan cng nh gi c mt phn cht lng thc phm. 4.1. Heo quay, vt quay: Nn chn tht c mi v thm c trng, th tht sn kh dnh st vo da, tht vn cn nng v treo trong t knh. Mun vy, bn nn mua ni ch bin c uy tn, bn t hng, do lun c tht mi. Khng nn mua khi thy mu da heo le lot, treo l thin, tht bi ri, c mi l.

4.2. Lp xng: Nn mua lp xng ng trong bao b c ht chn khng ca cc nh sn xut ng tin cy. Nh c bao b bo qun lp xng c tt. Khng nn mua lp xng c treo c dy, phi by ra nng, gi bi lm cho lp xng d c mi hi du (m trong lp xng b oxy ha), b nhim bn do khng c che y. 4.3. Bnh m: Nu mua ti l cng tt, trnh b nhim bn qua khu chuyn ch, cn x ng bnh m, nhiu tay cm bnh. Khng nn mua bnh m bn dc ng hay trn cc xe bnh m, do bnh trong cn x m khng c che y. 4.4. Xi: Cn cn thn vi cc loi xi nhum mu sc s v d c phm mu khng c php s dng vo thc n nh xi c mu xanh, mu tm, mu m c tng l xi l da, xi l cm hay xi gc. Nn mua nhng loi xi ny ngi bn quen bit r nu nh th no. Nn n nhng loi xi c mu t nhin nh xi u phng, xi u xanh, xi trng lm xi mn. Cng khng nn qu tin tng vo nhng xe bn xi khi ln nghi ngt trng hp dn, v sinh v tuy xi cn nng nhng khng c che chn khi bi. 4.5. Bnh ngt cc loi: Bnh tt c hnh dng nguyn vn, khng b nt, khng chy hay chai cng, c mi thm dy mi b, sa v vani, khng c mi l. 4.6. Kem cy: Thng bn trc cng trng hc khng t cht lng v tiu chun vi sinh cng nh lng ng ha hc qu nhiu, y l loi kem khng r ni sn xut. Nn mua kem c bao gi v c tn nh sn xut r rng. 4.7. Yaourt: Yaourt dng c phi c khi ng nht, ng u c mt mng mng trn mt, dng mung ct ra thnh vt ct r nt, khng b chy nc, mi v chua ngon. 4.8. Cm bnh dn: Chn qun bn cm sch s, sng sa, thc n c trng by trong t knh cho khch nhn thy r chn mn n. Ngi bn c dng gp gp thc n thc n c sch. Nu ngi bn bc thc n bng tay trn s lm bn thc n. 4.9. i vi qun bn bn, ph, h tiu...: Nn quan st thm ni ch bin, c th nhn xem xng b nu sp di t hay trn bn, ngi bn c dng gng tay bao nilon bc tht, hnh... cho vo t hay dng tay trn. 4.10. Bnh tiu, gi cho quy, chui chin...: Tuy c chin nng nhng khi vt ln li khng c vt che y. Du chin trong cho thng c mu c khng cn trong sut do chin i chin li nhiu ln, du b oxy ha sinh ra cht c hi. Thc n ch bin vi du m bin cht s kh tiu ha v hp thu. Khng nn mua n thng xuyn. Tm li: Ngoi vn bn chn ni n hp khu v, bn cng cn quan tm n cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm bng cch chn la ni hng bn, ni ch bin c uy tn, ngi ch bin c thc v sinh thc phm. Ni bn lun c dng c gp thc n chn v lc no cng c che y. Ch n thc phm c mu, khng nn mua thc n c mu le lot, nu thc n mua ri trn giy gi hay a, thy mu thc n trn giy hay a chng t thc n ny c nhum mu. Chnh thc la chn ca "cc thng " s gip phng trnh ng c ng tic xy ra, ng thi gip cho ngi bn, ngi ch bin cng thc c vn v sinh an ton thc phm.

C th bn cha bit: Bnh c c mi bt thng, i khi nhn k c khi pht hin mt lp mng mc xanh hay en. Nht l sau ma trung thu, cc xe y bnh trung thu i h gi, bnh c xp phi by trn xe hoc trn k hng nng, gi, bi, khi nn d bin cht. Khng nn thy gi r m mua BI C THM La chn thc phm cng nghip - Nhng thng tin cn bit Thc phm cng nghip l g? Thc phm cng nghip l nhng thc phm c ch bin sn, c bao gi v c thi hn bo qun trn 24 gi. Cc thc phm ny c cc n v sn xut, kinh doanh thc phm trong v ngoi nc ch bin p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng v s dng cc thc phm a dng m khng cn mt nhiu thi gian ch bin. Mi nm c tnh s lng mt hng thc phm mi gia tng trn 1.500 mt hng. Bao b sn phm ni cho bn iu g? Ton b thng tin v tnh cht v c im ca sn phm u nm trn nhn bao b. Do vy, cng vi k nng c nhn ca mnh, cc thng tin y v chi tit v sn phm trn nhn bao b s gip bn rt nhiu trong vic tm hiu, phn bit v chn la nhng sn phm c cht lng tt, an ton v ph hp. Vy nhng ni dung no trn nhn bao b bn cn quan tm? 1. Trc ht bn cn bit tn v nhn hiu ca sn phm. Nhn hiu sn phm thng l do nh sn xut t tn cho sn phm hay mt nhm sn phm ngi tiu dng d nhn bit. Thng qua nhn hiu, nh sn xut cng mun khng nh cht lng ca sn phm m h em n cho ngi tiu dng. Nh sn xut cng nghim tc, c uy tn, c sn phm vi cht lng ph hp v n nh th nhn hiu cng ni ting v cng c ngi tiu dng bit ti v thi gian tn ti cng di. 2. Tn v a ch ca nh sn xut hoc ni ng gi: c ghi v ghi r rng, c th hay khng. y chnh l ngi bo m v chu trch nhim v sn phm m bn s dng. Nhng sn phm m tn v a ch ca nh sn xut khng ghi hoc ghi khng r rng, vit tt, d gy nhm ln th rt c th l hng nhi, hng gi. V khi cn, bn cng khng bit phi khiu ni vi ai v khng th xc nh c ngi chu trch nhim i vi sn phm. 3. Cc thnh phn to nn sn phm, bao gm c nguyn liu v ph gia thc phm (nu c). Nh thnh phn nguyn liu, bn c th tm c ng loi thc phm m bn ang cn hoc c phi l loi thc phm m bn cn trnh s dng. V d: Bc s khuyn bn khng nn n trng, nh vy, bn cn trnh nhng thc phm c mt trong nhng thnh phn l trng. 4. C thng tin v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm khng? Gi tr dinh dng thng c th hin bng cc cht a lng nh m, bo ng, nng lng. Mt s sn phm cn c lit k mt phn hoc ton b cc cht vi lng nh cc loi vitamin, khong cht. Gi tr dinh dng thng c tnh trn 1 n v khi lng hay th tch (thng l trn 100g hoc 1 lt; 100ml ca sn phm) hoc 1 khu phn n c trong hng dn (1 serving). mt s sn phm, gi tr dinh dng cn c so snh vi nhu cu khuyn ngh (RDA hoc DV - Daily Value) ngi tiu dng c th bit rng nu s dng mt lng nht nh no th c ngha c th c cung cp bao nhiu so vi nhu cu khuyn ngh.

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) hoc DV (Daily Value): l lng cc cht dinh dng thit yu bit da trn c s khoa hc p ng nhu cu cho mt ngi bnh thng trong ngy. 5. C phi l thc phm c bit khng? Thc phm n king, thc phm dnh cho tr em... hoc thc phm c b sung cc cht dinh dng c bit nh Taurin, DHA, st, calci... 6. Hng dn s dng v hng dn bo qun: y l thng tin rt cn thit bn c th s dng sn phm mt cch hu hiu v tt nht. V d: sn phm cn bo qun lnh hoc bo qun ni kh mt, y kn... Hy tm thng tin nh sn xutNhng sn phm nghim tc bao gi cng c tn v a ch r rng ca nh sn xut. 7. Hn s dng ca sn phm chnh l thi gian m sn phm cn s dng tt nu c bo qun ng nh hng dn. C hai cch ghi hn s dng thng thng: Cch 1: Ghi ngy sn xut v thi hn bo qun. V d: ngy sn xut l 22/06/01; thi hn bo qun l 1 nm, th s ht hn s dng vo ngy 22/06/02. Cch 2: Ghi ngy s ht hn s dng. Ting Vit thng c ghi bng ch "Dng trc"; "S dng tt nht trc"; "Hn dng"; "Hn s dng"; hoc ting Anh ghi l "Best Before"; "Use Before"; "Exp.date". 8. C p dng cc bin php ch bin c bit khng? Thc phm c s dng cng ngh bin i gen thng c ghi l "C s dng cng ngh gen" hoc "GMO". Hin nay cn rt nhiu tranh ci trong vic s dng loi thc phm ny. Thc phm p dng chiu x th c ghi l "Thc phm chiu x" hoc "Irradiated food" hoc c in hnh biu tng trn bao b. Ti cc nc pht trin, vic a chiu x vo ch bin, bo qun thc phm c nghin cu v p dng rng ri. 9. C hay khng s cng b cht lng hoc sn phm c sn xut theo tiu chun no? y l ni dung khng bt buc phi ghi trn bao b nhng hu ht cc doanh nghip t nguyn a ln. S cng b l s m c quan c thm quyn cp xc nhn sn phm ny c cng b cht lng vi nhng ch tiu cht lng sn phm ph hp vi yu cu v v sinh v an ton thc phm. Ch c 2 ni c thm quyn cp s cng b: B Y t k hiu l YT v s Y t cc tnh thnh k hiu l YT vi cc ch ci u ca tn tnh thnh cp. V d: 0001/2001/CBTCYT (B Y t cp) hoc 0012/2001/CBTC-YTHCM (S Y t Thnh ph H Ch Minh cp); 0214/2001/CBTC-YTHN (S Y t Thnh ph H Ni cp). Mt s sn phm khng ghi s cng b nhng c th ghi tiu chun p dng sn xut "sn xut theo TC" km theo s ca tiu chun . Tiu chun p dng c th l tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) hoc tiu chun c s (TCCS). TCCS l do chnh nh sn xut a ra. 10. Khi lng tnh: l khi lng ca sn phm c trong gi, khng k bao b. Da vo khi lng ny, bn c th tnh ton c lng thc phm cn s dng trong ba n gia nh cho cn i v ph hp; tnh c s thc phm d tr trong nhng trng hp cn thit v bit c gi thc t ca sn phm tnh trn 100g hoc 1kg. BI C THM V sao bn cn quan tm n ph gia thc phm?

Ph gia thc phm l nhng cht c cho thm vo thc phm vi mt lng nh nhm duy tr cht lng dinh dng, cm quan, hay p ng vic sn xut ch bin, ng gi, bo qun, vn chuyn. Di y l mt s cht ph gia thng c dng trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm, c cho php s dng vi liu lng trong gii hn quy nh: Nhm cht bo qun: Cc mui Nitrat, Nitrit, Sulfit, Sulfur, Acid Sorbic v Sorbat, Benzoat. Thng c s dng trong cc loi hp, tht mui, lp xng, gim bng, cc nc p tri cy, mt, thch qu, da chut dm. Nhm cht chng oxy ha: Butyl hydroxy anisol (BHA), Butyl hydroxy toluen (BHT), Tertiary butyl hydroquinon (TBHQ) thng s dng trong du m. Cc phm mu nhn to: thng dng mu vng chanh, Tartazine (102); vng cam, Sunset yellow (110) cho cc sn phm c ung, nc gii kht, thc phm lng. Mu Erythrosine (127) cho hp. Cc cht to ngt nhn to: Acesulfam K (950); Aspartam (951); Saccarin (954). Dng trong ung v cc sn phm c nng lng thp. Cc cht bin i th cht: cc loi gm dng trong cc hp rau qu, kem sa tit trng, thc n tr em; cc cht nh ha dng trong du m, ph-mai, sa c c ng, sa bt. Lm th no nhn bit thc phm cha loi ph gia no? Cht ph gia trn bao b thng c ghi tn nhm km vi tn cht ph gia hoc tn nhm vi m s quc t trong ngoc n. V d: "Cht bo qun: Natri Nitrat" hoc "cht bo qun (251)". i khi ta cng gp ch "E" ng trc m s quc t. V d nh: "cht bo qun E251". Ch E l ph gia c php s dng chu u. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc sn phm u c ghi theo quy nh m ch c ghi chung chung l "ph gia" hoc thm ch khng lit k g. Vic s dng ph gia khng ng, qu nhiu hoc s dng cc loi ph gia khng nm trong danh mc c php s dng cng lm nh hng ti sc khe nh gy d ng, gy ung th... BI C THM Cc nguyn tc chung la chn thc phm cng nghip Chn mua thc phm cng nghip u l thch hp? Chng ta c th mua thc phm cng nghip ti cc siu th, cc ca hng v nhng tim tp ha, nhng ni tun th ng cc iu kin v hng dn bo qun sn phm. Khng mua hng nhng ni bn hoc ca hng m t, bi bm, qu nng, cc sn phm c by bn trc tip di nh nng mt tri, c bit trong cc t knh phi ngoi tri, hoc cc sn phm chng cht ln nhau qu nhiu. Khng mua cc sn phm thc phm c by bn chung vi cc ha cht, sn phm c mi nh x bng, bt git, m phm... Khng mua cc sn phm c by bn khng ng hng dn bo qun ngay c khi cn hn s dng nh cc sn phm nc gii kht, nc p tri cy, sa ti ng hp giy hoc bch phi di nh nng mt tri th d cn hn s dng cng khng nn mua. Cc sn phm lnh, ng lnh khng ng nhit theo hng dn bo qun. Chn nhn hiu thc phm nh th no?

Nn chn mua nhng thc phm c nhn hiu quen thuc, c uy tn, c ngi tiu dng chp nhn. Khng mua nhng thc phm khng c tn v a ch nh sn xut hoc ni ng gi hoc ghi khng r rng. Nn chn mua sn phm ca nhng cng ty c uy tn v nghim tc. Nhng n v ny thng c cht lng bo m v n nh. Khi cn cng c th khiu ni d dng. Khng mua nhng sn phm khng c hoc qu hn s dng, nhng sn phm m hn s dng b ty xa, in chng ln nhau hoc khng r rng. Khng mua nhng sn phm cho nhng i tng c bit (tr em, ph n mang thai cho con b, ngi bnh, ngi cao tui...) m khng c hng dn s dng c th. Lu l nhng sn phm m em b dng c th ngi ln cng dng c, nhng tr em th khng th s dng c tt c nhng sn phm m ngi ln s dng c. Khng mua nhng sn phm m c th b d ng vi mt trong nhng thnh phn nguyn liu hoc ph gia thc phm, c bit l nhng hng liu hay cht mu tng hp. Khng mua nhng thc phm cho nhng i tng c bit hay nhng ngi n king m khng c gi tr dinh dng r rng. Chn bao b nh th no l an ton nht? Nn mua nhng thc phm c nhn mc r rng, khng nhu nt; tnh trng bao b nguyn vn, sch s, khng h, khng rch. Khng mua nhng sn phm trong hp kim loi b phng y, b r st, mp mo, cc m ghp b h, r nc, nhn khng r rng hoc nhn b rch, nhu nt. Khng mua nhng sn phm m chai l c lm t thy tinh khng ng nht, khng nhn, sn si, c bt, nhiu vt. Khng mua nhng sn phm m np chai l khng kn, mt ga-ran-ti, mt du nim phong. Trnh mua nhng sn phm tch lp, nc trn, phn ci di, c cn hoc vn cc, bin mu ton phn hay tng phn, c vt l bn trong. Khng mua nhng ti b nt gy, b m, b h, c l thng hoc c vt kin, gin, cn trng cn. Khng mua nhng ti b xp, khng cn khng kh bn trong (lu phn bit vi bao b rt chn khng). i vi nhng bao b trong c th thy c sn phm bn trong, trnh mua nhng sn phm c mu b bin i. Nhng sn phm nh tht xng khi, tht mui th khng mua nhng sn phm b chy nc. Khng mua nhng sn phm m hp giy bn ngoi khng cn nguyn vn, b rch nt, c l thng, c kin hoc cn trng, bao b m t, mc k c khi c bao bn trong. Cc lu khi s dng: Nn s dng nhiu loi thc phm cng nghip khc nhau vi s lng va phi trnh a vo c th qu nhiu mt loi ph gia nht nh no . Cn tnh ton khng d tr sn phm qu lu, phng qu hn s dng. Khng s dng nhng sn phm bin cht, h hng v phn hi li cho ngi bn hng hoc nh sn xut. Ngoi cc nguyn tc chung chn la thc phm nh chn mua u, cch c nhn, chn bao b nh th no, mi loi sn phm li c thm nhng c tnh ring bn cn quan tm khi mua sm v s dng. Chn mua v s dng sn phm lnh, ng lnh: nh kem, tht, c, tm, hi sn, ch gi, sa chua, sa bch, sa ti tit trng...: Chn mua theo cc nguyn tc chung v ni mua, cch c nhn hiu, cch la chn bao b, cc lu khi s dng.

Khi mua sm cc thc phm lnh, ng lnh, nn mua sau cng v v nh tht nhanh. Khng mua cc thc phm khng cn cng hoc b mm do khng nhit lnh. Trnh mua nhng thc phm c lp lng t v c th b nhim nm. Khng mua cc sn phm lnh khi khng thy lnh. Khng sa chua nhit ng lnh ri nhit mt v sa chua d b hin tng ln cn. Chn mua v s dng cc loi hp tht, c, rau...: Chn mua theo cc nguyn tc chung v ni mua, cch c nhn hiu, cch la chn bao b, cc lu khi s dng. Khng mua nhng hp b phng y, b r st, mp mo, cc m ghp b h, r nc. Khng mua sn phm m nhn khng r rng hoc nhn b rch, nhu nt. Khng mua dnh khi cha bit bao gi mi dng ti phng ht hn s dng. Lau sch trc khi m np. Khng un nng hp khi cha m np v hp un nng c th b n. Khi m np nu thy sn phm c vt l, bin mu, tch lp, nht, si bt, mi chua, tanh, kht du, thi th khng s dng m phn hi li cho nh sn xut hoc ngi bn hng. Sau khi s dng, nn trong t lnh, trng hp khng c t lnh th ni thong mt, chng s xm nhp ca kin, gin v cc cn trng khc nh cch nc, y np... v nu qu 2 gi th nn un li trc khi s dng tip. Chn mua v s dng cc thc phm dng lng nh nc tri cy, nc gii kht, sa ti tit trng, nc chm, nc mm, du n... Chn mua theo cc nguyn tc chung v ni mua, cch c nhn hiu, cch la chn bao b, cc lu khi s dng. Khng mua nhng sn phm lng b tch lp, nc trn, phn ci di; c cn hoc vn cc, bin mu ton phn hay tng phn, si bt, c vt l bn trong. Khng mua du n b vn c, mi, v i kht. Khng mua cc sn phm b phi di nh nng mt tri k c khi cn hn s dng. Khng mua cc sn phm b kin, gin, cn trng gm nhm. Chn mua v s dng cc sn phm sa bt, bt dinh dng Chn mua theo cc nguyn tc chung v ni mua, cch c nhn hiu, cch la chn bao b, cc lu khi s dng. Ch nn mua dng trong vng 1 thng, trnh qu lu phng ht hn s dng. Khng mua cc sn phm ht hn s dng. Khng mua cc hp qu c, nhu nt, c mc bi bm. Khng mua cc sn phm cho i tng c bit nh tr nh, ngi bnh nu khng c hng dn s dng c th, r rng. Chn mua v s dng cc thc phm gi ch, lp xng, xc xch, gim-bng: Chn mua theo cc nguyn tc chung v ni mua, cch c nhn hiu, cch la chn bao b, cc lu khi s dng. Khng mua cc sn phm b chy nc, phn bao b ngoi b mc, nht, c mi chua. Khng mua cc lp xng m bao b ht chn khng khng dnh cht vi sn phm. Khng s dng khi ct sn phm c vt ct t, c mi chua, thi, khai. BI C THM La chn thc phm ph hp vi mt s i tng c bit Ngun: nutifood.com.vn

1. Chn thc phm cho tr nh: Tr di 6 thng: nn mua cc loi thc phm c ghi "Dnh cho tr t 0-6 thng" hay "Infant Formula" hoc "Formula 1", "Dnh cho tr t 4 thng tui", "From 4 month", "Dnh cho b la tui n dm". Tr trn 6 thng: chn mua cc loi "Dnh cho tr t 6 thng tui", "Trn 6 thng tui", "Giai on 2", "Folowup Formula" hoc "Formula 2". Tr trn 1 tui: "Dnh cho tr t 1 tui", hoc "From 12 month", "Growing up milk" 2. Ngi tiu ng: Nguyn tc chn thc phm: Hn ch nhng thc phm cha ng hp thu nhanh nh ng n. Nn mua cc sn phm c ghi "Khng b sung ng", "Sugar Free", "Low Sugar", "No added Sugar" Nn s dng sa v cc sn phm sa (khng b sung ng ct) v ng sa hay cn gi l ng lactose hp thu chm dng c cho ngi tiu ng, nn s dng sa khng bo. Trnh mua vi nhng sn phm c cha ng ct (sugar) trong thnh phn dinh dng v trong thnh phn nguyn liu. ng ct cn c ghi l "sucrose" hoc "saccharose". Thn trng vi nhng thc phm c thnh phn nguyn liu giu ng nh mt ong, tri cy ngt... 3. Ngi khng mun tng cn, ngi d cn, mp ph, ngi c cholesterol mu cao: Nguyn tc chn thc phm: Hn ch thc phm giu nng lng, giu cht bo bo ha (saturated fat), giu cholesterol, ng hp thu nhanh. Nn n cc thc phm giu cht x. Nn la chn nhng sn phm dnh cho ngi n king, thc phm "Nng lng thp", "Low calories"; thc phm t cht bo "Low Fat"; thc phm t cht ng hp thu nhanh. Nn la chn nhng thc phm giu cht x, thng c ghi l "High fiber", "Rich fiber". Nn chn nhng sn phm khng cha hoc cha t cholesterol, thng trn bao b c ghi "Cholesterol free", "Low cholesterol" hoc/ v giu cht x "Rich fiber", "High fiber". Trnh mua nhng thc phm giu nng lng "Giu nng lng", "Nng lng cao", "High Calories", "High Energy". Trnh s dng cc thc phm c cha nhiu cht bo, giu ng hp thu nhanh nh ng ct (saccharose, sucrose) thng ghi phn gi tr dinh dng v thnh phn nguyn liu. Trnh mua cc sn phm cha nhiu cholesterol v cc acid bo bo ha. Tm hm lng cc cht ny trn bao b sn phm phn gi tr dinh dng. 4. Ngi cao huyt p, bnh tim mch: Nguyn tc chn thc phm: Hn ch lng mui n vo (di 6g mui/ngy tc l di 2,4g Natri), hn ch lng cholesterol, hn ch cht bo bo ha, cht ng hp thu nhanh, nn n nhiu cht x. Nn mua cc thc phm t Na+ hay cn gi l Sodium (mui), giu Kali. Trnh mua cc thc phm c lng Natri cao. Hm lng ny thng c ghi trn bao b l Natri, Na, Sodium (c 400mg Na th tng ng vi 1g mui).

Trnh mua cc thc phm hp tht, c, hi sn, da chut ngm gim; m, ph, cho n lin, tng, gi ch, gim-bng cc loi; thc phm trong nguyn liu c nhiu thnh phn l mui Natri (sodium). V d: Bt ngt (Sodium Glutamate), cht bo qun: Sodium Nitrate... La cc loi khng cha hoc cha t cholesterol, cht bo bo ha, giu cht x. 5. Ngi b suy thn: Nguyn tc chn la thc phm: Trnh thc phm giu m, nhiu mui. Nn mua cc thc phm cha t cht m (Protid), t mui. Trnh nhng thc phm c ghi "Giu m", "m cao", "High Protein", "Rich Protein". Xem hm lng cht m (Protein hoc protid) trn bao b cn bng ch n. 6. Ngi b d ng, khng dung np thc phm: Ngi b d ng, b hen suyn: Khng mua nhng thc phm m 1 trong nhng thnh phn nguyn liu v ph gia c th gy ra d ng cho bn thn hoc bc s khuyn khng nn dng nh: tm, c bin, trng, tht b, u phng,... hoc cc ph gia c th gy d ng: Sulfit v Sulfur, c th gy cn suyn vi nhng ngi c tin s mc bnh suyn; cc cht mu tng hp, c bit mu vng chanh: Tartazine (102), vng cam: Sunset yellow (110), cc hng liu tng hp: mui Nitrat v Nitrit; cht chng oxy ha nh BHA, BHT. Cn thn khi chn mua nhng thc phm hp tht, c, tm, rau tri v nc p tri cy v d c cha cht bo qun, cht mu v hng liu tng hp c th gy d ng. Ngi khng dung np vi 1 cht no trong thc phm: Khng dung np lactose: Hin tng thng b ri lon tiu ha sau khi ung sa, c bit l sau khi s dng sn phm c hm lng lactose cao nh sa khng bo do thiu men phn gii ng lactose c trong sa. Nn chn nhng thc phm khng cha hoc cha t hm lng ng sa (lactose) thp, nhng sn phm m sa ch l 1 trong nhng thnh phn nguyn liu, sa nguyn kem. Khi s dng th nh pha long hn hng dn v ung t hn trong nhng ln s dng u tin v tng dn cho ti khi quen. 7. Ngi b bnh Gout: Nguyn tc la chn thc phm: Trnh thc n giu m cha nhn Purin. Nn mua nhng thc phm sa v sn phm ch bin t sa, trng, t ng cc. Trnh cc loi thc n, thc ung c cn nh ru, bia, c ph, ch; cc thc phm m thnh phn nguyn liu chnh l c, gan, bu dc, nc tht, c hp, pat, nm, mng ty, u . 8. Ngi c nhu cu calci cao: Thng l i vi cc i tng ang ln, ngi cao tui, ph n giai on mn kinh. Nn mua cc sn phm "Giu Canxi", "B sung Canxi", "High Calcium", "Rich Calcium", "Added Calcium", cc sn phm c thnh phn nguyn liu chnh l sa. Tm li: Bn hy lun nh c nhn sn phm la chn cc sn phm, v nu c g cha r rng th bn ng ngn ngi m hy nh cc nhn vin bn hng gii p thc mc cho mnh BI C THM 10 li khuyn bo qun, ch bin thc n hp v sinh Ngun: nutifood.com.vn

Thc n cn phi c bo qun v ch bin hp v sinh mi c th trnh c cho bn thn bn v gia nh khi nguy c ng c. Di y l 10 li khuyn dnh cho bn theo "Li khuyn bo qun ch bin thc n hp v sinh" ca T chc Y t th gii. 1. Nu chn thc n: Cc thc n sng d b nhim bi vi khun gy bnh. Khi nu chn s git cht cc loi vi khun c hi . Tt c cc loi thc n phi c un nng cho ti khi tht chn. Cht lng th phi c un nng cho ti khi tht si. 2. Trnh tch tr thc n nu chn: Chun b n ti cho tr s sinh v tr nh cho mi ba n v cho chng n ngay khi cc thc n va ngui. Tt nht khng cho tr n cc thc n m trc kia c nu chn, ri li ct gi mt thi gian. Khi cn thit th thc n ch nn ct gi t ba trc cho ti ba sau. Gi thc n ni lnh mt, tt nht l trong t lnh. Thc n dnh phi c hm nng trc khi n. 3. Trnh trn thc n sng vi thc n chn: Thc n nu chn c th b nhim bn khi tip xc vi thc n sng (v d: tay cm thc n sng ri cm thc n chn s a vi khun vo thc n chn, hoc thc n chn t cnh vi thc n sng). iu ny c bit nghim trng vi cc loi tht gia cm. Tay v cc dng phi c ra sch sau khi tip xc vi thc n sng. Nu thc n sng trn vi thc n chn, phi c nu chn hon ton. 4. Ra sch hoa qu v rau: Rau v hoa qu ti phi c ra k vi nc sch. Nu c dng n sng th phi gt v. c bit l khi rau qu b nhim bn nng (v d dng phn ngi bn cho chng) m khng gt b c th cn nu chn trc khi n. Cng trnh n cc loi rau qu gt v nhng by ra, khng y cn thn rui, mui u vo. 5. Dng nc sch: iu quan trng l nc sinh hot phi ly t ngun nc sch (v d mt ging nc sch) ra thc n v rau qu. Nu nc gi trong nh, phi c cha trong thng sch, c np y. 6. Ra tay: Ra tay bng x phng hoc tro bp trc khi bt u chun b ba n. Ra tay li sau khi lm bp xong, sau khi i v sinh, tm cho tr hoc ng vo sc vt. 7. Trnh dng bnh sa: Dng tha v chn ring cho thc n lng ca tr. Tha, chn, da v cc vt ng thc n khc dng nui tr s sinh phi ra bng x phng, tro bp sau khi dng. Bnh cha thc n lng c u mt gi rt kh gi sch. Nu buc phi s dng chng th sau mi ln dng, phi ra sch v un si. 8. Gi cho b mt lm thc n c sch s: Cc b mt dng vo vic chun b thc n phi gi tuyt i sch s. Nhng "u tha ui tho" hoc mu vn thc n vt xung t dn dn tr thnh ni vi khun pht trin v tp trung cc loi cn trng hoc sc vt. Rc ri phi c y kn v nhanh ni quy nh. 9. Bo v thc n khi s thm nhp ca cn trng, su b v cc sc vt khc: Khng cho sc vt li gn khu vc nu nng v phi che y thc n khi sp dng. Ct gi n trong dng c an ton c np y, khng sc vt, chut n c. 10. Ct gi thc phm ch an ton: Ct gi cc thc phm cc bnh kn, xa cc cht c hi, v d cc loi ha cht. Bi c c tnh ca kim loi 1. Kim loi l nhm c t c bit thng tn ti trng thi bn trong mi trng, tuy nhin dng thc ha hc ca chng c th b thay i bi cc yu t l, ha, sinh c tnh cng thay i.

- Kim loi xm nhp vo c th qua 2 con ng: + ng h hp: mt ngi thu nhn 12 15m khng kh/ngy, din tch b mt ca phi l 100m to iu kin hp th nhanh cc c t + ng tiu ha: ph bin hn v s cc cht c tn ti trong thc phm - Cc nguyn nhn dn n vic nhim kim loi nng vo thc phm + S dng hn hp ha cht khng tiu chun trong qu trnh ch bin + Phng tin vn chuyn, bao b kim loi khng t tiu chun. - Khi nghin cu c tnh do kim loi gy ra gp kh khn do + Hm lng ca kim loi trong thc phm thp + Thi gian tc ng chm 2. c tnh chung ca kim loi 2.1. Vng tc dng 2.1.1. Enzym - Km hm hot ng ca enzym do s tng tc gia kim loi do s chuyn i mt cofactor kim loi cn thit ca enzym. V d nh ch lm mt km enzym dehydrotase ca axit delta-aminolevulinic. - Km hm s tng hp enzym. V d niken v platin km hm s tng hp enzym deltaaminolevulinic synthetase, phong ta s tng hp hem (thnh phn quan trng ca hemoglobin v cytocrom). - Cc enzym khc nhau c nhy khc nhau vi kim loi. V d a s cc enzym xc tc qu trnh tng hp ra hem thng b km hm bi ch. 2.1.2. Cc bo quan di t bo - Gy ra do phn ng ca kim loi vi cc hp phn ni bo. Kim loi xm nhp vo bn trong t bo, c bit l cc kim loi a bo (v d nh metyl thy ngn) s c vn chuyn qua mng t bo. Kim loi lin kt vi mt protein s c hp th qua con ng ni thm bo tc ng n cc bo quan. - Mt s protein trong bo tng, trong lyzosom v nhn t bo c th lin kt vi cc kim loi c nh Cd, Pb, Hg, metyl thy ngn lm gim hot tnh sinh hc ca cc protein cc hu qu nh: c ch cc enzym ca vi th (c bit l cc enzym h hp, oxy ha kh), hng cu trc li ni cht. 2.2. Cc yu t lm thay i c tnh ca kim loi 2.2.1. Mc v thi gian nhim c - Mc nhim c cng cao th thi gian nh hng cng ko di v hiu ng c cng ln thay i liu lng v thi gian nhim c th s thay i bn cht tc dng c. V d nh trong th nghim c tnh ca Cadmi vi chut + Tiu ha 1 ln nhng vi liu lng cao ri lon d dy v rut + Tiu ha nhiu ln nhng vi liu lng thp hn ri lon chc nng thn. 2.2.2. Dng ha hc - nh hng ln ti c tnh ca kim loi. V d vi thy ngn + Khi dng hp cht v c c t thn + Dng hu c (metyl thy ngn, etyl thy ngn) c thn kinh do cc hp cht thy ngn hu c l nhng cht a bo, d vt qua ro mch mu no tc ng ln thn kinh. Tc ng ny tng t gy ra do Tetraetyl ch. 2.2.3. Cc yu t sinh l - La tui: tr em nhy cm vi ch hn ngi ln 4 5 ln. - Gii tnh

2.3. Cc tc dng c ca kim loi 2.3.1. Gy ung th Asen v cc hp cht ca n, dn xut ca crom, niken do s tc ng thay th Zn+ bng Ni+ trong cc protein vn chuyn hoc gy tn thng khung t bo nh hng ti tnh chnh xc ca polymerase trong qu trnh sinh tng hp AND. 2.3.2. Chc nng min dch Ch, cadmi, niken, crom, metyl thy ngn, asen, cc mui ca asen vi natri l cc cht loi b min dch. Bari, platin th kch thch min dch. Chng gy ra phn ng qu nhy cm hay d ng. 2.3.3. H thn kinh - H thn kinh c tnh nhy cm ln chu nhiu tc ng c. V d hi thy ngn, metyl thy ngn, cc hp cht hu c ca ch cc bnh v no, cc biu hin ri lon tm thn. 2.3.4. c t thn - Thn l b phn c nhim v o thi cc cht c l mc tiu tn cng ca cc kim loi. VD Cadmi nh hng ti cc t bo ca ng thn gn ra bi tit nc tiu c protein phn t lng thp, axitamin, glucose. 3. Cc kim loi c c tnh cao 3.1. Ch 3.1.1. c tnh - Mi sinh vt khng c nhu cu v ch. - Ch tc ng ln h thng tng hp hem ca hemoglobin (hem c tng hp t glycin, sucinyl coenzym A vi cofactor l pyridoxal phosphat qua mt s qu trnh, sn phm kt hp vi st to hem). Giai on u v cui ca qu trnh tng hp din ra trong ty th v cc giai on trung gian din ra trong t bo cht. 5 enzym tham gia xc tc cc giai on khc nhau trong qu trnh tng hp rt nhy cm vi ch l delta-aminolevulinicdehydrotase (ALAD), hem synthetasa, delta-aminolevulinic synthetase, uroporphyrinogen-decarboxylase v coproporphyrinogen oxydase. + ALAD b km hm khi nng ch trong mu cao hn 10mg/dl. Khi nng ch trong mu cao hn 50mg/dl s gy ra nguy c mc triu chng thiu mu, thiu sc t da, mng hng cu km bn vng. + Khi nng ch ngng 44mg/dl mu tc dng km hm enzym pyrimidin-5nucleosidase gy ra chng thiu mu do thiu st. - Vi nng ch cao hn 80mg/dl mu xy ra cc bnh v no do vic gy tn thng n cc tiu ng mch v mao mch no ph no, tng p sut dch no ty, thoi ha cc nron thn kinh biu hin lm sng: mt iu ha, vn ng kh khn, gim thc, ng ngc, hn m v co git. Khi phc hi thng km theo cc di chng nh ng kinh, s n n v trong mt vi trng hp b bnh thn kinh v th gic v m. + tr em, tc ng ny xy ra khi nng ch trong mu l 70mg/dl. Ngoi ra tr cn b triu chng hot ng thi qu (tng ng), thiu tp trung v s gim nh ch s IQ. - Ch gy ung th thn thng qua vic thay i hnh thi v chc nng ca cc t bo ng thn gim chc nng vn chuyn nng lng tiu ng, tiu m. - Ch nh hng n chc nng sinh sn, do c tnh ca n vi giao t ca con c v con ci v sinh, sy thai v cht s sinh.

- Cc hp cht hu c ca ch nh tetraetyl, tetrametyl ch d xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp (kh thi ca cc ng c chy xng pha ch) xm nhp h thn kinh, gy ra cc bnh v no. 3.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca ch - Kh nng ha tan ca ch - H s xm nhp qua ng rut: 25 30% c hp th, 70 75% b o thi ra ngoi c th theo ng phn + Tui tc: tr em 3 thng 8 tui, t l hp th l 53% cn vi ngi trng thnh, t l ny l 10%. + Gii tnh: n ng l 18,7%, ph n l 26,9% + iu kin sinh l : tnh trng nhn n lm tng s hp th ch ti 70%. + Dng vt l ca thc phm : + Thnh phn ca thc phm : thc n giu canxi, phosphat lm gim lng ch (63% 10%), thc n giu lactose, thc n giu cht bo lm tng s hp th ch. 3.1.3. Nhim ch trong ung v thc phm a) ung - Nc b nhim do h thng ng dn - Ru vang b nhim do vic x l nho bng ch arseniat (lm bn thn ru cha 200microgramme/l), tn tr v ng chai. b) Thc n - Thc n c ngun gc thc vt : Bm bi ch t mi trng - Thc n c ngun gc ng vt : chn nui gn ng cao tc - T dng c nu v ng thc n : cc vt ng bng s trng men, cc bao b kim loi. Tiu chun ca FAO cho php 3mg/tun. 3.1.4. Cc bin php d phng nhim ch Ngng hin nay l 35microgramme/dl mu. Nc ung : cm s dng ch sn xut ng dn Ru : cm s dng nt chai c ch hp : cm hn bng ch 3.2. Cadmi L nguyn t c pht hin nm 1817, ng vai tr quan trng trong m in, cht mu cho cng ngh sn, cng ngh cht do, sn xut pin do c tnh khng n mn. 3.2.1. c tnh ca Cadmi - Gn kt vi metalothionein (protein c trng lng phn t thp, giu nh thiol (-SH)). Metalothionein c mt nhiu gan v thn v Cadmi th cng tp trung nhiu gan v thn (50 60%). Lc u Cadmi gan, sau c vn chuyn n thn nh protein ny tch t cadmi trong thn, gy chng bi tit ra phc protein-cadmi trong nc tiu bnh thn. - Gy cc bnh v xng nh long xng, to cc vt nt c xng i do ri lon qu trnh chuyn ha canxi, xy ra ph n sau khi mn kinh, gy au d di xng chu v hai chn. - Ri lon tiu ha - Ht phi cadmi lm hng cc t bo ph nang, gy ph phi v cc bnh v phi. - Gy tng huyt p, ung th (ung th tinh hon, ung th tin lit tuyn, ung th phi) Vy, liu lng v phng php d phng nh th no ? - FAO n nh 400 500 microgramme/ngi ln/tun.

- Nht v M : 50 70 microgramme/ngy 3.2.2. Ngun nhim Cadmi trong t nhin - Trong t c 0,15 0,2 ppm. - Tn ti ch yu l lin kt trong qung ca ch v km dng mui. + nhim do xng c ac qui. + Qu trnh sn xut phn bn + Nc thi ca cng nghip c in. + Vn chuyn cadmi t t vo cy nhim vo cc sn phm cy trng nh, ng cc, rau qu. + nhim bi cadmi do kh thi t my bay, ng c, khi thuc l (1,5 2microgramme/iu) 3.2.3. Ngun nhim Cadmi trong thc phm - cc sn phm thc vn - gan, thn ca vt nui - ng vt nhuyn th - nhim do dng c ng, nu thc phm (lp men) 3.3. Thy ngn 3.3.1. c tnh ca thy ngn - l nguyn t c tnh tch ly. - Tc ng c ln h thn kinh (ni run, vit run) v thn (vim ng thn, tng ur huyt do s hoi th ng thn) - Hi thy ngn: + khi tip xc pht sinh bnh vin ph qun cp tnh v bnh ph nang. + tc ng mn tnh l tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng vi cc biu hin lm sng nh run ry, phnh tuyn gip, tim p nhanh, ni m ay, sng li. Tip xc khng kh cha 0,1 0,2 mg Hg/m khng kh run ry, chy nc bt v vim li nghim trng, co git mn tnh. - Mui thy ngn (HgCl2) c tnh n mn cao co cng c bng, i a chy mu, vim lot, chy mu, hoi t d dy v rut km theo trng bng tc ng n thn (hoi t ng thn) lm gim chc nng thn, tng ur huyt. + Hg2Cl2 t c hn nhng gy ra au u, gin mch di da, tng sng ha, tng tit tuyn m hi - Metyl thy ngn + hiu ng c thn kinh, c thai nhi (qui thai, d tt tr s sinh) - Biu hin lm sng ca cc hiu ng gy c thn kinh bao gm cc bnh: + lit nh: nhc c, t cng v cm gic nga ran xung quanh ming, mi v cc u chi + vn ng kh khn + suy nhc thn kinh: cm gic mt mi, khng c kh nng tp trung + mt kh nng nghe v ni + co cng v run ry + hn m v cht 3.3.2. Ngun nhim thy ngn trong t nhin - Ngun chnh l kh thi t nhin ca v a cu nhim vo t, sng v i dng (2700 6000 tn/nm) (trong t l 0,1 0,5ppm; 0,0002ppm trong ma; 0,00003ppm trong nc bin)

- Cc dn xut v c, hu c ha tr 2 - Cc hot ng sn xut ca con ngi: khai thc m (lm tng nng thy ngn trong nc t 0,1microgramme/l 80microgramme/l), luyn kim, xi mng v phosphat. Ngoi ra trong sn xut clo, xt, cng nghip bt giy, thit b in, hoc s dng thy ngn hu c trong sn xut thuc dit nm trong nng nghip. 3.3.3. nhim thy ngn trong thc phm a. Sn phm c ngun gc thc vt - Mt s loi thc vt c kh nng hp th hi thy ngn qua l trong qu trnh h hp, c bit l thuc l - Ng cc c hm lng thy ngn thp - Nm n c kh nng hp th thy ngn trn mi trng c cht qua h si nm cn kim sot tt cc c cht nui trng nm b. Sn phm c ngun gc ng vt - Cc c quan ni tng tch ly hm lng thy ngn cao hn nh gan, thn (20ppb 40ppb) - Trng c hm lng th (2 20ppb) - C, cc sn phm nhuyn th cha hm lng cao (200 microgramme 1000microgramme/kg) 3.4. c tnh ca arsen 3.4.1. c tnh ca arsen - Arsen tn ti nng thp trong t nhin, dng ha tr 3 (arsen trioxyd), ha tr 5 (arsen pentoxyd) hoc dng hu c. - Biu hin lm sng khi ng c l: ri lon tiu ha, au bng d di, nn v tiu chy ko theo mt nc nghim trng ci cht t ngt trong trng thi sc sau 12 48h. Nu sng st th li c di chng: ri lon da, tn thng da v thn kinh, lon thn kinh. Dng ng c cc b l gy n da, vim da (chai sng gan bn chn, bn tay), lot da, hng nim mc mi. - Arsen cng c kh nng tc ng vo gan x gan - Arsen v c c kh nng gy ung th theo kt lun ca WHO, 1983 (s dng nc ung nhim arsen trong thi gian di ung th da) - Arsin (H3As) l tc nhn tiu mu (gy ra vng da, thiu mu), km theo triu chng bun nn, th gp, au nhc u. - Mt s hp cht hu c c s dng lm thuc tng lc (natri metylarsinat) 3.4.2. Ngun nhim arsen - l 1 trong 20 nguyn t ph bin cu to v tri t (1 2ppm) - thc n b nhim ch yu l c v cc ng vt nhuyn th (5mg/kg) - nm 1950, v ngc c arsen ti Anh lm 70 ngi cht trong s 6000 nn nhn do ung bia nhim arsen (nhim t H2SO4, s dng trong thy phn tinh bt). - Nng arsen trong mu l 1 4microgramme/l. Nu vt 50microgramme/l tc ng c. Cc cht c t nhin ca thc phm 1. Con ngi l sinh vt d dng nn cc nhu cu v dinh dng ca mnh thng c tha mn bng cc thc phm t ngun ng vt v thc vt. Vic chn la nhng loi ng vt v thc vt lm thc n xut pht t kh nng cung cp bi mt mi trng sinh thi xc nh cng l cch ch bin tng hp to nn nt vn ha m thc cho cc c dn tng vng khc nhau. Tiu chun cho s chn la ny, ngoi cht lng cm quan,

kh nng cung cp v bo qun th s vng mt ca cc c tnh c coi l yu t quyt nh. Trong qu trnh ny, nhng sn phm tuy c li ch no v mt dinh dng nhng hm cha mt c tnh ni ti cao th thng b loi khi b su tp thc phm ca con ngi. C iu l khng ai li ho huyn m tin rng mi nguy c gy c hi trong cc sn phm thc phm s dng hng ngy u c th c loi b. Thc ra bn cnh cc cht dinh dng, mt s thc phm thng dng lun cha ng

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