Phn I Cng ngh c kim loi I.

Khi nim c kim loi l phng php ch to sn phm bng cch nu kim loi thnh trng thi lng, sau rt vo khun c hnh dng v kch thc nh sn phm. Sau khi kim loi ng c, ta thu c sn phm l vt c c hnh dng v kch thc ph hp vi yu cu. II. c im u im: -

C th c c nhiu vt liu khc nhau: gang thp, kim loi mu v hp kim mu. Khi lng vt c t vi gam n hng trm tn. Ch to c nhng vt c c hnh dng v kt cu rt phc tp m dng phng php khc kh hoc khng th thc hin dc. C kh nng c kh ha v t ng ha. Gi thnh ch to vt c r.

Nhc im: - chnh xc ni chung thp. Mt s phng php c c bit mi t c chnh xc tng i cao (c v mng, c p lc). -D gy nn khuyt tt vt c (nh r kh, chy ct). -Kim tra khuyt tt bn trong vt c kh khn. III.Phng php c bng khun ct v cc phng php c c bit. Phng php to hnh bng cch c trong khun ct l mt phng hp xut hin t lu, nhng cho ti ngy nay, cng ngh ny vn cn chim v tr quan trng trong k ngh c. Khong 90% sn lng vt c trn th gii c sn xut bng khun ct, phn cn li do khun kim loi v cc dng c c bit khc. Khun ct c s dng nhiu v d ch to, r, vn u t t. Hn na, phng php c bng khun ct c th dng c vt nh t 10g cho n vt ln c khi lng hng trm tn, c th dng c bt k hp kim no nh: thp, gang, ng, hp kim nhm, hp kim niken, magie
3

Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu phng php c c bit to sn phm c nh: -c trong khun v cng. -c chnh xc bng mu chy. -c chnh xc dng mu vnh cu. -c trong khun kim loi. -c ly tm. -c p lc. -c lin tc. -c ht chn khng. -c dp lng. -c bng khun dng mu chy. -c trong khun t. -c theo phng php V. Sau y l cng ngh c kim loi trong khun ct( loi khun thng dng v ph bin). IV.Qu trnh sn xut c trong khun ct(Gia cng c kh p107). Qu trnh sn xut c m in hnh l c trong khun ct din ra theo s nh trn hnh sau y.

Thit k vt c Ch to hn hp lm khun Lm khun Sy khun Ch to b mu

Ch to hn hp lm li Lm li Sy li

Nu kim loi lng Lp rp khun-rt kim loi lng vo khun

R khun ly vt c

Ph li khi vt c

Lm sch vt c

Kim nghim

S qu trnh sn xut c. Qu trnh c mt vt c c tin hnh nh sau: 1.B phn k thut: thit k vt c, th hin qua bn v vt c. Da trn bn v chi tit thit k bn v vt c. Bn v vt c cn phi th hin mt phn khun, li, dc c, knh thc c k n lng d gia cng c v dung sai khi c. 2.B phn mc mu: cn c vo bn v vt c d ch toa b mu gm: .Mu vt c: dng to ra hnh dng lng khuon, nh to ra hnh dng bn ngoi vt c. thun li khi lm khun, mu c lm thnh 2 na, lp vi nhau bng cc cht nh v. .Hp li: dng lm li. Li c tc dng t ra phn lm hoc l rng bn trong vt c. thun li khi lm li, hp li c lm thnh 2 na, lp vi nhau bng cc cht nh v. .Mu h thng rt, mu u hi, mu u ngt: dng to ra h thng rt, u hi, u ngt khi lm khun.

H thng rt le h thng dn kim loi lng t thng rt vo lng khun. u hi tng cng thot kh trong lng khun khi rt khun. u ngt dng b sung kim loi khi ng c, trnh ph phm do lm co hnh thnh vt c khi kim loi co ngt trong qu trnh ng c. 3.B phn lm khun: phi trn hn hp lm khun(ct khun), dng b mu v hn hp lm khun lm khun. -khun c lm thnh 2 na c th rt mu khi lm khun -Na khun trn lm trong hm khun trn. Na khun di lm trong hm khun di. Cc hm khun trn v di thng lm bng g hay gang c, xung quanh thnh hm khun c khoan nhiu l thot kh. - n kim loi lng vo khun, trong khun c hn thng rt. u ngt dng b sung kim loi khi ngt v u hi dng tng cng thot kh trong lng khun. 4. B phn lm li: phi trn hn hp lm li(ct li), dng hp li v hn hp lm li ch to li. 5. Sy khun v li. 6. Lp rp khun v li -Li ta vng trong khun nh cc gi li v cc m hoc m chng. -Dng cc gn hm khun(xng khun) nng cao d bn khun. -Xin cc l thot kh tng kh nng thot kh khi rt khun. -Hai hm khun lp chnh xc vi nhau nh cc nm v cc cht nh v. -Kp cht hai hm khun bng cc bu lng hoc dng ti trng . 7.Rt khun: rt kim loi lng vo khun 8.D khun, ph li. 9.Lm sch v kim tra vt c. V.Hn hp lm khun v li Hn hp lm khun (ct khun), v hn hp lm li(ct li) gm: ct, t st, cht dnh kt, cht ph, nc
6

Loi hn hp c(ct c): dng lm khun mt hoc nhiu ln. Loi hn hp mi(ct mi): mi phi trn. Hn hp lm khun v lm li nh hng ln n cht lng vt c. 1. Yu cu i vi hn hp lm khun v lm li Hn hp lm khun v lm li cn bo m cc yu cu sau: 1.1 do: l kh nng bin dng vnh cu ca hn hp sau khi b tc dng ca ngoi lc. Hn hp cn c do to lng khun r nt theo ng hnh dng v kch thc hp li v mu. do tng khi hm lng nc tng n 8%, lng t st v cht dnh kt tng. 1.2 bn: l kh nng ca hn hp chu tc dng ca ngoi lc m k hng b ph hy. khun v li cn c bn khng v khi chuyn, lp rp khun v chu c p lc thy tnh, thy ng ca kim loi lng khi rt. bn tng khi ht ct cng nh v sc cnh, mn cht ca hn hp tng, lng t st tng, lng nc tng ti 8%. Khun kh bn hn khun ti v khi nhit tng ti 900C, sc bn tng 23 ln do t st ha bn khi thot hi nc. 1.3 Tnh ln: l kh nng gim th tch ca hn hp khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc. Hn hp cn c tnh ln khun v li khng cn tr vt c khi ng c v lm ngui, trnh c hin tng nt v cong vnh. Tnh ln tng khi dng ct to, lng t st t, cht ph tng(mn ca, rm vn). 1.4 Tnh thng kh: l kh nng ca hn hp cho php kh lt qua cc khe h nh gia cc ht ct ca hn hp . Tnh thng kh lm cho c loiaj kh trong lng khun (khng kh, kh t kim loi lng, ni m t vt liu khun ..) thot ra ngoi d dng, trnh c r kh. Tnh thng kh tng khi ct ht to v u, lng t st v cht dnh kt t, cht ph nhiu, lng nc gim <4%.

1.5 bn nhit: l kh nng ca hn hp khng b chy, chy, mm ra nhit cao. Nu bn nhit km, hn hp chy chy s to ra lp v cng bm trn b mt vt c(gi l lp chy ct) gy khuyt tt v kh khn khi gia cng ct gt, hoc lm sai lch hnh dng v kch thc vt c. bn nhit tng khi lng ct tng, ct ht to v trn, t tp cht d chy(Na2O, MgO,...). 1.6 m: l lng nc cha trong hn hp . m tng ti 8% s lm tng tnh do v bn, qu 8% s lm gim bn v tnh thng kh, hn hp d dnh vo mu khi lm khun . 1.7 bn lu: l kh nng lm vic c lu v nhiu ln ca hn hp (kh nng gi c tnh cht ban u). 2.Cc vt liu lm khun v lm li 2.1 Ct: Thnh phn ch yu l SiO2, cn gi l thch anh, ngoi ra cn c ln mt t st v cc tp cht nh Al2O3, Fe2O3. 2.1.1 Phn loi ct *) Theo ni ly ct: - ct sng: ht trn, tnh ln tt, thng kh tt nhng sc bn km do kh dnh vi nhau. Ct Cu ung dng kh tt. - ct ni: ht sc cnh, d dnh vi nhau nn sc bn tt nhng thng kh km. ta hay dng ct ni Xun Sn(Kin An). *) Theo ht: Xc nh ht ct theo kch thc l ry. Ty thuc kch thc ht, phn ra: ct th, ct rt to, ct to, ct va, ct nh, ct rt nh, ct mn v ct bt. *) Theo lng cha st: Theo lng cha st tng ta c: ct thch anh K, ct gy, ct na m, ct m(bo), ct rt m. Theo thnh phn thch anh SiO2: Loi ct 1K 2K 3K 4K Lng SiO2(%) 97% 96% 94% 90% 2.1.2 Chn ct: Ty thuc vo khi lng vt c, kim loi c m chn ct:

- lm khun ti c gang xm, khi lng vt c nh hn 200kg th dng ct gy, ht 01, 016, 02, 04 (vt cng ln th ht cng ln tng tnh thng kh), 2K, 3K, 4K. - Vt c c khi lng 200-2000kg v khi uc gang trng th dng ct na m c thnh phn SiO2 nhiu tng tnh chu nhit: 1K, 2K. - lm khun v li khi c thp c khi lng vt c <500kg dng ct thch anh ht 016, 02; 1K, 2K. - c kim loi mu ra dng ct na m, ht 01, 016, 02, thnh phn thch anh khng nhiu lm: 3K, 4K. 2.2 t st: Thnh phn ch yu ca st l cao lanh mAl 2O3, nSiO2.H2O, ngoi ra cn mt s tp cht khc nh CaCO3, Fe2O3, Na2CO3. c im: Do dnh c lng nc thch hp. Theo thnh phn khong cht
-

St cao lanh: Al2O3, 2SiO2.2H2O: dng lm khun khng quan trong. Khi sy kh th bn tng, nhng gin, d v, khng chy. St c nghin nh ri trn vi ct khi lm khun. St l cht dnh kt lm cho khun c do, bn thch hp.

2.2.1 Phn loi st: Theo thnh phn khong cht

-

St cao lanh:, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O: dng lm khun khng quan trong. St bentonit:. Al2O3.4SiO2.nH2O: trng, rt do, dnh, l sn phm phn hy ca nham thch. Bentonit trong nc n mnh lm tng khun nng dnh kt gp 2-3 ln st cao lanh dng lm khun quan trng. Theo kh nng dnh kt: dnh kt t, dnh kt va, dnh kt bn, dnh kt rt bn. Theo kh nng bn nhit: bn nhit cao, va, thp. Theo lng cha SiO2: st m, st gy

2.2.2 Chn t st:

c thp: thng dng loi cao lanh, loi dnh kt rt bn v c kh nng chu nhit cao. c gang: thng dng loi cao lanh, kh nng dnh kt v chu nhit va, bn v rt bn. c hp kim mu: thng dng cao lanh loi dnh kt va v cao, bn nhit thp.

2.3 Cht dnh kt: l nhng cht a vo hn hp tng de v bn hn hp . 2.3.1. Yu cu i vi cht dnh kt: Khi trn vo hn hp phi phn b u. Khng dnh hn hp vo mu, vo li. Kh nhanh khi sy v khng sinh kh nhiu khi rt khun. Tng do, bn, tnh bn nhit cho khun. D ph khun, li. R, d kim khng c hi. Du lanh, du bng, du tru: trn vi ct. Sy 200-250C du to thnh mng lin kt vi c ht ct. Sy nhit cao hn: du chy, khun tr nn xp hn, tnh ln v tnh t hng kh tt, d ph khun, li. Cc cht ha tan trong nc: Nc ng(hoc mt): dng lm khun li khi c thp. Khi sy: b mt khun s bn nhng bn trong vn do nn tnh ln, thot kh tt. Khi rt kim loi lng: chy, lm tng tnh ln, xp, thot kh, d ph khun. Bt h(2,5%-3%): tnh cht tng t nc ng, dng lm khun ti. Cc cht dnh kt ha cng: nha thng, ximawng, hc n l nhng cht khi sy s chy lng ra v bao quanh cc ht ct, khi kh n t ha cng lm tng bn khun li. Sau khi rt kim loi lng, chng b chy, do ng tnh ln v tnh thng kh, d ph khun li.
10

2.3.2.Nhng cht kt dnh thng dng:

Nc thy tinh: l dung dch silicat Na2O.nNa2O2.mH2O Sy 200-250C: n t phn hy to thnh keo rt dnh, hn hp s cng li trong vng 15 n 30 pht nu thi kh CO2 vo. c dng rng ri v r tin, cht lng tt, sc bn hn hp cao v c kh nng t kh nhanh. 2.4 Cht ph: l cc cht a vo hn hp lm tng tnh ln, tnh thng kh, lm nhn b mt khun li, tng tnh chu nhit b mt khun li. 2.4.1 Cc cht ph pha trn vo hn hp : mn ca, rm vn, bt than Khi rt kim loi lng, cc cht ny chy, li cc l rng, tng tnh ln, tnh thng kh, d ph khun. Cht ph c t l 3% khi c vt c thnh mng, 8% khi c vt c thnh dy. 2.4.2 Cht sn khun : l cht qut ln b mt khun, li lm tng nhn v tnh chu nhit b mt khun. Thng dng: bt than, bt graphit, nc thy tinhl, bt thch anh.. Bt than, graphit khi chy to ra CO, CO2 ngn cch kim loi mng bi mt khun, trnh c chy ct mt khun. 3.Hn hp lm khun v li 3.1 hn hp lm khun em vt liu lm khun pha trn theo mt t l nht nh, ta c hn hp lm khun. 3.1.1 Hai loi hn hp lm khun: Ct o: dng ph st mu khi ch to khun, trc tip tip xc vi kim loiaj lng nn cn c bn, do, tnh chu nhit cao, ht nh b mt vt c nhn. Ct o thng l ct mi, chim 10-15% tng lng ct khun. Ct m: dng m cho phn khun cn li, yu cu tnh thng kh, tnh ln tt. 3.1.2 Phi trn hn hp lm khun: Ty thuc kim loi vt c m hn hp lm khun c nhng yu cu khc nhau v phi trn theo nhng t l khc nhau.
11

*)Ct khun c gang: nhit chy ca gang t hp, co khng cao lm nn yu cu i vi hn hp lm khun khng kht khe lm. Vt c cng ln, hn hp lm khun cn c ht ln tng tnh thng kh, lng st nhiu tng bn v tnh do. Thng hn hp lm khun c ht trung bnh, lng st 8-20%, m 4,5-5%, hn hp c 40-90%. *)Cc khun c thp: thp c nhit nng chy cao, co ln, ha tan kh nhiu, do yu cu hn hp lm khun kht khe hn. Hn hp lm khun c thp thng dng ct thch anh loi 1K, 2K ht trung bnh, lng st 8-15% v dng loi chu nhit cao, dng cht dnh tng bn khun Dng t l cht ph nhiu hn khi c gang tng tnh thng kh, m 3,5-8%, t ln ct c 40-80%. *)Ct khun c kim loi mu: nhit nng chy ca kim loiaj mu thp, hn hp lm khun khng cn yu cu cao nh c gang thp. Hn hp lm khun cn c ht nh tng bng b mt vt c. m thp 4,5-6%(do kim loi mu ha tan kh nhiu), t ln hn hp c 85-90%. 3.2 hn hp lm li Li lm vic trong iu kin bt li hn khun nhiu v li b kim loi lng bao bc xung quanh. Do , hn hp lm li cn c bn, tnh ln, thng kh cao hn hn hp lm khun nhiu. tng bn cho li cn tng cht dnh kt v gim lng st xung 2-10%. tng tnh chu nhit, cng ct thch anh 1K, 2K, t dng hn hp c. D tng tnh thng kh, dng ct c ht trung bnh v dng nhiu cht ph tng nh ln. Hu ht cc li u phi sy. VI. Ch to b mu, hp li Khi nim B mu gm: mu vt c, hp li, tm mu, mu h thng rt-u hi- u ngt.
12

Mu to ta hnh dng lng khun, mu c tai gi to ra hc gi li c th ta trong khun. Tm mu kp mu khi lm khun bng my. Mu h thng rt, u hi, u ngt dng to cc b phn tng ng trong lng khun. Hp li ch to li. Li to ra ch rng v l trong vt c. 1 Vt liu lm b mu v hp li 1.1 Yu cu i vi vt liu m bo nhn, chnh xc lm cho b mt lng khun, li nhn, chnh xc. Cn phi bn, cng s dng dc lu nh d thao tc. Khng b co, trng, nt, cong vnh trong qu trnh lm vic. Chu c tc dng c hc, ha hc ca hn hoepj lm khun. R tin v d gia cng. 1.2 Cc loi vt liu lm mu v hp li 1.2.1 G u im: r tin, nh, d gia cng. Nhc im: bn, cng km, d trng, nt, cong vnh. Mu g dng trng sn xut n chic, lot nh, v trung bnh, lm mu ln. Ngi ta chia g dng cho mc mu thnh ba loi: Loi 1: (lim, g, sn) bn, cng cao, t thm nc, khi gia cng nhn bng, dng c 100-500 ln, t tin, kh ct gt. c dng trong sn xut lot, ch to mu quan trng Loi 2: (m, d, di) cng trung bnh, chu c m, d ct gt, nhn bng, dng c 25-100 ln. c dng trong sn xut lot nh, n chic v lm nhng mu phc tp chnh xc. Loi 3: (thng, b ..) R tin, bn, cng thp, d v, t vnh, t thm nc, dng c 10-25 ln. c dng trong sn xut lot nh, n chic v lm mu khng quan trng.
13

1.2.2 Kim loi u im: bn, cng, nhn v chnh xc cao, khng thm nc, t cong vnh, s dng c lu. Nhc im: t kh gia cng Ch c dng trng sn xut hng khi, lot ln v trung bnh. Thng dng: -

Hp kim nhm: nh, d gia cng c, cng, nhn v chnh xc cao, dng c 70000 ln. Gang xm: bn cao, r tin, dng ucj 1000-150000 ln. Nhng gang xm nng, kh gia cng. Hp kim ng: bn, d gia cng t nhn v chnh xc cao, dng c ti 15.000 ln. Nhng hp kim ng t, nng.

1.2.3 Thch cao: c bn cao hn mt s loi g, dng c ti 1000 ln , nh, d gia cng ct gt. Nhng thch cao gin, d v, d thm nc. c dng lm mu nh, mu c m ngh. 1.2.4 Xi mng: bn, cng hn thch cao, chu va chm tt, dng c ti 1000 ln, r, khng ht nc. Nhng ximang nng, kh gt sa. 2 Nguyn l thit k mu v hp li Trn c s bn v chi tit, b phn k thut thit k bn v vt c, trn c s thit k bn v my v hp li chuyn sang t mc mu th mc mu ch to mu v hp li. 2.1 Bn v vt c Trn bn v vt c vn biu th c: mt phn khun, kch thc vt c(k n lng gia cng c, dung sai khi c), li v gi li, dc c, gc c. 2.1.1 Mt phn khun: l mt tip xc gia khun trn v khun di, xc nh v tr chi tit trong khun, c k hiu bng gch xanh, hai mi tn T v D. Nguyn tc chon mt phn khun: - Phi bo m d lm khun v rt mu - Phi n gin nht, tt nht l mt phng, trnh mt bc v mt cong.
14

- Phi m bo cht lng vt c tt nht. Mun vy, cc b mt quan trng nn xung di. 2.1.2 co kim loi khi c: trong qu trnh ng c v ngui, vt c co li. m bo kch thc vt c, kch thc lng khun phi ln hn kch thc vt c. H s co ca mt s kim loi: gang xm 1%; thp 2%; gang trng 1,5%; hp kim ng v nhm 1,5% 2.1.3 Lng d gia cng c: l lng kim loi cn ht b trong qu trnh gia cng c to thnh chi tit, c k hiu mu trn bn v vt c. Lng d gia cng c ph thuc: nhn, chnh xc cng cao th phi lng d cng ln. B mt cng ln th phi lng d cng ln. B mt tr thng ly lng d tng phng lch tm. B mt pha trn vt c lungj d ln( v cht lng xu nn phi ct b nhiu). Lng d cn ph thuc kch thc vt c, phc tp vt c, i kin sn xut. 2.1.4 Dung sai c: dung sai l s sai lch gia kch thc, khi lng thc t v danh ngha trn bn v. Dung sai c ph thuc trnh th mc mu, th lm khun li v lp rp, dng sn xut. 2.1.5 Li v gi li: trn bn v vt c, li c v bng gch cho mu xanh. Gi li bo m li nm vng trong khun, lp rp li vo khun. Gi li thng nm hai u hoc mt u ca li. Li ng: gi li thng lm dng cn. Li ngang: gi li c th lm cn, tr, vung hoc dng khc. 2.1.6 dc c: nhng thnh ng vt c phi c dc d rt mu ra khi khun v ly li ra khi hp li. C th thit k hai dng dc c. cao thnh vt c ln th dc cng nh. Mu g cn c dc ln hn mu kim loi.
15

2.1.7 Gc c: gc hp bi 2 b mt lin tip ca vt c, gc c cn c bn knh ln khun khng v khi rt mu v vt c khng nt khi ng c. 2.2 Bn v mu: bn v vt c l c s n lp bn v mu. Kch thc mu tng t nh kch thuwngs trong bn v vt c nhng c thm dung sai ch to mu, ngoi ra cn c thm phn tai gi. Kch thc tai gi cn c thm khong h. d lm khun, mu c chia lm 2 na lp vi nhau bng cht nh v. Mt phn mu thng trng vi mt phn khun. Trng hp qu phc tp, mu c th c lm di dng nhiu phn tho ri. 2.3 Bn v hp li: Ty theo phc tp ca li m c th lm hp li nguyn, hp li 2 na hoc tho ri. Kt cu, kch thc, dung sai v cch v hp li tng t nh thit k mu. VII.Cc phng php lm khun v lm li Khun c l mt nhn t quan trng quyt nh cht lng vt c: 50-60% ph phm do khun c gy ra. Khun c c ba loi: Khun dng mt ln: lm bng hn hp lm khun ct-st, sau khi rt khun mun ly vt c phi d khun. Dng ph bin trng sn xut n chic, hng lot, hng khi.
-

Khun bn vnh cu lm bng hn hp vt liu chu nng, sy 600-700C, sau khi ly vt c c th sa cha dng tip. Khun vnh cu lm bng kim loi, dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi.

1 Cc phng php lm khun 1.1 Cc phung php lm khun bng tay u im: ph hp vi sn xut n chic, lot nh, vt c phc tp v c khi lng ln. Nhc im: nng sut thp, chnh xc khng cao, yu cu tay ngh th cao, iu kin lao ng nng nhc. 1.1.1 Lm khun trong 2 hm khun:
16

Di y l trnh t cc bc lm khun bng tay trong 2 hm khun, vi mu c bng g. Bc 1: t mu di v mu rnh dn ca h thng rt trn tm mu. Bc 2: t hm khun di bao quanh mu trn tm mu. Dng ti cha graphit hoc bt khc rc ln trn mu sau ny rt mu ra khi khun d dng. Bc 3: Dng sng rc mt lt ct mn v khun to cho mt khun c nhn tt. Bc 4: Dng xng xc ct khun y hm khun. Bc 5: Dng m tay m thc vo trong hn hp lm khun ct dnh vo nhau. Bc 6: Dng m phng m b mt trn ca khun sao cho ton b khun c m cht. Bc 7: Dng thc gt phng phn hn hp lm khun theo b mt bn trn ca hm khun. Bc 8: Dng di xin cc l thot kh. Cng vic ny c gi l xin hi. Nu xin thng th n gin, nhng nu xin nghing pha lng khun th thot kh tt hn. Bc 9: Lt ngc hm khun i 180. Lp na mu trn lp vo na mu di. Hai na mu c ghp chnh xc vi nhau nh cht nh v. Bc 10: Rc ct thch anh kh to lp phn cch gia hai hm khun di v trn sau ny tch 2 hm khun d dng. Bc 11: Dng vi phun khng kh thi sch ct bm trn b mt mu. Nu khng c vi phun th c th dng chi quyets sch ct trn b mt mu. Bc 12: t hm khun trn ln trn hm khun di. Chng c c nh vi nhau nh cht nh v, trn b mt mu rc mt lp bt graphit mn sau ny d ly mu cng nh to nn mt lp b mt nhn mn khun sau ny. Bc 13: t mu lm ng rt gn vi rnh dn, mu u ngt v mu u hi, dng ry rc mt lp ct o mn to nn b mt nhn ca lng khun. Bc 14: hn hp khun vo lng hm khun bng xngLu gi mu ng rt thng ng.
17

Bc 15: m khun bng chy nhn Bc 16: m khun bng m phng Bc 17: Dng thc gt phng theo mt trn hm khun Bc 18: Rt mu ng rt, u ngt, u hi, lm cc rt. Bc 19: Nhc hm khun trn tch khi hm khun di, quay ngc hm khun trn 180 ri t sang bn. Rt na mu trn. Bc 20: Dng chi lng t xoa nhng vin mu g tip xc vi ct khun Bc 21: Dng di nhn cm vo mu g rt mu ra khi khun di. Bc 22: t li vo khun. Li c nh v vi khun nh gi li. Lp hm khun trn ln trn hm khun di theo cht nh v. Bc 23: Dng buloong xit cht hai hm khun, hoc dng ti trng . Sau bc th 23, khun trng thi ch rt. 1.1.2 Lm khun trn nn xng Dng rt ph bin trong sn xut n chic i vi vt c trung bnh v ln khi thiu hm khun c kch thc cn thit. Trn nn xng o h c chiu su ln hn chiu cao mu 300-400mm. m cht y h ri lp x hoc si dy 150-200mm. t 2 ng nghing dn kh ra ngoi. lp ct m, sau lp ct o v m cht mt t; xin l hi; n mu xung sao cho mt phan khun ca mu trng mt phng nn xng. Rc mt lp bt cch ri t hm khun ln, c nh v tr ca hm khun bng cc cht g. t mu h thng rt v u ngt, sau vt liu lm khun lm khun trn. Rt mu h thng rt. Nhc hm khun trn, rt mu h thng rt, khot mng dn, rt mu vt. Cc rt v cc cc u hi c lm bn ngoi . Lp khun trn vo, t cc rt, cc u hi. t ti trng . Ngoi hai phng php lm khun k trn cn c cc phng php lm khun sau: lm khun bng dng gt; lm khun khng hm; lm khun trong 3 hoc nhiu hm khun; lm khun bng xen; lm khun dng ming t ph. 1.2 Cc phng php lm khun bng my

18

Lm khun bng my l c kh ha ton b qu trnh lm khun hoc mt s nguyn cng chnh. u im nng sut cao, cht lng tt v ng u, dng trong sn xut hng loi, hng khi. Nhc im: Chi ph u t ban u ln. Thng dng hm khun, ch khng lm trn nn xng. Khng lm trong 3 hoc nhiu hm khun. Ch dng mt loi hn hp lm khun (khng dng ring ct o-ct m)

Hin nay c cc phng php lm khun bng my sau: lm khun trn my p; lm khun trn my dn; lm khun trn my va dn va p; lm khun trn my phun ct. 2 Cc phng php lm li Li dng to ra phn lm, khong rng hoc l trong vt c. Li lm vic trong iu kin rt xu, khc nghit hn khun nhiu. Do li b kim loi lng bao bc xung quanh, nn nhit cao v k h truyn nhit, kh thot kh, chu co mnh. Do yu cu li c bn, do, ln, thng kh cao. Mun vy cn: Dng hn hp lm li l loi ct mi. Dng xng li bng thp hoc gang nng cao bn. Khong cch t xng li n mt li thng khong 10-30mm.

Lm rnh thng kh nng cao tnh thot kh. Dng di xin thng, hoc t trc dy thp ri rt ra sau. Ch rng 100% li phi sy. VIII. H thng rt - u hi - u ngt Khi nim

19

H thng rt l h thng dn kim loi lng t thng rt vo khun. H thng rt gp phn quyt nh cht lng vt c v t l kim loi hao ph Mt h thng rt hp l phi tha mn cc yu cu sau: Ton b lng khun phi c in y kim loi: kim loi lng mau chng in y khun, khng lm hao ph nhiu nhit lm gim tnh chy long ca kim loi. -

Dng kim loi chy theo h thng rt vo khun phi m, lin tc, khng va p. Dng kim loi chy khng c lm v, l h thng rt, khun v li, ng thi khong c cun theo ct khun, x, kh vo lng khun. V tr t h thng rt lm sao cho bao m hng ng c c li nht, pht huy c ch nng u ngt. KHng hao ph kim loi cho h thng rt qu nhiu. Rnh dn khng t mp tn cng ca rnh lc x, trnh bn te kim loi lm hng khun, rnh dn khng t bn trn rnh lc x, hoc di ng rt pht huy tc dng rnh lc x.

Cc b phn chnh h thng rt gm c: cc rt, ng rt, rnh lc x, rnh dn. u hi u hi dung tng cng thaots kh trong lng khun, ng thi bo hiu mc kim loi lng y lng khun khi tt, lm igamr p lc ng ca kim loi trong lng khun, oi khi dng b sung kim loi cho vt c. u hi thng c tit din ngang hnh trn , thng c t khong v tr cao nht cu vt c, nn c hai loi l u hi trn v u hi bn. u ngt u ngt dng b sung kim la khi ng c, trnh ph phm do lm co. Lm co xut hin l do khim loi b co khi kt tinh v ngui. u ngt phi c t ch tp trung nhiu kim loi trn vt c v km loi ng c chm nht v co nhiu nht.

20

u ngt h: l loi u ngt thng vi khng kh bn ngoi khun. Loi ny b sung kim loi tt, d ch to, d quan st khi rt. Nhng hao ph nhiu kim loiaj v chiu cao ca n ph thuc chiu cao thnh khun v cht bn d ri vo khun.

u ngt ngm: l loi u ngt khng thng vi kh tri, m nm trong khun b sung kim loi cho vt c. Dng khi khng th dng u ngt h. Tn t kim loi, sch nhng kh quan st, b sung kim loi

u ngt kh p: t bn trong u ngt cc kim loi c ng CaCO 3. Khi nung nng CaCO3 phn hy to kh CO2 bay ra, p kim loi lng b sung cho vt c.

IX. Sy khun v li Lp rp khun Rt khun 1 Sy khun li Khi nim Sy khun v li nhm nng cao bn, tnh thng kh v gim kh nng to kh v hi nc ca chng khi rt kim loi v khun. Li nht thit phi sy m bo yu cu k thut. Khun phi sy khi: c nhng vt c ln; c vt c c hnh dng phc tp; c vt c i hi cht lng cao. Thc cht ca qu trnh sy: Dng nhit lm bc hi nc trong khun v li. Dng nhit oxy ha cc cht dnh kt loi du m, lm kh cc cht dnh kt d kh( nc thy tinh, ximang) C nhiu kiu sy: sy tip xc, sy i lu, sy bc x. Nhit v thi gian sy: nhit sy thng trong khong 175-450C, thi gian sy ph thuc vo nhit . 2 Lp rp khun Lp rp khun cn bo m: khng v khun, li, khg ri ct khun vo lng khun, lp chnh xc.
21

2.1 Kim tra v tr li trong khun Dng dng g kim tra v tr ca li sau khi t vo khun nh: V tr thng ng hoc nm ngang ca li V tr tng i gia li v lng khun.

2.2 S dng con m: Dng nhng ci nhng li to nng, di hoc lp cngxon. Dng m chng trnh li b ni ln trn khi rt khun. 2.3 Kp khun hoc khun Kp khun bng buloong hoc dng ti trng khun. Yu cu: Lc kp khun + trng lng khun trn > lc y Acsimet ca kim loi lng ln khun trn. 3 Rt kim loi lng vo khun 3.1 V tr ca khun khi rt - Khun t nm ngang: thng dng, n gin. - Khun t nm nghing: dng i vi vt c quan trng, phc tp hoc thnh mng Khun t thng ng: vt c c t chc mn cht, khng b r kh, thng dng khi c xilanh, piston 3.2 Thng rt V ngoi bng thp, bn trong lt 1 lp gch chu la. Thng c nh mt ngi mang. Thng c trung: 2-4 ngi mang. Ngoi ra c thng c ln do cu trc mang. 3.3 Nhit rt Nhit rt cao qu: d to ra chy ct, tng ng sut nhit, tng s co, d nt nng v nt ngui, gy ra thin tch nhiu. Nhit rt thp qu: d to ra ph phm do thit ht, dnh khp. X.D khun Ph li Lm sch vt c Vic d khun ch tin hnh sau khi vt c ngui ti nhit nht nh.
22

1 D khun D khun, ph li, lm sch vt c l nhng cng vic nng nhc trong xng c, v nng v bi bm. D khun bng tay: khun trn nn xng hoc treo khun bng cn trc ri dng cc thanh thp chc ph ct khun. D khun bng my: dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi. Thng dng n rung hoc li rung d khun. 2 Ph li Ph li kh khn hn ph khun v li bn hn khun, li nm bn trong vt c, trong li li c xng li.
-

Ph li bng tay: dng trong sn xut n chic, lot nh, tng t nh ph khun bng tay. Ph li bng my: dng trong sn xut lot ln v hng khi. Thng dng c hi, my rung hoc bung phun nc cao p.

3 Lm sch vt c Lm sch vt c gm nhng cng vic sau: Ct u ngt, u hi, h thng rt bavia trn vt c. Lm sch chy ct trn b mt vt c. Sn v kim tra ri nhp kho.

XI.Kim tra v sa cha vt c 1 Cc dng khuyt tt vt c 1.1 Cc khuyt tt v hnh dng kch thc - Thit ht: vt c c dng khng y theo bn v. - Lch: c s x dch gia cc phn trn vt c. - Bavia: nhng phn tha trn vt c theo mt phn khun hoc u li. - Li: nhng phn nh ra trn vt c ( do mt phn khun b bin dng). - St m: do ct b h thng rt, u ngt, u hi hoc do vn chuyn. - Sai lch kch thc: hin tng tng, gim kch thc so vi bn v. - Sai lch v trng lng: do sai kch thc, r bn trong, sai thnh phn ha hc.
23

1.2 Cc khuyt tt mt ngoi - Chy ct: c mt lp chy ct bm cht trn b mt vt c dng x x, cng. - Khp: l nhng rnh trn vt c. - Lm: xut hin nhng vt lm trn b mt vt . - Ria: nhng gn ni ln trn vt c do khun nt khi sy. - Ht: nhng ht kim loi ng c nm trn b mt vt c. - Vy: nhng lp vy oxit hoc kim loi trn vt c. 1.3 Cc l hng bn trong vt c - R kh: nhng l nh rt nhn trong vt c. - R co: nhng l sn si nm trn b mt hoc bn trong vt c. 1.4 Nt: Cc vt nt do ng sut trong vt c vt qu gii hn bn kim loi. Nt nng: nt nhit cao, vt nt c mu en do oxy ha. Nt ngui: nt nhit thp, mu xm. 1.5 Ln tp cht - R x: nhng l trong vt c c cha x. - R ct: nhng l c cha ct bn trong hoc trn mt vt cus - Ln tp cht: ln cc tp cht nh Al2O3, Fe2N - R ht: nhng ht kim loi nm trong vt c. 1.6 Sai lch v t chc: l nhng sai lch v hnh dng v kch thng ht trong t chc kim loi vt c, sai lch v t l cc thanh fphaanf cu to ca t chc pha kim loi, thin tch trong t chc kim loi. 1.7 Sai lch v c, l, ha tnh: l cc sai lch v c, l, ha tnh ca vt c so vi yu cu. 2 Kim tra v sa cha vt c 2.1 Kim tra: Cn phi phn tch cc khuyt tt vt c, xc nh dng khuyt tt, tm nguyn nhn v a ra cc bin php khc phc chng. Ngi ta kim tra nguyn liu v iu kin k thut s dng chng, qu trnh cng ngh c pht hin mi nguyn nhn gy ra khuyt tt, ph phm. Phng php kim tra vt c:
24

- Kim tra cc khuyt tt bn ngoi vt c (r, chy ct, thiu ht) bng mt thng - Kim tra cc khuyt tt bn trong ( r kh, r x ) bng cc thit b kim tra dng tia X, tia , siu m - Khi cn kim tra sai lch t chc th dng cc phng php kim tra kim tng. 2.2 Sa cha khuyt tt vt c Ty theo tnh cht khuyt tt, kch thc hnh dng vt c m c bin php sa cha ph hp.

25