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n mn hc in t cng sut

Phn I TM HIU V CNG NGH V YU CU K THUT CA L TI THP.


I.Gii thiu v l cm ng. 1.1 Khi qut chung: Hin nay trong cng nghip luyn kim, luyn thp trong l in l mt khu quan trng. Cc loi l in thng dng l - L in tr - L h quang - L cm ng Trong l cm ng c ng dng rt rng ri, c bit l cc l ti tn s .Trong nhng l ny, nguyn liu c nung nng nh dng in xoay chiu vi tn s cao nh vo hiu ng dng Fuc. 1.2 L ti cao tn: -Ti thp l s nung nng thp n nhit cao hn cc bin i pha, hm nhit v lm ngui nhanh vi tc ln hn tc ti hn. -Mc ch ca qu trnh ti thp: + Nng cao cng (HRC) b mt, bn v tnh mi mn ca thp. + t c s phi hp tt cc tnh cht c kh khc. Ti tn s cao (ti cm ng) l phng php ti cng ngh tin tin, ch yu dng ti b mt, n cho php b mt t cng v tnh mi mn cao hn cc phng php ti thng thng, cn phn li vn t do 1.2.1Nguyn l lm vic: Khi cho dng in c tn s cao chy qua vng dy dn( vng cm ng ) s to ra mt t trng thay i mnh lit bn trong vng dy.Vt cn ti c t trong t trng xoay chiu . S b tr cun dy cm ng v chi tit cn ti c th coi nh mt my bin p. Vng cm ng l cun s cp ni dng in i vo cn chi tit cn ti l cun th cp ngn mch.Chnh iu ny gy ra dng in rt ln chy qua chi tit ti gi l dng in xoy ( dng Fuc). Nh vo hiu ng b mt

n mn hc in t cng sut

m dng in xoy s ch chy lp b mt mng ca chi tit ti, cng chnh nh hiu ng b mt m tc dng nung nng ca dng xoay chiu chy trong chi tit tng ln rt nhiu. Nh vy, b mt chi tit c nung nng n nhit quy nh trong thi gian ngn. Sau bng cc phng php lm ngui nhanh c c cng b mt cn thit.

S phn b dng in trong chi tit ti tun theo quy lut:

Mt cch gn ng c th coi l chiu su ca lp c dng in chy qua, cng chnh l chiu su lp ti v c tnh theo cng thc:
= 5030. (cm) . f

trong : : in tr sut (.cm) : t thm f : tn s dng in (Hz)

n mn hc in t cng sut

Nng lng chuyn thnh nhit trong khi liu W W = I2.n2.2..(d/h). ( .. f .10 -9 ) I : Cng dng trong cun cm n : S vng cm ng d : ng knh ni l (cm) h : Chiu cao kim loi trong l (cm) : t thm ; : in tr sut m liu (cm) Nh vy, tng nhit lng nung nng chi tit, ta c th tng cng dng in hoc tng tn s dng in. Thc t, tng dng in qu ln c th gy hng vng dy cm ng gy ra ngn mch nn ta thng chn phng n tng tn s tng cng sut ti. 1.2.2 u im ca l ti tn s: C th truyn nng lng cho vt cn gia cng nhanh chng v trc tip, khng cn phi qua mt khu trung gian no nn c th tin hnh t ng ho mc cao. C th gia nhit mi trng trung tnh, chn khng mt cch d dng. Trong cng ngh ti thp, ngi ta cn nung b mt chi tit ln nhanh chng, sau lm ngui lnh i cng rt nhanh b mt chi tit c cng cn thit m bn trong chi tit vn gi c mm do ca thp. Khi gia nhit bng dng in cao tn, nh hiu ng b mt b mt ca chi tit dc nung ln mt cch nhanh chng do cht lng ti cao. Vt ti t bin dng do lp ti rt mng C th ti cc chi tit c hnh dng v b mt bt k. L phng php ti khng tip xc nn chi tit ti c gi sch. Dng phng php gia nhit cao tn cho ta t c nng sut lao ng cao, gim c nhng lao ng cc nhc trong cc phn xng rn dp cc nh my ch to c kh. 3

n mn hc in t cng sut

1.2.3 c im ca cng ngh ti tn s: Trong qu trnh ti thp bng l ti cao tn, t thm v in tr sut ca thp s thay i do nhit thay i. Tuy nhin nhit ti ch t n nhit Quire ( thp cha chy ) nn in tr sut v t thm thay i khng ng k. Mt khc tn s dng in rt ln nn khi ti, chiu su lp ti thay i khng ng k v
= 5030. (cm). Hn na chiu su lp . f

ti rt nh so vi ng knh vt ti.

Do trong qu trnh ti, vt ti( ti) thay i khng ng k v c tnh cht cm.

n mn hc in t cng sut

Phn II :

XUT CC PHNG N V LA CHN PHNG N

Do c th ca l ti cm ng, nn ta chn nghch lu mt pha cho phn nghch lu ca b ngun l ti thp. Ta st ln lt cc s sau: 1. S nghch lu p mt pha: c im: ngun u vo l ngun p, nn c t C (C-> ) mc song song vi in tr ngun. Do vy ngun tr thnh ngun hai chiu: pht nng lng cho ti ng thi tip nhn nng lng ca ti tr ngc v, c tch lu trong t C, thng qua cc diode mc song song ngc vi cc van ng lc chnh.

n mn hc in t cng sut

Xt th hot ng ca mch:

- in p nghch lu c dng xung vung ch nht, c tn s fN to ra nh ng m cc cp van T1,T2 v T3,T4 mt cch c chu k: fN=fk Do khi thay i tn s iu khin fk c th thay i tn s nghch lu fN tu . - u nhc im: + u im: iu chnh c tn s fN Cc van ch o s dng l cc van iu khin hon ton do d iu khin ng m cc van. + Nhc im: S lng van s dng kh nhiu Cng sut b bin i (BB) ph thuc vo cng sut ca van nn b hn ch.

n mn hc in t cng sut UN c dng xung ch nht nn kh phn tch Furie s xut hin nhiu thnh phn sng iu ho bc cao do lm gim hiu sut ca BB

2. S nghch lu dng mt pha: - c im: Ngun u vo l ngun dng, do ngun c ni ni tip vi Ld (Ld -> ) nhm san phng dng u vo: Td = const. - Dng in nghch lu c dng xung ch nht, c tn s fN to ra nh ng m cc cp van T1,T2 v T3,T4 mt cch c chu k. Do c th thay i fN theo tn s iu khin fk.

- Xt th hot ng ca mch:

n mn hc in t cng sut

- u nhc im: + u im: iu chnh c tn s fN Van s dng l van Tiristor nn c cng sut ln hn rt nhiu so vi s trn (s dng van iu khin hon ton) Ch cn quan tm n vn m van, v khi m van cp van ny s lm cp van kia ng li + Nhc im: Khng lm vic c ch khng ti Dng nghch lu c dng xung ch nht nn cha nhiu thnh phn sng iu ho bc cao lm gim hiu sut BB. Dng in p v gc kho _ gc kho nghch lu thay i khi gi tr ca in cm u vo Ld thay i. C th: o Ld= => id = Id= const, dng nghch lu c dng xung ch nht. V c ut bin thin hm m v gc kho l max. o Ld< nhng vn m bo id lin tc. Lc ny iN c dng nhp nh do vn cha cc sng iu ho bc cao. Dng in p gn sine hn nhng gc kho gim i.

n mn hc in t cng sut o Ld< dng b gin on. Khi trong mch c th xy ra cng hng L,C in p s tr nn sine nhng gc kho l min.

3. Nghch lu cng hng: * nghch lu dng (hoc p) th dng dng in iN (hoc in p uN) u c cha thnh phn sng iu ho bc cao. V vy s lm gim hiu sut ca BB. tng hiu sut ca BB ta xt nghch lu cng hng. * Do ti c tnh cm khng v vy ta phi u vi ti t C b li tnh cm khng nhm to ra cng hng trong mch. Nhng do ti thay i lin tc trong qu trnh ti, nn ta khng th thc hin b c, do vy m mch ch tim cn ti dao ng cng hng. Sau y ta xt cc mch dao ng cng hng c bn: a, S nghch lu cng hng ni tip: - Do in cm ti to nn ngun dng, b nghch lu phi l nghch lu ngun p. Ta xt s cu:

S ny s dng cng hng ngun p nn c th lm vic c ch khng ti. V do cng hng ni tip nn s ny c th lm vic c vi ti bin thin rng v trong thc t s ny c s dng rng ri. Mch s dng IGBT v c tc tng dng cng nh tng p nh do c th lm vic vi tn s rt cao

n mn hc in t cng sut

C ph ti l mt mch dao ng vi dng v p c dng hnh sin, ti thit k c tnh cht in dung do cc thyristor trn s s chuyn mch t nhin C th to dng in, in p gn sin nn t cha thnh phn sng hi bc cao Dng in cm ng trong cc vt liu st t cung cp nng lng lm tng nhit ca vt, khng cn n s tip xc gia ngun nhit vi vt b nung V vy ta chn s ny thit k phn nghch lu cho b ngun l ti thp *Xt hot ng ca mch:

- in p nghch lu dng xung ch nht, dng in trn ti gn sine v dng in vt trc in p ( do thc hin mi chm chc chn cp van c kho mi m cp van khc). - Ti thi im = 0 cho xung m van T1,T2: dng i t A-> B, t C c np. Khi t C c np y dng qua van T1,T2 gim v 0. Nhng do ti mang tnh cm nn dng vn gi nguyn chiu c nn khp mch qua D3,D4 v C0. Khi in p uc t ln T1,T2 lm chng b kho chc chn.

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n mn hc in t cng sut

- Ti thi im = 2 pht xung m T3,T4 dng i t B->A v t C c np theo chiu ngc li. Khi t C np y dng qua T3,T4 gim v 0, dng li khp mch qua D1,D2 v C0. Sau qu trnh din ra lp li tng t nh trn. b, S nghch lu cng hng song song: - S dng ngun dng v ph ti gm t in, in cm v in tr ni song song u ra to nn ti ngun p. - S s dng van Tiristor nn cng sut cu BB ln. Ld c gi tr hu hn sao cho kt hp vi Lt , C to thnh mch cng hng dao ng vi tn s ring:

Ld + Lt 1 Ld .Lt .C 4 R 2 C 2

- Xt th hot ng ca mch:

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n mn hc in t cng sut

- Do hin tng cng hng nn uN, iN c dng gn sine cha t thnh phn sng iu ho bc cao do m nng cao c hiu sut ca BB. - Cc i lng du/dt, di/dt c gi tr nh nn ph hp s dng cho thit b lm vic vi tn s cao, m khng i hi nhiu v mch bo v van trnh hin tng xung. - Nghch lu cng hng c d tr gc ln nghch lu lm vic n nh v tn s f0<fN _ tn s nghch lu, m bo cc van c kho chc chn - Ngch lu cng hng song song s dng ngun dng nn khng th lm vic c ch khng ti. V vn khi ng :

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n mn hc in t c sut n c ng

ng song song c khi ng bng mch khi ng i g Nghch lu cn hng s khn ph hp vi cc t hay c s thay i trong qu trnh lm v ng p i vic, cn ngh lu cn hng n tip khi bng c tng d tn s ch ng ni c ng ch n v m mch s s dng hiu qu nht v m pht huy cng sut trn t kh c g t y t hi tn s lm vic trong m khong nht nh c th xc nh tr s c mt g h c c.Mt khc nghch l cng h c u ng ni ti c th l vic c gi hn f=f0, p m ch i ch ny m bo dng ti l hn sin m g nh * Qu nhng phn tch tr ta i kt lun s dng s cu cng ua p rn n n: hn ni tip (cng h ng p ng ngu p) th k ph nghch lu cho b n hit n ngu l ti th n hp. . S khi qu nh hnh v t h

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n mn hc in t cng sut

Phn III:

TNH TON MCH LC

1.Tnh ton cc thng s l ti: S liu cho trc: P = 30kW fra = 80kHz Chn s vng cm ng bng 3, ng knh dy = 8 c, Chi tit ti l li thp hnh tr 20, in tr sut = 180.10-9m2/m.

5 cm

20 8

Khong cch gia vng cm ng v chi tit ti l 5 cm. Nh vy chiu cao ca chi tit: h = 3.8 = 24 cm ng knh trong vng cm ng: D = 20+5.2 = 30 cm. Dng in t b mt vo tm gim dn theo cng thc:
x

i = i.e : Khong cch t b mt dy dn theo hng tm n ni c mt dng din gim e = 2.71 ln so vi mt dng b mt.Khong cch ny gi l chiu su thm thu. = 5030
f

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n mn hc in t cng sut

: cm2/cm. Vi khng kh =1. = 5030

= 5030

180.10 7 = 0.075 cm 80000

1.1.Tnh in tr ca lp dn in b mt chi tit ti: R=


l d ' = s h

Nu ly theo n v thc t ( : m2/m). R=


.d '
h

2 . .

Vi d = d = 20 - 0.075 = 19.925 cm. Thay s: R=


3,14.19.925 2 .4

4. 2 .180.10 7.150.10 3.10 9 = 85.5x10

-4

1.2.Tnh cm khng ca cun dy: in cm ca vng dy c tnh theo cng thc:


( .n.D ) 2 L= x10-9 h

Vi n: s vng dy. D: ng knh trong vng cm ng. h: chiu cao cun dy. Thay s: L=
(3.14 x3 x3) x10-9 = 332.76x10-9 (H) 2 .4
2

1.3.Bin i s : Theo phn tch trn, h thng coi nh 1 my bin p l tng, vi t s my bin p k = 3:1. S thay th

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n mn hc in t cng sut

I1 L

I2 R

Quy i my bin p:

R = k2 x R = 9R = 559.08x10-4 () Bin i:

L R

Ta c: R + jL = Thay s ta c: R + jL = Nh vy:

R ' x ( j L ) R '+ jL 0.009 j = 0.0726 + 0.016j 0.056 + 0.167 j

R = 0.0726() L =
0.016 = 0.032x10-6 (H) 2x80000

1.4. xut phng n: 16

n mn hc in t cng sut

Theo yu cu Ptt = 30kW Pti = I22R nn: I2 = I1 =


Pti = R
3 x10 4 = 1529 (A) 62.12 x10 4

I2 = 509.81 (A) 3

Ta thy cng sut ti ca l ln, dng ti ln nn ta dng s nghch lu cng hng ni tip vi my bin p cch ly phi hp dng.

V1 E V3 In C I1

V4

V2

L R

S mch lc 1.5.Tnh ton chn van: Chnh lu cu 3 pha to ra ngun mt chiu c tr s: E = 2.34 x 220 = 515 (V) th vector lm vic ch ti hn f = f0 :

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n mn hc in t cng sut

Ura

UR

UL

Uc

URLC = UR = I1 x R = 509.81x0.0726= 37 (V) T s my bin p: K= Dng nghch lu: In = K x I1 = 509.1 x Dng cc i qua van: Imax = 35.6 2 = 50.4(A) Chn h s d tr Ki = 2 th dng nh mc ca van l: Ivan = Ki x Imax = 2x50.4 = 100.8 (A) in p ngc cc i van phi chu: Ungmax = E =515 (V) Chn h s d tr Ku = 2 th: Uvan = Ku x Ungmax = 2x515 = 1030 (V) T cc thng s trn ta chn IGBT GA125TS120U module ca hng IR c: VCES = 1200V ICmax = 125A 1.6.Bo v van: Ta dng cc mch dp RC mc song song vi IGBT chng qu p:
37 = 35.6 (A) 515 37 515

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n mn hc in t cng sut

C2 R2

Theo kinh nghim thng ly C = 0.1 n 2 F R = 10 n 100 . Van c dng cng ln th C cng ln v R cng nh. Ta ly C2 = 10 R2 = 0.25 F.

Phn IV:

THIT K MCH IU KHIN

Cu trc mch iu khin

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n mn hc in t cng sut

CHC NNG CC KHU TRONG MCH IU KHIN: - Khu khi ng : khu ny c chc nng to ra xung iu khin lc khi ng v c tch ra khi c xung phn hi t mch lc, lc mch hot ng. - Khu chia xung: khu ny c tc dng to ra xung c tn s ph hp vi yu cu ca mch lc b ngun. ng thi khu ny c chc nng phn xung iu khin vo tng knh cho cc nhm van trong mch lc. - Khu phn hi c tc dng to ra xung phn hi iu khin mch (sau khi mch hot ng). ng thi khu ny cn phi thc hin chn xung iu khin t khu pht xung khi ng. - PLL : l khu tng hp tn s, c chc nng m bo cho tn s nghch lu bm theo tn s cng hng( do trong qu trnh lm vic, tan s cng hng thay i) - IGBT driver : to ra xung iu khin ph hp vi IGBT NGUYN L LM VIC CA MCH IU KHIN u tin, khu pht xung iu khin khi ng pht ra xung c tn s fk, xung ny c a vo khu chia xung to ra xung c tn s bng tn s ca nghch lu fN. Sau xung c phn lm 2 knh i vo cc IGBT Driver v cho ra xung iu khin qu trnh ng ct cc van. Sau khi van lm vic, ti bt u hot ng, dng in ti c dng hnh sin. Dong nghch lu qua khu phn hi to tn hiu phn hi in p. Tn hiu. phn hi lm 2 nhim v + Dng lm tn hiu chn xung iu khin ca khu khi ng + Dng lm tn hiu so snh cho b d pha ca h thng PLL Nh vy sau khi c khi ng, mch s hot ng vi tn hiu hi tip t mch lc v.

TNH TON THIT K MCH IU KHIN


1. Tnh ton khu pht xung iu khin khi ng: - Ta cn to ra mch pht xung iu khin c tn s fk=2.fN (v khi sau khi i qua khu chia xung, phn knh l T-Flip-Flop th tn s s b gim i mt na)

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n mn hc in t cng sut

- y ta s dng mch to dao ng dng Op-Amp l ph bin hin nay: S mch:

Tn s dao ng ca mch ph hp vi tn s xung m Tristor l: fk= 2fN= 2.150000 = 300000(Hz) Ta c chu k xung ca mch l: T = 2.RC.ln 1 + 2

R2 R1

V y cc in tr khng tham gia vo vic hn ch dng in nn c th chn sao cho: T= 2.RC R2= 0,86 k Do ta chn: R1= 1 k v Khi : T= 2.RC = 1/ fk = Chn R=1 k => C = Chn khuch i thut ton: do yu cu to ra xung c tn s iu khin fk=16000 Hz nn ta cn phi chn mt IC c tc nhanh. Do ta chn IC LM318. IC ny ch gm mt con trn mt v nn rt thch hp vi vic lm mch to dao ng:

2. Tnh ton khu chia xung v phn knh - Ta s dng T-Flip-Flop lm mch chia xung ( chia 2) v phn knh.

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n mn hc in t cng sut

T Flip-Flop c to ra t D-Flip-Flop bng cch ni u ra Q vi u vo D. Xung iu khin c a vo u vo xung nhp C ca D Flip-Flop. Chn D Flip-Flop l IC 4013

3. Chn IGBT driver Vi cc thng s tnh ton trong mch lc, ta chn driver tch hp trong IC VLA513-01R vi cc thng s: VCC= 15V VEE = -8V in p tn hiu vo: -1 - +7V VOH = 14V VOL = -8V

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n mn hc in t cng sut

Tn hiu xung ra c dng nh hnh v di y

S ni

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n mn hc in t cng sut

4. Tnh ton khu phn hi: a, Bin i tn hiu bng bin dng: - Ta s dng bin dng to ra tn hiu p phn hi iu khin mch. Chn bin dng loi - - Tn hiu ra khi bin dng l tn hiu p hnh sin, i vo h thng PLL tng hp tn s. b, To tn hiu chn xung iu khin: - to tn hiu chn xung iu khin ta thc hin nh sau:

+ Khi c tn hiu in p (dng sin) phn hi th n c chnh lu qua mch cu Diode v c lc bng t. N to thnh dng chy qua cc gc pht ca Trazitor lm cho Tranzitor dn trng thi bo ha, do tn hiu 24

n mn hc in t cng sut

Q s mc thp 0 logic ( VQ= 0,6 V). Ngc li khi khng c tn hiu phn hi th tn hiu Q s mc cao ( VQ= 5 V). + Tip tn hiu phn hi c a vo mch c thm phn t NOT v AND nh hnh v: nu khng c tn hiu phn hi tng ng vi Q = 1 th n s cho tn hiu xung iu khin i qua cn khi c tn hiu iu khin tng ng vi Q= 0 th n s khng cho tn hiu xung iu khin i qua v nh vy tn hiu iu khin s b chn li. + Tnh ton, la chn cho khu phn hi nh sau: o Chn cu Diode chnh lu loi 2KBP005 c cc thng s nh sau: Ung_D= 50 (V) ID = 2 (A) o Tranzitor loi ZTX300 v Diode loi 1N4448 c cc thng s cho trn. o Cc in tr R1 = R2 = 1 k v t b C = 100 F 5. H thng iu khin PLL S khi: Phase Detector Lc thng thp

VCO PLL l mt h thng hi tip gm c khu d pha, khu lc thng thp v b bin i p -> tn ( VCO) -Khi d pha ( Phase Detector) B ny c nhim v cho ra mt tn hiu p ph thuc vo hiu s pha( hiu tn s) ca hai tn hiu vo. -B lc thng thp: dng ly tn hiu tn s thp, ly ra in th DC. Trong h thng ny ngi ta thng dng cc b lc qua bc mt m bo tnh n nh ca h thng. 25

n mn hc in t cng sut -Mch VCO : c nhim v pht ra tn s t l vi in p ng vo. y l khi quan trng nht ca h thng PLL v n quet nh tnh n nh ca tn s. Ta chn IC CD4046B thc hin h thng ny theo s

Lc thng thp

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n mn hc in t cng sut

Phase detector

VCO

Khi VCOin = 0 th VCO hot ng tn s t nhin f = 1/(R1(C1+32pF)) Chn R1= 50k => C1 = 101pF 6.Tnh ton thit k b ngun cho mch iu khin: - Thit k ngun mt chiu c in p ra l 15V Ta s dng mch chnh lu cu v vi mch n p LM7815C

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n mn hc in t cng sut

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n mn hc in t cng sut KT LUN

Sau mt hc k thc hin n vi s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio hng dn Trn Trng Minh v cc thy gio trong b mn T ng Ho X Nghip Cng Nghip, em hon thnh n mn hc in T Cng Sut vi ti Thit k phn nghch lu cho b ngun ca l ti thp v t c mt s kt qu sau :

Hiu c v cng ngh luyn kim ni chung v cng ngh ti


thp bng l cm ng(ti cao tn) ni ring.

Hiu c nguyn l hot ng ca mch chnh lu v b bin


tn v cch vn dng vo trong thc t sn xut cng nghip.

Bit cnh thit k v tnh ton mch lc. Bit cch thit k v tnh ton mch iu khin.
Trong qu trnh lm n do khng c tip xc vi cc mch in tht. Tuy nhin, y l n u tin m em thc hin nn cha c kinh nghim nn n ny khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em knh mong cc thy gio gp v sa cha b sung hon thin ti ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio Trn Trng Minh v cc thy gio trong b mn tn tnh gip em hon thnh tt n ny.

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n in t cng sut TH2_K48 Ti liu tham kho : in t cng sut Gio trnh in t cng sut

ng Duy Ph

- Nguyn Bnh - Trn Trng Minh Dng Vn Nghi

Phn tch v gii mch in t cng sut - Phm Quc Hi Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut - Phm Quc Hi

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n in t cng sut TH2_K48

ng Duy Ph

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