CHNG 8:

FIR and IIR filter designs

So snh b lc FIR v b lc IIR
FIR
- c tuyn pha tuyn tnh
- n nh cao (do
khng c cc cc)
- Thng s b lc tt cn
chiu di b lc N ln
dn n gia tng chi ph
tnh ton
IIR
- Pha tuyn tnh khng
th t c mt cch
chnh xc trn ton
khong Nyquist
- Khng c c s n
nh nh b lc FIR do
cha cc cc
- Chi ph tnh ton thp v
thc hin hiu qu theo
kiu cascade bc hai
I. Cc bc thc hin mt b lc s
B lc : h thng thc hin hiu chnh tn hiu mt s thnh phn
tn s no .
B lc chn lc tn s: cho qua mt s thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu
v loi b tt c cc thnh phn cn li.
3 bc thit k b lc s:
Ph thuc vo ng dng
Ph thuc vo phn cng
Yu cu ca b lc
Thc hin trn phn cng
Thit k b lc
I. Cc bc thc hin mt b lc s
Mc ch ca thit k b lc s: Xc nh hm truyn H(z):
-i vi b lc IIR:
Xc nh cc vector tham s t s b=[b
0
,b
1
,,b
M
1
] v
mu s a=[1,a
1
,,a
M
2
]
-i vi b lc FIR:
Xc nh vector b=[b
0
,b
1
,,b
M
1
], y cng chnh l
p ng xung ca b lc
i
M
i
i
i
M
i
i
z a
z b
z H

+
=
2
1
0
1
) (
1
i
M
i
i
z b z H

=

=
1
0
) (
II. Cc yu cu ca b lc
II. Cc yu cu ca b lc
III. FIR filter designs
- Thit k b lc FIR dng phng php ca s da trn
nguyn tc xp x p ng xung ca b lc mong mun.
- Gi s ta c b lc c p ng tn s mong mun:
- p ng xung mong mun:

=

=
n
n j
d d
e n h H
e
e ) ( ) (
}

=
t
t
e
t
e
e
2
) ( ) (
d
e H n h
n j
d d
III. FIR filter designs
III. FIR filter designs
p ng xung ca mt s b lc thng dng:
Thng thp:
Thng cao:
Thng di:
Thng cao:
Nhn xt:
Cc b lc l tng c p ng tn s thay i t ngt gia
di thng v di chn p ng xung di v hn v khng
nhn qu.
n
n
n h
c
d
t
e ) sin(
) ( =
n
n
n n h
c
d
t
e
o
) sin(
) ( ) ( =
n
n n
n h
a b
d
t
e e ) sin( ) sin(
) (

=
n
n n
n n h
a b
d
t
e e
o
) sin( ) sin(
) ( ) (

=
III. FIR filter designs
Differentiator (b vi phn)
Hilbert transformer:
2
) sin( ) cos(
) (
k
n
n
n
n h
d
t
t t
=
n
n
n h
d
t
t ) cos( 1
) (

=
) (
) (
e eX j
dt
t dx
) )( ( )). sgn( . ( ) ))( ( ( e e e u F j u H F =
III. FIR filter designs
Cc bc thc hin
p ng tn s l
tng D(e)
DTFT ngc
p ng xung l
tng d(n)
(2 pha,
di v hn)
Hm ca s
w(n)
Chiu di
b lc
N = 2M + 1
d(k)
k = -M, , M
Lm tr M mu
h(k) = d(k - M)
(nhn qu,
chiu di N)
III. FIR filter designs
1. Rectangular window
xp x p ng xung ca cc b lc l tng ny, cch n
gin nht l xn bt t p ng xung l tng ny.
Gi s cn thit k b lc bc M(M chn), p ng xung ca h
thng xp x:
Hay ta c th vit cch khc:
Vi
2
M
2
M
- ), ( ) ( s s = n n h n h
d
) ( ) ( ) ( n w n h n h
d
=

s s
=
khc 0
2 2
1
) (
n
M
n
M
n w
III. FIR filter designs
1. Rectangular window
Do h(n) sau khi nhn vi hm ca s l khng nhn qu, ta cn
lm tr i M/2 mu c p ng xung nhn qu.
h(n-M/2)=h
d
(n-M/2)w(n-M/2)
III. FIR filter designs
1. Rectangular window
VD: Dng phng php ca s ch nht xc nh p
ng xung nhn qu ca b lc thng thp FIR bc 10 c
tn s ct l
c
=t/4
Gii:
p ng xung nhn qu:
5 5 ,
) sin(
) ( < < = n
n
n
n h
c
t
e
(

=
t t t t t t t t 10
2
, 0 ,
6
2
,
2
1
,
2
2
,
4
1
,
2
2
,
2
1
,
6
2
, 0 ,
10
2
) (n h
(

=
t t t t t t t t 10
2
, 0 ,
6
2
,
2
1
,
2
2
,
4
1
,
2
2
,
2
1
,
6
2
, 0 ,
10
2
) 5 (n h
III. FIR filter designs
1. Rectangular window
Tm li p ng tn s t p ng xung ny:
(

+ + + = =

=

4
1
) cos(
1
) 3 cos(
3
2
) 5 cos(
5
2
) ( ) (
5
5
5
5
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
e e e j
n
n j j
e e n h e H
(

+ + + =
4
1
) cos(
1
) 3 cos(
3
2
) 5 cos(
5
2
) ( e
t
e
t
e
t
e H
e e 5 ) ( = ZH :pha tuyn tnh.
Nhn xt:
_ B lc kt qu c dc gia di thng v
di chn li.
_ p ng bin ca b lc kt qu c
nhng gn trong c di thng v di chn.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
e/t
|
H
(
e
)
|
III. FIR filter designs
1. Rectangular window
Thay i chiu di ca s:
Tng chiu di ca s: rng bp chnh ca hm ca s gim
khong chuyn tip nh. Tuy nhin, tn s cc gn bin tng
ln.
Gim chiu di ca s: khong chuyn tip ln.
III. FIR filter designs
2. Hamming window
gim bt hin tng Gibbs cn thay i hnh dng ca
s: trnh thay i t ngt ti cnh hm ca s.
Ca s Bartlett (ca s tam gic)
Ca s Hann:
Ca s Hamming:
Ca s Blackman:
even ,
2 / / 2 2
2 / 0 / 2
) ( M
M n M M n
M n M n
n w

s s
s s
=
M n M n n w s s = 0 ), / 2 cos( 5 . 0 5 . 0 ) ( t
M n M n n w s s = 0 ), / 2 cos( 46 . 0 54 . 0 ) ( t
M n M n M n n w s s + = 0 ), / 4 cos( 08 . 0 ) / 2 cos( 5 . 0 42 . 0 ) ( t t
III. FIR filter designs
2. Hamming window
III. FIR filter designs
2. Hamming window
V d: B lc thng thp dng ca s ch nht v ca s
Hamming vi cng chiu di N=81.
III. FIR filter designs
3. Kaiser window
III. FIR filter designs
3. Kaiser window
Thit k ca s Hamming v ch nht: n gin nhng khng
mang li kh nng iu khin trn cc thng s thit k mch lc.
Vi cc ca s ny, lng vt l lun c nh l 8.9% hoc 0.2%
v khng giam nh hn
Dng phng php ca s Kaiser
: h s hnh dng.
I
0
(x): hm Bessel sa i loi 1 bc 0.
( )
( )
( )
1 ,..., 1 , 0 ,
2
0
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= N n
I
M
M n n
I
n w
o
o
III. FIR filter designs
3. Kaiser window
Cc bc thit k mch lc thng thp, bit {f
stop
, f
pass
, A
stop
, A
pass
}
1. Tnh f
c
v f
Tnh
C
:
( )
stop pass C
f f f + =
2
1
pass stop
f f f = A
s
C
C
f
f
t e 2 =
III. FIR filter designs
3. Kaiser window
2. Tnh
pass
v
stop
:
3. Tnh = min(
pass
,
stop
)
Suy ra:
1 10
1 10
20 /
20 /
+

=
pass
pass
A
A
pass
o
20 /
10
stop
A
stop

= o
) ( log 20 dB A o =
III. FIR filter designs
3. Kaiser window
4. Tnh v N:
vi
Lm trn N ln s nguyn l gn nht
( )
( ) ( )

s
< < +
>
=
21 A , 0
50 A 21 , 21 07886 . 0 21 5842 . 0
50 A , 7 . 8 1102 . 0
4 . 0
A A
A
o
f
f
D N
S
A
+ =1

s
>

=
21 A , 922 . 0
21 A ,
36 . 14
95 . 7 A
D
III. FIR filter designs
3. Kaiser window
5. M = (N 1)/2
Tnh hm ca s w(n), n = 0, 1, , N - 1
6. Tnh cc h s p ng xung:
h(n) = w(n)d(n M)
( )
( )
( )
1 ,..., 1 , 0 ,
2
0
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= N n
I
M
M n n
I
n w
o
o
III. FIR filter designs
4. Frequency sampling method
Vi cc p ng tn s D() ty , ta c th s dng phng
php ly mu tn s:
Vi N=2M+1
Khi :

=
s s =
M
M i
k j
i
M k M e D
N
k d
i
, ) (
1
) (
~
e
e
M i M
N
i
i
s s = ,
2t
e
1 ,..., 1 , 0 ), (
~
) ( ) ( = = N n M n d n w n h
III. FIR filter designs
5. Other FIR designs
Phng php Kaiser n gin, linh hot v c th p dng cho
cc vn thit k b lc khc nhau tuy nhin kt qu ca n
khng phi l b lc c chiu di N nh nht c th c.
Phng php Parks-McClellan da trn xp x gn
Chebyshev ti u thng cho cc b lc ngn hn.
Kaise chng minh rng chiu di b lc c th c tnh ton
bng cng thc phn ca s Kaise s dng trung bnh hnh hc
ca hai gn,
stop pass g
o o o =
f
Df
N
s
A
= 1
6 . 14
13
=
g
A
D
) ( log 20
10 g g
A o =
IV. IIR filter designs
1. Bilinear transformation
- Bt u vi cc c tnh p ng bin ca b lc s
- Phn nh cc c tnh ca b lc s thnh cc c tnh ca b lc
analog tng ng
- B lc analog tng ng H
a
(s) s c thit k bng cch s
dng k thut thit k cc b lc analog
- B lc analog s c phn nh ngc tr li thnh b lc s
H(z)
Digital filter
specification
Analog filter
specification
Digital filter
H(z)
Digital filter
H
a
(s)
Analog filter
design method
Bilinear
transformation
Bilinear
transformation
=g()
s=f(z)
IV. IIR filter designs
1. Bilinear transformation
Lowpass
Highpass
Bandpass
Bandstop
1
1
1
1
) (

= =
z
z
z f s
1
1
1
1
) (

+
= =
z
z
z f s
2
2 1
1
2 1
) (

+
= =
z
z cz
z f s
2 1
2
2 1
1
) (

+

= =
z cz
z
z f s
)
2
tan( ) (
e
e = = O g
)
2
cot( ) (
e
e = = O g
) sin(
) cos(
) (
e
e
e

= = O
c
g
c
g

= = O
) cos(
) sin(
) (
e
e
e
IV. IIR filter designs
1. Bilinear transformation
Php bin i song tuyn tnh phn nh min bn tri ca mt
phng s thnh vng nm trong vng trn n v thuc mt phng
z.
Php bin i song tuyn tnh phn nh trc o s=j thnh
ng trn bin ca hnh trn z=e
j
O + = j s o
e j
re z =
< O <
t e t < <
0 < o
1 < r
Trc tn s
Tnh n nh
IV. IIR filter designs
2. Lowpass filter and Highpass filter designs
* Thit k b lc thng thp bc 1, c tn s ct fc, v lm vic
tn s ly mu fs cho trc.
a. B lc s thng thp bc nht c dng:
b.
Tng qut, ta nh ngha tn s ct fc l tn s m ti bin
gim mt lng < 1
hay
s
c
c
f
f t
e
2
=
2
1
) 0 (
) (
2
2
=
H
H
c
e
c c c
G G A
10
2
10
log 20 ) ( log 10 = =
1
1
1
1 0
1
) (

+
+
=
z a
z b b
z H
2
) (
c
H e
2
c
G
10
2
2
10 ) (
c
A
c c
G H

= = e
IV. IIR filter designs
2. Lowpass filter and Highpass filter designs
) tan( )
2
tan(
s
c c
f
f t e
= = O
IV. IIR filter designs
2. Lowpass filter and Highpass filter designs
c. Hm truyn ca b lc thng thp bc nht:
Thay s bng j

o
o
+
=
s
s H
a
) (
2 2
2
) ( ) (
o
o
o
o
+ O
= O
+ O
= O
a a
H
j
H
2
2
2
2 2
) ( ) (
c
c
c a c
G H H =
+ O
= O =
o
o
e
)
2
tan(
1 1
2 2
c
c
c
c
c
c
G
G
G
G e
o

= O

=
IV. IIR filter designs
2. Lowpass filter and Highpass filter designs
d.
p ng tn s:
1
1
1
1
) ( ) (

= +
= =
z
z
s
a
s
s
s H z H
o

+
=
+

+
=

o
o
o
o
1
1
1
1
1
) (
1
1
b
a
az
z
b z H
)
2
tan(
) ( ) (
e
o
o
o
o
e
j
j
H H
a
+
=
O +
= O =
IV. IIR filter designs
2. Lowpass filter and Highpass filter designs
VD: Design a lowpass digital filter operating at a rate of
10kHz, whose 3-dB frequency is 1kHz. Then, redesign it such that
at 1kHz its attenuation is G
c
2
=0.9.
IV. IIR filter designs
2. Lowpass filter and Highpass filter designs
d.
Vi
) 1 ( 1
1
) ( ) (
1 1
1
1
1
1
1

= + +

=
+
= =

z z
z
s
s
s H z H
z
z
s
a
o o

+
=
+

o
o
o
1
1
1
1
1
1
) (
1
1
b
a
az
z
b z H
|
.
|

\
|

= O

=
2
tan
1 1
2 2
c
c
c
c
c
c
G
G
G
G
e
o
IV. IIR filter designs
2. Lowpass filter and Highpass filter designs
VD: Design a highpass filter operating at a rate of 10kHz,
whose 3-dB cutoff frequency is 1kHz. Then, redesign it such that
at 1kHz its attenuation is G
c
2
=0.9
IV. IIR filter designs
3. Higher order filter
a. Analog Lowpass Butterworth Filter
b. Digital Lowpass filter
c. Digital Highpass filter
d. Digital Bandpass filter
e. Digital Bandstop filter
f. Chebyshev filter design
IV. IIR filter designs
3. Higher order filter
a. Analog Lowpass Butterworth Filter
- N: filters order

0
: 3dB normalization frequency
-
N
H
2
0
2
1
1
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
+
= O
( ) ) 1 log( 10 1 log 10
2
2
0
10 pass pass
N
pass
pass
A A c + = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
+ = O
( ) ) 1 log( 10 1 log 10
2
2
0
10 stop stop
N
stop
stop
A A c + = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
+ = O
IV. IIR filter designs
3. Higher order filter
a. Analog Lowpass Butterworth Filter
IV. IIR filter designs
3. Higher order filter
a. Analog Lowpass Butterworth Filter

IV. IIR filter designs

3. Higher order filter
a. Analog Lowpass Butterworth Filter
VD: Using a bilinear transformation and a lowpass analog
Butterworth prototype filter, design a lowpass filter operating at a
rate of 40kHz and having the following specifications:
f
pass
=10kHz; f
stop
=35kHz; A
pass
=3dB; A
stop
=35dB
Carry out all the design steps by hand.
Draw the cascade realization form and write the difference
equations and the corresponding sample processing algorithm
implementing this realization in the time domain.