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LI GII THIU

Trong nhng nm gn y, s pht trin mnh m ca cc cng ngh truyn thng v internet nh hng su rng n mi mt ca cuc sng t kinh t, khoa hc n vn ho v x hi. R rng s pht trin ca phn cng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh tin ho ny nhng yu t then cht nh hng mnh m n x hi tri thc ngy nay chnh l bn thn phn mm. Khi m mng my tnh v Internet tr thnh ph bin th vic x l thng tin phn tn, chia x v tch hp thng tin thng qua ng truyn gia cc my vi nhng c s d liu c nhng khun dng khc nhau cng ngy cng tr nn ph bin. iu ny dn n mt thch thc mi i vi gii pht trin phn mm khi phi i u vi nhng yu cu thc t ca cc h phn mm phc tp, m v phn tn. Nhng nghin cu v cng nghip pht trin phn mm trong nhng cui nm 80 v u thp nin 90 xoay quanh cch tip cn hng i tng tin ho t phng php lun phn mm cu trc truyn thng. Phng php hng i tng c u im so vi phng php cu trc l kh nng s dng li m ngun, d c m ngun v x l li. tng c bn ca n l xem h phn mm nh tp hp cc thc th tng tc gi l i tng trong mi i tng c xc nh bi ba yu t: nh danh, trng thi v hnh vi1. Nh vy, pht trin phn mm da trn cch tip cn ny c ngha l tin hnh xy dng m hnh ca h thng cn c pht trin (c trong cc pha phn tch v thit k) da trn khi nim i tng v nhng khi nim lin quan nh thnh vin, phng thc, quan h... Ngn ng UML c s dng rng ri m hnh cc h phn mm ny di dng use case, biu lp, biu tng tc... Tuy nhin, cch tip cn hng i tng t ra khng p ng c nhu cu pht trin cc h phn mm m, phn tn, phc tp nh qun l mng vin thng, thng mi in t, tr gip vn phng, tm kim/lc thng tin...L mt pht trin tip theo ca hng i tng, cch tip cn hng agent c xem l cng ngh ha hn cho pht trin cc h phn mm phc tp ny. tng c bn ca h a agent l xem h phn mm nh mt cu trc x hi bao gm cc agent c kh nng t ch cng vi cc tng tc c tnh cht tri thc hay mang ng ngha gia chng. Ging nh i tng, cc agent cng c nh danh, trng thi v hnh vi nhng nhng khi nim ny c m t mt cch tinh t hn:

Trng thi c th bao gm tri thc, lng tin, ch cn phi tho mn, cc trch
nhim c gn cho tng agent;
1

Trng thi c m t bi b gi tr ca cc bin, hnh vi c m t theo cc phng thc c th c thc hin t trong chnh i tng hay gi t nhng i tng khc. Tng tc gia cc i tng c m t theo mt s cc quan h khc nhau c c gia chng.

Hnh vi l nhng vai tr m agent c th m nhim, nhng cng vic cn phi


tin hnh, cc s kin cn phi c quan st... Cng ngh phn mm hng agent thu ht nhiu quan tm nghin cu v n c xem l cch tip cn tin ho t cng ngh phn mm hng i tng v cng ngh tri thc. N t ra c nhiu ha hn cho pht trin cc h phn mm trong mi trng phn tn v m. Thp nin 90 chng kin s n r ca nhiu ng dng v th nghim thnh cng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau nh vin thng, qun l khng lu, cc dch v trn Internet...Nhng nm 2000, cc nghin cu v agent tp trung vo xy dng cc phng php lun pht trin phn mm bao gm xy dng quy trnh, cng c cng cc k thut phn tch v thit k h a agent. Nh vy, cng ngh agent c nghin cu v pht trin mnh m trn th gii v c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu trong nc v agent mi ch giai on bt u v theo hiu bit ca chng ti nghin cu v cng ngh phn mm hng agent cha c quan tm nhiu. Nhm p ng nhu cu nghin cu v pht trin cc h phn mm a agent, ti tp trung xem xt quy trnh pht trin v cc k thut cho cc bc trong cc pha phn tch v thit k h ny. Thut ng quy trnh trong ti ny c hiu l bao gm cc bc trong cc pha phn tch v thit k phn mm. Mc d c nhiu phng php lun v cng c pht trin h a agent c xy dng nhng phng php lun MaSE (chi tit s c trnh by trong Chng 2) c la chn v hai l do sau y: a. Phng php lun MaSE k tha t phng php lun hng i tng v do s d dng hn cho nhng ngi pht trin phn mm quen thuc vi cch tip cn hng i tng ph bin hin nay; Phng php ln ny c cng c i km agentTool c th h tr pht trin t phn tch, thit k n sinh m ngun. Hn na, trong khi cc cng c khc tch bit khu pht trin ontology th agentTool tch hp khu ny vo trong qu trnh pht trin v do to iu kin d dng cho ngi pht trin hn v khng phi s dng cc cng c khc pht trin ontology v hn na n li c sinh ra trong qu trnh sinh m ngun h thng.

b.

Ni dung nghin cu ca ti bao gm:

Nghin cu cc c trng ca agent v h a agent; mt s vn c bn lin


quan n pht trin h phn mm agent bao gm xy dng ontology v tng tc;

Nghin cu cc bc trong phn tch v thit k h a agent v s dng cng c


agentTool trong cc bc ny.

Nghin cu p dng phng php lun MaSE trong phn tch v thit k h dch
v thng mi in t TraNeS. Ti liu c t chc thnh 2 phn bao gm 7 chng nh sau:

Phn 1 C s pht trin h a agent


Chng 1: H a agent

Chng ny trnh by mt cch tng quan v agent, h a agent v cc cch tip cn trong nghin cu xy dng cc phng php lun pht trin h a agent. Ni dung ca chng ny tp trung xem xt cc cch tip cn khi xy dng cc phng php lun pht trin h phn mm a agent.
Chng 2: Tng tc trong h a agent

Chng ny trc ht trnh by tng quan vn tng tc trong h a agent bao gm cc dng tng tc, tng tc vi agent trung gian v thng lng trong h a agent. Mt m hnh thng lng song phng da trn rng buc m s c trnh by nhm c s cho pht trin h dch v du lch s c cp n trong cc chng tip theo.
Chng 3: Ontology trong h a agent

Ontology l khi nim quan trng nhm biu din ng ngha ca thng tin c truyn i gia cc agent trong qu trnh tng tc. Ni dung ca chng ny tp trung xem xt khi nim ontology v vai tr ca n trong tng tc gia cc agent. Phn k thut xy dng ontology trong h a agent s c cp trong Chng 4.
Chng 4: Quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent

Ni dung chng ny tp trung trnh by quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent da trn phng php lun MaSE cng vi cc bc tng ng trong qu trnh pht trin da trn cng c agentTool. Cc bc pht trin ontology ca h thng cng c gi gn trong chng ny. Mt p dng ca quy trnh ny cho pht trin h dch v thng lng t ng s c m t chi tit trong cc chng cn li.

Phn 2: p dng pht trin h dch v du lch


Chng 5: Phn tch h dch v

Chng ny nhm trnh by chi tit mt p dng ca quy trnh pht trin h a agent cho phn tch h dch v du lch TraNeS. Ni dung cc bc phn tch ny c trnh by gn lin vi cng c pht trin agentTool.

Chng 6: Thit k h dch v

Ni dung chnh ca chng ny l trnh by mt p dng ca quy trnh pht trin h a agent trong thit k cho thit k h dch v du lch TraNeS.
Chng 7: Ci t v tch hp h dch v

Ni dung ca chng ny trnh by cc vn lin quan n ci t v tch hp h dch v thng lng.


Chng 8: Gii thiu h TraNeS

Ni dung nhm im qua mt s c trng v cch tin hnh ci t ca h dch v du lch TraNeS c pht trin trong cc Chng 5, 6 v 7. Kt lun Phn cui cng l kt lun v mt s vn cn quan tm nghin cu hn na trong pht trin cc ng dng. Ti liu ny c vit vi gi thit rng ngi c quen thuc vi phng php lun pht trin phn mm hng i tng. Do , nhiu khi nim khng c nhc li nh use case, biu tng tc, biu trng thi. Mc d nhm ti c nhiu n lc hon thin ti liu nhng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp v ch bo ca cc ng nghip.

MC LC
LI GII THIU.........................................................................................................1 Phn 1 C s pht trin h a agent..........................................................................3
Chng 1: H a agent.....................................................................................................3 Chng 2: Tng tc trong h a agent ..........................................................................3 Chng 3: Ontology trong h a agent............................................................................3 Chng 4: Quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent.............................................3

Phn 2: p dng pht trin h dch v du lch..........................................................3


Chng 5: Phn tch h dch v.......................................................................................3 Kt lun............................................................................................................................4

CHNG 1 .................................................................................................................9 H A AGENT............................................................................................................9 1.1 Agent................................................................................................................10


1.1.1 Khi nim agent.....................................................................................................10 1.1.2 Agent v i tng ...............................................................................................12

1.2 H a agent.......................................................................................................13
1.2.1 Khi nim h a agent...........................................................................................13 1.2.2 Mi trng tnh ton thch hp cho h a agent...................................................14 1.2.3 Cc ng dng ca h a agent...............................................................................15

1.3 Cc phng php lun pht trin h a agent...................................................16 1.3.1 Cc cch tip cn pht trin h a agent........................................................17
1.3.1.1 Cc phng php m hnh yu cu....................................................................18 1.3.1.2 Cc cch tip cn trong phn tch thit k h thng a agent............................19

1.4 Phng php lun Gaia.....................................................................................22


1.4.1 Gii thiu chung....................................................................................................22 1.4.2 Pha phn tch.........................................................................................................23 1.4.3 Pha thit k............................................................................................................23

1.5 Phng php lun MAS-CommonKADS.........................................................24


1.5.1 Gii thiu chung....................................................................................................24 1.5.2 Pha khi nim ho.................................................................................................25 1.5.3 Pha phn tch.........................................................................................................25 1.5.4 Pha thit k............................................................................................................27

1.4 Kt lun............................................................................................................28 CHNG 2................................................................................................................29 TNG TC ............................................................................................................29 TRONG H A AGENT...........................................................................................29 2.1 Tng quan v tng tc trong h a agent........................................................30
2.1.1 Ngn ng truyn thng gia cc agent..................................................................31 2.1.2 Cc m hnh tng tc..........................................................................................33 2.1.3 Tng tc vi agent trung gian.............................................................................37

2.2 Thng lng trong h a agent.......................................................................40 2.3 M hnh thng lng song phng................................................................42
2.3.1 C s ton hc cho thng lng song phng...................................................42 2.3.2 Chin lc thng lng cho agent bn...............................................................45 2.3.3 Chin lc thng lng cho agent mua..............................................................48

2.4 Kt lun............................................................................................................52 5

CHNG 3................................................................................................................53 ONTOLOGY TRONG H A AGENT....................................................................53 3.1 Khi nim Ontology.........................................................................................54


3.1.1 Khi nim..............................................................................................................54 3.1.2 Ontology v c s tri thc.....................................................................................55 3.1.3 Phn loi ontology.................................................................................................56 3.1.4 Vai tr ca ontology trong tng tc gia cc agent............................................57

3.2 Biu din ontology............................................................................................58


3.2.1 Biu din ontology theo kiu hnh thc................................................................59 3.2.2 Biu din ontology theo kiu khng hnh thc.....................................................65

3.3 Phng php lun xy dng ontology tng qut...............................................67 3.4 Kt lun............................................................................................................69 ....................................................................................................................................71 CHNG 4 ...............................................................................................................71 QUY TRNH PHT TRIN H PHN MM HNG AGENT............................71 4.1 c im ca phng php lun MaSE............................................................72 4.2 Quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent................................................73
4.2.1 Khi qut cc bc pht trin................................................................................73 4.2.2 Pha phn tch.........................................................................................................75 4.2.3 Pha thit k............................................................................................................95

4.3 Kt lun..........................................................................................................105 CHNG 5 .............................................................................................................107 PHN TCH H DCH V.....................................................................................107 5.1 M hnh s thch ngi s dng.....................................................................108
M hnh s thch v nhu cu ngi s dng l mt trong nhng vn then cht ca pht trin cc h thng v c bit cc h dch v thng mi in t. Mc ny dnh trnh by bi ton du lch m chng ti chn lm mu cho qu trnh pht trin h thng v sau xem xt vn m hnh s thch ngi s dng............................................108 5.1.1 Bi ton dch v du lch.......................................................................................108 5.1.2 M hnh s thch ngi s dng..........................................................................109 a. Rng buc cc thuc tnh..........................................................................................109 b. Rng buc gia cc mt hng...................................................................................111

5.2 Phn tch h thng .........................................................................................112


5.2.1 Xc nh ch ca h thng.................................................................................112 5.2.2 Xy dng cc use case.........................................................................................114 5.2.3 Xy dng ontology..............................................................................................117 5.2.4 Hon thin cc role..............................................................................................119

5.3 Kt lun..........................................................................................................123 CHNG 6..............................................................................................................124 THIT K H DCH V.........................................................................................124 6.1 Mt s vn v thit k h a agent.............................................................125 6.2 Thit k h a agent .......................................................................................126
6.2.1 Xy dng cc lp agent.......................................................................................126 6.2.2 Xy dng cc phin hi thoi..............................................................................127 6.2.3 Hon thin cc agent...........................................................................................132 6.2.4 Trin khai h thng..............................................................................................136

6.3 Kt lun..........................................................................................................136 CHUNG 7..............................................................................................................137 6

CI T V TCH HP H THNG...................................................................137 7.1 Vi nt v agentMom .....................................................................................138 7.2 M hnh tch hp h thng..............................................................................140


7.2.1 UserAgent............................................................................................................140 7.2.2 HotelAgent v TrainAgent..................................................................................140 7.2.3 MatchAgent.........................................................................................................141 7.2.4 Hot ng ca h thng.......................................................................................142

7.3 Ci t cc lp agent.......................................................................................143
7.3.1 UserAgent............................................................................................................143 7.3.2 HotelAgent..........................................................................................................149 7.3.3 TrainAgent...........................................................................................................153 7.3.4 MatchAgent.........................................................................................................156

7.4 Kt lun..........................................................................................................159 CHNG 8..............................................................................................................160 GII THIU H TRANES .....................................................................................160 8.1 c trng ca H TraNeS...............................................................................161 8.2 Cc m hnh hot ng ca h TraNeS...........................................................161 ..............................................................................................................................163 8.3 Cc nhm chc nng ca H TraNeS.............................................................165 8.5 Bi hc t pht trin h TraNeS......................................................................183 8.6 Kt lun..........................................................................................................185 KT LUN..............................................................................................................186

PHN 1

C S PHT TRIN H A AGENT

CHNG 1

H A AGENT
Agent H a agent Mt s vn c bn khi nghin cu v pht trin h a agent Cc phng php lun pht trin h a agent

Ni dung chng ny trc ht trnh by mt cch khi qut v agent, h a agent, mi trng thch hp cho ng dng h a agent, v ba vn c bn cn quan tm khi nghin cu v pht trin h a agent l ontology, tng tc v phng php lun pht trin h a agent. Phn tip theo ca chng tp trung trnh by tng quan cc phng php lun trong pht trin h a agent nhm lm c s cho xy dng quy trnh pht trin h a agent s trnh by trong Chng 4.

CHNG 1: H A AGENT

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1.1 Agent
1.1.1 Khi nim agent Trong nhng nm gn y, s pht trin ca cc cng ngh Internet dn ti vic p dng rng ri ca cng ngh thng tin vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca cuc sng nh tm kim truy xut thng tin, qun l mng vin thng, thng mi in t, h tr ra quyt nh, gii tr, S a dng ca cc lnh vc p dng khin cho vic pht trin phn mm cng ngy cng tr nn phc tp v s phc tp ny th hin mt s c im sau y: Khi lng cng vic cn x l ngy cng ln: Cc h phn mm ngy nay phi x l mt khi lng d liu rt ln hoc thao tc trn mt s lng ln cc ngun thng tin. Bn cnh , qu trnh pht trin h thng thng xuyn phi i mt vi cc bi ton c phc tp ln (nhiu bi ton thuc dng NP y ) c bit l vi cc ng dng thng mi in t hay iu khin phc tp. Yu cu v tnh chnh xc ngy cng cao: Yu cu ny xut hin cng vi s ra i ca cc h thng i hi chnh xc v thi gian thc nh cc h iu khin khng lu, iu khin thit b vin thng, cc bi ton qun l lu lng, qun l tin trnh cng vic c bit, vic xy dng v trin khai cc ng dng thi gian thc ang ngy cng tr thnh nhu cu tt yu v l mt trong nhng hng pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng ni chung. Yu cu v tnh m v phn tn: Yu cu ny xut hin cng vi s pht trin ca cc h thng mng, c bit l h thng trn mng Internet. Ngy nay, hu ht cc h thng thng tin u gn b cht ch vi mi trng mng. Internet tr thnh mt phn quan trng trong cuc sng con ngi v do cc phn mm cng cn phi p ng ngy cng tt hn cc nhu cu ca con ngi nh tm kim thng tin, h tr ngi mua v ngi bn a ra quyt nh,... v phi c tnh m, tc l c th c cp nht, thay i hay b sung cc dch v vo h thng. Yu cu tnh c lp cao gia cc thnh phn trong h thng: Yu cu ny th hin r nht trong cc h ra quyt nh v cc h thng mi in t. Cc h thng ny yu cu cc thnh phn phi hot ng c lp v ch ng tng tc vi cc thnh phn khc nhm hng ti ch ring ca mnh. Nht l trong cc h thng m mc ch ring ca cc thnh phn l khng thng nht vi nhau, thm ch tranh chp nhau th yu cu ny cng tr nn quan trng. Nhng yu cu ny dn n s nghin cu v pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh phn mm trong nhng nm gn y. Cch tip cn da trn cu trc chim u th vo nhng nm 70-80 dn dn b thay th bi phng php lun hng i tng vi

CHNG 1: H A AGENT

11

tp k hiu chun UML m ngy nay tr thnh ph bin trong phn tch, thit k v xy dng cc h phn mm. Tuy nhin, khi h thng thng tin cng ngy cng phc tp th ngi ta cng nhn ra s hn ch ca cch tip cn ny. Nguyn nhn c bn l do tnh th ng ca cc i tng ngha l cc i tng ch thc s hot ng khi nhn c mt thng ip t i tng khc. Vi cc h thng c yu cu v tnh phn tn nh cc h thng lng trong thng mi in t, cc h qun l mng vin thngth tng tc th ng nh vy t ra khng ph hp. Cc thnh phn phn mm trong h thng nh vy phi phc v cho nhng dch v khc nhau v do cn phi ch ng theo mc ch ca ring mnh ng thi phi tng tc vi cc thnh phn khc chia s ti nguyn, yu cu h tr tnh ton... Ta th xt mt v d sau y. Trong h dch v du lch, ngi s dng thng c nhiu yu cu khc nhau cho cc gi du lch ca mnh nh v my bay, v tu, ch ...Do , thnh phn phn mm thay mt ngi dng cn phi tng tc, thng lng vi nhiu dch v khc mt cch t ng v sau tch hp kt qu gi li cho ngi s dng, mi thnh phn nh th c gi l mt agent. Mc d cho n nay cha c mt nh ngha thng nht v khi nim ny, nhiu nghin cu cho rng: Agent l mt h tnh ton hon chnh hay chng trnh c t trong mt mi trng nht nh, c kh nng hot ng mt cch t ch v mm do trong mi trng nhm t c mc ch thit k. Cc c trng c bn ca agent sau y c nhiu ngi tha nhn ([9], [13], [14], [20] ): Tnh t ch (autonomy): Mi agent c mt trng thi ring, c lp vi cc agent khc (t
ch trng thi bn trong) ng thi n c th t quyt nh cc hnh ng ca mnh (t ch v hnh ng). T ch trang thi bn trong th hin ch: mi agent cha mt trng thi no ca ring n, cc agent khc khng truy nhp c vo cc trng thi ny. Cn tnh t ch v hnh ng th hin ch agent c th t quyt nh cc hnh ng ca mnh (c th l mt hnh ng n hoc l mt chui cc hnh ng) da trn trng thi hin thi m khng c s can thip ca con ngi hay cc agent khc. Tnh t ch chnh l c trng quan trng nht ca agent.

Kh nng phn ng (reactivity): Tnh phn ng l kh nng agent c th nhn bit c


mi trng (qua b phn cm nhn no ) v da qua nhn bit , agent p ng kp thi nhng thay i xy ra trong mi trng. Tnh phn ng th hin r nht cc agent hot ng trn cc mi trng c tnh m v hay thay i nh Internet, mi trng mng phn tn, mi trng vt l, Phn ng ca mi mt agent i vi mi trng bn ngoi u hng ti vic thc hin mc tiu (ch) ca agent .

CHNG 1: H A AGENT

12

Tnh ch ng (pro-activeness): Khi c s thay i ca mi trng, agent khng ch phn


ng mt cch n gin m cn xc nh mt chui hnh ng cn thc hin, bn thn mi agent s ch ng trong vic khi ng v thc hin chui hnh ng ny.

Kh nng x hi (social ability): Cc agent khng ch hng ti ch ring ca mnh m


cn c kh nng tng tc vi cc agent khc trong h thng hng ti ch chung ca h thng. Cc hot ng tng tc ny rt a dng bao gm phi hp, thng lng, cnh tranh

1.1.2 Agent v i tng hiu r hn khi nim agent, chng ta hy so snh agent v i tng. Trong phng php hng i tng, cc i tng c nh ngha l cc thc th tnh ton ng gi bao gm cc trng thi, cc hnh ng hay phng thc trong trng thi v cc i tng lin lc vi nhau thng qua vic gi cc thng ip (message). Xt theo quan im h thng, c th xem mi agent cng l mt i tng nhng mc tru tng cao hn. V vy, khi nim i tng c s dng trong phn ny l ch cc i tng chun (standard object) trong phng php hng i tng. Vi nh ngha agent c cp Mc 1.1.1 th cc i tng v cc agent c cc im khc bit sau: Agent c tnh t ch cao hn i tng. iu ny th hin ch cc agent c th t quyt nh hnh ng ca mnh m khng phi l thc hin hnh ng theo yu cu ca agent khc. Ngc li, cc i tng ch thc s hot ng khi nhn c li gi hm t cc i tng khc. Trong cc ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng nh Java chng hn, cc i tng c cc thnh phn ring kiu private khng th truy nhp t cc i tng khc. Tuy nhin, cc i tng li khng th t ch v mt hnh vi ca mnh, mt i tng vi thnh phn public, c th c truy nhp bi cc i tng khc v ch khi mt i tng khc s dng cc li gi ti cc thnh phn public ca i tng ny th n mi thc s hot ng. Agent c tnh hng ch, mi agent c mt ch ring v ch ca cc agent trong mt h thng c th thng nht hay khng tng thch vi nhau. Trong khi cc i tng khng c mc ch ring, chng cng chia s mc ch chung ca c h thng. Do , cc agent thng phi thng lng vi nhau trong qu trnh tng tc. Agent c cc hnh vi linh hot da trn cc c trng nh tnh ch ng, kh nng phn ng v kh nng x hi trnh by trn. Cn cc i tng th khng c cc kiu hnh vi ny.

CHNG 1: H A AGENT

13

Mi agent c mt hoc nhiu lung iu khin (thread) ring. Trong h hng i tng cng c iu khin theo kiu lung (thread) nhng khng yu cu mi i tng l c thread ring m ngc li c th c nhiu i tng chung mt thread. Bn cht ca s khc nhau ny cng l c trng quan trng v mc t ch ca agent so vi i tng.

1.2 H a agent
1.2.1 Khi nim h a agent Kh nng ca mi agent th hin nng lc gii quyt vn ca ring agent . Trong mt h thng c th, thng thng ti nguyn dnh cho mi agent l hn ch do kh nng hnh ng ca mi agent cng l hn ch. Mi agent ch tp trung gii quyt mt vn ti mt v tr c th no ch khng th gii quyt c ht cc vn t ra cho h thng. Trong cc h phn tn phc tp, h a agent c xem l h x l thng tin c nhiu ha hn. C th hiu h a agent l mt tp cc agent cng hot ng trong mt h thng, mi agent c th c ch khc nhau nhng ton b h agent cng hng ti mc ch chung thng qua tng tc. Qu trnh tnh ton v x l thng tin trong h a agent c xem l c nhiu u im hn so vi cc h thng khc nh h i tng [20]: Kh nng tnh ton hiu qu.: H a agent cung cp kh nng tnh ton hiu qu hn nh qu trnh tnh ton c phn chia cho cc agent khc nhau v kh nng phi hp cng x l ca nhiu agent. tin cy cao: Do c nhiu agent cng tham gia gii bi ton v cc agent c c ch trao i, kim tra kt qu nn tin cy tnh ton trong h a agent c cho l cao hn. Kh nng m rng: H a agent l h m v c th c thm cc agent mi hoc bt i cc agent khi cc agent hon thnh nhim v. Kh nng ny ph hp vi tnh m ca yu cu cc h phn mm hin nay. Tnh mnh m: H a agent c th x l c cc bi ton ra quyt nh phc tp hoc cc bi ton da trn thng tin khng chc chn nh cc bi ton thng lng trong thng mi in t, cc bi ton iu khin t ng... Kh nng bo tr: Do h a agent gm nhiu agent, mi agent l mt module c tnh t ch cao nn h a agent l h d bo tr. Kh nng phn ng: H a agent k tha kh nng phn ng ca cc agent n nn khi nhn bit c mt thay i ca mi trng th cc agent trong h thng s phi hp vi nhau a ra hnh ng tng ng vi thay i .

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Tnh linh hot: Cc agent trong h a agent c kh nng khc nhau c th tng tc vi nhau cng gii quyt mt vn chung. Mt agent trong h thng khng phi ch agent khc m ch ng tng tc tm ra thng tin cn thit gii quyt vn t ra cho ring mnh. Kh nng s dng li: H a agent c kh nng s dng li v mi agent c kh nng ring v c th dng li cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau.

1.2.2 Mi trng tnh ton thch hp cho h a agent H a agent t ra c nhiu u im trong vic gii quyt cc bi ton phc tp hin nay da trn tnh nng ca tng agent v s phi hp gia cc agent. Cc mi trng v dng bi ton thch hp cho h a agent bao gm [20]:
H a agent c th gii quyt mt bi ton vt qu kh nng ca mt agent n. Trong h s dng mt agent n, h thng thng tp trung tt c cc x l cho mt agent duy nht. Nhng do ti nguyn ca mt agent n l hn ch (chng hn nh ng truyn hay b nh) nn cc h thng nh vy thng c nhng nt c chai, gy nghn mng hoc tnh trng b tc khi c qu nhiu yu cu tp trung v mt agent. H a agent gii quyt vn ny thng qua c ch phi hp, cng tc gia cc agent. H a agent cung cp phng php gii quyt cc bi ton phn tn trong c nhiu thnh phn t ch cng hot ng trong mt x hi agent (society of agent) v cng tun theo cc lut x hi (social law) trong x hi . Cc thnh phn trong cc h a agent khng phi lun lun c cng chung mt ch. thc hin cc ch ring ca mnh, cc agent c th tng tc vi cc agent khc theo cc giao thc tng tc nh: phi hp, cng tc, hoc trong trng hp mc ch ring mu thun nhau th c th l cnh tranh, thng lng. H a agent cung cp phng php gii quyt cc bi ton m thng tin c thu thp t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Cc ngun thng tin ny c bn cht phn tn trong mt h thng rt ln. V d c th cho dng bi ton ny chnh l bi ton truy xut thng tin trn internet, cc bi ton tch hp v x l thng tin Mt dng bi ton khc rt ph hp vi h a agent l bi ton tch hp h chuyn gia. Mi h chuyn gia l mt h thng tp trung gii quyt mt vn xc nh da trn tri thc ca chuyn gia v vn . Thc t c th c nhiu h chuyn gia tuy hng ti gii quyt cng mt vn nhng li phn tn nhng v tr rt xa nhau. H a agent cung cp kh nng phi hp gia cc h chuyn gia ny nng cao kh nng x l ca h thng. Cch tip cn hng agent ph hp khi h thng yu cu cc kiu lin lc phc tp, a dng. V d nh cc h thng s dng c ch lin lc ca con ngi hoc tng tc gia cc thc th hn tp.

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Cch tip cn hng agent ph hp cc h thng cn phi thc hin tt trong tnh hung khng th m t hnh vi ca cc thnh phn trong h thng mt cch r rng theo dng tng trng hp (case-by-case). Cch tip cn hng agent cng t ra ph hp trong tnh hung c s thng lng, cng tc hay cnh tranh gia cc thc th khc nhau trong h thng. V d nh cc tc v khc nhau vi cc ch xung t nhau c th cn phi thc hin ng thi, khi s c cc qu trnh cnh tranh hay thng lng gia cc thnh phn. Cch tip cn hng agent cng ph hp khi h thng phi hnh ng mt cch t ch thay mt ngi dng, v d nh trong cc qu trnh thng lng gia cc thnh phn bn trong h thng t ti nhng mc ch khc nhau.

1.2.3 Cc ng dng ca h a agent Trong nhng nm gn y, cc h a agent ngy cng tr nn ph bin v c p dng trong nhiu h thng khc nhau. Theo Jennings et al. [23], cc ng dng ca h a agent c th chia thnh cc nhm sau:
Cc h ng dng trong cng nghip Cc ng dng h a agent trong cng nghip l nhng ng dng u tin ca lnh vc nghin cu ny. Hin nay, agent c p dng rng ri trong cc dng h thng nh:

H sn xut: trong cc h a agent ng dng trong sn xut, cng vic s c phn chia thnh cc nhm cng vic hoc cc cng vic nh hn vo giao cho cc agent thc hin. Cc agent cn c c ch lp k hoch v phi hp (tng tc) ln nhau hon thnh cng vic c giao. H thng iu khin tin trnh: Cc h iu khin tin trnh c vai tr rt ln trong cng nghip. H a agent trong h thng ny s c xem nh mt b iu khin tin trnh (process controller) vi tnh t ch v linh hot iu khin hot ng ca tin trnh . H thng vin thng: cc h thng vin thng thng l cc h thng ln, phn tn, yu cu qu trnh gim st v qun l theo thi gian thc (nh qun l mng vin thng, gim st hot ng ca thit b). Cc ng dng ny rt ph hp vi h a agent. Ngoi ra, h a agent cng c p dng trong cc h thng qun l khng lu v qun l lu lng giao thng. y l cc h qun l yu cu tnh thi gian thc cao, cc thnh phn trong h thng phi c tnh t ch v linh hot trong x l tnh hung.

Cc ng dng trong thng mi Trong thi gian gn y, h a agent ngy cng c p dng nhiu trong thng mi in t. Vi cc h ng dng ny, vic trao i mua bn din ra thun li v hiu qu

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hn cho c ngi bn, ngi mua cng nh cc nh sn xut. Cc h ng dng agent trong thng mi bao gm:

H qun l thng tin: Cc h thng ny thc hin vic lc, tch v thu thp thng tin cn thit dng trong thng mi. H thng thng xuyn phi x l mt khi lng thng tin rt ln nhm cung cp cho ngi dng nhng thng tin cn thit. Cc h thng mi in t: Cc agent trong cc h thng mi in t s i din cho ngi bn, ngi mua cng nh ngi mi gii trong cc giao dch in t. Cc agent ny t trao i vi nhau thng qua cc chin lc thng lng ca mnh. y chnh l xu hng pht trin ca thng mi in t hin nay. Cc ng dng qun l tin trnh kinh doanh. Qun l tin trnh kinh doanh nhm gip cho ngi qun l ra quyt nh trong mt tnh hung c th hoc thc hin mt cng vic c th no vi s h tr ca tt c cc thnh vin trong n v. Cc agent s i din cho cc thnh vin thc hin cc vai tr xc nh. Cng vic s c phn chia cho cc nhm thnh vin da trn c ch tng tc gia cc agent.

Cc ng dng gii tr Cc h a agent cng c s dng xy dng cc ng dng gii tr nh cc tr chi in t v cc ng dng khc nh nh ht hay rp chiu phim tng tc (Interactive Theatre and Cinema). Cc ng dng trong y t

ng dng gim st bnh nhn. Cc agent hot ng nh cc chuyn gia theo di hoc chn on bnh cho ngi bnh. Vic chn on bnh c thc hin thng qua c ch lp lun ca agent. Cc ng dng chm sc sc kho (Health Care). H a agent c thit k thc hin cc nhim v ca mng li y t cng ng.

1.3 Cc phng php lun pht trin h a agent


Trong nghin cu pht trin h a agent ba vn sau y c quan tm xem xt:
Tng tc gia cc agent

Trong cc h a agent, mi agent l mt thnh phn ch ng v hng ti ch ring nn cn phi trao trao i thng tin-tri thc vi nhau v thng lng vi nhau khi cn thit. Qu trnh trao i, tng tc gia cc agent khng th ging vi dng tng tc th ng (thng qua cc li gi hm) trong h hng i tng. Vn tng tc gia cc agent c xem l then cht trong pht trin h a agent v s c trnh by chi tit trong Chng 2.
Ontology

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cc agent tng tc vi nhau thng qua vic gi v nhn cc thng ip truyn thng ging nh cc i tng. Tuy nhin, cc thng ip ny khng biu din cc li gi hm n gin m cn phi biu din c thng tin v tri thc trao i gia cc agent. Mi agent trong h a agent c th c mt min quan tm ring, cc agent hiu nhau trong qu trnh trao i cn mt cu trc ng ngha gi l ontology. Ontology v xy dng ontology biu din thng tin v tri thc trong h thng s c trnh by chi tit trong Chng 3.
Phng php lun pht trin h a agent

Xy dng h a agent cn phi theo quan im no v cc bc no? Do xut pht im ca cc nh nghin cu khc nhau (hoc l t cng ng tr tu nhn to hoc l t gii nghin cu hng i tng) nn c nhng quan im khc nhau v pht trin h a agent. iu ny dn ti vic c nhiu phng php lun pht trin h a agent khc nhau; hoc da trn phng php lun truyn thng hng i tng hoc da trn cng ngh tri thc hoc c hai. Tng quan cc phng php lun pht trin h a agent s c cp tip theo trong phn ny. 1.3.1 Cc cch tip cn pht trin h a agent Nhu cu pht trin cc ng dng phn mm da trn cng ngh agent trong nhng nm gn y dn n s ra i ca nhiu phng php lun da vo ba cch tip cn sau y: (1) cch tip cn da trn agent v cng ngh agent, (2) cch tip cn pht trin t hng i tng v (3) cch tip cn da trn cng ngh tri thc. Ni dung phn cn li ca chng ny trc ht trnh by cc cch tip cn xy dng h a agent v mt s phng php lun c pht trin da trn cc cch tip cn . Sau , chng ti s tp trung trnh by khi qut hai phng php lun i din cho hai cch tip cn (1) v (2) l Gaia v MAS-CommonKADS. Qu trnh pht trin mt h thng phn mm thng thng bao gm cc pha chnh sau y: Xc nh yu cu Phn tch Thit k Ci t v tch hp

Trong cc pha trn th phn tch v thit k h thng c xem l cc pha chnh th hin quan im ca ngi pht trin v h thng ca mnh. Phn tip theo s trnh by mt s phng php m hnh yu cu ca ngi s dng, cc cch tip cn trong phn

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tch v thit k h a agent; phn ci t v tch hp cho mt p dng c th s c trnh by trong chng 7 ca ti liu ny. 1.3.1.1 Cc phng php m hnh yu cu Vic xc nh yu cu h thng l cng vic u tin cn thc hin khi xy dng mt h a agent. Phng php m hnh yu cu nhm m hnh v phn tch cc yu cu chc nng cng nh cc yu cu phi chc nng ca h cn pht trin. Tp cc yu cu cn phi c kh nng biu din y v chnh xc cc rng buc ca h thng trn thc t; n ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gim st cc thay i c th c trong ton b qu trnh phn tch thit k sau ny. Theo Weiss [37], c hai hng khc nhau trong vic m hnh ho yu cu h thng: (1) m hnh yu cu hng agent v (2) m hnh yu cu hng ch (goal). Chng ta s ln lt xem xt hai k thut ny.
Phng php m hnh ho yu cu hng agent

M hnh yu cu hng agent da trn hai c im: Mi agent l mt phn mm c th c kh nng hot ng t ch v hng ti ch ring ca mnh. Agent c xy dng da trn vic m hnh qu trnh nhn thc v lp lun ca con ngi. Nh vy, mi yu cu cn phi xc nh c: h a agent nhm mc ch gii quyt nhng vn g; cn phi m hnh ho nhng tri thc no v nht l m hnh ho c ch lp lun ca agent da trn nhng c s no. Cc phng php i din cho kiu m hnh ny gm:
i*: y l c s m hnh ho tp yu cu thng qua cc thuc tnh nh (intention) nh mc ch (goal) hay tho thun (commitment). Cc yu cu s c nhm theo cc thuc tnh nh ny v thng qua qu trnh m hnh ho chuyn sang giai on phn tch (v c t) yu cu. ALBERT (Agent-oriented Language for Bulding and Eliciting Real-Time requirement) v ALBERTII. y l cc k thut xc nh yu cu tp trung vo khi nim agent. ALBERT ng thi cng l mt ngn ng c t yu cu theo kiu hnh thc.

Hai kiu m hnh ho i* v ALBERT c th p dng ring bit hoc kt hp vi nhau. M hnh yu cu trong phng php lun Tropos ([2]) chnh l v d ca vic kt hp hai kiu ny.
Phng php m hnh ho yu cu hng ch

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ch (goal) l khi nim tr li cu hi h thng hng ti ci g. Phng php m hnh ha yu cu hng ch s xc nh cc yu cu chc nng v phi chc nng theo phng php sau: Yu cu chc nng s c thu thp v nhm theo tr li ca cc cu hi ci g. Tc l cn phi tr li cc cu hi nh h thng hng ti thc hin cc cng vic g? cc thnh phn no cn c trong h thng? cc rng buc ca h thng l g?. Cc yu cu phi chc nng nhm m hnh ho cc cu hi ti sao, th no nh h thng thc hin nhim v ca mnh nh th no, ti sao cn h a agent? Cc v d ca phng php m hnh ho yu cu hng ch:
KAOS (Knowledge Acquistion in automated Specification): l mt khun mu chung m hnh ho yu cu da trn tnh hng ch ca agent. NFR (Non-Functional Requirement): Tp trung vo vic c t v lp lun lin quan n cc yu cu phi chc nng. NFR cng xy dng phng php biu din cc yu cu softgoal, v d nh cc goal khng nh ngha mt cch r rng c, cc goal m t yu cu tho mn rng buc...

1.3.1.2 Cc cch tip cn trong phn tch thit k h thng a agent Theo [37] cc phng php lun phn tch v thit k h a agent u c xy dng da trn mt trong ba cch tip cn (Xem Hnh 1.1): Da trn agent v cng ngh agent Pht trin t phng php hng i tng Da trn cng ngh tri thc.

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Phng php lun pht trin h a agent

Cch tip cn da trn Agent v Cng ngh Agent:


Cc khi nim tru tng mc x hi: Agent, nhm, t chc

Cch tip cn pht trin t hng i tng


Agent: object c mc tru tng cao hn. M rng UML

Cch tip cn theo Cng ngh tri thc


Da trn qu trnh nhn dng, thu nhn v m hnh ho tri thc

Hnh 1.1: Cc cch tip cn xy dng phng php lun a agent

Cch tip cn theo agent v cng ngh agent

Cc nghin cu xy dng phng php lun pht trin h a agent theo cc c trng ca agent v cng ngh agent xut pht t cc nhn nh sau: - Agent c nhng c trng ring nh tnh t ch, tnh ch ng v kh
nng phn ng. Cc c trng ny l khc hon ton khc vi i tng v to cho agent kh nng tng tc ch ng v kh nng suy lun m cc i tng khng c. V vy, khng th m hnh ho agent bng cch s dng cc phng php lun dnh cho hng i tng. - Agent hot ng nh mt x hi vi cc lut chi phi ring nn c th xem xt agent t kha cnh x hi v s dng cc khi nim tru tng mc x hi m hnh ho cc agent trong h thng.

Cc khi nim tru tng mc x hi c s dng m hnh ho agent theo cch tip cn ny bao gm agent, nhm (group), t chc (organization) ... Mc tru tng x hi c xem nh l mt mc tru tng cao hn so vi mc i tng thng thng v ph hp vi vic biu din cc agent v x hi cc agent bao gm cc thnh phn c tnh phn ng, linh hot v tng tc ch ng. Da trn cc khi nim tru tng mc x hi m phng php lun ny nh ngha cc bc, cc pha ca ton b qu trnh pht trin h thng. Thng thng, vi cch tip cn ny, qu trnh pht trin h thng c phn thnh hai pha tch bit: pha phn tch v pha thit k. Pha phn tch tng ng vi m

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hnh t chc (organization model) cn pha thit k ng vi m hnh agent (agent model). Tiu biu cho cc phng php lun thuc loi ny l cc phng php lun Gaia, SODA, AALAADINPhng php lun Gaia s c gii thiu chi tit hn trong phn 1.4.
Cch tip cn pht trin t phng php hng i tng.

Khc vi cch tip cn trn, cch tip cn pht trin t phng php hng i tng da trn quan im cho rng cc k thut c pht trin v c p dng rng ri cho cng ngh phn mm hng i tng c th c m rng cho cc phn mm hng agent. Cch tip cn ny xem mi agent cng l mt i tng nhng mc tru tng cao hn. Cc cng c s dng biu din i tng v phn tch thit k h thng hng i tng nh UML hon ton c th m rng biu din cc c trng ring ca agent. Cc nghin cu xy dng phng php lun pht trin t phng php lun hng i tng tp trung vo cc cng vic sau: - Pht trin cc cng c da trn nn tng sn c ca hng i tng p dng cho h a agent, v d nh m rng UML thnh AUML (Agent UML). - B sung cc bc, pha mang tnh c trng ca agent v cng ngh agent nh ch (goal), vai tr (role) v ontology. Tiu biu cho cc phng php lun ny l cc phng php lun MaSE, MASSIVE, KGR...
Cch tip cn da trn cng ngh tri thc

Da trn quan im cho rng qu trnh m hnh tri thc ring ca mi agent v s trao i tri thc gia cc agent trong h thng chnh l c s ca mi hot ng ca h thng, cc nghin cu theo cch tip cn ny s dng cc khi nim v qu trnh trong cng ngh tri thc xy dng nn phng php lun cho h a agent. Cc phng php lun ny tp trung vo cc qu trnh thu thp tri thc (Knowledge acquisition), m hnh tri thc (Knowledge modelling) v lp lun c s dng bi cc thnh phn agent trong h thng phn mm. Tiu biu cho cch tip cn ny l cc phng php lun nh CoMoMAS, MASComonKADS. Nh vy, c ba cch tip cn trong phn tch v thit k h a agent. Mi cch tip cn li c nhng u im ring. hiu nhng im khc bit ca cc phng php lun theo cc cch tip cn ny, phn cn li ca chng ny dnh trnh by v phng

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php lun Gaia (theo cch tip cn agent v cng ngh agent) v phng php lun MAS-CommonKADS (theo cch tip cn da trn cng ngh tri thc). Ring vi MaSE, i din cho cch tip cn pht trin t hng i tng, l phng php lun c la chn xy dng quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent s c trnh by chi tit trong chng 4 ca ti liu.

1.4 Phng php lun Gaia


1.4.1 Gii thiu chung Gaia [38] l mt phng php lun c xy dng theo cch tip cn agent v cng ngh agent. Phng php lun ny phn bit hon ton hai pha phn tch v thit k ng thi kt hp cc m hnh khc nhau trong cc pha . Gaia tp trung xem xt h a agent trn kha cnh t chc vi cc khi nim nh: vai tr (role), tng tc (interaction), v thu thp tri thc (acquaintance). Phng php lun Gaia tin hnh pht trin h thng da trn c hai quan im: quan im v m vi mc x hi (social level) v quan im vi m vi mc agent (agent level). Cc bc phn tch thit k trong Gaia l s chuyn tip gia cc m hnh trong qu trnh xy dng h thng. Mi quan h gia cc bc ny c biu din nh trong Hnh 1.2 :
Tp yu cu (Requirement Statement)

M hnh vai tr (Role model)

M hnh tng tc (Interaction model)

PHA PHN TCH PHA THIT K

M hnh agent (Agent model)

M hnh dch v (Service model)

M hnh tri thc (Acquaintance model)

Hnh 1.2: Cc bc pht trin ca Gaia

Gaia cng mn mt s khi nim v k hiu t phn tch thit k h hng i tng. Tuy nhin, Gaia khng p dng cc phng php ny pht trin h a agent m cung cp mt tp cc khi nim mang tnh c trng ca agent gip cho ngi pht trin c th hiu v m hnh ho c cc h thng phc tp. Gaia gip ngi pht trin h thng xem qu trnh pht trin h agent nh l mt qu trnh thit k t chc (organisational design). Cc khi nim chnh trong Gaia c phn thnh hai nhm

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chnh l tru tng v c th. Cc khi nim tru tng bao gm role, quyn hn (permission), trch nhim (responsibilities), giao thc (protocol), hot ng (activities) cn cc khi nim c th l kiu agent (agent type), dch v (service) hay thu thp tri thc (acquaintance). Ta s ln lt xem xt chi tit cc pha phn tch v thit k trong Gaia. 1.4.2 Pha phn tch Mc ch ca pha phn tch l pht trin mt hiu bit c bn v h thng v cu trc ca n (khng xt chi tit n vic ci t h thng). Hiu bit ny c biu din theo cu trc t chc ca h thng. Chng ta c th xem cu trc t chc ca mt h thng bao gm mt tp cc role, cc mi quan h gia cc role v tng tc gia cc role . Khi nim role trong Gaia bao gm bn thuc tnh: trch nhim (responsibilities), quyn hn (permissions), hot ng (activities) v giao thc (protocols). Trch nhim xc nh cc yu cu chc nng ng vi role . Quyn hn ca mt role gip nhn ra cc trch nhim thng qua vic xc nh cc ti nguyn sn sng cho role . Cc hot ng ca role l cc tnh ton lin kt vi role m agent c th c th tin hnh m khng cn tng tc vi agent khc. Mi role cng c nh ngha bi mt s giao thc, mi giao thc xc nh role phi tng tc vi cc role khc nh th no. Da trn yu cu, pha phn tch s tin hnh xy dng m hnh role v m hnh tng tc gia cc agent trong h thng. M hnh role nhm xc nh cc role ca h thng v c biu din mt cch tru tng theo hai thuc tnh: - Cc quyn hn ng vi role - Cc trch nhim ca role M hnh tng tc xc nh s ph thuc v cc mi quan h gia cc role trong t chc a agent. Mi giao thc tng tc kt ni 2 role s c nh ngha c th trong m hnh ny. Tng tc trong m hnh ny c xem xt theo bn cht t nhin v mc ch ca tng tc ch khng phi da trn vic gi v nhn cc thng ip. 1.4.3 Pha thit k Mc ch ca pha thit k trong Gaia l chuyn cc m hnh trong pha phn tch sang mc tru tng thp hn (tng t nh trong thit k hng i tng) nhm hng ti vic ci t h thng. Ni cch khc, pha thit k nhm tr li cu hi lm th no x hi cc agent thng qua tng tc t c ch ca h thng, v ring vi cc agent th cn nhng g t c iu .

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Pha thit k trong Gaia bao gm ba m hnh: m hnh agent xc nh cc kiu agent trong h thng v cc agent c th trong h thng s l cc th hin ca cc kiu agent ny; m hnh dch v xc nh cc dch v chnh cn c thc hin cc role trong kiu agent tng ng; cn m hnh thu thp tri thc nhm biu din lin lc gia cc agent khc nhau. Ta s xem xt c th tng m hnh:
M hnh agent Mc ch l xc nh cc kiu agent c th s dng trong qu trnh pht trin h thng. Mt kiu agent l mt tp cc role. Trn thc t c th tn ti cc tng ng 1-1 gia cc role v cc kiu agent. Tuy nhin, iu ny l khng bt buc, ngi thit k c th chn mt s role mt s role c lin quan vo trong cng mt kiu agent cho ph hp. Vi mi kiu agent, ngi thit k c th xc nh s agent th hin c th c thng qua mt ch gii ghi bn di tn lp agent nh sau. Nu s ch gii c dng l mt s n th s c chnh xc n th hin, nu l m..n th s c t nht l m v nhiu nht l n th hin, nu l * c th c 0 n nhiu th hin, cn nu l + th c ngha l c t 1 n nhiu th hin. M hnh dch v Xc nh cc dch v kt hp vi mi role v c t cc thuc tnh chnh ca dch v . C th xem mi dch v l mt chc nng ca agent. Mi dch v s c cc thuc tnh nh u vo, u ra, cc iu kin u vo (pre-conditions) v cc iu kin u ra (post-conditions). Cc iu kin u vo v u ra xc nh cc rng buc cho dch v . M hnh thu thp tri thc Xc nh cc lin lc gia cc kiu agent tn ti. M hnh khng xc nh thng ip g c gi i v khi no gi i, m ch n gin l ch ra cc phin lin lc ang tn ti. Mc ch ca m hnh ny l nhm pht hin ra cc nt c chai c th c trong thi gian hot ng ca h thng. Mt m hnh c dng nh mt th vi cc node l cc kiu agent.

1.5 Phng php lun MAS-CommonKADS


1.5.1 Gii thiu chung MAS-CommonKADS [21] l phng php lun m rng t CommonKADS p dng cho phn tch v thit k h a agent. y l mt phng php lun theo cch tip cn da trn cng ngh tri thc. Phng php lun ny thm vo CommonKADS cc k thut ca phn tch thit k hng i tng nh k thut m hnh ho i tng (Object Modelling Technique: OMT), thit k hng trch nhim (Responsibility Driving Design: RDD) v cc k thut m t giao thc agent nh

CHNG 1: H A AGENT

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ngn ng m t v c t (Specification and Description Language: SDL) v biu thng ip tun t (Message Sequence Charts). MAS-CommonKADS a ra cc m hnh sau: M hnh agent (Agent model: AM): biu din cc c tnh ca agent nh: kh nng lp lun, cc dch v, cc nhm agent v cc s phn cp cc agent. M hnh task (Task model: TM): biu din cc task m agent c th tin hnh, cc ch (goal), cc thnh phn M hnh chuyn gia (Expert model: EM): biu din tri thc cn cho agent t c ch ca n t ra. M hnh t chc (Organisation model: OM): biu din cu trc t chc x hi trong h a agent cn xy dng. M hnh phi hp (CoM): biu din cc phin hi thoi gia cc agent, cc tng tc v cc giao thc tng tc tng ng. M hnh lin lc (Communication model: CM): biu din chi tit cc tng tc gia con ngi vi h thng a agent. M hnh thit k (Design model: DM): tp hp t cc m hnh trc thit k h thng. Bao gm ba m hnh nh: thit k mng, thit k agent v thit k nn.

Cc bc pht trin h a agent theo phng php lun MAS-CommonKADS bao gm 3 pha chnh l: pha khi nim ho, pha phn tch v pha thit k. Chng ta s ln lt xem xt cc pha ny. 1.5.2 Pha khi nim ho Nhim v chnh ca pha ny l m t bi ton thng qua cc biu use cases v scenario c dng tng t nh trong phn tch hng i tng. Cc biu ny gip chng ta hiu r cc yu cu phi hnh thc ca h thng v kim tra h thng v sau. Mi thnh phn tham gia vo cc use case v biu tun t c gi l mt role. 1.5.3 Pha phn tch Mc ch ca pha phn tch l c t cc yu cu ca h thng vo trong cc m hnh c ch ra trong phn 1.5.1 tr m hnh thit k. Qu trnh xy dng cc m hnh ny c m t ngn gn nh sau.

CHNG 1: H A AGENT

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Xy dng M hnh agent Cc agent s c xc nh theo cc chin lc sau: - Phn tch cc thnh phn tham gia vo cc use case xc nh trong pha khi nim ho nhm cc role tng t nhau vo trong mt agent nhm n gin ho cc trao i, lin lc trong h thng.

- Phn tch cc cu trong m t bi ton tm ra cc ch ng l cc i tng ch


ng v gn chng thnh cc agent. Cc hnh ng ca cc ch ng ny s tr thnh ch ca agent nu nh hnh ng do agent khi to, v s tr thnh dch v ca n nu nh hnh ng c thc hin theo yu cu bn ngoi.

- S dng chin lc heuristics: cc agent s c xc nh thng qua cc khi nim


v khong cch nh: s phn tn tri thc, phn tn v a l, phn tn v mt logic hoc phn tn v t chc.

- S dng m hnh chuyn gia xc nh cc chc nng v cc yu cu v nng lc


x l tri thc, thng qua nh ngha cc agent. - S dng th CRC v k thut RDD ging nh trong thit k hng i tng. Xy dng M hnh Task Cc task c xc nh theo cch tip cn t trn xung v c biu din theo dng hnh cy. M t mt task bao gm tn ca task, u vo v u ra ca task, cu trc ca task, cc iu kin thc hin, M hnh ny gip ngi pht trin h thng d dng qun l cc thay i trong cc bc cn li ca pha phn tch cng nh trong pha thit k. Xy dng M hnh phi hp M hnh phi hp c xy dng theo 2 pha: - nh ngha cc knh truyn thng gia cc agent v xy dng mt bn mu (prototype). - Phn tch cc tng tc v ch ra cc tng tc phc tp cng vi cc giao thc phi hp tng ng. Mi pha bao gm mt lot cc bc nh, trong s dng cc k hiu theo MSC (Message Sequence Chart), SDL (Specification and Description Language) hoc biu din thng qua cc cu trc tri thc (tham kho thm trong [21]). Xy dng M hnh tri thc Ngi pht trin s s dng m hnh chuyn gia m hnh ho kh nng lp lun ca cc agent trong vic thc hin cc task v hng ti ch ca n. y ch c mt s m hnh chuyn gia c xy dng nhm m hnh ho kh nng lp lun trong min tri thc v m hnh ho kh nng suy lun ca agent.

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M hnh chuyn gia biu din cc tri thc ng dng (bao gm tri thc min, tri thc lp lun, v tri thc tc v) cng vi tri thc gii quyt bi ton. Qu trnh xy dng m hnh tri thc s ln lt xem xt v biu din cc tri thc ng dng v cc tri thc gii quyt bi ton. Xy dng M hnh t chc Tng t nh trong CommonKADS, m hnh t chc trong MAS-CommonKADS cng c xy dng biu din cc mi quan h tnh hoc c cu trc ho gia cc agent (trong khi m hnh phi hp biu din cc mi quan h ng). M hnh t chc cng s dng tp k hiu theo OMT nhng vi ng ngha thay i cho ph hp vi h a agent.

1.5.4 Pha thit k Da trn tp cc agent cng vi cc m hnh c xy dng trong pha phn tch, pha thit k s tin hnh xy dng m hnh thit k. Pha ny bao gm cc bc nh sau: - Thit k kin trc mng agent (agent network design) - Thit k agent (agent design) - Thit k nn (platform design) Ta s ln lt xem xt tng bc ny.
Thit k kin trc mng agent Bc ny xc nh c s h tng cho h a agent bao gm cc iu kin cn thit v mng, v tri thc v cc s phi hp gia cc thnh phn trong h thng. Cc agent cng s c nh ngha trn c s h tng ca h thng ph thuc vo mt s iu kin cn thit theo yu cu sau: Cc iu kin v mng: bao gm dch v t tn agent, dch v ng k, mc bo mt, m ho v chng thc, cc giao thc truyn thng v ng dng... Cc iu kin v tri thc: bao gm cc ontology server, cc b chuyn i ngn ng m t tri thc... Cc iu kin v s phi hp gia cc thnh phn trong h thng: bao gm cc giao thc phi hp, cc dch v qun l nhm agent... Kt qu ca bc thit k kin trc mng agent l cc agent phi lin lc c vi nhau thng qua cc giao thc tng tc v ontology ca h thng. Thit k Agent Bc ny xc nh kin trc ph hp nht cho mi agent da theo cc module: lin lc vi ngi dng (user-communication), lin lc gia cc agent (agent communication), nng lc x l v cc dch v ca h thng.

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Thit k nn Bc ny la chn mi trng pht trin cho h a agent v cc phn cng cn thit cho h thng nu cn.

1.4 Kt lun
Chng ny trc ht tp trung trnh by nhng nt khi qut v agent, h a agent, nhng ng dng ca h a agent. Mt s so snh gia agent/h a agent v i tng/h i tng cng c im qua nhm lm sng t hn cc khi nim ny. Tip theo l im qua mt s vn quan trng khi nghin cu v pht trin h agent: ontology, tng tc v cc phng php lun. Phn quan trng ca chng ny l trnh by tng quan cc phng php ln pht trin h a agent nhm lm c s cho xy dng quy trnh pht trin h a agent da trn phng php lun MaSE m s c trnh by chi tit trong Chng 4.

CHNG 2

TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

Tng quan v tng tc trong h a agent Thng lng trong h a agent M hnh thng lng song phng

Chng ny tp trung trnh by vn tng tc trong h a agent. Trc ht s cp tng quan v vai tr tng tc trong h a agent v ngn ng truyn thng c s dng trong qu trnh trao i thng tin v tri thc gia cc agent. Phn tip theo s trnh by cc m hnh tng tc trong h a agent v c bit tp trung xem xt m hnh thng lng song phng vi rng buc m nhm lm c s cho pht trin h dch v du lch TraNeS s c trnh by trong cc chng 5, 6, 7, 8.

29

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

30

2.1 Tng quan v tng tc trong h a agent


H a agent bao gm nhiu agent t ch c th hot ng trn nhng my tnh khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc agent thng phi trao i, tng tc vi nhau v chnh cc tng tc trong h a agent quyt nh kin trc ca h thng . Cc dng tng tc ny phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi cc tng tc trong h i tng. Cc agent tng tc vi nhau bng cch gi thng ip v bn cht ca cc thng ip ny cng l nhng li gi hm nh trong h cc i tng nhng cc li gi trong tng tc gia cc agent c nhiu khc bit so vi tng tc gia cc i tng: Cc tham s c th c kiu c nh ngha trong mt cu trc ng ngha gi l ontology. Cc tham s c vit theo mt dng thng ip truyn thng c nh ngha bi mt ngn ng truyn thng agent (nh KQML hoc FIPA-ACL). Ni dung ca thng ip trong tng tc a agent c th rt phc tp nh mt chui cc hnh ng hoc cc yu cu

Ngoi s khc nhau v dng ca cc i s, tng tc trong h a agent cng khc tng tc gia cc i tng do bn cht khc nhau gia i tng v agent. Agent l thnh phn c tnh t ch v hnh ng hng ch ch khng th ng nh cc i tng. Vi mi h agent c th c xy dng th mc ch chung ca h thng v mc ch ring ca tng agent c th khc nhau, thm ch khng tng thch nhau. V d trong h thng mi in t, nu agent mua c nhim v mua c hng vi gi cng r cng tt th agent bn li c mc ch l bn vi gi cng cao cng tt. S thng nht v mu thun v mc ch ca cc agent trong h thng dn n s a dng ca cc m hnh tng tc trong h a agent. Nh vy, tng tc trong h a agent c nhng c trng ring khc bit so vi tng tc a i tng. Vai tr ca tng tc trong h a agent c th c tng kt nh sau: Thng qua tng tc, mi agent s thu thp thng tin v tri thc nhm t c ch (goal) ring ca mnh v hng ti ch chung ca c h thng. Tng tc to nn tnh ng cho h a agent. Qua tng tc, h thng c th c m rng hay thu hp mt cch d dng, nht l vi cc h a agent s dng agent trung gian.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

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Qu trnh tng tc khng ch din ra gia cc agent m cn c th din ra gia cc h agent khc nhau. Khi , kh nng phi hp gia cc h thng gii quyt cc vn phc tp tng ln nhiu ln. Tng tc gia cc agent quyt nh kin trc v hot ng ca h a agent . Thng qua vic xem xt cc tng tc cn c gia cc agent, ngi thit k h thng c th xy dng kin trc h thng v phn tch nhim v mt cch r rng cho tng agent. Tng tc gia cc agent gip tch hp cc ngun thng tin trong h thng. Trong h tch hp thng tin, mi agent i din cho mt ngun thng tin nht nh. Cc ngun thng tin ny thng l khng ng nht, c biu din theo nhng cch khc nhau. Thng qua tng tc, thng tin gia cc ngun s c tch hp thu c nhng thng tin cn thit.

Ba vn sau y cn quan tm xem xt khi nghin cu v tng tc trong h a agent: 1. M hnh tng tc: Tu thuc vo mc ch ca h thng c th m ngi pht trin h thng phi la chn mt m hnh tng tc ph hp, m hnh tng tc ny s quy nh kin trc ca h thng cng nh hnh vi ca cc agent trong h thng. Ngn ng truyn thng s dng trong cc thng ip: Khi hot ng trong cng mt h thng vi nhau cc agent phi s dng chung mt ngn ng truyn thng. Ngn ng ny khng ch quy nh cu trc thng ip m cn quy nh cc dng thng ip hi v tr li trong cc phin hi thoi. Ontology v s dng ontology trong tng tc a agent: Mi agent trong h thng l mt thnh phn phn mm ring bit, do , min tri thc quan tm ca cc agent trong mt h thng c th khc nhau. cc agent c th hiu nhau trong qu trnh trao i th h thng phi s dng ontology nhm biu din cc khi nim m t min v mi quan h gia cc khi nim . Phn 2.1.1 s trnh by nhng nt chung v ngn ng truyn thng a agent. Cc m hnh tng tc s c trnh by trong phn 2.3. Ontology s c trnh by trong chng 3. 2.1.1 Ngn ng truyn thng gia cc agent Cc agent trao i vi nhau thng qua cc thng ip. Khc vi h hng i tng, thng ip trong h a agent khng ch biu din cc li gi hm m cn phi biu din thng tin v tri thc cn trao i gia cc agent. Cc thng ip ny c biu din theo cc ngn ng truyn thng agent (ACL: Agent Comminucation Language) nhm mc ch:

2.

3.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

32

thng.

nh ngha khun dng cc thng ip trao i gia cc agent trong h

Thit lp mt giao thc trao i gia cc agent, bao gm: nh ngha cc kiu thng ip gi v nhn, cc m hnh trao i thng ip gia cc agent. Cc ngn ng truyn thng u da trn l thuyt hnh ng - li ni (speech-act) ([11]). Mi thng ip bao gi cng phi m t y ngi gi, ngi nhn, mc ch ca li ni v ng ngha ca li ni. Mt hnh ng - li ni y khng ch nh ngha cu trc li ni m cn xc nh hnh ng lin quan n li ni . C nhiu ngn ng truyn thng a agent c a ra trong hai ngn ng truyn thng c s dng rng ri nht nht l KQML ([11]) v FIPA-ACL ([10]). KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language) y l mt ngn ng c pht trin theo d n DARPA trong khong thi gian u nhng nm 1990 [11]. KQML nh ngha ngn ng v giao thc cho qu trnh chuyn i thng tin v tri thc trong h a agent. KQML nh ngha ba mc l mc ni dung, mc thng ip v mc truyn thng. Mi thng ip KQML nh ngha mt hnh ng thoi, ng ngha i km hnh ng thoi , giao thc v mt tp cc thuc tnh. Cu trc chung ca mt thng ip KQML nh sau
(performative-name : sender : receiver : content : language : ontology : reply-with : in-reply-to A B X L N W P)

Mi mt thng ip KQML tng ng vi mt dng tng tc trong trng performative-name. C ti 25 dng tng tc (performative) c nh ngha bao gm ask-one, advertise, broadcast, insert... ng thi, KQML cho php m rng v nh ngha thm cc dng tng tc khc khi cn thit. Trng content m t ni dung ca thng ip. Ni dung ny c th rt phc tp tu thuc vo nhu cu trao i thng tin ca hai agent trong phin lin lc . Agent nhn s hiu c ni dung trong trng content bng cch tham chiu vo trng ontology ca thng ip m n nhn c. KQML cng nh ngha cc

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

33

giao thc truyn thng bao gm c th t cc thng ip, cc perormative. V d mt giao thc truyn thng c nh ngha trong KQML nh Hnh 2.1:

F
broker(ask(X)) tell(X)

advertise(ask(X))

tell(X)

ask(X)

Hnh 2.1: Mt giao thc truyn thng trong KQML

FIPA-ACL (Foudation for Intelligent Physical Agent) FIPA-ACL (Foundation Intelligent Physical Agent) l ngn ng truyn thng agent c pht trin nm 1997. FIPA-ACL cng da trn l thuyt hnh ng li ni v c cu trc tng t nh KQML. FIPA-ACL s dng XML theo dng nh sau [10]:
<fipa-message act = > <sender> </sender> <receiver> </receiver> <content> </content> <language> </language> <ontology> </ontology> <conversation-id> </conversation-id> </fipa-message>

So vi KQML, FIPA-ACL linh ng hn v c th d dng thm vo cc dng tng tc mi. Tuy nhin, FIPA-ACL khng nh ngha cc performative theo kiu s dng thnh phn trung gian (facilitator) nh trong KQML. l cc performative nh broker hay advertise. 2.1.2 Cc m hnh tng tc Phn loi m hnh tng tc Da vo mc ch ca cc bn tham gia tng tc, c th chia cc hnh thc tng tc thnh hai loi chnh: Hp tc v cnh tranh ([20]).
Hp tc: Hai bn cng thc hin mt cng vic chung (cng tc) hoc cng vic ca

bn ny l bc tin cho bn kia (Phi hp). Hnh thc tng tc ny thng xut

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

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hin khi cc agent c chung mc ch, nhim v hoc cng thc hin mt tin trnh phc tp nht nh.
Cnh tranh: Hai bn cnh tranh nhau v thng tin, hoc quyn li (thng lng)

hoc hon ton tri ngc nhau v li ch (i u). Nh vy, c th c cc loi hnh tng tc nh sau:
Tng tc

Hp tc

Cnh tranh

Phi hp

Cng tc

Thng lng

i u

Hnh 2.2: Cc loi hnh tng tc

Phn 2.3.2 s trnh by mt s m hnh tng tc theo cch phn loi ny. Mt s m hnh hp tc Cc giao thc phi hp Trong cc mi trng phn tn v hn ch v ti nguyn cho cc agent th cc agent thng phi phi hp vi nhau. Nh trnh by trong phn 2.2.1, m hnh tng tc c coi l phi hp khi cng vic ca agent ny l tin cho cng vic ca agent kia. cc agent phi hp vi nhau, cc nghin cu cho rng cn xy dng k thut phn tn cng vic cn thc hin, bao gm c phn tn v iu khin (control) v phn tn d liu (data). Phn tn v iu khin tc l cc agent c th t ch trong vic sinh ra cc hnh ng mi v quyt nh mc ch k tip hng ti vic thc hin cng vic chung. Tri thc ca h thng trong trng hp ny cn c bit bi tt c cc thnh phn trong h thng. Da trn tri thc ny, cc agent s xc nh hnh ng tip theo cn thc hin trong mt chui cng vic cn thit hoan thanh muc tiu chung cua h thng.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

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Lin quan n m hnh phi hp cn nhiu vn khc nh s tho thun (commitment), cc quy c (conventions) v vic biu din cc tho thun hay cc quy c ny ([20]) Cc giao thc cng tc Chin lc chung ca cc giao thc cng tc l phn r nhim v cn thc hin ca c h thng v sau phn tn cc tc v (task) c th cho cc thnh vin. Cc agent cng hng ti ch chung thng qua vic thc hin cc tc v m mnh c giao. Vic phn r cc task nh th no c thc hin bi ngi thit k h thng v tun theo cc giao thc c th. Cc tc v c phn r phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: Trnh xung t ti nguyn Cc tc v phi ph hp vi kh nng ca agent To ra mt agent c nhim v phn phi tc v cho cc agent khc trong h thng. Xc nh cc tc v c c lp cao gim thiu vic truyn thng v ng b ho kt qu. nh ngha li cc tc v nu cn thit hon thnh mt tc v khn cp.

Phn tip theo s trnh by hai giao thc cng tc tiu biu l giao thc mng hp ng v giao thc bng en.
Giao thc Mng hp ng

Giao thc mng hp ng l mt giao thc tng tc kiu cng tc. Giao thc ny s kt hp cc kt qu t cc agent khc nhau thng qua vic m hnh ho h thng theo c ch hp ng s dng trong thng mi trao i sn phm v dch v. Mng hp ng s cung cp gii php cho bi ton: tm mt agent ph hp cho mt tc v cho trc. Gi s c mt agent c mt tc v cn x l. Agent ny s c gi l manager, v agent c kh nng x l tc v ny gi l contractor. Tng tc gia manager v contractor s din ra theo biu tng tc sau:

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

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Manager

Contractor

Thng bo tc v cn thc hin Phn hi nh gi kh nng thc hin task Xc nhn mt hp ng cho contractor ph hp Thc hin tc v v tr li kt qu Kt thc tc v
Hnh 2.3: Giao thc mng hp ng

Manager s gi thng bo v tc v cn thc hin cho tt c cc agent khc trong h thng. Khi nhn c yu cu, cc agent s gi tr li cho manager thng bo v kh nng thc hin tc v ca mnh. Manager s nh gi v chn ra agent ph hp nht thc hin tc v v xc nhn agent thnh contractor. Contractor s c nhim v thc hin tc v v tr li kt qu cho manager. Trn l thuyt, manager c th l bt k agent no trong h thng khi c task cn thc hin. V vy mi agent c th nhn c nhiu task, nu agent l agent c kh nng x l cao th rt nhiu manager s chn agent lm contractor. Khi , contractor s la chn task hp dn nht v m hnh mng hp ng s tr nn phc tp hn nhiu. Giao thc Bng en Phng php gii quyt bi ton da trn giao thc Bng en c m t nh sau: Gi s c mt nhm chuyn gia hoc agent cng ngi cnh mt bng en ln. Cc chuyn gia s cng tc vi nhau gii quyt bi ton thng qua vic s dng bng en pht trin li gii. Qu trnh gii bi ton bt u khi bi ton v d liu u vo c vit ln bng en. Cc chuyn gia s quan st bng en v c gng a ra kin pht trin li gii ca bi ton. Khi tm ra c mt thng tin/ kin ph hp, chuyn gia ny s vit kin (thng tin) ln bng en. Cc chuyn gia khc s s dng thng tin ny tip tc tm ra li gii. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n khi bi ton c gii quyt hon ton.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

37

p dng giao thc bng en cho h a agent ta s c m hnh tng tc kiu bng en. Khi , h thng ny c cc c im sau: - Tnh c lp v gii php: Cc chuyn gia c th a ra cc kin c lp vi nhau. - Tnh a dng trong k thut gii bi ton: Thng qua bng en v cc phng php biu din tri thc th mt bi ton c th c rt nhiu hng gii quyt khc nhau. - Cho php biu din thng tin mt cch linh hot trn bng en. - S dng ngn ng tng tc chung. Mt giao thc kt hp cng tc v cnh tranh l thng lng s c trnh by chi tit trong phn 3.2 v 3.3 ca ti liu. Phn tip theo dnh trnh by kin trc agent trung gian. 2.1.3 Tng tc vi agent trung gian 2.1.3.1 Vai tr ca agent trung gian Trn quan im ch trng n cc m hnh c s dng agent trung gian, ta c th chia cc m hnh tng tc trong h a agent thnh: (i) tng tc vi agent trung gian v (ii) tng tc khng s dng agent trung gian. Cc m hnh tng tc khng s dng agent trung gian nh m hnh bng en, mng hp ng c u im l n gin, d xy dng v ph hp vi nhng h thng a agent ng. Cc m hnh ny yu cu cc agent phi bit c kh nng ca cc agent khc trong h thng m n mun tng tc. Do , h thng vi cc m hnh ny kh m rng cho agent khc tham gia nh trong mi trng Internet. Khc vi cc m hnh bng en hay hp ng, m hnh tng tc vi agent trung gian ([24], [35], [40]) s dng mt agent trung gian MidAgent nhm qun l kh nng ca cc agent khc. Trong m hnh ny, Agent Yu cu (Requester Agent) s tng tc vi MidAgent bit c kh nng ca cc agent (Agent Cung cp: Provider Agent) trong h thng c th gii quyt c yu cu ca mnh . Vai tr ca MidAgent trong nhng m hnh c th c th khc nhau nhng lp agent ny u c chung nhng c trng sau: Cung cp cc phng tin dch v c bn qun l x hi cc agent; Phi hp cc dch v c cung cp theo mt giao thc xc nh no ; m bo qun l cc agent bn trong x hi agent v qun l vic thm hay bt cc agent tham gia vo h thng.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

38

Trong [24], lp m hnh tng tc s dng agent trung gian c chia ra thnh 3 m hnh nh gm m hnh tng tc kiu Agent Trung tm (Mediator Agent), m hnh tng tc kiu Mi gii (MatchMaker) v m hnh tng tc kiu iu phi (Broker). 2.1.3.2 Cc m hnh tng tc vi agent trung gian
M hnh tng tc vi Agent Trung tm (Mediator Agent) Trong m hnh ny, nhim v ca Agent Trung tm l ch ng lin lc vi cc agent khc c d liu hay tri thc cn thit trong h thng. Cc dch v m Agent Trung tm c th cung cp l: T ng xc nh cc dch v thng tin; Xc nh vai tr ca cc agent trong h thng;

T thu thp v to ra thng tin t cc Agent Cung cp (Provider Agent) sau gi tr li


cho cc agent yu cu. thc hin nhim v trn, Agent Trung tm s dng m hnh thng tin ton cc bng cch thu thp v tch hp cc thng tin cn thit gii quyt cc yu cu hoc c th chuyn yu cu cho cc agent ph hp trong h thng gii quyt. Nh vy, Agent Trung tm ng vai tr va l agent trc tip qun l cc agent khc li va t tm ra thng tin cn thit gii quyt v gi tr li kt qu cho cc agent yu cu. Cng vic ca Agent Trung tm l rt nhiu v hiu qu hot ng ca h thng ph thuc hon ton vo kh nng ca agent ny. Vai tr ca MidAgent s gim i trong hai m hnh cn li c trnh by sau. M hnh tng tc vi Agent iu phi (Broker Agent) Trong m hnh ny, MidAgent ng vai tr l Agent iu phi (Broker Agent). Cng vic m Agent iu phi cn thc hin l mt phn cng vic ca Agent Trung tm v c biu din nh trong Hnh 2.4. Khi c mt agent mi tham gia vo h thng, th n phi ng k kh nng cung cp dch v ca mnh cho Agent iu phi. Dch v, tn v a ch ca Agent Cung cp ny s c cp nht vo c s tri thc ca Agent iu phi.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

39

1: Yu cu dch v

Agent Yu cu

5: Tr li kt qu dch v

Agent iu phi

0: ng k, hu ng k dch v

Agent Cung cp

3: Yu cu dch v v giao tc

4: Chuyn kt qu dch v

Hnh 2.4: M hnh tng tc s dng Agent iu phi

Khi c mt agent Agent Yu cu gi cho Agent iu phi mt yu cu dch v no , Agent iu phi s tm kim trong c s tri thc ca mnh xem c Agent Cung cp no c th gii quyt c yu cu ca Agent Yu cu khng v sau lin lc trc tip vi agent gii quyt yu cu. Sau cng, Agent iu phi s gi li kt qu cho Agent Yu cu v kt thc qu trnh tng tc. Nh vy, trong m hnh tng tc ny, bt c mt lin lc no gia Agent Yu cu v Agent Cung cp u phi thng qua Agent iu phi. Trong mt s ti liu, Agent iu phi cn c gi l Facilitator ([40]). u im ca m hnh ny l kh nng m rng h thng. Mt agent mi mun tham gia vo h thng th agent ch cn ng k dch v vi Agent iu phi. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca m hnh ny l Agent yu cu phi gi i ton b yu cu ca mnh cho Agent iu phi m iu ny thng khng thc t c bit trong thng mi in t. M hnh tng tc vi Agent Mi gii (MatchMaker Agent) Trong m hnh ny, MidAgent ng vai tr nh mt Agent Mi gii m nhim v chnh ca n l to ra c ch lin lc trc tip gia Agent Yu cu v Agent Cung cp nh minh ho trong Hnh 2.5.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

40

1: Yu cu dch v

Agent Yu cu

Agent Mi gii

2: Tr li tn agent cung cp 0: ng k, Hu ng k dch v

3: Yu cu dch v

4: Tr li kt qu dch v

Agent Cung cp

Hnh 2.5: M hnh tng tc s dng Agent Mi gii

Tng t nh m hnh Agent iu phi, khi mun tham gia vo h thng, mi agent phi ng k dch v vi Agent Mi gii v tr thnh nh cung cp dch v (Agent Cung cp). Agent Mi gii s cp nht vo c s tri thc ca n tn v kh nng dch v ca Agent Cung cp. Trong mt tng tc c th, khi c mt Agent Yu cu yu cu mt dch v, n s gi yu cu n Agent Mi gii. Agent Mi gii s xem xt trong c s tri thc ca n tm ra Agent Cung cp c th thc hin yu cu v s gi cho Agent Yu cu tn, a ch ca Agent Cung cp . Qu trnh tng tc sau s din ra trc tip gia Agent Yu cu v Agent Cung cp. Nh vy, cng vic m Agent Mi gii phi thc hin l mt phn cng vic ca Agent iu phi. Trong m hnh ny, Agent Yu cu ch cn gi i yu cu no lin quan n vic tm ra Agent Cung cp ph hp.

2.2 Thng lng trong h a agent


Khc vi cc m hnh tng tc kiu cng tc nh mng hp ng hay bng en, thng lng l mt tin trnh tng tc va cng tc va cnh tranh c din ra gia hai hay nhiu bn tham gia, bt u bng nhng mc tiu (ch) khc nhau, dn dn i n mt tho thun chung c li cho tt c cc bn. Trong bi ton thng lng, tu vo s bn tham gia, ngi ta chia lm bn nhm l: thng lng 1-1, thng lng 1- n, thng lng n-1 v thng lng n-n. S phn chia ny c minh ho nh Hnh 2.6.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

41

S ngi mua

Thng lng 1-1: cn gi l thng lng song phng, ch c mt ngi bn thng lng vi mt ngi mua. Thng lng n-1: nhiu ngi mua mt ngi bn. y chnh l hnh thc u gi (Auction). u gi l mt trong nhng hnh thc mua bn ph bin trong thng mi. Trong m hnh u gi (nhiu ngi mua, mt ngi bn), ngi mua s tr gi theo mt cch thc no , v d nh ai tr gi cao nht s thng. Thng lng 1-n: Mt ngi mua c th thng lng ng thi vi nhiu ngi bn. Hnh thc ny cn gi l u gi ngc (Reverse-Auction). Thng lng n-n: cn gi l thng lng a phng hay ch (market). Mi ngi mua c th thng lng ng thi vi nhiu ngi bn v mi ngi bn cng c th thng lng ng thi vi nhiu ngi mua. Khi h thng c cc agent i din cho ngi mua v ngi bn th cc agent ny s t ng thng lng vi nhau. Trong thng lng song phng ngi ta chia ra ba cch tip cn [5]:
Cch tip cn da trn l thuyt tr chi

y l cch tip cn s dng chin lc tng tc gia cc agent ch k (selfinterested agent) theo cc lut tr chi. Trong cch tip cn ny, cc nh nghin cu c gng xc nh mt chin lc ti u bng cch phn tch mi tng tc gia cc agent ging nh trong mt tr chi v tm ra im cn bng ca qu trnh tng tc gia cc agent .
Cch tip cn da trn Heuristic

S ngi bn

1-1 n-1

1-n n-n

Hnh 2.6: Cc dng thng lng

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

42

Trong m hnh ny, cc hm quyt nh da trn heuristic c s dng c

lng v sinh ra cc yu cu hay ngh mi trong qu trnh thng lng.


Cch tip cn da trn lp lun (Argumentation-based)

Cch tip cn ny cho php cc agent c th chuyn cc thng tin thm hoc lp lun cho cc gi tr tinh thn nh nim tin hay nh trong qu trnh thng lng. Phn 3.4 ca ti liu s tm hiu mt kin trc thng lng s dng agent trung gian v p dng kin trc ny cho thng lng song phng cng nh thng lng a phng.

2.3 M hnh thng lng song phng


2.3.1 C s ton hc cho thng lng song phng Ni dung phn ny trnh by cc khi nim c bn v logic m nhm lm c s cho vic m hnh ho chin lc thng lng da trn rng buc m s c trnh by trong phn 2.3.2.
Tp m

Khi nim tp m nhm biu din v tnh ton vi cc d liu lin quan n bin ngn ng.
nh ngha 2.1 ([12]): Cho X l mt tp khc rng. Mt tp m A trong X c c trng

bi hm lin thuc
A : X [0,1]

v A ( x) c hiu l mc ph thuc ca phn t x vo tp m A, vi mi phn t


xX .

Cc hm lin thuc c th dng hnh thang hoc tam gic thng c chn cho nhiu ng dng thc t.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

43

Hnh 2.7: Cc phng php c lng m: hnh thang v tam gic

Lt ct ca tp m nh ngha 2.2 ([26]): Gi A l mt tp m trong mt tp khng rng X vi hm thuc

A . Mt lt ct
A (x) .

ca tp m A c xc nh l tp cc phn t

x X sao cho

Hnh 2.8 minh ho mt cch xc nh lt ct ca mt tp m.

Hnh 2.8: Xc nh lt ct ca tp m

Cc ton t m

nh ngha 2.3 ([26]): Mt hm tho mn bn iu kin.

G : [0,1] [0,1] [0,1]

c gi l hm u tin nu n

1. G (u1 , a ) G (u 2 , a ) nu u1 u 2 , 2. G (u , a1 ) G (u , a 2 ) nu a1 a 2 , 3. G(1, a) = a, 4. G(0, a) = 1. nh ngha 2.4 ([25]): Mt hm O : [0,1] [0,1] [0,1] c gi l hm ng nht u tin nu n tho mn cc iu kin. 1. O(u1 , ) O(u 2 , ) nu u1 u 2 , 2. O(u , 1 ) O(u , 2 ) nu 1 2 ,

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

44

3. O (1, ) = . nh ngha 2.5 ([26]): Mt ton t hai ngi : [0,1] [0,1] [0,1] c gi l ton t ng nht nu n n iu tng, i xng v tn ti mt phn t [0,1] sao cho [0,1] : a = a . Phn t khi c gi l phn t n v ca ton t ng nht a . Mt ton t ng nht vi phn t n v c cc tnh cht sau y [26]: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
a a = a ,
a b max( a, b) nu a, b > , a b min( a, b) nu a, b < , min( a, b) a b max( a, b) nu a < , b > ,

0 a = 0.

nh ngha 2.6 ([26]): Mt hm F : [0,1] [0,1] [0,1] [0,1] c gi l hm chp nhn tng th ca ngi mua i vi mt mt hng nu n tho mn cc iu kin. 1. F (0, , ) = 0 v F ( ,0, ) = 0 , 2. F (1 , 1 , 1 ) F ( 2 , 2 , 2 ) nu 1 2 , 1 2 , 1 2 , 3. F ( , , ) min( , ) , 4. < F ( , , ) < 1 nu < , > 0 , l ngng chp nhn ca ngi dng.
Ton t OWA

Ton t OWA (Ordered Weighted Average) l mt k thut kt hp da trn cc trng s c sp xp, do Ronald R. Yager gii thiu nm 1988.
nh ngha 2.7 ([12]): Mt ton t OWA n chiu l mt nh x F : R n R xc nh bi

vector w = ( w1 , w2 ,... wn ) sao cho wi [0,1] , 1 i n v


T

w
i =1

= w1 + w2 + ... + wn = 1 .

F (a1 , a 2 ,... a n ) = w j b j = w1b1 + ... + wn bn


j =1

vi bj l phn t ln th j ca tp A = (a1 ,... a n ) .

Mt s trng hp c bit ca ton t OWA [12].

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

45

Max: trong trng hp w* = (1,0,... 0) T th Max(a1,an) = max{a1,an}.


T Min: trong trng hp w* = (0,0,... 1) th

Min(a1,an) = min{a1,an}.
T Average: trong trng hp w A = ( n , n ,..., n ) th

1 1

FA (a1 ,... a n ) =

a1 + ... + a n . n

Mt ng dng quan trng ca ton t OWA l trong kt hp theo cc lng t ngn ng [12]. Gi s {A1, A2, ... An} l mt tp cc tiu ch nh gi mt lp cc i tng no v x l mt i tng thuc lp sao cho vi mi tiu ch Ai, gi tr hm Ai ( x) [0,1] ch ra tho mn ca i tng x i vi thuc tnh Ai. Nu mun tm mc tho mn tt c cc tiu ch ca i tng x, k hiu l D(x), th D(x) = Min{A1(x), A2(x), ... An(x)} Nu mun tm mc tho mn t nht mt tiu ch ca i tng x, k hiu l E(x), th E(x) = Max{A1(x), A2(x), ... An(x)} Trong cc trng hp cn li, tu theo lng t ngn ng m phi xy dng cc hm tm mc tho mn ca i tng x theo dng cc lng t n iu khng gim hoc lng t n iu khng tng (xem chi tit [12]). 2.3.2 Chin lc thng lng cho agent bn Trong m hnh thng lng song phng, agent bn c nhim v qun l vic giao dch ng thi vi cc khch hng ca mnh. Mi agent bn c trang b mt tp cc tri thc sau y: a. Tp O = {O1, O2, ... Om} cc n v hng ho c th cung cp, mi n v hng ho Oi (ca cng mt mt hng - mi agent bn ch bn mt mt hng) c m t thng

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

46

i i i qua n thuc tnh { o1 , o2 ,... on } v c mt gi tr li ch gi nu bn c n v hng

. b. Mt tp R = {r1, r2, ...rm} cc rng buc i vi ngi mua ca cc n v hng ho. Tp ny c min gi tr kiu boolean (c hoc khng). c. Mt tp C = {c1, c2, ...cn} cc hnh thc khuyn mi cho cc n v hng ho tng ng, tp ny cng c min gi tr kiu boolean. d. Mt tp B = {B1, B2, ... Bk} cc khch hng ang thng lng vi agent bn. Mi khch hng c biu din qua cc thng tin sau: Tp cc n v hng ho b t chi, n v hng ho va mi gii thiu i, cc thuc tnh v gi tr cc thuc tnh yu cu. Khi , hot ng thng lng ca agent bn din ra theo s c m t trong Hnh 2.9.
Khi u: sau khi ng k vi h thng, agent bn s chuyn ngay vo trng thi ch ch cc kt ni n t cc agent mua. Ch: ti y, agent bn s ch i cc kt ni n t cc agent mua. Tu thuc vo ni dung thng ip nhn c m agent bn chuyn vo cc trng thi ph hp. Tm kim: l trng thi m agent bn chuyn vo khi nhn c thng ip find. Ti y, n cp nht thm yu cu ca khch hng va nhn c v tin hnh tm kim cc n v hng ho tho mn cc yu cu m n nhn c. Nu khng tm c n v hng no, n s gi i thng ip relax vi mong mun agent bn s nhng b trn thuc tnh no . Nu tm thy, n chn n v hng ho no em li gi tr li ch gi cao nht gii thiu vi agent mua km theo thng ip check. ng thi cp nht n v hng ho mi nht va c gi i cho khch hng tng ng.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

47

Hnh 2.9: M hnh chin lc thng lng ca agent bn

Tm li: l trng thi agent bn chuyn vo khi nhn c thng ip refind. Khi , n
s tin hnh tm kim theo cc yu cu c do khng c yu cu mi b sung. Nu tm thy cc n v hng ho mi, agent bn s chn n v hng no cho gi tr li ch g i cao nht gi n agent mua vi thng ip check. ng thi cp nht n v hng ho mi nht va c gii thiu. Nu khng tm thy hng ho mi, agent bn chuyn vo trng thi khuyn mi xem c th b sung cc hnh thc khuyn mi hay khng.

Khuyn mi: ti y, agent bn ly li n v hng ho mi nht c gii thiu cho


agent mua kim tra xem n v hng c hnh thc khuyn mi no khng. Vic ny lun m bo c n v hng gii thiu, v trng thi ny ch c chuyn n sau trng thi tm li, trng thi tm li ch xy ra khi agent bn nhn c thng ip refind, tc l trc agent mua nhn c mt n v hng ho do chnh agent bn ny gii thiu. Nu n v hng ny c km theo khuyn mi, agent bn s gi cc hnh thc khuyn mi ny km theo thng ip recheck. Nu n v hng ny khng c khuyn mi hoc c khuyn mi nhng c gii thiu trc , agent bn s gi thng ip relax , ng thi cp nht n v hng ho ny vo tp cc hng ho b t chi.

Kt thc: l trng thi kt thc cho mt phin thng lng vi agent mua m khng
phi kt thc cho bn thn agent bn. Trng thi ny t c khi n nhn c thng ip deal bo chp nhn hoc fail bo tht bi t pha agent mua.

Qu trnh trn c th din ra nhiu ln vi mt hoc nhiu agent mua khc nhau. Khc vi agent mua l s kt thc nhim v sau khi thng lng, agent bn ch kt thc nhim v khi bn ht cc mt hng m n qun l.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

48

2.3.3 Chin lc thng lng cho agent mua Trong m hnh thng lng song phng, mi agent mua i din cho mt khch hng, s thng lng vi mt i tc duy nht v do mi agent mua c trang b cc tri thc sau: a. Tp A = {A1, A2, ... An} cc thuc tnh ca hng ho. Trong trng hp nhiu mt hng th mi mt hng s c xem xt vi tp thuc tnh ring ca mt hng . Mi thuc tnh Ai c u tin ui tng ng. Trong trng hp thuc tnh Ai c gi tr khong th mi gi tr (hoc khong con cc gi tr) trong khong c mt mc tho mn ngi dng aij . b. Mi thuc tnh Ai c mt gi tr gi l ngng nhng b ca thuc tnh. Gi tr i ca ngng ny cho bit thuc tnh tng ng c th c nhng b thm nu gi tr tho mn aij ca n cha thp hn . i c. Mt gi tr c gi l ngng chp nhn, c trng cho kh nng chp nhn ca ngi dng. Nu kh nng chp nhn ca ngi dng cng cao th ngng chp nhn c gi tr cng thp. Ngha l mt hng ch c chp nhn nu tho mn tng th ca n khng nh hn ngng ny. Ngng chp nhn c c lng t cc quan trng ui v ngng nhng b ca mi thuc tnh nh sau: i c lng ngng chp nhn trn mi thuc tnh i = O(u i , i ) . Hm O c chn tho mn cc iu kin ca nh ngha 3.4. Kt hp cc gi tr li vi nhau bng ton t OWA. Nhn xt rng, vi i yu cu ca ngi dng th nu c t nht mt thuc tnh khng tho mn th mt hng s khng c chp nhn, ngha l trng hp ny thuc dng t nht mt v dng ton t OWA c p dng l ton t Max.
= M (1 ,2 ,...n ) . ax

d. Mt tp D cc cp thuc tnh v gi tr ca cc thuc tnh gi i cho bn agent bn. Ti thi im u, agent mua ch gi i cc yu cu ca cc thuc tnh c u tin cao nht. Sau , trong sut qu trnh thng lng, agent mua s gi thm yu cu ch khi gi tr thuc tnh tng ng khng tho mn yu cu ca n. Do vy, khi c yu cu nhng b t pha agent bn, agent mua ch tin hnh chn la kh nng nhng b trn cc thuc tnh c yu cu lu trong tp D ny.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

49

Vi tp cc tri thc ny, qu trnh thng lng ca agent mua din ra theo s c minh ho trong Hnh 2.10.

Hnh 2.10: M hnh chin lc thng lng ca agent mua

Khi u: Trong trng thi khi u ca phin thng lng ny, agent mua tm ra
thuc tnh c u tin ui cao nht gi i. Trong trng hp c nhiu thuc tnh c u tin ui cao nht, n s gi i ton b cc thuc tnh ny.

Yu cu: Khi mun gi i yu cu v thuc tnh mi hoc gi tr mi cho thuc tnh


yu cu, agent mua s chuyn vo trng thi yu cu thc hin vic gi cc yu cu cho pha i tc. ng thi vi vic gi yu cu i, agent mua cn phi cp nht li ni dung cc thuc tnh c gi i (tp D) trong b nh hot ng ca mnh.

Ch: L trng thi agent mua ch i mt thng ip phc p t pha i tc. Khi
nhn c thng ip phc p, tu thuc vo ni dung ca thng ip m agent mua chuyn vo cc trng thi tng ng.

Kim tra: Khi nhn c thng ip kiu check t pha agent bn th agent mua
chuyn vo trng thi kim tra. Ti y, n tin hnh kim tra xem c thuc tnh no b vi phm hay khng. Mt thuc tnh b coi l vi phm nu gi tr ca n km hn gi tr yu cu ca thuc tnh ang c lu gi trong b nh ng ca agent mua. Khi nim km hn l tu thuc vo thuc tnh ca i tng. Chng hn, vi thuc tnh gi phng th km hn l khi gi phng ca khch sn nhn c cao hn gi c yu cu.

CHNG 2: TNG TC TRONG H A AGENT

50

Nu c t nht mt thuc tnh b vi phm, agent mua s chuyn sang trng thi yu cu b sung cc yu cu mi. Trong trng hp ngc li, khng c thuc tnh no b vi phm, n s chuyn vo trng thi chp nhn kim tra xem i tng c th chp nhn c khng; bi v khi khng c thuc tnh no b vi phm th cha th chc chn rng mt hng s c chp nhn bi ngi dng.

Chp nhn: Trong trng hp khng c thuc tnh no b vi phm sau trng thi kim tra hoc nhn c thng ip recheck, agent mua s chuyn vo trng thi chp nhn. Cc bc tin hnh tnh tho mn tng th ca i tng i vi ngi dng, da trn cc k thut c lng m c tin hnh nh sau.

Tnh ph hp tng ng bi ca thuc tnh Ai da vo u tin ui v


ph hp ai: bi = G(ui,ai). Trong , ai c c lng m theo phng php hnh thang t gi tr thc ca mt hng so vi cc gii hn ca ngi dng trn thuc tnh tng ng. Hm G c chn tho mn cc iu kin ca nh ngha 2.3. Trong p dng c trnh by chng 5, hm chuyn i ph hp tng ng c s dng l G (u , a) = (a 1)u +1 .

Ton t OWA c p dng tnh tho mn rng buc ca mt hng t


cc tho mn rng buc bi trn cc thuc tnh Ai. Nhn xt rng mt mt hng mun tho mn c cc rng buc ca ngi dng th n phi tho mn cc rng buc trn tt c cc thuc tnh; vy ton t OWA c p dng l dng tt c mi, tc l ton t dng Min.

= M (b1 , b2 ,... bn ) . in

Tnh tho mn rng buc ca bn bn: bn bn c th c mt s rng


buc i vi ngi mua, chng hn v tui hay cm mang theo vt nui... Khi , tho mn c tnh l phn b (ph nh m) ca gi tr yu thch ca khch hng v iu kin tng ng ( = a i vi ai l yu thch ca ngi dng,
ai [0,1] ).

V d: nu khch sn cm a sc vt vo phng m ngi dng mun a theo sc vt vi mc l 40% (0.4) th tho mn rng buc =0.4 =0.6 .

Tnh tho mn khuyn mi : Vi mi hnh thc khuyn mi, tho mn


s bng yu thch ca khch hng i vi hnh thc khuyn mi ( i = ai vi ai l yu thch ca ngi dng, ai [0,1] ).

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Nu c nhiu hn mt hnh thc khuyn mi cho cng mt mt hng, cc tho mn i c kt hp vi nhau bi mt php ton i xng hai ngi (k hiu l tho mn iu kin:

max{ 1 , 2 } 1 2 1 .
Trong p dng chng 5, php ton c s dng l 1 2 = 1 + 2 1 2 .

Tnh kh nng chp nhn mt hng t cc gi tr tho mn yu cu , tho mn rng buc v tho mn khuyn mi : = F ( , , ) . Hm F
c chn tho mn cc iu kin ca nh ngha 2.6. Trong p dng chng 4, hm tnh kh nng chp nhn ca ngi dng c s dng l F ( , , ) = min( , ) ((1 ) + ) . Trong l ton t ng nht vi phn t n v , tho mn cc iu kin ca nh ngha 2.5. Trong p dng chng 4, ton t ng nht c p dng l
a b = (1 ) ab . (1 ) ab + (1 a )(1 b)

vi l ngng chp nhn ca ngi dng. Sau cc bc ny, nu kh nng chp nhn trng thi kt thc (thnh cng). Nu

ln hn ngng chp nhn th mt

hng c chp nhn v agent mua gi thng ip deal n bn bn v chuyn vo

nh hn th mt hng khng c chp

nhn v agent mua s gi thng ip refind yu cu tm li vi cc yu cu c m khng cn gi thm yu cu b sung.

Nhng b: Khi nhn c thng ip relax t agent bn th agent mua chuyn vo trng thi ny. Ti y, n kim tra xem trong cc thuc tnh gi yu cu, c thuc tnh no cn nhng b c na hay khng, mt thuc tnh c coi l cn nhng b c nu gi tr hin ti ca n vn ln hn ngng nhng b ca thuc tnh . Sau khi kim tra, nu khng c thuc tnh no c th nhng b thm, agent mua s gi thng ip fail v chuyn sang trng thi kt thc (tht bi). Ngc li, nu c thuc tnh cn c th nhng b thm, agent mua s chn ra mt thuc tnh nhng b sao cho gi tr li ch ca mnh b gim i l nh nht. Gi
a tr li ch b mt c c lng da trn tho mn b gim i i v u tin ui

ca thuc tnh . Hm tnh gi tr li ch b mt c chn tho mn iu kin ca nh ngha 3.4 v c th s dng hm L(u , a ) = ua . Khi , agent mua s tm xem thuc tnh Ai no cho gi tr li nh nht. Gi tr thuc tnh y s c nhng b thm mt mc v agent mua chuyn sang trng thi

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yu cu gi i. Trong trng hp c nhiu hn mt thuc tnh cng t gi tr nh nht, agent mua s chn ngu nhin mt trong s cc thuc tnh ny nhng b.

Nh vy, agent mua c th c hai trng thi kt thc l thnh cng hoc tht bi, vic thnh cng hay tht bi u do bn thn agent ny quyt nh. iu ny l ph hp vi thc t khi qu trnh thng lng kt thc l do ngi mua quyt nh mua hoc khng.

2.4 Kt lun
Chng ny trnh by mt cch khi qut v tng tc trong h a agent, ngn ng truyn thng dng trong tng tc v mt s m hnh tng tc. Cc kin trc h a agent vi agent trung gian c nghin cu v p dng rng ri trong pht trin cc h dch v thng mi in t. Cho n nay c nhiu m hnh thng lng c a ra, m hnh thng lng song phng da trn rng buc m c trnh by nhm p dng cho pht trin h dch v du lch TraNeS s c trnh by trong Chng 5.

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CHNG 3

ONTOLOGY TRONG H A AGENT

Khi nim ontology Biu din ontology Phng php lun xy dng ontology

Ontology l mt thut ng trong trit hc nhm m t bn cht ca s tn ti v c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc tr tu nhn to. Trong h a agent, ontology biu din thng tin v tri thc v min quan tm ca cc agent nhm h tr tng tc. Mi ontology l mt cu trc phn lp cc khi nim (concepts), cc thut ng (term) v cc mi quan h (relations) gia cc khi nim, thut ng . Thng qua ontology, cc agent s hiu c ni dung cc thng ip truyn thng m n nhn c trong qu trnh tng tc. Ni dung chng ny nhm trnh by khi nim ontology, vn biu din ontology, vai tr ca ontology trong tng tc a agent v phng php lun tng qut xy dng ontology.

53

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3.1 Khi nim Ontology


3.1.1 Khi nim Ontology l mt thut ng ca trit hc c s dng mt cch rng ri trong lnh vc tr tu nhn to v c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v ontology ([1], [4], [15], [17], [20], [36]), trong nh ngha ca T. Gruber l c chp nhn rng ri nht. Theo T. Gruber ([15]), Ontology l mt c t hnh thc v khi nim. Cc yu cu cho biu din ontology l: Cc khi nim c dng trong ontology v cc rng buc gia cc khi nim phi c nh ngha mt cch r rng. Ontology phi l dng thng tin sao cho my c th hiu c. Thng tin biu din trong ontology phi c tnh ph qut ngha l thng tin khng ch cho mt thnh phn m cn c chp nhn bi mt nhm cc thnh phn khc nhau.

C th ni, ontology xc nh tp cc thut ng dng m t v biu din cc khi nim da trn mi quan h qua li (hoc rng buc) gia cc khi nim . Cc khi nim trong ontology gip cho vic dng chung v chia s tri thc gia hai min tri thc khc nhau. Khi s dng trong h a agent, ontology l mt cu trc ng ngha c tham chiu trong qu trnh truyn thng gia cc agent, gip cc agent, vi cc min tri thc quan tm khc nhau, c th hiu nhau trong qu trnh trao i (thng qua vic hiu cc message m n nhn c). minh ho cho nh ngha trn, ta xem xt v d trong Hnh 4.1. Cc khi nim nh UserRequest, HotelRequest, TrainRequest ... c biu din di dng cc nt trong mt th c hng. Mi cnh ca th u c nhn biu din mi quan h gia cc khi nim trong th. y ta c ba mi quan h l SubClassOf (khi nim ny l lp con ca khi nim kia), InstanceOf (khi nim ny l th hin ca khi nim kia) v HasA (khi nim ny c mt thuc tnh l khi nim kia).

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UserRequest
SubClassOf HotelRequest
HasA Distance HasA StarNumber RoomCost InstanceOf InstanceOf TicketPrice HasA HasA Internet Position

SubClassOf TrainRequest
HasA HasA HasA Timelost

Cost

Hnh 3.1: V d v ontology

3.1.2 Ontology v c s tri thc Ontology biu din tri thc ca cc agent ch khng phi v d liu ca mt min no . N cung cp tp cc khi nim biu din tri thc trong min quan tm ca cc agent. Cc agent s thng qua ontology hiu nhau trong qu trnh trao i, tng tc. Gia ontology v c s tri thc cng c s khc bit vai tr ca vic biu din tri thc. Cc c im th hin s khc bit ny bao gm:
Ontology hng ti vic m t tri thc nh x hi con ngi. Trong khi c s tri thc hng ti vic c t tri thc cho mt lnh vc c th no m h thng cn gii quyt. Ontology lin quan n tri thc min tnh. C s tri thc biu din cc thng thng tin c th b thay i trong qu trnh suy lun. Do , cc lut v cc c ch suy lun l thnh phn rt quan trng ca c s tri thc. Tri thc biu din trong ontology l khng i trong qu trnh suy lun. Ontology biu din cc khi nim nh cc hnh ng, cc qu trnh, cc ti nguyn, cc khi nim khng b thay i khi c suy lun. Trong khi tri thc biu din trong c s tri thc l cc hot ng c thc hin trong mt h ring bit, cc ti nguyn dng to nn cc sn phm c th no . Nhng tri thc nh vy s b thay i trong qu trnh hot ng ca h thng (khi c suy lun).

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Tri thc trong ontology hng ti vic s dng li v dng chung trong cc trnh ng dng. Mc d ontology hng ti vic miu t cc tri thc c tnh cht tnh nhng n vn ph thuc cht ch vo trnh ng dng. Nu hai trnh ng dng cng chung mt min tri thc nhng nhim v li khc nhau th biu din ontology trong min cho mi ng dng l khc nhau. im ny khc vi c s tri thc v trong c s tri thc, tri thc biu din mt min xc nh l nht qun.

Trong mt h thng gm tp hp nhiu agent, mi agent thng c c s tri thc ring ca mnh v h thng cng c th dng nhiu ontology. Xt v mi quan h, ontology m t cc khi nim t mi agent (qua tng tc) cp nht tri thc vo trong c s tri thc ca mnh. Tuy nhin, mc ch chnh khi xy dng ontology trong h a agent l gip cho qu trnh tng tc v truyn thng gia cc agent. 3.1.3 Phn loi ontology Ontology c th c phn loi da trn phng php hnh thnh khi nim. Theo H. Beck et al ([1]), c cc kiu ontology nh sau: Ontology biu din (Representation ontologies hay cn gi l meta ontologies). Kiu ontology ny nhm khi nim ho v biu din cc tri thc theo kiu hnh thc. Ontology kiu ny nh ngha cc khi nim nh l cc lp, cc mi quan h, cc hm hay cc tin c nh danh (named-axiom). Ontology chung (General ontology) hay cn gi l ontology mc cao (upper ontology). Kiu ontology ny nhm phn loi mt tp cc thc th tn ti trong th gii vt cht. N thng biu din cc khi nim chung, khng ph thuc vo vn hay min c th no c m t trong ontology . Tri thc nh ngha trong kiu ontology ny thng l s vt (thing), s kin (event), thi gian (time), khng gian (space) hoc cc khi nim chung khc. Ontology min (Domain ontologies). Tri thc c nh ngha trong kiu ontology ny l tri thc xc nh mt min no . T vng, khi nim c m t trong kiu ontology ny c mi quan h gn gi vi cc min tri thc tng qut, v d nh hng khng, y t Ontology ng dng (Application ontology). M t cc phn tri thc ph thuc vo mt min tri thc ring bit cng nh nhim v c th no . Mt ontology ng dng thng biu din cc khi nim lin quan trc tip n vic gii quyt bi ton.

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Tuy c phn thnh nhiu loi, nhng thng th ontology ca mt h thng bao gm nhiu kiu ontology ch khng ch c mt kiu ontology nht nh no . V d, trong ontology ca mt h thng mi in t lun c cc khi nim thuc kiu ontology chung mc cao nht, di s l cc khi nim ng vi min tri thc ca ng dng thng mi in t . Trong ontology ny cng c th c cc khi nim ch lin quan n ng dng nh cc khi nim lin quan n c ch hot ng ca agent. 3.1.4 Vai tr ca ontology trong tng tc gia cc agent Ontology c th c xem nh mt khun mu chung biu din ng ngha ca thng tin trong mt min xc nh thng qua mt tp khi nim (concept), cc mi quan h (relation) v mt tp cc lut (axiom) c s dng rng buc cc khi nim v mi quan h khi cn thit. Theo [31], ontology c s dng cho cc mc ch sau y: H tr truyn thng gia con ngi, gia con ngi vi my tnh v gia cc h thng my tnh c lp vi nhau. Cho php cc h thng s dng li min tri thc Lm cho min tri thc tr nn r rng hn Phn tch hay kt hp cc min tri thc nh cc php ton

Trong cc trng hp s dng ontology h tr truyn thng gia cc agent phn mm th cc ontology s biu din cc khi nim v cc thut ng c s dng trong qu trnh tng tc gia cc agent cng vi cc mi quan h cng nh cc lut rng buc gia cc khi nim, thut ng . thc hin c truyn thng gia cc agent, mi mt agent trong h thng phi bit cc thng tin: Kh nng v dch v ca cc agent khc (c th ch bit v mt agent, hoc bit tt c cc agent trong h thng). Ontology nh ngha cc khi nim trao i. Ngn ng truyn thng agent (ACL: Agent Communication Language) m cc agent dng biu din thng ip.

Nh vy cc agent trong h thng phi dng chung mt ngn ng truyn thng biu din cc thng ip v trong mi thng ip phi c ontology tng ng m agent gi thng ip s dng.

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C hai dng ngn ng truyn thng ph bin l KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language) ([11]) v FIPA-ACL (Foundation Intelligent Physical Agent) ([10]). Cu trc cc thng ip truyn thng biu din theo hai ngn ng ny u c trng ontology trong ch r ontology m thng ip s dng. Agent nhn thng ip s da trn ni dung trng ny xc nh ontology m agent gi s dng v da trn cc khi nim, cc thut ng c biu din trong ontology hiu ni dung ca thng ip. Bng 2.1 biu din cu trc chung ca hai ngn ng KQML v FIPA-ACL. Tuy biu din theo hai dng khc nhau (KQML biu din theo dng khai bo lp cn FIPAACL biu din theo dng th XML) nhng cu trc hai ngn ng ny vn c nhng im chung. Cc trng trong KQML tng ng vi cc th trong FIPA-ACL.
Bng 3.1 Cu trc chung ca KQML v FIPA-ACL

KQML

FIPA ACL

(KQML-performative <fipa-message act = > sender: <word> <sender> </sender> receiver: <word> <receiver> </receiver> language: <word> <content> </content> ontology: <word> <language> </language> content: <ontology> </ontology> <expression> <conversation) id></conversation-id> </fipa-message> Trong phn 3.2.3, chng ta s xem xt chi tit hn cc agent s dng ontology nh th no trong qu trnh tng tc.

3.2 Biu din ontology


Mt trong nhng vn quan trng khi nghin cu v pht trin cc h tng tc da trn ontology l biu din ontology. C hai cch tip cn biu din ontology: Cch tip cn biu din ontology theo kiu hnh thc: Theo cch tip cn ny, ontology s c biu din da trn th t ta c th xy dng c cu trc i s vi cc php ton trn ontology. Cch tip cn biu din ontology theo kiu khng hnh thc. Theo cch ny, ontology s c biu din v s dng cho pht trin cc h thng theo mt ngn ng no

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c xy dng cho mc ch ring (v d nh OIL, RDF, DAML, ...) hoc s dng trc tip ngn ng lp trnh (v d nh Java). Ti liu s ln lt xem xt hai kiu ontology ny trong hai phn 3.2.1 v 3.2.2. 3.2.1 Biu din ontology theo kiu hnh thc 3.2.1.1 Cc khi nim Theo P. Mitra v G. Weiderhold [28], ontology O=(G,R) c biu din mt cch hnh thc bi mt th c hng G v mt tp cc lut R, trong th G = (V,E) bao gm mt tp hu hn cc nh V v mt tp hu hn cc cnh E. Nhn ca mi nh trong V l mt xu k t khng rng biu din cc danh t. chnh l cc khi nim (concept) hoc cc thut ng (term). Nhn ca cc cnh trong E l tn ca cc mi quan h ng ngha gia cc cnh trong V. Nhn ny c th rng (null) khi mi quan h gia hai khi nim l khng xc nh. Mi cnh c th c biu din theo dng Statement (cu) vi cu trc chung l Subject-R-Object (SRO). Subject v Object l cc khi nim trong V v R l mi quan h gia hai khi nim . Lut trong ontology c biu din da trn logic v t. Theo [28], lp ngn ng logic v t c la chn biu din lut trong ontology l Horn Clause . Mt lut r s c dng nh sau: CompoundStatement => Statement Statement chnh l mt cu SRO (Subject R Object) nh trnh by trn, trong subject v object c th l nhn ca cc nt trong s ontology hoc l gi tr ca mt hay nhiu nt trong ontology. Tin ca lut r, CompoundStatement, c th l mt gi tr Bolean (ng hay sai) hoc mt s lin kt cc Statement. minh ho cho cc khi nim trong phn biu din ontology theo kiu hnh thc, chng ta xem xt v d nh trong Hnh 3.1. Ontology O1 ch c mt khi nim duy nht l Phng tin. Cc ontology cn li c nhiu hn mt khi nim nh O2 c cc khi nm t, Thuyn. Mi khi nim c biu din bi mt nh c hnh ovan vi nhn l tn ca khi nim. Cc mi quan h l cc cnh c hng trong th. SubclassOf biu din khi nim ny l lp con ca khi nim kia, HasA biu din khi nim ny c thuc tnh l khi nim kia, InstanceOf biu din khi nim ny l th hin ca khi nim kia. Nh vy, ontology c biu din ging nh mng ng ngha trong biu din tri thc. Trong cc php ton trn tp ontology, cc khi nim c biu din l Tn_ontology.Tn_khi_nim (v d nh O2.t hay O3.XeLuxury).

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Vi mi tp cc lut R s c mt tp cc nh ng vi lut , k hiu l Nodes(R). V d R = {(O2.t SubclassOf O1.Phng tin), (O2.Thuyn SubclassOf O1.Phng tin)} th Nodes(R) = {O2.t, O1.Phng tin, O2.Thuyn}.
Phng tin

O1
SubClassOf SubClassOf

t HasA Gi c

Thuyn HasA HasA

Tu t con HasA Gi bn l HasA Gi tr Dolla r SubClassOf XeLuxury HasA n v tin t InstanceOf

HasA

n v tin t InstanceOf

Gi tr

Dolla r

O2 Cc lut kt hp:

O3

1. True => (O2.t SubclassOf O1.Phng tin) 2. (X InstanceOf O3.t), (X HasA X.Gic ), (Y InstanceOf X.Gic) (Y HasA Y.Gitr), (Z InstanceOf Y.Value), (Y.Value>40,000) => (X InstanceOf O3.XeLuxury) Hnh 3.2: V d biu din ontology

3.2.1.2

Lut kt hp v hm sinh lut kt hp

Thng thng, biu din tri thc min trong mt h thng ln cn mt h nhiu ontology. gii quyt tnh cht khng ng nht gia cc ontology, Mitra [28] cho rng cn c mt hm sinh cc quan h tng ng gia cc khi nim trong cc ontologies khc nhau. Mi quan h nh vy gi l mt lut kt hp (articulation rule). Mi hm sinh cc quan h nh vy gi l hm sinh lut kt hp. u vo ca hm sinh lut kt hp l hai ontology (trong tp cc ontology c th c O) v u ra ca hm ny l mt tp cc lut kt hp (trong mt tp tt c cc lut c

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th R) gia hai ontology . Nh vy, mt cch hnh thc hm sinh lut kt hp l hm f: OxO 2R, trong O l tp tt c ontology c th c v 2R l tp tt c cc tp con ca nhng lut trong R. Chng ta gi s rng cc hm sinh kt hp l mt hm hon chnh, tc l vi 2 ontology cho trc, hm ny s lun lun kt thc v tr li cc lut kt hp tng ng. Nh vy, c th nh ngha hm sinh lut kt hp nh sau: nh ngha 1: Cho hai ontology O1, O2. Mt hm f ni hai nh n 1 O1 v n2 O2 c gi l hm sinh lut kt hp nu f sinh ra mt cnh (n1 R n2) hoc (n2 R n1), vi R l mt quan h no . K hiu: f(O1,O2). Hnh 3.1 biu din 2 lut kt hp. Mt lut kt hp c th c dng n gin nh lut s 1 hoc phc tp hn nhiu nh trong lut s 2 ( true l mnh hng ng). C mt s dng hm sinh lut kt hp nh hm sinh bc cu hoc hm sinh nht qun (xem chi tit trong [28]). 3.2.1.3 Cc php ton trn tp ontology

T cc nh ngha ontology, cc quan h, cc lut kt hp v cc hm sinh lut kt hp, ta c th xy dng cc php ton trn ontology bao gm cc php la chn (Select), php giao (intersection), php hp (union) v php hiu (difference).
Php chn

Php chn dng la chn mt phn trong ontology cn quan tm. V d, khi mt ngi ch quan tm n vic t ch khch sn m khng quan tm n vic mua v tu ho th ngi ch cn xem xt phn ontology m t yu cu v khch sn v b i cc khi nim m t yu cu lin quan n cc chuyn tu. Php Select c nh ngha theo 2 dng nh sau: nh ngha 2: Cho mt ontology O = ((N,E),R) v mt nh n N, php chn select(O,n) = (Gn,Rn) vi Gn = (Nn, En) l mt th con ca G sao cho vi tt c cc nh n trong Nn, tn ti mt ng i t n n n trong G. Trong , En = {e=(n1Rn2) E| n1,n2 Nn} l tp sao cho mi cnh trong En biu din mt quan h gia n1 v n2 trong Nn; Rn = {r R|Nodes(r) Nn} l mt tp cc lut ly ra t tp R tt c cc lut trong O ng vi cc khi nim trong Nn.

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nh ngha 3: Cho mt ontology O = ((N, E), R) v mt tp cc nh V. Php chn c nh ngha l Select(O,V) = (G, Rv) vi G = (V, Ev), Ev = {e= (n1 Rn2) E|n1,n2 V} v Rv = {r R|Nodes(r) V}. Xem xt li v d trnh by trong Hnh 3.1. Ontology O3 cha cc cnh (O3.XeLuxury SubClassOf O3.tcon) v (O3.XeLuxury HasA O3.Gibnl). Php Select(O3, tcon) s chn ra tt c cc nh c th thu c t nh tcon trong ontology O3 (bao gm Xe Luxury, Gi chi tit, n v tin t, Gi tr v Dollar) cng vi tt c cc cnh gia chng. Php Select(O3, { t con, Xe Luxury}) ch chn ra hai nh O3. t con v O3. Xe Luxury cng vi cnh Xe Luxury SubClassOf O3. t con gia hai nh .
Php giao

Php giao thc hin trn hai ontology cn kt hp v sinh ra ontology bng cc lut kt hp c sinh ra t cc hm sinh kt hp. Php giao c nh ngha nh sau: nh ngha 4: Giao ca hai ontology O1 = ((N1, E1), R1) v O2 = ((N2, E2), R2) bi mt hm sinh kt hp f l OI 1,2 = O1 f O2, trong OI1,2 = (NI, EI, RI), NI = Nodes(f(O1,O2)), EI = Edges(E1, NI N1) + Edges(E2, NI N2) + Edges(f(O1, O2)) v RI = Rules(O1, NIN1) + Rules(O2, NI N2) + f(O1, O2)). Cc nh c trong ontology giao chnh l cc nh c mt trong cc lut kt hp. Mt cnh trong ontology giao c to nn t cc cnh hoc c mt trong c hai ontology ngun hoc l u ra ca cc hm sinh kt hp theo mt lut kt hp. Lut trong ontology giao chnh l cc lut kt hp gia hai ontology ngun m trong ch c cc khi nim c mt trong ontology giao.
Php hp

nh ngha 5: Php hp gia hai ontology O1 = (V1, E1, R1) v O2 = (V2, E2, R2) biu din bi tp OU = O1 AR O2 = (VU, EU, RU) vi VU = V1 V2 VI1,2 EU = E1 E2 EI1,2 v RU = R1 R2 RU1,2,

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v OI1,2 = O1AR O2 = (VI1,2, EI1,2,RI1,2) l giao ca hai ontology O1, O2. Tp VI1,2 ch khng rng khi cc lut kt hp khng sinh ra nh mi. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp hai nt trong cc ontology khc nhau cn kt hp li c chung mt nhn (v d O1.x v O2.x) v tn ti mt hm f ch ra rng chng cng biu din mt gi tr (gi s hm f: Equals: O1.x Equals O2.x) th trong cc ontology giao v hp vn c c hai node O1.x v O2.x vi cnh tng ng gia hai khi nim .
Hiu ca hai ontology

nh ngha 6: Hiu ca hai ontology O1 v O2, k hiu l O1 - O2, vi O1 = ((V1, E1), R1) v O2 = ((V2, E2), R2) c nh ngha l OD = ((VD, ED), RD), vi VD = V1 VI1,2 ED = E1 EI1,2 RD = R1 RI1,2 v vi OI1,2 = O1 f O2 = (VI1,2, EI1,2, RI1,2) l tp giao ca hai ontology vi hm sinh kt hp f. C th hiu hiu ca hai ontology chnh l phn trong ontology u tin m khng ph bin trong ontology th hai. Cc nh, cnh v lut khng c trong phn giao ca hai ontology (theo nh ngha php giao) m li c trong ontology th nht s bao gm cc nh, cnh v lut trong hiu ca hai ontology. 3.2.1.4 Cc tnh cht ca cc php ton Phn ny dnh trnh by mt s tnh cht ca cc php ton trn ontology [28].
Tnh cht bt bin

y l mt tnh cht quan trng ca cc php ton nh hp v giao. Mt cch trc gic, tnh cht bt bin yu cu hp (hoc giao) ca mt ontology vi chnh n s cho kt qu l ontology ging vi ontology ban u. Trong php hp, tnh cht bt bin yu cu O1

f O1 = O1(vi f l mt hm sinh lut kt hp). t OU = O1 f O1 v AR = f(O1,O2). Theo nh ngha php hp ta c Nodes(OU) = Nodes(AR). Theo tnh bt bin ta cn c Nodes(OU) = Nodes(O1) = Nodes(AR). Nh vy, hm f phi sinh ra cc lut kt hp bao hm c tt c cc nh trong O1.
Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no OU cng hon ton ging O1. Ngoi nhng cnh v cc lut c trong O1, OU cn c cc cnh kt ni cc nh trong O1 vi chnh n (self-

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edges) v cc lut ch p dng cho mt nh (self-rules). Khi , iu kin cht ch ca tnh bt bin khng tha mn; trong [28] gii thiu mt khi nim khc gi l tnh bt bin v ng ngha nh sau: Mt php ton l bt bin v ng ngha nu v ch nu php ton p dng trn hai bn sao ca cng mt ontology, b i cc cnh kt ni mt nh vi chnh n v cc lut ch p dng cho mt nh, th ontology kt qu ging vi ontology ban u. Tnh cht bt bin trong php giao hon ton tng t nh trong php hp. D dng nhn ra l php hiu khng th c tnh cht bt bin.
Tnh cht giao hon

Tnh cht giao hon cng l mt tnh cht quan trng, tnh cht ny cho php i th t cc ontology trong mt php ton gip cho qu trnh thc hin tnh ton thun li hn. Tng t nh vi tnh cht bt bin, trong [28] cng nh ngha tnh cht giao hon v ng ngha. nh ngha 7: Mt hm sinh kt hp f c gi l hm sinh giao hon v ng ngha nu v ch nu f(O1, O2) f(O2, O1) vi mi ontologyO1, O2. Tnh cht giao hon v ng ngha ca php giao (hoc php hp): Mt php giao (hoc php hp) c gi l giao hon v ng ngha nu hm sinh kt hp c s dng trong php giao (hay php hp) l hm sinh giao hon v ng ngha. Tnh cht giao hon khng p dng c cho php hiu.
Tnh cht kt hp

Nu nh mt php ton c tnh cht kt hp, chng ta c th thay i th t cc ontology nhm ti u ha qu trnh tnh ton. Trong php giao, tnh cht kt hp yu cu (O1ARules O2)fARules O3 = O1ARules (O2 ARules O3) trong ARules l mt hm sinh lut lut kt hp. Tnh cht kt hp ca php giao pht biu nh sau: Mt php giao s dng mt hm sinh lut kt hp f c tnh cht kt hp nu hm f l nht qun v kt ni bc cu.

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Nu nh hm f khng nht qun v khng kt ni bc cu th trong nhiu trng hp tnh cht kt hp s khng c tho mn (xem thm trong [28]). Tnh cht kt hp trong php hp cng c pht biu hon ton tng t nh trong php giao. Nh vy, vi vic s dng th v l thuyt th biu din ontology, chng ta c th xy dng c i s trn cc ontology vi cc php ton tng ng. y chnh l c s cho cc nghin cu v tng hp v s dng li ontology. 3.2.2 Biu din ontology theo kiu khng hnh thc Khc vi biu din ontology theo kiu hnh thc, biu din ontology theo kiu khng hnh thc gn b cht ch vi vic xy dng h thng. Theo cch tip cn ny, cc mi quan h trong ontology s c nh ngha r rng bi cc ngn ng ring, hoc s dng trc tip cc mi quan h sn c nh lp-lp con, lp-i tng-gi trtrong cc ngn ng . C rt nhiu phng php biu din ontology khng hnh thc khc nhau v c th phn chia thnh hai dng chnh: Cch bin din ontology trc tip bng ngn ng lp trnh Cch biu din ontology s dng cc ngn ng ring

Trong cch biu din th nht, ontology c biu din trc tip bng ngn ng lp trnh nh Java hay C++. Cch biu din ny c u im l h tr pht trin ngha l c th s dng trc tip kt qu biu din cho pht trin cc trnh ng dng v khi cc thnh phn trong h thng d dng hiu c ni dung v cu trc ca ontology. minh ho cho cch biu din ny, ta xem xt li v d trong Hnh 3.1. Gi s cc lp UserRequest v Cost c nh ngha trc. Khi , cc khi nim HotelRequest, TrainRequest s c nh ngha thnh cc lp, cc khi nim khc s c nh ngha thnh cc thuc tnh tng ng vi hai lp trn v c biu din trong ngn ng Java nh sau:
public class HotelRequest extends UserRequest implements java.io.Serializable{ private private private private Cost roomCost; int starNumber; int distance; boolean internet;

public int getroomCost(){ return roomCost; } public int getstarNumber(){ return starNumber; } public int getdistance(){

CHNG 3: ONTOLOGY TRONG H A AGENT


return distance;

66

public boolean getinternet(){ return internet; } public void setroomCost(Cost newcost){ this.roomCost = newcost; } public void setstarNumber(int newstarNumber){ this.starNumber = newstarNumber; } public void setdistance(int newdistance){ this.distance = newdistance; } public void setinternet(boolean newinternet){ this.internet = newinternet; } } public class TrainRequest extends UserRequest implements java.io.Serializable{ private int possition; private int timelost; private Cost ticketPrice; public int getpossition(){ return possition; } public int gettimelost(){ return timelost; } public int getticketprice(){ return ticketprice; } public void setpossition(int newpossition){ this.possition = newpossition; } public void settimelost(int newtimelost){ this.timelost = newtimelost; } public void setticketprice(Cost newprice){ this.ticketprice = newprice; } }

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Nh vy, trong cch biu din ontology theo ngn ng lp trnh, cc mi quan h c nh ngha theo quan h k tha v quan h lp - thuc tnh cng vi cc hm tr li gi tr trong cc lp v thuc tnh . h tr cho pht trin cc h a agent trn Internet, nhiu nghin cu tin hnh v a ra cc ngn ng dnh ring cho biu din ontology nh Topic Maps, RDF, OIL, DAML (xem chi tit trong [1]). Hu ht cc phng php ny u tp trung vo vic biu din cc ti nguyn trn Internet thng qua cc a ch URL v khi cc mi quan h gia cc ti nguyn s c cu trc ging nh mng ng ngha trong biu din tri thc.

3.3 Phng php lun xy dng ontology tng qut


C rt nhiu cch biu din ontology khng hnh thc khc nhau v mi cch biu din li tng ng vi mt cng c hay mt phng php xy dng ontology c th. Tuy nhin, c im chung ca cc cch biu din ny l u xem ontology nh mt cu trc phn lp cc khi nim v cc thuc tnh ca khi nim [1]. Cu trc phn lp ny s c biu din nh mt mng ng ngha vi cc mi quan h gia cc khi nim. Da trn c im ny, cc phng php xy dng ontology cui cng u chuyn cc khi nim, cc thut ng, cc mi quan h trong ontology thnh tp cc lp, cc thuc tnhv biu din ontology theo mt phng php biu din no . Cc phng php xy dng ontology u c u vo l cc yu cu ca h thng, yu cu ca tng tc trong h a agent cn xy dng v u ra l mt s phn cp ontology biu din cc khi nim cn thit cho tng tc ca cc agent trong h a agent . Tuy c nhiu im khc nhau nhng do mc ch, u vo v u ra ging nhau nn ta c th quy tt c cc phng php xy dng ontology theo mt phng php chung tng qut nht gi l vng i pht trin ontology. Theo H. Beck v H. Pinto [1], vic xy dng ontology l mt vng i hon chnh theo mt tin trnh (process) c th t tp yu cu vo n khi c cy phn cp ontology v s dng ontology trong tng tc ca h a agent. Mt cch tng qut, tin trnh bao gm mt dy cc hnh ng, mi hnh ng c xem nh mt pha trong vng i pht trin ontology. Cc pha trong qu trnh xy dng ontology c biu din nh trong Hnh 3.3. c t (Specification) Pha ny nhm xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology. Mc ch l tr li cho cu hi Ti sao ontology li c xy dng?. Cn phm vi ca ontology nhm

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tr li cho cu hi Ontology hng ti ci g, i tng s dng ontology l ngi dng hay trnh ng dng? Hnh thnh khi nim (Conceptualization) Bc ny tin hnh tp hp cc khi nim cn c trong ontology v mi khi nim c m t trong mt m hnh khi nim (conceptual mode). M hnh khi nim ny phi m bo tho mn tt c cc c t v mc ch v phm vi ca ontology c trong bc trc. Hnh thc ho (Formalization) Bc ny nhm hnh thc ho cc khi nim trong ontology. Bc ny c thc hin thng qua vic chuyn i m hnh khi nim trong bc trc vo mt m hnh hnh thc. Ci t (Implementation) Mi thnh phn trong m hnh ontology hnh thc c trong bc trc s c ci t theo mt ngn ng biu din ontology no . Bo tr (Maintenance) Mi thnh phn s c cp nht v sa i to nn ontology hon chnh. Ngoi cc pha trn, trong vng i pht trin ontology tng qut cn c cc hot ng tn ti song song trong ton b qu trnh pht trin ontology. Cc hot ng bao gm: Thu thp tri thc (knowledge accquisition) Mi tri thc lin quan n ontology s c thu thp nh s dng cc k thut suy lun hoc tham chiu n mt danh mc tri thc ph hp. nh gi (evaluation) Trong hot ng ny, ngi pht trin s dng mt k thut c lng c th nh gi cc pha xy dng ontology. Vit ti liu (Documentation) Hot ng vit ti liu cn thit trong tt c cc pha ca vng i pht trin ontology tng qut. Vi mi cng vic, ngi pht trin phi vit ti liu tr li cc cu hi nh lm cng vic g, lm nh th no v ti sao li thc hin cng vic . S dng li (reuse)

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Ngi pht trin cng c th s dng li cc ontology c trong qu trnh xy dng ontology ca mnh. y chnh l vn tch hp ontology v ang thu ht nhiu mi quan tm trong thi gian gn y.

c t

Hnh thnh khi nim

Hnh thc ho

Ci t

Bo tr

Thu thp tri thc

nh gi Vit ti liu

Hnh 3.3: Cc bc xy dng ontology

Trn y l vng i pht trin ontology tng qut. C rt nhiu phng php xy dng ontology c th ra i nh TOVE, ENTERPRISE, METHONTOLOGY, ... Cc phng php ny thng tp trung vo vic xy dng ontology t u vi vng i gm cc bc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, v c bn th cc phng php ny vn tun theo vng i pht trin ontology tng qut ni n trn. Phng php lun MaSE tch hp qu trnh xy dng ontology thnh mt bc trong pha phn tch. Nh vy, MaSE vi agentTool h tr qu trnh pht trin mt h a agent hon chnh. K thut xy dng ontology trong MaSE da trn cc bc trong vng i pht trin ontology tng qut v s c trnh by chi tit hn trong Chng 5 ca ti liu ny.

3.4 Kt lun
Chng ny trnh by khi qut v ontology, cc phng php biu din ontology v phng php lun pht trin ontology tng qut. Vic p dng ontology trong h a agent cn rt nhiu vn nh biu din ng ngha thng tin, tng hp v s dng li ontology.... cn c tip tc nghin cu pht trin c bit cho tch hp thng tin cc h

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thng ln ([33], [34]). K thut xy dng ontology trong MaSE s c trnh by chi tit hn trong Chng 4.

CHNG 4

QUY TRNH PHT TRIN H PHN MM HNG AGENT

Pha phn tch Pha thit k Kt lun

MaSE l mt trong nhng phng php lun pht trin phn mm hng agent c xy dng da trn phng php pht trin phn mm hng i tng. So vi cc phng php lun khc, phng php lun ny c u im l d dng hn cho nhng ngi quen thuc vi pht trin phn mm hng i tng v tch hp c pht trin ontology trong qu trnh pht trin h a agent. Ni dung chng ny tp trung trnh by quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent cng vi cc bc tng ng pht trin da trn cng c agentTool. Cc bc pht trin ny c minh ho vi h dch v du lch TraNeS nh cp trong cc chng trc.

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4.1 c im ca phng php lun MaSE


MaSE (Multiagent System Engineering) l phng php lun phn tch v thit k cc h phn mm hng agent c pht trin bi nhm nghin cu thuc Vin Cng ngh Hng khng Hoa K (Air Force Intistute of Technology - AFIT) ([5], [6], [7], [8], [9]). Trong cc cch tip cn xy dng phng php lun pht trin h a agent c trnh by trong Chng 2, MaSE l mt phng php lun c pht trin da trn cch tip cn hng i tng. Quan im xy dng ca phng php lun ny l xem agent nh mc tru tng cao hn ca mt i tng: mi agent c xem l mt i tng c bit. Khc vi mt i tng truyn thng trong cc phng thc c th c gi bi cc i tng khc, cc agent tng tc vi nhau thng qua hi thoi v hnh ng mt cch t ch hon thnh mc ch ca ring mnh cng nh mc ch chung ca h thng. Ngoi ra, cc agent c xem nh l mt s khi qut ho i tng ph hp vi bi ton c th, n c th c hoc khng c kh nng thng minh. Do , cc agent v cc thnh phn khng thng minh trong h thng c x l tng t nh nhau. Nh DeLoach khng nh [9], vic xem agent l mt mc tru tng cao hn ca i tng khin cho vic phn tch thit k hng agent c th k tha t cc phng php lun pht trin phn mm hng i tng. Qu trnh pht trin h a agent theo MaSE bao gm hai pha: pha phn tch v pha thit k: Pha phn tch bao gm cc bc: Xc nh Goal, Xc nh cc Use Case, Xy dng Ontology v Hon thin Role. Pha thit k bao gm cc bc: Xc nh Agent, Xy dng hi thoi, Hon thin Agent v Trin khai h thng.

Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh tin hnh, ngi thit k c th chuyn i qua li gia cc bc mt cch t do c th b sung cc thiu st hay iu chnh li cc bc m bo tnh nht qun v ton vn ca h thng ang thit k. Ton b qu trnh phn tch thit k h thng theo phng php lun MaSE c h tr bi b cng c agentTool. Mi bc u c biu din bi cc s tng ng trong agentTool. Bn cnh , b cng c ny cn h tr ngi thit k kim th tng tc gia cc agent v sinh m t ng cho h thng. Phn tip theo ca ti liu s trnh by quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent theo phng php lun MaSE. Tng ng vi mi bc, ti liu s trnh by trnh t thc hin bc da trn b cng c agentTool.

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4.2 Quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent


4.2.1 Khi qut cc bc pht trin Cc bc pht trin h phn mm hng agent c biu din nh trong Hnh 4.1.

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Bc 1

Yu cu h thng Xc nh cc ch
Bc 2

Xy dng use case


Bc 3

PHA THIT K

Xy dng ontology Xy dng s role Xc nh cc lp agent


Bc 6

Bc 4

Bc 5

Xy dng cc phin hi thoi


Bc 7

Hon thin cc agent Trin khai h thng

Bc 8

Hnh 4.1. Cc bc pht trin h a agent

PHA PHN TCH

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4.2.2 Pha phn tch Bc1: Xc nh cc ch Yu cu h thng ch (goal) l mt khi nim ch mc ch m h thng cn t c. Mc ch ca h thng y c nhn t quan im ca h thng ngha l cc dch v m h thng c th cung cp. ch s c phn r thnh cc ch con, cc ch con ny li c tip tc phn r v cc ch mc thp hn ny s khng c coi l ch m ch c xem xt a vo cc bc sau ca pha phn tch. Nhim v ca bc ny l chuyn ton b c t yu cu ca h thng vo tp cc ch c cu trc. Nh vy, c hai bc trong vic xy dng cy ch: tp hp cc ch v xy dng cy phn cp cc ch.

Tp hp Xc nh cc ch ch

T chc cy ch

Hnh 4.2: Bc xc nh cc ch

Tp hp ch Bc ny thc hin trch cc yu cu chc nng c trong ti liu c t h thng, mi yu cu chc nng c m t bng mt ch. Cc yu cu chc nng c xc nh bng cch tr li cu hi H thng phi lm ci g m cha cn quan tm n cch thc thc hin nhim v nh th no. Cc ch u tin c xc nh mt cch trc quan thng qua vic xc nh mc tiu cn t c ca h thng. Chng hn vi h dch v t ch khch sn th ta c th xc nh ngay c ch u tin l t ch. Cc ch tip theo c xc nh thng qua ch trc bng cch tr li cu hi Mun t c ch X th cn phi c ci g?. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh phn r, cc ch c phn r t cc ch ban u s tr thnh cc ch con. S phn r s din ra vi tt c cc ch c pht hin nhng cha c phn r.

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Qu trnh phn r s dng li khi cc chc nng con sinh ra khng phi l nhim v mc h thng, ngha l khng th ng vai tr ch ca h thng. Cc ch khng cn phn r thm c c im l khi c gng phn r ch ny ta s phi tr li cu hi mun hon thnh vic ny th cn lm ci g?, tc l tm ra mt cch thc thc hin ch ch khng phi l mt ch con. T chc cy ch Bc con ny c nhim v t chc cc ch xc nh trong bc con trc vo mt s phn cp ch (Goal Hierarchy Diagram). Mt s phn cp ch l mt th c hng v khng c chu trnh (dng ta hnh cy). Trong : Cc nh biu din cc ch, c tn trng vi tn ca ch m n biu din. Cc mi tn ch ra quan h ch cha con v quan h vi cc ch khc.

C hai trng hp xy ra: (i) Nu xc nh c ch tng th ca h thng th t n gc ca cy ch; (ii) Nu ch tng th khng xc nh c trc tip t yu cu th phi kt hp cc ch mc cao nht li thnh mt ch tng th cho h thng. Cc ch cn li c th phn cp thnh cc quan h cha - con hoc ngang hng bng cch lp cc th tc sau:
Bc 1: Cc ch c phn r t cc ch khc trong bc con trc phi l ch con vi ch cha tng ng. Bc 2: Nu cc ch khng c phn r t bt k mt ch no (cc ch c xc nh ngay ban u), xc nh quan h cha con, th tr li cu hi chng c thc hin mt phn nhim v cho mt ch no khng?. Nu c, n s tr thnh ch con ca ch m n h tr. Nu khng, phi xem xt li rng ch c cn thit cho h thng hay khng. Nu khng cn thit th n s b loi b v ngc li, nu cn thit th n s to thnh mt nhnh mi ngay t nt gc ca cy ch.

Trong cy ch c th c bn loi ch sau: ch chung (Summary goal): l mt ch c to ra t cc ch ngang hng (thng l ch tng th ca h thng). ch phi chc nng (Non functional goal): l cc ch khng thc hin trc tip mt chc nng no ca h thng, nhng l nhn t kim tra tnh ng n ca h thng. Cc ch ny thng xut hin t cc yu cu phi chc nng chng hn nh tin cy hay yu cu thi gian thc cho h thng.

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ch c kt hp (Combined goal): l cc ch c to thnh khi kt hp hai hay nhiu ch c chc nng ging nhau hoc tng t nhau. ch b phn hoch (Partitioned goal): l ch c phn hoch hon ton. Theo , nu tt c cc ch con ca n c hon thnh th bn thn n cng c hon thnh m khng cn thc hin thm nhim v no na. Biu din cy phn cp ch trong agentTool biu din cy phn cp ch trong agentTool, trc ht phi biu din ch tng th ca h thng bng cch nhn nt Add Goal trn thanh cng c trong Goal Panel. ch tng th s c nh s th t l 1 v ngi pht trin s phi t tn cho ch ny sao cho m t khi qut c mc tiu chung ca h thng (Hnh 4.3).

Hnh 4.3: Xy dng ch tng th

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Sau khi xy dng ch tng th, ngi pht trin h thng c th biu din cc ch con bng cch nhn vo ch cha v nhn nt Add Goal, sau t tn cho goal con c phn ging vi goal tng th (Hnh 4.4). Qu trnh ny tip din cho n khi hon thnh ton b cy phn cp ch. Tng ng vi mi ch trong s phn cp ch, ngi pht trin phi xc nh r kiu ca ch . Nu ch l ch b phn hoch (partitioned goal) th ngi pht trin phi nhn chut phi vo ch v chn chc nng set partitioned. Trong Hnh 4.4, Tralvel package l mt ch b phn hoch

Hnh 5.4: Xy dng ch con

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Bc 2: Xy dng use case


Yu cu h thng

Use case c th hiu l cc m t v hnh vi m h thng cn thc hin trong mt trng hp c th. Cc hnh vi ny c xut pht t mong mun ca ngi dng. Mc ch ca bc ny l to ra mt tp cc use case v cc s dy (sequence diagram) tng ng nhm h tr cho ngi phn tch h thng pht hin c tp cc role ban u v cc ng truyn thng c th c trong h thng.

S usecase

S tun t

Hnh 4.5: Xy dng use case

Vic s dng use case trong MaSE c k tha t phng php phn tch hng i tng. C hai loi use case khc nhau da vo hon cnh m chng m t: Use case ch ng: m t hnh vi ca h thng trong trng hp l tng, ngha l cc iu kin u tho mn. Use case b ng: m t hnh vi m h thng cn thc hin trong trng hp c li, c ngoi l hoc c s c nghim trng. Bc ny cng bao gm hai bc con l to cc use case v xy dng biu tng tc tun t. To cc use case Cc use case c th c trch ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau: (i) c t yu cu ca h thng; (ii) Mong mun ca ngi dng; (iii) Bn mu nhanh (nu c). V nguyn tc, mi mt ch c xc nh trong Bc 1 s tng ng vi mt use case, ngoi tr cc ch b phn hoch (v i vi cc ch ny, khi hon thnh cc use case ca cc ch con th bn thn n cng c hon thnh). Trong cc use case tng ng ca mi ch cha, dy hnh ng thuc use case ca ch con s c coi l mt hnh ng n, ngha l n c xem tng ng vi mt hnh ng n bnh thng khc v cng c biu din bng mt s kin u vo v mt hnh ng c thc hin.

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Cc use case ng vi cc ch thuc l ca cy ch s c trch dn trc, sau ngc dn ln pha gc ca cy ch v dng li khi gp mt ch b phn hoch. ch b phn hoch s khng cn use case bi v use case tng ng vi n chnh l php hp n gin ca cc use case tng ng vi cc ch con ca n m khng cn b sung thm bt k s kin hay hnh ng no. Xy dng biu tun t Mt biu tun t m t mt dy cc s kin din ra gia cc role c xc nh trong cc use case. N c xy dng da trn cc role v quan h tng tc gia cc role ny vi nhau. Mt biu tun t bao gm: Cc role lin quan n use case cn biu din, cc role ny c t pha trn ca biu . Cc ng ni t cc role thng xung di l cc ng biu th cho thi gian hot ng ca cc role. Cc mi tn ni t role ny n role kia biu th mt tng tc gia hai role, theo chiu mi tn. Nhn km theo mi tn s biu th tn ca s kin tng tc . Tun t cc s kin xy ra trong use case s l tun t cc mi tn i t trn xung di. Vic chuyn t mt use case sang mt biu tun t c th tin hnh trc tip nh sau. Mi use case c th tng ng vi mt biu tun t. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp m use case qu phc tp, n c th cn n nhiu hn mt biu dy m t hot ng. Trong trng hp ny, cng c th tch use case thnh cc use case nh hn v n gin hn, mi use case ch cn mt biu dy nh trng hp l tng ban u. Vic xy dng biu tun t c bt u bng vic xc nh cc role cn thit phi tham gia vo biu . Role c th hiu l mt tp cc nhim v c lin quan cht ch n nhau m cc agent trong h thng cn m nhim t ti ch. Mi role c th thc hin mt hay nhiu ch ca h thng. xc nh cc role, ngi pht trin c th s dng k thut trch danh t. T cc use case c trong bc trc, ngi pht trin s tin hnh duyt v tm ra cc danh t ch cc i tng c chc nng c th no trong use case . Tip theo, ngi pht trin s xem xt li danh mc cc danh t ny v loi i cc

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danh t ch cng mt i tng. Cc danh t cn li s l cc role s c mt trong s tun t tng ng vi use case . Sau khi c cc role th trong bc tip theo ngi pht trin s tin hnh biu din tun t cc s kin ca s tun t trong AgentTool. Biu din use case v cc s tun t trong agentTool Ngi pht trin h thng s dng Use Case Panel trong agentTool xc nh cc use case cn c ca h thng v c biu din nh trong Hnh 4.6.

Hnh 4.6: Biu din Use case

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Mi use case s c cc s tun t tng ng. biu din c cc s tun t ny, h thng cn phi c cc role, chnh l cc thnh phn tham gia trong s tun t. Vic xc nh cc role c thc hin trong Role panel theo Hnh 4.7. Tng ng vi mi role s thc hin mt hoc nhiu goal. Trong Hnh 4.7, cc role c biu din di dng cc bng ch nht c hai phn. Phn trn l tn role, phn di l s th t cc goal tng ng m role m nhim.

Hnh 4.7: Biu din Role

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Cc role xc nh trong bc ny ch c ngha tm thi. S role s c biu din y v chi tit trong cc bc sau. Da trn cc role ny, ngi pht trin s ln lt biu din cc s tun t nh trong Hnh 4.8 v Hnh 4.9 bng cch s dng hai nt Add Goal v Add Role trn thanh cng c.

Hnh 4.8: Biu din s tun t

Mi s tun t s bao gm cc role cng vi cc protocol. Cc protocol chnh l cc tng tc gia cc thnh phn. Mt s tun t hon chnh c dng nh trong Hnh 4.9.

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Hnh 5.9: S tun t hon chnh

Bc 3: Xy dng ontology Nh trnh by trong Chng 4 ca ti liu, ontology c th xem l mt tp cc khi nim biu din thng tin v tri thc trong trao i gia cc agent. Ni cch khc, ontology l mt h tri thc chung gia cc agent, bao gm cc khi nim c dng trong mt min tri thc nht nh. Theo quan im MaSE, ontology l tp cc khi nim c th s dng nh l cc tham s cha trong cc thng ip trao i gia cc agent.

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Trong MaSE, xy dng ontology bao gm bn bc chnh ([6],[8]): Xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology Thu thp d liu Xy dng ontology khi u Hon thin ontology

Kt qu ca qu trnh ny l mt s phn cp cc khi nim c th p ng yu cu hot ng ca h thng. Khi p dng k thut ny trong cc h thng tch hp thng tin th cn c nhng thay i cho ph hp. Cc bc tin hnh xy dng ontology c cho trong Hnh 4.10. Ontology c s dng trong hu ht tt c cc bc tip theo ca qu trnh phn tch thit k h phn mm a agent. Cc tham s truyn qua li gia cc agent trong bc xy dng c xc nh mt cch tng minh bi cc kiu d liu c bn ca Java hoc cc kiu c nh ngha trong ontology ca h thng. Chnh v vy, cc bc sau ca phn thit k, ta s s dng ontology v qua hiu chnh li ontology nu thy cn thit. Sau y, ta s xem xt c th tng bc ca qu trnh xy dng ontology. Bc 1: Xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca Ontology
Bc th nht trong vic xy dng ontology l xc nh c lnh vc m ontology cn biu din. Ngha l ngi phn tch phi tr li cu hi ti sao ontology c xy dng v phm vi nh s dng ontology ca h thng. Khi mt h thng k tha ontology t mt h thng khc, ontology c k tha phi c m t chi tit v chnh xc phm vi biu din ca n. T , ngi phn tch so snh phm vi ny vi phm vi lnh vc ca h thng mnh ang xy dng: - Nu phm vi ca mnh rng hn th phi b sung thm cc khi nim - Nu phm vi hp hn th phi loi b cc khi nim khng cn thit ra khi ontology c k tha. xc nh phm vi ca ontology cn thc hin cc bc nh sau: a. Xem xt ton b cc use case c m t trong Bc 2 v s ch ca h thng trong Bc 1;

b. Xc nh ton b cc thng tin v kiu d liu m h thng s dng, ng thi xc


nh c mc chi tit cn m t ca cc kiu d liu ny.

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Cc bc xy dng ontology
S goal

Use case Biu tun t

1. Xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology

2. Thu thp d liu Xc nh danh sch thut ng ca h thng

3. Xy dng ontology khi u - Xc nh khi nim no l lp, khi nim no l thuc tnh - Biu din theo cu trc hnh cy lp/ i tng trong ngn ng Java

4. Kim nh ontology B sung, loi b cc khi nim trong ontology cho n khi hon chnh

Cy phn cp ontology

Hnh 5.10: Cc bc xy dng ontology Ngi phn tch c th s dng k thut khoanh vng v thu hp dn cc min tri thc xc nh phm vi ca ontology. xc nh mc chi tit ca cc tri thc v khi nim, ngi phn tch tip tc s dng cc k thut: Phn r min tri thc ban u thnh cc min con cho n khi khng th phn r thm na. Khoanh vng cc min tri thc c lin quan n bi ton v loi b cc vng khng lin quan.

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Nh vy bc ny tng ng vi pha c t trong vng i pht trin ontology tng qut trnh by trong Chng 3.

Bc 2: Thu thp d liu


Sau khi xc nh c cc loi d liu v mc chi tit ca chng, ngi thit k phi lp ra mt danh sch lit k tt c cc danh t c mt trong cy phn cp ch ( c bc xc nh Goals) v cc use case. Danh sch ny c gi l danh sch thut ng ca h thng. T tp thut ng ny, ngi thit k phi chn ra cc danh t c th biu din mt kiu d liu cn thit cho h thng bng cch xem xt tt c cc kiu d liu cn truyn i trong cc use-case. Bc ny thc cht l tm ra cc khi nim c trong cc message v cc khi nim mc nh hn cc agent c th hiu c cc message m n nhn c. Sau bc ny ta nhn c cc khi nim cn c trong ontology. Bc ny ng vi pha hnh thnh khi nim trong phng php lun xy dng ontology tng qut.

Bc 3: Xy dng ontology khi u


xy dng c ontology khi u, ngi thit k phi chuyn ton b cc khi nim thu c trong phn trc vo tp cc lp v cc thuc tnh ca chng. Vn chnh l lm sao xc nh c khi nim no l lp v khi nim no nn l thuc tnh, iu ny ph thuc vo vic xc nh mc chi tit ca mi khi nim. Thng thng, cc khi nim biu din mc chi tit thp nht th nn ly lm thuc tnh, cc khi nim l t hp ca nhiu khi nim con th nn xem l lp. Tuy nhin, khng phi mi khi nim u phi m t y cc thuc tnh nh ngha thc t ca n. Trong ontology, ch cc thuc tnh cn thit thc hin cc ch con v ch tng th ca h thng mi c a vo lm thuc tnh cho cc i tng tng ng. xy dng c ontology khi u, ngi phn tch c th la chn mt trong hai cch:

K tha t mt ontology ca mt h thng khc: ngi phn tch phi xc nh r phm vi biu din ca ontology ca h thng c k tha v phm vi tri thc ca h thng mnh ang xy dng. Nu phm vi tri thc ca h thng c k tha rng hn, th loi b cc thng tin d tha v b sung cc thng tin chi tit hn. Nu phm vi tri thc ca h thng c k tha nh hn th phi b sung cc tri thc v min lnh vc mi. Xy dng ontology ngay t u: ngi phn tch phi chuyn ton b cc khi nim thu c trong phn trc vo tp cc lp v cc thuc tnh ca chng. Thng

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thng, cc khi nim biu din mc chi tit thp nht th nn ly lm thuc tnh, cc khi nim l t hp ca nhiu khi nim con th nn to thnh lp. Bc ny ng vi pha hnh thc ho v pha ci t trong phng php lun xy dng ontology tng qut. Biu din ontology khi u trong AgentTool biu din ontology khi u trong agentTool, ngi pht trin cn s dng cng c Ontology Editor c tch hp trong Ontology panel. Hnh 4.11 biu din cc thng tin cn xc lp cho ontology ca h thng.

Hnh 4.11: Xy dng ontology khi u (1)

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bt u biu din cc lp, cc thuc tnh trong ontology khi u, ngi pht trin cn chn nt Edit Ontology trn thanh cng c. Khi , mn hnh Ontology Editor s hin ra pha trn ca AgentTool nh trong Hnh 4.12 sau y:

Hnh 4.12: Xy dng ontology khi u (2)

Hnh 4.13 biu din vic nh ngha mt Slot trong Ontology Editor (mi slot thng l mt thuc tnh ca mt lp trong ontology).

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Hnh 4.13: Xy dng ontology khi u (3)

Bc 4. Kim nh ontology
Trong bc cui cng ny, ngi phn tch phi chng thc c rng ontology va xy dng tho mn yu cu ca h thng bng cch xem li ton b cc tnh hung c m t trong cc use case v s tun t (sequence diagram):

Nu pht hin thy mt thiu st no th khi nim tng ng phi c b sung ngay vo ontology; Nu pht hin c khi nim no khng cn thit phi loi b ngay ra khi ontology.

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Qu trnh ny c lp li hoc cho n pha ci t h thng hoc cho n khi ngi thit k thy rng, ontology hon ton tho mn yu cu hot ng ca h thng. Bc 4 tng ng vi pha bo tr trong phng php lun xy dng ontology tng qut ni n trong Chng 3. Kt qu ca bc 4 ny l mt cy phn cp ontology hon chnh, c th p ng c yu cu s dng trong cc bc tip theo ca qu trnh phn tch thit k v m bo y cc khi nim cn cho tng tc ca h a agent.

Nhng bc xy dng ontology theo phng php lun MaSE l kh r rng v tch bit. Tuy nhin, trn thc t cc bc ny u nm trong vng i pht trin ontology nn c th c thc hin lng vo nhau. Mt khc, do t bc xy dng ontology trong vng i pht trin chung ca h thng nn nu c thay i trong cc bc u tin nh Xc nh yu cu, Xc nh cy phn cp ch, Xy dng tp use case v cc biu dy th ton b qu trnh xy dng ontology cng phi thay i theo. V ngc li, nu cy phn cp ontology thay i th cc bc sau ca phn tch tht k cng cn thay i cho ph hp. Bc 4: Xy dng s role
Cy phn cp ch S tun t

Role l khi nim dng ch cc thnh vin (i tng) thc hin mt (hoc mt s) vai tr nht nh trong h thng. Mc tiu ca bc ny l chuyn tp cc ch ca h thng vo tp cc role cng vi cc nhim v ca n. Thng thng, vic chuyn i t ch sang role l tng ng 1-1, ngha l mi role thc hin mt ch.

S role

ontology

S task

Hnh 4.14: Xy dng s role

Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, mt role c th tng ng vi nhiu ch khi cc ch ny c quan h cht ch hoc gn ging nhau. Trong bc ny, ngi pht trin h thng s phi xem xt li cc role c trong bc xy dng s tun t, thm, bt, sa i cho ph hp.

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Cc giao tip vi bn ngoi s c xy dng thnh mt role ring bit v hot ng tng t nh mt tng tc t mt ngun ti nguyn bn ngoi vi phn cn li ca h thng. Cc thnh phn c coi l ngun ti nguyn bn ngoi bao gm: c s d liu, cc file, h thng b sung v con ngi. Sau khi xc nh c cc role ph hp ca h thng, phi xc nh c tp cc giao thc giao tip ban u gia cc role ny. Cc tng tc ny c trch t cc use case ca Bc 2. Nu gia cc role trong biu dy c mt hoc mt s s kin lin quan vi nhau th gia hai role tng ng trong biu ny s c mt giao thc tng tc, bn khi u trng vi bn khi u cc s kin trong use case. S role ban u ny s c chi tit ho bng cch gn cc task cho cc role. Task l mt nhim v c th, chi tit m cc role phi thc hin nhm t c ch m n c trch nhim phi thc hin. Thng thng, mi ch nn cho tng ng vi mt task, bi v mun t c mt ch, th t nht mt task cn phi hon thnh. Trong trng hp c bit, i vi cc ch phc tp th c th cn n hn mt task gii quyt n. Nn tch ch thnh cc ch b hn, n gin hn sao cho mt task c th gii quyt c. Da vo cc ch m mi role phi thc hin, cc task c to ra bng cch tr li cu hi Role s thc hin cc ch nh th no?. Sau khi cc task c gn vo cc role xc nh, cc giao thc gia cc role trong s role ban u s c xc nh c th bi cc task lin quan. Biu din s role trong AgentTool Trong agentTool, ngi pht trin h thng cn biu din cc task tng ng cho mi role (dng hnh van) v cc tng tc gia cc task . S role gn task trong agentTool c biu din nh trong Hnh 4.15.
S bn trong task

Sau khi xc nh c cc role, cc task s c gn cho mi role m t cch mi role c x v hot ng nhm t c ch m n hng ti. Cc role c th hot ng vi hai loi tng tc: (i) Tng tc trong: cc tng tc gia cc task trong cng mt role; (ii) Tng tc ngoi: cc tng tc gia cc task ca cc role khc nhau. Trong s role chi tit, cc tng tc trong c biu din bng cc mi tn nt t, cn cc tng tc ngoi c biu din bng mi tn nt lin. Cc tng tc ny s nh

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hng cho vic thit k cc conversation trong pha thit k sau ny. C hai loi task khc nhau: Task ch ng l task t ng bt u khi role c sinh ra. Task ny khng cn iu kin kch hot ban u, n t ng i n trng thi ban u v thc hin cc hnh ng cho n khi gp trng thi kt thc hoc role tng ng ca n b hu b. Task b ng l task ch c thc hin khi c s kin kch hot t bn ngoi (thng l mt thng ip t task khc). Task ny hot ng cho n khi gp trng thi kt thc hoc c mt task khc yu cu n kt thc.

Hnh 4.14: S role c task

Hot ng bn trong ca cc task c m t theo s my trng thi hu hn (finite state machine), bao gm cc trng thi v cc chuyn tip gia cc trng thi. Ti cc trng thi, cc task c thc hin thng qua cc hm c th hoc ch cho n khi mt s

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kin no xy ra. C php ca cc trng thi chuyn tip l tu thuc vo kiu tng tc m chuyn tip tham gia l tng tc trong hay tng tc ngoi. Cc chuyn tip tham gia vo tng tc c m t theo c php: <trigger><[guard]><^transmissions> Ngha l, nu c s kin trigger xy ra m n ang gi iu kin guard th n s gi i cc thng ip transmissions v chuyn sang trng thi tip theo. Trong cc s task, c mt s trng hp cc iu kin chuyn tip ng lot c tho mn, ngha l cc chuyn tip c th din ra ng thi th th t u tin cc chuyn tip cn thc hin c xc nh nh sau: Chuyn tip c iu kin [guard] l mt s kin thuc loi tng tc trong; Chuyn tip c transmission l mt s kin thuc loi tng tc trong; Chuyn tip c receive() t cc role khc (tng tc ngoi); Chuyn tip c send() gi thng ip n role khc; Chuyn tip ch c iu kin [guard].

Nh vy, u tin trc ht c dnh cho cc chuyn tip c trao i thng tin vi task khc, mc th hai l cc tng tc thuc loi tng tc trong, mc th ba l cc tng tc c nhn thng ip c u tin hn tng tc gi thng ip. Kt qu ca pha phn tch l mt tp cc role v cc task tng ng nhm hon thnh mc ch ca h thng. Hot ng bn trong v cc tng tc bn ngoi gia cc task l nhn t quan trng cho pha thit k sau ny. Biu din s bn trong task Trong AgentTool, s bn trong cc task c biu din nh trong Hnh 4.15. Cc trng thi v cc chuyn tip c thm vo s bng cch s dng hai nt cng c Add State v Add Transition trn thanh cng c.

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Hnh 4.15: S bn trong task

4.2.3 Pha thit k Bc 5: Xc nh cc lp agent


S role S task

S lp Agent Hnh 4.16: Xc nh cc lp agent

Trong bc ny, cc lp agent s c to ra t cc role c xc nh trong bc 4 ca pha phn tch , bao gm: Phn chia cc role cho cc lp agent Xc nh cc phin hi thoi xut hin gia cc lp agent.

Kt qu cn thu c ca bc ny l s cc lp agent (agent classes diagram). S ny m t h thng mt cch tng th theo cc lp agent v cc phin hi thoi lin lc gia chng.

Hnh 5.15: Biu din s bn trong task

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m bo cc ch h thng u c thc hin trong pha thit k, mi role phi c m nhim bi t nht mt lp agent, i khi cng c cc role c m nhim bi nhiu lp agent. Trong trng hp mt lp agent m nhim nhiu role th cc agent ca lp s lun phin m nhim cng vic ca tng role. Trng hp ny xy ra khi cc role phc v cho cc ch lin quan cht ch vi nhau hoc c khi lng tng tc vi nhau ln, chng c xp vo cng mt lp agent nhm gim chi ph truyn thng. Ngi thit k c th d dng thay i cc role gia cc lp agent, iu ny cho php h iu chnh h thng theo mc ch ca mnh nh sau: Nu gia hai role c lu lng trao i thng tin ln th nn xp chng vo cng mt lp agent gim chi ph truyn thng. Nu c hai role c khi lng tnh ton ln v phc tp th nn xp chng vo hai lp agent khc nhau gim khi lng tnh ton ng thi tn dng c kh nng x l ng thi gia cc agent.

Nhim v cn li ca bc ny l xc nh cc phin hi thoi xut hin gia cc lp agent hon thin s lp agent ca h thng. Cc phin hi thoi c xc nh t cc quan h gia cc role m cc lp agent tng ng cn thc hin. Chng hn, hai lp agent A v B ln lt thc hin cc role 1 v 2 tng ng. Nu gia role 1 v 2 c mt giao thc c xc nh trong s role th gia hai lp agent A v B cng xut hin mt phin hi thoi theo chiu tng ng. Cc phin hi thoi biu din tng tc gia cc lp agent din ra mc ng ngha thng qua ontology. Da vo ontology c xy dng trong bc 3, cc lp agent c cch biu din tri thc khc nhau s trao i v hiu c ln nhau da trn tri thc chung trong ontology. Vic chi tit ho cc phin hi thoi l ni dung ca bc 6 v chi tit ho kin trc bn trong ca cc lp agent l ni dung ca bc 7. Hai bc tip theo ny c th c tin hnh song song. Biu din s lp agent Qu trnh biu din s lp agent c thc hn trn Agent panel ca AgentTool. Mi lp agent c biu din bng mt bng ch nht c hai , trong trn biu din tn lp agent, di l role tng ng vi lp agent . Cc phin hi thoi c biu din bi cc mi tn hng t lp agent khi to hi thoi n lp agent kt thc hi thoi. Hnh 4.17 m t mt v d v biu din s lp agent trong AgentTool.

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Hnh 4.17: Biu din s lp agent

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Bc 6: Xy dng cc phin hi thoi S tun t S Task S Role

Cc phin hi thoi
Hnh 4.18: Bc xy dng cc phin hi thoi

Mt phin hi thoi biu din mt phin lin lc gia hai agent, ngha l cc agent s tin hnh gi i cc yu cu v p ng li cc yu cu t pha agent kia. Trong MaSE, mi lin lc gia hai agent bt k u phi thng qua cc phin hi thoi c hot ng theo c ch socket v cng (port), vi cc chun ca giao thc TCP/IP. Nhim v ca bc ny l thit k chi tit kin trc bn trong ca cc phin hi thoi xc nh c trong bc 5. i vi mi phin hi thoi, phi lm sng t c cch thc v c ch hot ng ca mi bn agent tham gia vo phin hi thoi . Mi phin hi thoi bao gm hai s lp truyn thng (Communication class diagram), mt cho bn khi xng v mt cho bn p ng phin hi thoi. Mi mt s lp truyn thng c biu din nh mt s my trng thi hu hn tng t nh cc task ng thi trong Bc 4. Performative l mt khi nim lin quan n cc thng ip c trao i trong cc phin hi thoi. N l mt tp cc t thuc th loi mnh lnh thc (li ni mang ngha hnh ng), c quy nh cho mi h thng. Chng hn trong h du lch, khi UserAgent gi n HotelAgent mt thng ip c performative l find th c ngha rng UserAgent yu cu HotelAgent tm kim mt khch sn tho mn cc yu cu km theo trong ni dung ca thng ip . Trong Bc 5, cc phin hi thoi c xc nh t cc tng tc gia cc role ca cc lp agent khc nhau. Do vy, cc s lp truyn thng cng c xc nh tng ng vi cc task m cc role thc hin. Thng thng, mi s task s tng ng vi mt s phin hi thoi cho bn tham gia tng ng.

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Ti cc trng thi ca phin hi thoi, ngi thit k phi xc nh chnh xc tn cc hm, cc bin v cc tham s cho cc hm m khng c mt cch khi qut nh cc hm v th tc trong cc trng thi ca task. Ti cc chuyn tip ca s phin hi thoi, ngi thit k phi chi tit ho da trn cc chuyn tip trong s task tng ng. Cng da trn c php ca chuyn tip <receive(message)><[guard]><send(message)>, nhng c c th ho ni dung cc thng ip (message) da vo vic s dng ontology ca h thng c thit k trong Bc 3. Sau khi cc thng tin t s task c nh x vo nh mt phn ca phin hi thoi, ngi thit k phi kim tra li m bo cc iu kin kh thi cho phin hi thoi: mi message gi i phi c t nht mt bn nhn v x l, khng c vng lp v hn trong cc s trng thi... Mi phin hi thoi c coi l hp l nu n tho mn cc iu kin sau. Trong mi s ca cc bn khng c vng lp v hn (deadlock), ngha l nu trong s c xut hin chu trnh th chu trnh ny phi c iu kin dng v iu kin dng ny l c kh nng t c. Th hai, vi mi lp agent lin quan n phin hi thoi, ti mi thi im n ch c trong mt trng thi xc nh. Th ba l cc trng thi u c th c s dng trong mt iu kin nht nh (khng c trng thi khng bao gi c s dng). Th t l mi thng ip c gi i th bn i din phi c kh nng nhn c thng ip . Vic kim tra cc iu kin ny c th tin hnh mt cch th cng hoc bn t ng vi s tr gip ca agentTool. Chng hn kim tra theo phng php th cng iu kin mt vi phin hi thoi HotelNeg, xut hin chu trnh (Wait Check Accept Wait2 Relax - Wait) ca bn UserAgent (bn khi to phin hi thoi ny). Sau mi vng lp ny, yu cu v cc thuc tnh u b gim i mt mc do UserAgent t nhng b, nn dy yu cu ca UserAgent l n iu gim. Hn na, s nhng b s dng li khi tho mn cc thuc tnh thp hn ngng nhng b (relaxThreshold), ngng ny c c lng khi m hnh ho s thch ngi dng. Do vy, dy yu cu ca UserAgent s n iu gim v b chn di nn s dng, ngha l vng lp khng v hn.

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Trong vic thit k cc phin hi thoi, ngi thit k phi i mt vi vn l nn la chn theo hng t phin hi thoi dng phc tp hoc nhiu phin hi thoi dng n gin. Vic s dng cc phin hi thoi n gin c u im l d theo di, qun l v ng thi tit kim c ti nguyn mng nh knh truyn, cng, kt ni...L do l khi kt thc, cc ti nguyn ny c gii phng v khi cn thit, chng mi b chim dng tr li. Nhng nhc im ca cch tip cn ny l lm chm tc do phi tn nhiu thi gian cho vic thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni truyn thng. Kiu cc phin hi thoi phc tp cho hiu qu ngc li, tng tc nhng tn ti nguyn do n vn gi ng truyn ngay c khi khng truyn thng ip m ang tnh ton ti cc trng thi. Kiu hi thoi phc tp c s dng cho cc phin hi thoi TrainNeg v HotelNeg, cc phin hi thoi cn li c thuc kiu n gin. Cc phin hi thoi c biu din trong Hnh 4.19.

Hnh 4.19: Biu din cc phin hi thoi

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Bc 7: Hon thin cc agent S lp agent Cc phin hi thoi Bc ny nhm thit k chi tit cc tng tc bn trong (selfinteraction) ca mi lp agent trong h thng. Bao gm hai bc con: thit k kin trc bn trong agent v thit k cc thnh phn trong kin trc .

S Kin trc cc Agent


Hnh 4.20: Hon thin cc agent

Thit k kin trc xc nh kin trc bn trong ca cc agent, ngi thit k c th t thit k kin trc ca mnh hoc c th chn mt kin trc c sn nh BDI [9]. Trong trng hp khng s dng kin trc c sn, ngi thit k c th xy dng cc thnh phn t cc nhim v ca cc role m lp agent tng ng m nhim. Vic ny c h tr t ng bi agentTool. Sau khi xc nh c cc thnh phn trong kin trc ca mi agent, nhim v tip theo l thit k quan h gia cc thnh phn ny sao cho ph hp vi s role ca h thng c phn tch trong Bc 4. m bo quan h gia cc thnh phn thng nht vi quan h gia cc nhim v trong s role, cc quan h ny s c thit k da trn cc tng tc gia cc nhim v trong s role: Cc tng tc gia cc nhim v s tr thnh mt quan h trong kin trc ny v c biu din bng mt mi tn nt lin, chiu ca mi tn trng vi chiu ca tng tc tng ng trong s role (Mt s tng tc bn ngoi cng c th tr thnh cc quan h bn trong nu cc role ca cc nhim v tng ng c thc hin bi mt lp agent). Cc tng tc bn ngoi gia cc role c m nhim bi cc lp agent khc nhau s tr thnh cc quan h bn ngoi. Sau khi xc nh c kin trc bn trong ca mi lp agent, nhim v ca bc con tip theo l thit k chi tit bn trong mi thnh phn ca kin trc ny. Biu din s kin trc lp agent trong AgentTool c cho trong Hnh 4.21.

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Thit k cc thnh phn Nhim v ca bc con ny l thit k chi tit bn trong cc thnh phn ca kin trc c thit k bc trn. Vic ny c hon thnh bng cch gn cc thuc tnh v cc hm (th tc) chnh cho mi thnh phn. xc nh c cc hm v thuc tnh, ngi thit k phi duyt trong tt c cc trng thi ca cc phin hi thoi m thnh phn tng ng tham gia nh trong Bc 6 xc nh c th tn cc hm cn thit. Cc hm ny s tr thnh tn cc hm cho mi thnh phn c cho trong Hnh 4.22.

Hnh 4.22: Thit k kin trc agent

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Trc khi kt thc bc thit k kin trc bn trong ca agent ny, ngi thit k phi hon thnh vic thit k ontology ring cho mi thnh phn ca mi lp agent nu iu l cn thit. Mt lp agent cn c thit k thm phn ontology ring nu nh ontology chung ca h thng khng gip n biu din y c tri thc ca mnh.

Hnh 5.20: Thit k thnh phn

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Bc 8: Trin khai h thng


Cc phin hi thoi S lp Agent

S trin khai h thng

Hnh 4.21: Bc trin khai h thng

Nhim v ca bc cui cng ny l xy dng c s trin khai h thng (Deployment diagram) nhm m t s lng, cc kiu v v tr ca cc agent trong h thng.

Da vo s ny, ngi thit k c th cu hnh h thng sao cho ti u c sc mnh tnh ton cng nh bng thng ca mng: Nu ch trng n chi ph truyn thng, c th xp nhiu agent trn mt my tnh, nhng tc x l s b chm li v lm mt tnh u vit ca h a agent trong mi trng phn tn. Ngc li, mun gim khi lng tnh ton ti mi my, c th xp cc agent khc nhau trn cc my khc nhau v phi tng phn chi ph truyn thng. Mi h thng con c hiu l mt my ch (server) c kh nng hot ng lin tc trong thi gian chy ng dng v c biu din bng mt hnh ch nht nt ri. Trong mi h thng con, c th thit k s lng cc agent theo mc ch ring ca ngi thit k. Khi , cc agent ca cc lp agent khc nhau s tng tc vi nhau thng qua cc phin hi thoi gia cc lp agent tng ng. Cc phin hi thoi ny c biu din bng cc mi tn nt lin theo ng chiu phin hi thoi thit k trong bc 3 ca pha thit k. Trong AgentTool, s trin khai h thng c biu din nh trong hnh 4.22.

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Hnh 4.22: S trin khai h thng

4.3 Kt lun
Ni dung ca chng ny tp trung trnh by quy trnh pht trin h phn mm a agent da trn phng php lun MaSE. Quy trnh ny bao gm 8 bc v c phn thnh hai pha: pha phn tch v pha thit k. Mc ch ca pha phn tch l tin hnh xy dng cc ch ca h thng v da trn xy dng cc use case, ontology v s role. Pha thit k bao gm xc nh cc lp agent, xy dng cc phin hi thoi, hon thin cc agent v trin khai h thng. Cc bc trong quy trnh pht trin c trnh by vi agentTool h tr khi pht trin h dch v du lch.

PHN 2

P DNG PHT TRIN H DCH V DU LCH

106

CHNG 5

PHN TCH H DCH V

Bi ton dch v du lch M hnh s thch ngi s dng Phn tch h thng Kt lun

Chng ny nhm trnh by p dng quy trnh pht trin trong Chng 4 trong xy dng h dch v du lch TraNeS. Vn quan trng trc ht i vi h ny l m hnh s thch/nhu cu ngi s dng trong cc h dch v s c cp. Phn trng tm l p dng cc k thut v cc bc trong pha phn tch h a agent vo mt ng dng c th.

107

CHNG 5: PHN TCH H DCH V

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5.1 M hnh s thch ngi s dng


M hnh s thch v nhu cu ngi s dng l mt trong nhng vn then cht ca pht trin cc h thng v c bit cc h dch v thng mi in t. Mc ny dnh trnh by bi ton du lch m chng ti chn lm mu cho qu trnh pht trin h thng v sau xem xt vn m hnh s thch ngi s dng. 5.1.1 Bi ton dch v du lch Pht biu bi ton thc hin mt chuyn du lch gia cc a im/thnh ph trong nc, mt khch du lch mun t mnh xy dng mt tour theo mun. Anh ta mun t v v t ch khch sn theo yu cu v s thch ca mnh. Mt s vn khch du lch s gp phi: Khng thng tin v cc tuyn du lch la chn. Khng thi gian tm hiu v chn la tuyn ph hp. Khng t quyt nh la chn chuyn tu hay khch sn no l ph hp nht vi thi gian, s thch v ti tin ca mnh. Tn thi gian v cng sc khi phi trc tip t mua v tu v t phng khch sn...

H dch v du lch TraNeS (Travel Negotiation Service System) c pht trin nhm h tr khch hng t v tu v t ch khch sn theo s thch v yu cu ca h. Chc nng ca h TraNeS bao gm: Thay mt khch hng thng lng mt cch t ng tm ra gii php tt nht da trn cc rng buc ca h. Thay mt cc nh cung cp, a cc dch v n vi khch hng mt cch thun tin v thn thin. Cc nh cung cp dch v bao gm: dch v tu ho v dch v khch sn. i vi mi khch hng, h thng phi qun l cc thng tin c nhn, cc s thch, nguyn vng ca h v dch v m h mong mun. Qu trnh thng lng din ra trong h thng l trong sut i vi khch hng. Tuy nhin, khch hng c th iu chnh li cc yu cu ca mnh khi cha n hn nhn kt qu. i vi cc nh cung cp dch v tu ho v khch sn, h thng phi qun l thng tin v c nhn v thng tin dch v ca nh cung cp.

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5.1.2 M hnh s thch ngi s dng i vi lp cc bi ton trong thng mi in t cng nh nhiu lp cc bi ton khc, vn quan trng cn gii quyt trc tin l m hnh s thch ca ngi s dng c xc nh bi tp cc rng buc bao gm: Rng buc cc thuc tnh ca mt mt hng. Rng buc gia cc mt hng vi nhau. a. Rng buc cc thuc tnh S thch ca ngi dng v cc i tng (cc mt hng) c th da trn vic nh gi i tng hoc da trn thuc tnh ca i tng. Phng php da trn nh gi i tng nh gi c s thch ca khch hng i vi mi i tng, khch hng phi ch ra mnh thch ci no trong tp cc i tng . Phng php ny mang tnh trc quan v cm tnh. Mt cch tip cn khc trong phng php nh gi i tng ny l s dng kin thc chuyn gia: cc chuyn gia s nh gi i tng no l ph hp vi khch hng hoc so snh tng cp i tng chn ra i tng ph hp hn. Da trn cc kt qu nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, ngi ta tng hp li c c kt qu cui cng v chn ra i tng ph hp nht i vi khch hng. Phng php da trn cc thuc tnh Theo phng php ny, mi i tng c c trng bi mt tp cc thuc tnh. Do , thay v phi nh gi s ph hp trn ton i tng, ngi ta nh gi s ph hp vi khch hng trn tng thuc tnh ca i tng da trn bin ngn ng. Cc kt qu trn tng thuc tnh ny s c tng hp li c kt qu cui cng ca mi i tng [26]. Trong bi ton h dch v du lch, m hnh s thich ngi s dng c tip cn theo phng php ny: Khch hng khng th bit chi tit ton b cc khch sn (hoc tu ho) trong khu vc mnh nh n nh gi ci no l ph hp vi mnh hn. Khch hng ch bit cc rng buc no ca mt hng m mnh c th chp nhn c. V d, cc rng buc v khch sn m khch hng quan tm c th l cc thuc tnh nh: gi phng, iu kin phc v, khong cch ti trung tm thnh ph...

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Trong iu kin nht nh, khch hng s khng th quyt nh c vic phi chn mt trong hai phng n, v d nh i tu cht lng cao v phi khch sn hng thp hoc ngc li, chu kh i tu cht lng trung bnh dnh tin khch sn cht lng tt hn...
Gi phng Cht lng phc v (s sao ca khch sn) Khong cch ti trung tm C kt ni dch v internet hay khng

Cc khch sn c c trng bi cc thuc tnh: -

Cc chuyn tu c c trng bi cc thuc tnh:


-Gi v. -Cht lng ch ngi/nm. -Tc ca tu (thi gian trn tu).

Cc khch hng khc nhau thng c nhng yu cu khc nhau v cc thuc tnh ny. Chng hn, c ngi quan tm n gi c, c ngi li quan tm n cht lng ca dch v. Do , c t c s khc nhau gia cc thuc tnh, cn n tham s, c gi l quan trng ca mi thuc tnh. Khch hng cng quan tm n thuc tnh no th gi tr ca quan trng cho thuc tnh cng cao. Bng 5.1 m t mt cch biu din quan trng ca cc thuc tnh i vi dch v khch sn.

Bng 5.1: V d v biu din u tin

Mt vn na l tnh mm do trong yu cu ca khch hng: h khng th khng nh c chnh xc mt gi tr c th ca mi rng buc m ch c th xc nh c mt khong no l c th chp nhn c. Chng hn vi thuc tnh gi phng ca khch sn, khch hng c th chp nhn mc gi x dch trong khong t 250 n 300 ngn ng/phng/ngy.

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c t c cc yu cu mm do nh vy, mi thuc tnh ca mt hng cn n hai tham s: min l gi tr thp nht, max l gi tr cao nht c th chp nhn c. Nh vy, mi thuc tnh ca mi mt hng s c c trng bi cc tham s: Min: gi tr thp nht c th chp nhn. Max: gi tr cao nht c th chp nhn. Priory: quan trng ca thuc tnh i vi khch hng. Phng php m hnh s thch ca ngi dng ny da trn cc k thut tnh ton mm v lp lun theo logic m trong vic ra quyt nh ca agent ([19], [25], [26]). b. Rng buc gia cc mt hng Trong bi ton dch v du lch, c hai rng buc cn gii quyt:
Rng buc v chi ph Vi tng chi ph c hn, vic i tu cht lng cao (gi v cao) s dn n vic phi trong cc khch sn r tin, cht lng thp. Rng buc v thi gian Thi gian thu khch sn phi ph thuc vo thi gian ca chuyn tu i v v. Chng hn nu khch hng mun i vo ngy mng 5 nhng ngy ht v tu th phi dch sang ngy mng 6 hoc i t ngy mng 4, iu ny dn n thay i thi gian v chi ph trong vic thu khch sn.

Cc rng buc ny s khng c kim sot trong qu trnh thng lng ca mi mt hng bi v vic thng lng mi mt hng ca mi thnh phn l c lp vi nhau trong bn thn UserAgent (s c trnh by trong chng 7). gii quyt cc rng buc ny, c hai cch gii quyt nh sau: Tin c lng: ch p dng c i vi cc rng buc ch ph thuc vo khch hng, chng hn rng buc chi ph. Ngha l tin c lng chi ph cho mi dch v c c t gi tr rng buc ca khch hng. Rng buc chi ph ca bi ton dch v du lch c gii quyt theo cch ny. Theo , chi ph ca dch v khch sn v tu ho s c c lng trc sau khi tham kho gi dch v t cc agent cung cp cc dch v . Qu trnh thng lng chnh thc din ra sau khi vic tin c lng kt thc. Hu c lng: sau khi thng lng xong mi mt hng, nu khi tng hp c t nht mt rng buc khng tho mn th s tin hnh thng lng li. Vic thng lng li c th c thc hin theo mt trong hai gii php sau: Ch thng lng li mt mt hng khi chp nhn cc mt hng kia.

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Thng lng li tt c cc mt hng. Gii php ny thc t tng phc tp tnh ton ln rt ln.

Trong ci t h TraNeS, gii php th nht cho vic gii quyt rng buc v thi gian c p dng. Theo , nu sau khi thng lng, rng buc ny khng tho mn, h thng s chp nhn dch v tu ho v thng lng li dch v khch sn.

5.2 Phn tch h thng


Nh trnh by trong Chng 4, pht trin h a agent bao gm hai pha: pha phn tch v pha thit k. Chi tit cc bc trong mi pha c minh ho trong Hnh 4.1. Pha phn tch bao gm cc bc: 1. Xc nh cc ch
2. Xc nh Use Case 3. Xy dng Ontology

4. Xy dng s role Chi tit cc bc trong pha phn tch h dch v du lch TraNeS s c gii thiu trong cc phn tip theo. 5.2.1 Xc nh ch ca h thng C hai bc nh trong vic xy dng cy ch ca h thng l tp hp cc ch v t chc cy ch. Trong ng cnh ca h dch v TraNeS, hai bc nh ny c thc hin nh sau:
Tp hp ch

Trc ht cn xc ch cc yu cu chc nng t ch ra cc ch ban u ca h thng. Vi dch v du lch TraNeS, c th xc nh ngay c hai ch ban u l thng lng (negotiation) v t ch (reservation). Tip theo cn thc hin vic phn r cc ch. Vi hai ch ban u c pht hin l t ch v thng lng, th ch thng lng s c phn r thnh hai ch con l tm i tc v thng bo kt qu. Vic t ch s hon thnh nu cc vic t ch khch sn v t v tu c hon thnh. Do vy, ch t ch c phn r thnh hai ch con l t v tu v t ch khch sn. Vi ch tm i tc, ta s khng th phn r thm v khi tr li cu hi mun hon thnh vic tm i tc th nn lm ci g?s a ra cch thc tm i tc m khng phi l mt ci g tm i tc. Do vy, ch ny khng cn phn r thm. Nh vy, cc ch ca h thng c xc nh nh sau:

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ch thng lng, mun thng lng thnh cng th trc ht phi c i tc ph hp, tc l phi tm kim i tc. Nhn xt rng vic tm kim i tc cng l mt task mc h thng, cho nn n s ng vai tr mt ch, gi l Search seller. Hn na, sau khi thng lng th khch hng phi bit c kt qu thng lng, do , vic thng bo kt qu cng l mt ch, gi l Report result. ch t ch s hon thnh nu cc vic t ch khch sn v t v tu c hon thnh. Do vy, ch t ch c phn r thnh hai ch con l t v tu (Train ticket booking) v t ch khch sn (Hotel reservation).

Tm li, h thng c cc ch l thng lng (Negotiation), t ch (Reservation), tm i tc (Search seller), thng bo kt qu (Report result), t ch khch sn (Hotel reservation) v t v tu (Train ticket booking).
T chc cy ch

Bc con ny c task t chc cc ch xc nh trong bc con trc vo mt s phn cp ch. Trong h dch v du lch, hai ch cng mc cao nht l thng lng v t ch. Nhn xt rng mc d hai ch ny khng trc tip h tr nhau nhng cng h tr cho mt task chung, chnh l mc ch ca bi ton: dch v du lch trn gi. Cho nn ch tng th ca h thng c xc nh l dch v du lch trn gi (travel package). Trong h dch v du lch cc ch c a vo cy phn cp ch nh sau: Cc ch thng lng v t ch l nt con trc tip ca nt gc. Cc ch tm i tc v thng bo kt qu l nt con ca ch thng lng. Cc ch t v tu v t ch khch sn l nt con ca ch t ch.

Cy ch ca h thng c m t nh Hnh 5.2.

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Hnh 5.2: Cy ch ca h thng

Trong cy ch ny, travel package l mt thuc loi ch tng hp v b phn hoch. 5.2.2 Xy dng cc use case Bc ny cng bao gm hai bc con l to cc use case (creating use case) v xy dng biu tng tc tun t (creating sequence diagram).
To cc use case

Vi nhnh c ch thng lng trong cy ch ca bi ton dch v du lch, qu trnh xy dng cc use case c din ra nh sau: Trch dn use case tng ng vi ch tm i tc Trch dn use case tng ng vi ch thng bo kt qu Trch dn use case tng ng vi ch thng lng khi xem cc use case tng ng vi cc ch con ca n tng ng vi mt hnh ng n. Qu trnh trch dn use case ca nhnh ny s dng li y bi v nt cha ca ch thng lng nt travel package b phn hoch nh c xc nh trong bc 1. Qu trnh ny v chi tit cc use case trong nhnh ny c m t trong Hnh 5.3.

CHNG 5: PHN TCH H DCH V

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Thng lng 1. Ngi dng gi yu cu n ngi mi gii c mi gii vi cc i tc. 2. sau khi nhn c a ch cc i tc, ngi dng lin h trc tip vi h thm d thng tin v sn phm. 3. Sau khi thm d, ngi dng tin hnh c lng gi tr cc thuc tnh bt u thng lng. 4. Ngi dng bt u qu trnh thng lng bng cch chuyn sang vai tr ngi mua. 5. Ngi mua tin hnh thng lng trc tip vi cc i tc theo mt chin lc xc nh. 6. Sau khi thng lng xong, kt qu cuc thng lng phi c thng bo cho ngi dng.

Tm i tc 1.Cc ngi bn ng k a ch v dch v vi ngi mi gii. 2. Khi c ngi dng lin lc n th ngi mi gii tm trong cc ngi bn ny, chn ra ngi bn ph hp vi khch hng. 3.Kt qu mi gii c tr v cho khch hng, mi mt hng phi c t nht mt ngi bn.

Thng bo kt qu 1. Ngi dng ng nhp vo h thng. 2. Ngi mua phi thng bo kt qu thmg lng cho ngi dng.

Hnh 5.3: Quan h gia cc use case ca ch cha v ch con

Xy dng biu tun t

Trong use case tm i tc, c cc khi nim c th to thnh role l ngi mua, ngi bn (bao gm khch sn v nh ga) v ngi mi gii. Do , c th cn n cc role l: Buyer, Hotel, Station v Matchmaker. Vi use case thng bo kt qu ch cn hai role l ngi bn (Buyer) v ngi s dng (User). i vi use case thng lng, cn tt c cc role c mt trong cc use case con (tm i tc v thng bo kt qu) v trong bn thn n. Do , cn cc role: User, Buyer, Hotel, Station v Matchmaker.

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Tm kim i tc
1. Mt khch sn mun ng k dch v vi ngi mi gii trong h thng, n gi cc thng tin dch v n ngi mi gii. 2. Ngi mi gii lu thng tin ny li. ng thi xc nhn li vi khch sn l nhn c thng tin ng k. 3. Mt nh ga mun tham gia cng ng k thng tin dch v vi ngi mi gii. 4. Ngi mi gii cng lu li thng tin dch v ny v xc nhn vi nh ga l nhn c ng k. 5. Khi ngi dng mun tm ngi bn ph hp vi mnh, n gi mt yu cu n ngi mi gii. 6. Khi nhn c yu cu t ngi dng, ngi mi gii tm ra ngi bn theo yu cu v gi thong tin v cho ngi dng.

Hnh 5.4: Use case tm i tc v s tng ng

Cng vic tip theo l sp xp cc s kin din ra trong use case theo ng tun t vo biu . Trong use case tm i tc, s kin ngi mua lin h vi ngi mi gii tm i tc s c biu din bng mt mi tn i t role User n role Matchmaker v c nhn l yu cu i tc.

Thng bo kt qu
1. xem kt qu, ngi s dng ng nhp vo h thng vi ti khon ca mnh. 2. Khi c kt qu thng lng, h thng s thng bo cho ngi dng .

Hnh 5.5: Use case Thng bo kt qu

Cc biu dy tng ng vi cc use case trong Hnh 5.3 c minh ho trong cc Hnh 5.4, 5.5 v 5.6.

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Thng lng
1. Ngi dng ng k vo h thng, s gi n ngi mi gii yu cu tm i tc. 2. Ngi mi gii gi li cho a ch cc khch sn v nh ga trong khu vc ngi dng yu cu. 3. Sau khi nhn c cc a ch ny, ngi dng tin hnh thm d gi c dch v c lng gi khi im cho thng lng. 4. Sau khi thm d v c lng, bn i din ngi mua s tin hnh thng lng vi cc khch sn v nh ga. 5. Kt qu sau khi thng lng s c gi li cho ngi dng.

Hnh 5.6: S tun t cho Use case Thng lng

Sau bc ny, ta ch ra c mt tp cc role ban u cho h thng. 5.2.3 Xy dng ontology Trong MaSE, vic xy dng ontology bao gm bn bc chnh [8]: Xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology, thu thp d liu, xy dng ontology khi u v bc cui cng l hon thin ontology.
Xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology

xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology trong h TraNeS, ngi phn tch s dng k thut khoanh vng v thu hp dn cc min tri thc xc nh phm vi ca ontology. Mt min tri thc ban u c xc nh l tri thc v thng mi in t. Tuy nhin, bi ton ch xem xt bi ton thng mi in t thc hin theo m hnh thng lng song phng t ng. Do , phm vi c thu hp li mt mc, ch gm cc tri thc v hot ng thng lng song phng t ng trong thng mi in t. Trong thng lng song phng, cc min tri thc cn biu din bao gm: Tri thc v ngi bn: cc khch sn v cc nh ga. Tri thc v ngi mua: khch du lch Tri thc v mt hng c trao i: sn phm du lch.

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Tri thc v ngi mi gii. Thu thp d liu Trong h dch v du lch, min tri thc ca ngi bn bao gm: Tn v a ch ca ngi bn. Tn mt hng v cc thuc tnh ca mi mt hng ca ngi bn. Min tri thc ca ngi mua bao gm: Tn v a ch ca ngi mua. Yu cu v s thch ca ngi mua i vi mt hng. Cc thng tin v c nhn lin h. Min tri thc ca ngi mi gii: Tn, a ch v kh nng cung cp dch v ca cc agent bn. Tn, a ch, v yu cu ca cc agent mua. Xy dng ontology khi u Vi h TraNeS, qu trnh phn loi i vi mi min tri thc con c tin hnh nh sau. i vi min tri thc ca ngi bn v ngi mi gii, c cc khi nim l {a
ch (Address), tn (name), s cng (port)}.

i vi min tri thc ca ngi mua, c hai khi nim l {gi nh nht
(minValue), gi ln nht (maxValue)}. Hai khi nim ny c cng mc chi tit l thp nht, c th xp chng lm thuc tnh cho mt lp mi to ra, gi l mt khong (Internal).

i vi min tri thc ca mt hng, c cc khi nim chnh l {khch sn (Hotel) ,


khch sn y (Hotelfull), chuyn tu (Train), chuyn tu y (Trainfull), b thuc tnh (Tupe), khuyn mi khch sn (HotelReward), khuyn mi tu (TrainReward), tuyn i (Route)}. Cc khi nim ny s tr thnh lp v cc khi nim c khi ph t cc khi nim ny u tr thnh thuc tnh tng ng ca chng. Khi nim Hotel c cc thuc tnh l {s sao (starNumber), gi phng (roomCost), khong cch (distance), internet}. Lp Hotelfull c k tha t lp Hotel v c thm cc thuc tnh l {tn khch sn (name), a ch khch sn (address)}. Lp Route c hai thuc tnh l {ni i (startPoint), ni n (endPoint)}. Lp Train k tha t lp Route, c thm cc thuc tnh thng lng l {gi v (cost), loi v (possition), loi tu (timelost)}. Lp Trainfull k

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tha t lp Train v c thm cc thuc tnh l {tn tu (name), gi i (startTime), gi n (endTime)}.

S lp ontology ca h thng c minh ho trong hnh 5.7. Hon thin v kim nh ontology Kt qu ca bc 3 ny l mt s phn cp khi nim ca ontology hon chnh, c th p ng yu cu hot ng ca h thng. S ontology ca h thng nh Hnh 5.7.
Tupe
Name Value Name Host Port

Address

HotelReward
HotelID Name Address Reward Picture

Telephone Gift

Thing

Hotelfull

Hotel

Train Trainfull
Name Reward StartTime EndTime

RoomCost StarNumber Distance Internet Date Position Timelost Cost

Route
Breakfast Gift

StartPoint EndPoint

TrainReward Internal
MinValue MaxValue

Hnh 5.7: S ontology ca h thng

5.2.4 Hon thin cc role Bi ton dch v du lch c cc role tng ng vi cc ch nh sau: Role Matchmaker thc hin ch tm i tc Role Buyer thc hin ch thng lng Role User thc hin ch thng bo kt qu. Role Hotel thc hin ch t ch khch sn Role Station thc hin ch t v tu.

CHNG 5: PHN TCH H DCH V

120

Vi ch t ch (1.2), ch ny phn ln task c thc hin bi hai ch con


l t ch khch sn v t v tu, phn vic cn li l tch hp thng tin theo yu cu ngi s dng nn c thc hin bi role User.

Vic giao tip vi khch hng c giao cho role User bi v bn thn role ny thc hin cc ch thng bo kt qu, tch hp thng tin trong ch t ch, l cc ch giao tip vi ngi dng. Do vy, khng cn thit phi to ra mt role hon ton mi m nhim vic ny. Trong bi ton ny, ngoi ti nguyn con ngi c gii quyt nh trn, cc ngun ti nguyn bn ngoi cn li bao gm cc khch sn v cc nh ga qun l cc chuyn tu. Vic giao tip vi cc i tng ny c giao cho cc role tng ng l Hotel v Station, bi cc role ny thc hin cc ch t ch khch sn v t v tu, cc cc ch mang tch cht giao tip vi cc i tng nu. Do vy, cng khng cn thit phi to ra cc ch mi m nhim cc cng vic ny. Vi cc s kin ca use case tm i tc, xut hin gia hai role User v Matchmaker s tr thnh giao thc UserConnect gia hai role tng ng. Hnh 5.8 l s role ban u ca h thng.

Hnh 5.8: S Role cha gn Nhim v

Trong bi ton ny, c ba task trng tn l thng lng (negotiation) ca ba role tng ng l Buyer, Hotel v Station. Mc d trng tn v c chc nng tng t nhau, nhng mi role li c task thng lng theo thut ton khc nhau (ngi bn v ngi mua) v nhm em li li ch cho cc i tng c quyn li khc nhau (chi tit cc task ny c m t trong phn tip theo). Cc task ca cc role cn li c t chc nh Hnh 5.9.

CHNG 5: PHN TCH H DCH V

121

Role User ch c mt task l modelling, thc hin m hnh ho yu cu ca ngi dng v chun b cho cc hot ng thng lng. Mc d role User phi thc hin hai ch l thng bo kt qu v t ch, nhng cc ch ny c cng vic gn ging nhau v u lin quan n vic m hnh ho s thch ngi dng; do vy ch cn mt task modelling l . Role Buyer cng ch c mt task l negotiation, thay mt ngi dng thng lng vi cc i tc. Tuy nhin, ch thng lng thuc vo loi ch c bit, cn nhiu bn tham gia nhng khng th chia thnh cc ch nh hn c na. Do , n c chia ra lm ba task cng tn negotiation nm ba role tng ng l Buyer, Hotel v Station. Role Station v Hotel c hai task: interface c task giao tip (truyn thng) vi cc khch hng v ngi mi gii, task negotiation thay mt ngi bn thng lng vi khch hng. Role Matchmaker mc d ch cn thc hin mt ch l tm i tc, nhng hon thnh c task ny, n cn phi thu thp c a ch v kh nng ca cc agent khc trong h thng khi cn thit, mi gii cho cc ngi mua c yu cu. Do , n cn n hai nhim v: task confirm xc nhn cc ng k dch v t cc nh cung cp dch v, ngha l thu thp tri thc v cc ngi bn tham gia vo h thng. Task matching mi gii cc khch hng vi cc nh cung cp dch v ph hp vi h, vic mi gii ny c da trn cc tri thc m n thu thp c trong task confirm.

Hnh 5.9: S Role gn Nhim v

Sau khi cc task c gn vo cc role xc nh, cc giao thc gia cc role trong s role ban u s c xc nh c th bi cc task lin quan. Chng hn,

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122

trong s role ban u, role Matchmaker c ba giao thc kt ni ti, n bc ny chng c c th ho nh sau: - Cc giao thc StationConnection v HotelConnection lin quan n task confirm do task ny chu trch nhim thu thp tri thc v cc ngi bn. - Giao thc cn li l UserConnection lin quan n task matching do task ny trc tip thc hin mi gii ngi mua vi ngi bn ph hp. Phn vic cn li ca bc ny l xy dng cch thc hot ng bn trong ca mi nhim v.
S bn trong task

Hnh 5.10 l s ca task thng lng thuc role Buyer. V role ny ch c mt task nn tt c cc chuyn tip trong s task ny u tham gia vo tng tc ngoi. Theo , n bc vo trng thi Start khi nhn c thng ip start t task modelling ca role User, do task ny thuc loi task b ng. Cc tng tc cn li u c tin hnh vi task thng lng ca role Station hoc role Hotel. Ti trng thi Start, n tm ra thuc tnh v hng ho c u tin cao nht, gi i
theo thng ip find v chuyn vo trng thi Wait ch cc p ng t task negotiation ca i tc.

Ti trng thi Wait, nu nhn c thng ip check th n chuyn vo trng thi


Check, nu nhn c thng ip recheck th n chuyn vo trng thi Recheck, nu nhn c thng ip relax th n chuyn vo trng thi Relax, nu nhn c thng ip redeal th n chuyn vo trng thi Redeal.

Ti trng thi Recheck, n kim tra li xem mt hng c vi thm cc hnh thc
khuyn mi c th chp nhn c hay khng.

Ti trng thi Relax, nu cn nhng b c, n chn ra thuc tnh nhng b sao


cho gi tr li ch b gim i vi n l nh nht, gi i theo thng ip find v chuyn vo trng thi Wait, nu khng nhng b c na th n gi thng ip fail bo tht bi v chuyn vo trng thi kt thc.

Ti trng thi Redeal, n lu li thng tin mt hng va thng lng c.

CHNG 5: PHN TCH H DCH V

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Hnh 5.10: S hot ng ca task Negotiation thuc role Buyer

Nh vy, kt qu ca pha phn tch l mt tp cc role v cc task tng ng nhm hon thnh mc ch ca h thng. Hot ng bn trong v cc tng tc bn ngoi gia cc task l nhn t quan trng cho pha thit k sau ny.

5.3 Kt lun
Ni dung chng ny trnh by chi tit cc bc trong pha phn tch h a agent trong h dch v du lch TraNeS. Pha phn tch bao gm bn bc: Xc nh ch, xc nh use case, xy dng Ontology v xy dng s role. Kt qu ca pha ny s to iu kin cho vic xy dng cc bc trong pha thit k v s c trnh by mt cch chi tit trong chng n.

CHNG 6

THIT K H DCH V

Mt s vn thit k h a agent Thit k h dch v du lch Kt lun

Nhim v ca pha thit k l chuyn cc role c xc nh trong pha phn tch thnh tp cc agent v xc nh s lng, v tr cc agent trong h thng. Nh trnh by trong Chng 4, pha ny bao gm cc bc: 1. 2. 3. 4. Xc nh cc lp agent Xy dng cc phin hi thoi Hon thin cc agent Trin khai h thng

Chng ny nhm tp trung trnh by chi tit cc bc ny trong ng cnh h dch v du lch TraNeS.

124

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

125

6.1 Mt s vn v thit k h a agent


Trong qu trnh thit k mt h a agent, ngi thit k phi tr li cc cu hi sau [39]: Cn c nhng kiu agent no? y chnh l cu hi gip xc nh cc lp agent trong h thng. Cn c cc agent no? Mi agent nhm thc hin mt chc nng xc nh v thuc mt lp agent no . Cu trc chung ca h thng nh th no? Cc hnh vi ca h thng trong nhng trng hp c th nh th no? Cc agent hng ti cc ch ca mnh nh th no? Cc agent phn ng li cc s kin nh th no? Cc agent cn c nhng thng tin g gii quyt vn t ra cho mnh?

Sau khi tr li y cc cu hi trn th vn cn li ca pha thit k l m hnh ho h thng da trn mt phng php lun v mt cng c no . Cc phng php lun khc nhau m hnh ho cc lp agent, cc agent v cc thnh phn ca agent theo cc cch khc nhau. Chng ny tp trung trnh by cc bc trong pha thit k h a agent nh trnh by trong Chng 4. Nhim v ca pha thit k l chuyn ton b cc role v cc nhim v ca chng c xc nh trong pha phn tch vo tp cc lp agent ph hp. ng thi thit k s lng v v tr ca mi loi agent trong h thng. Pha thit k bao gm bn bc: 1. Xc nh cc lp agent
2. Xy dng cc phin hi thoi 3. Hon thin cc agent 4. Trin khai h thng

Ni dung cc phn tip theo s trnh by chi tit cc bc ny.

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126

6.2 Thit k h a agent


6.2.1 Xy dng cc lp agent m bo cc ch h thng u c thc hin trong pha thit k, mi role phi c m nhim bi t nht mt lp agent, i khi cng c cc role c m nhim bi nhiu lp agent. Chng hn, lp UserAgent trong bi ton du lch m nhim hai role l User v Buyer. L do l hai role ny cng lin quan n tho mn yu cu ca ngi dng v tng tc gia chng ngoi mc ch trao i thng tin hon thnh nhim v, cn c mc ch bo mt thng tin c nhn cho khch hng. Do vy, hai role ny c t vo cng mt lp agent. Theo cch ny, cc lp agent thc hin cc role tng ng c xc nh nh sau: Lp UserAgent thc hin vai tr cc role User v Buyer Lp HotelAgent thc hin vai tr role Hotel Lp StationAgent thc hin vai tr role Station Lp MatchAgent thc hin vai tr role Matchmaker.

Nhim v cn li ca bc ny l xc nh cc phin hi thoi (conversation) xut hin gia cc lp agent hon thin s lp agent ca h thng. Cc phin hi thoi c xc nh t cc quan h gia cc role m cc lp agent tng ng cn thc hin. Tt c cc tng tc gia cc task c xc nh trong Bc 4 (Pha phn tch) u tr thnh cc phin hi thoi ngoi tr tng tc gia task modelling ca role User vi task Negotiation ca role Buyer bi v hai role ny c thc hin bi ch mt lp agent l UserAgent. Tng tc gia task Modelling vi task Interface ca role Hotel tr thnh phin hi thoi PrepareHotel Tng tc gia task Negotiation ca role Buyer vi task Interface ca role Hotel tr thnh phin hi thoi HotelNeg. Tng tc gia lp UserAgent vi lp StationAgent c hai phin hi thoi l PrepareTrain v TrainNeg Tng tc gia task Modelling ca role User vi task Matching ca role Matchmaker tr thnh phin hi thoi UserConnect Tng tc gia task Interface ca role Hotel vi task Confirm ca role Matchmaker tr thnh phin hi thoi HotelConnect Tng tc gia task Interface ca role Station vi task Confirm ca role Matchmaker l phin hi thoi TrainConnect gia hai lp StationAgent v MatchAgent. S lp agent ca h thng c cho trong Hnh 6.1.

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

127

Hnh 6.1: S lp agent

Cc phin hi thoi biu din tng tc gia cc lp agent din ra mc ng ngha thng qua ontology. Da vo ontology c xy dng trong Bc 3 (Pha phn tch), cc lp agent c cch biu din tri thc khc nhau s trao i v hiu c ln nhau da trn tri thc chung trong ontology. Chng hn, vi khi nim gi tin cho chuyn i, UserAgent biu din bng price, trong khi HotelAgent biu din gi phng l RoomCost v StationAgent biu din gi v tu l TrainCost. Khi , thng lng vi HotelAgent, UserAgent phi dng khi nim RoomCost v khi thng lng vi StationAgent, n li dng khi nim TrainCost. Cui cng, khi trao i kt qu vi khch hng n li dng khi nim price, nhng n hiu rng, price l tng ng vi tng gi tr ca RoomCost v TrainCost. 6.2.2 Xy dng cc phin hi thoi Nhim v ca bc ny l thit k chi tit kin trc bn trong ca cc phin hi thoi xc nh c trong bc trc. Mi phin hi thoi bao gm hai s lp truyn thng (Communication class diagram), mt cho bn khi xng v mt cho bn p ng phin hi thoi. Thng thng, mi s nhim v s tng ng vi mt s phin hi thoi cho bn tham gia tng ng.

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

128

Hnh 6.2: Phin hi thoi HotelNeg cho UserAgent v HotelAgent

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

129

Trc ht ta xem xt s phin hi thoi Negotiation ca UserAgent. Ti trng thi Check, nhim v ca agent l phi kim tra xem mt hng c tho mn yu cu hin ti ca Buyer hay khng: Nu tho mn, tr li mt bin boolean c gi tr true Nu khng th phi tr li thng tin cc thuc tnh khng tho mn gi yu cu li cho bn i tc. Ngha l cn mt bin l satisfy c kiu boolean v mt bin c th lu cc cp thuc tnh gi tr ca mt hng ang thng lng. Da vo cc nhim v ny, trong s phin hi thoi hm checkHotel() c thit k nh sau: Ch cn tr v mt bin c kiu l Tupe, kiu ny c xc nh trong bc xy dng ontology cho h thng: Nu gi tr ny l NULL th c ngha l khch sn tho mn yu cu (khng c thuc tnh no b vi phm) Nu gi tr ny khc NULL th c ngha l c yu cu khng tho mn v gi tr ca bin ny xc nh c tn v gi tr cc thuc tnh yu cu li cho bn i tc. V thit k cc tham s cho hm ny, tham s u vo phi l mt gi tr c kiu Hotel c nh ngha trong ontology. Nh vy trong trng thi Check ny ch cn mt hm checkHotel(Hotel): Tupe l . Cc hm trong cc trng thi khc c thit k mt cch tng t. S phin hi thoi cho UserAgent c m t trong Hnh 6.2. Ti trng thi Check c hm checkHotel(Hotel):Tupe. Nu Tupe khc NULL th gi i thng ip find v quay li trng thi Wait. Nu Tupe l NULL th chuyn sang trng thi Accept. Ti trng thi Accept c hm acceptHotel(): boolean. Nu tr v TRUE th chp nhn khch sn v gi i thng ip deal. Nu tr v FALSE th khng chp nhn khch sn, gi i thng ip refind v chuyn vo trng thi Wait2. Ti trng thi Recheck c hm recheckHotel(HotelReward): boolean. Nu tr v TRUE th chp nhn khch sn, gi i thng ip deal v chuyn vo trng thi Wait3. Nu tr v FALSE th khng chp nhn khch sn, gi yu cu refind v chuyn v trng thi Wait2. Ti trng thi Relax c hm relaxHotel():Tupe. Nu Tupe khc NULL th vn cn nhng b c, gi i yu cu find v quay li trng thi Wait. Nu Tupe bng NULL th khng th nhng b thm, gi thng bo fail v kt thc tht bi.

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130

Ti trng thi Redeal c hm redealHotel(Hotelfull). Lu li ton b thng tin v khch sn thng lng c.

Thit k c thc hin tng t cho phin hi thoi Trainneg gia UserAgent v StationAgent. Tuy nhin, c mt im khc bit gia thng lng vi HotelAgent v thng lng vi StationAgent. UserAgent c th thng lng ng thi vi hai StationAgent khc nhau cho cc chuyn tu i v v; do , xc nh c ang thng lng vi StationAgent cho chuyn i hay chuyn v, cc hm trong tt c cc trng thi ca phin hi thoi ny, v pha UserAgent phi c thm mt tham s u vo l id xc nh chuyn tu ang thng lng l i hay v. S cho phin hi thoi ny c m t trong Hnh 6.3. i vi cc s phin hi thoi cho HotelAgent hoc StationAgent cng c thit k t cc nhim v Negotiation ca cc role tng ng. Tuy nhin, cng phi b sung thm mt tham s u vo l userName, c kiu String xc nh xem hin ti n ang thng lng vi khch hng no. S tng ng cho cc phin hi thoi ny c m t trong Hnh 6.3. i vi phin hi thoi ca HotelAgent: Ti trng thi Find c hm find(User, Tupe): Hotel. Nu Hotel bng NULL th khng c khch sn no tho mn yu cu; n gi i thng bo relax v chuyn vo trng thi Wait2. Nu Hotel khc NULL th c khch sn tho mn, n gi thng bo check v chuyn vo trng thi Wait. - Ti trng thi Refind c hm refind(User): Hotel. Nu Hotel l NULL th khng c khch sn tho mn; n chuyn sang trng thi Reward. Nu Hotel khc NULL th c khch sn tho mn, n gi i thng bo check v chuyn sang trng thi Wait. - Ti trng thi Reward c hm reward(User): HotelReward. Nu tr v NULL th khng c khuyn mi, n gi thng bo yu cu relax v chuyn sang trng thi Wait2. Nu tr v khc NULL th c khuyn mi, n gi thng bo recheck v chuyn sang trng thi Wait3. - Ti trng thi Deal c hm deal(User): Hotelfull. Tr v thng tin y m khch hng va ng , n gi i thng ip redeal v kt thc. i vi TrainAgent cng tng t v c m t trong Hnh 6.3.

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

131

Hnh 6.3: Phin hi thoi TrainNeg cho UserAgent v StationAgent

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

132

Ti cc chuyn tip ca s phin hi thoi, ngi thit k cng phi chi tit ho da trn cc chuyn tip trong s nhim v tng ng. Trong phin hi thoi HotelNeg ca UserAgent, chuyn tip t trng thi Check sang trng thi Wait c miu t bng c php [Tupe not Null] ^ find(Tupe) Ngha l sau khi kim tra bng hm checkHotel(Hotel), nu c vi phm th gi tr tr v Tupe khc NULL, tc l iu kin [Tupe not Null] c gi tr true, nn UserAgent s gi i mt thng ip c performative l find v ni dung thng ip c kiu l Tupe. S phin hi thoi hon chnh cho mi bn c m t nh cc Hnh 6.2 v 6.3. Sau khi cc thng tin t s concurrent task c nh x vo nh mt phn ca phin hi thoi, ngi thit k phi kim tra li m bo cc iu kin kh thi cho phin hi thoi: mi message gi i phi c t nht mt bn nhn v x l, khng c vng lp v hn trong cc s trng thi... Vic kim tra cc iu kin ny c th tin hnh mt cch th cng hoc bn t ng vi s tr gip ca agentTool. Chng hn kim tra theo phng php th cng iu kin mt vi phin hi thoi HotelNeg, xut hin chu trnh (Wait Check Accept Wait2 Relax - Wait) ca bn UserAgent (bn khi to phin hi thoi ny). Sau mi vng lp ny, yu cu v cc thuc tnh u b gim i mt mc do UserAgent t nhng b, nn dy yu cu ca UserAgent l n iu gim. Hn na, s nhng b s dng li khi tho mn cc thuc tnh thp hn ngng nhng b (relaxThreshold), ngng ny c c lng khi m hnh ho s thch ngi dng. Do vy, dy yu cu ca UserAgent s n iu gim v b chn di nn s dng, ngha l vng lp khng v hn. 6.2.3 Hon thin cc agent Bc ny hai bc con: thit k kin trc bn trong agent v thit k cc thnh phn trong kin trc .
Thit k kin trc

Kin trc bn trong ca cc agent trong bi ton du lch c thit k nh sau: Lp UserAgent m nhim hai role User v Buyer nn cc cc thnh phn l Modelling v Negotiation tng ng vi hai nhim v ca hai role . Lp HotelAgent v StationAgent, mi lp c hai thnh phn l Interface v Negotiation tng ng vi cc nhim v ca role m chng m nhim. Lp MatchAgent m nhim mt role Matchmaker c hai nhim v nn cng c hai thnh phn tng ng l Confirm v Matching.

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

133

Sau khi xc nh c cc thnh phn trong kin trc ca mi agent, nhim v tip theo l thit k quan h gia cc thnh phn ny cho ph hp vi s role ca h thng c phn tch trong Bc 4. m bo quan h gia cc thnh phn l thng nht vi quan h gia cc task trong s role, cc quan h ny s c thit k da trn cc tng tc gia cc nhim v trong s role. Theo , tng tc gia task Negotiation ca role Buyer vi task Negotiation ca role Hotel, s tr thnh mt quan h bn ngoi. S kin trc ca lp UserAgent c biu din trong Hnh 6.4.
Thit k cc thnh phn

Nhim v ca bc con ny l thit k chi tit bn trong cc thnh phn ca kin trc c thit k bc trn. Vic ny c hon thnh bng cch gn cc thuc tnh v cc hm (th tc) chnh cho mi thnh phn.

Hnh 6.4: S kin trc lp UserAgent

Vi kin trc lp UserAgent: Thnh phn modelling ch tham gia mt phin hi thoi UserConnect n MatchAgent, nn cc hm ch c mt l prepare(). i vi thnh phn Negotiation ca kin trc ny, n tham gia ng thi hai phin hi thoi phc tp l HotelNeg v TrainNeg, nn c mt dy cc hm xc nh c trong bc 6. Tt c cc hm ny u tr thnh hm ca cc thnh phn tng ng. S kin trc chi tit ca UserAgent c m t trong Hnh 6.4. Trc khi kt thc bc thit k kin trc bn trong ca agent ny, ngi thit k phi hon thnh vic thit k ontology ring cho mi thnh phn ca mi lp agent nu iu l cn thit. Cc agent loi HotelAgent, StationAgent v MatchAgent khng cn ontology ring, v tri thc ca agent ny u c s dng trao i vi cc

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

134

agent cn li trong h thng v do , c m t trong ontology chung ca h thng. Vi UserAgent, ngoi phn thng tin cn trao i vi agent khc, n cn c thm cc tri thc v s thch v mong mun ca ngi dng c m hnh ho theo chin lc thng lng. Cc thng tin ny khng phi bao gi cng c trao i vi cc agent khc v mc ch bo mt thng tin khch hng. Do , cc thng tin ny khng c a vo ontology chung ca h thng m s c thit k nh ontology ring cho UserAgent.
Telephone Name UserHotel StartPoint EndPoint User MinPrice MaxPrice UserTrain StartDate EndDate RelaxThreshold Attribute UserRewardTrain RelaxThreshold Breakfast Gift UserRewardHotel RelaxThreshold Attribute Attribute Gift Name MinValue MaxValue Prior

Hnh 6.5: Ontology ring ca UserAgent

Cc bc xy dng ontology cho ring cc agent cng c tin hnh nh vic xy dng ontology cho h thng c trnh by chi tit trong Bc 3. Ngoi tr mt khc bit l tp cc tri thc c xem xt ch gii hn trong phm vi ca agent tng ng. Hn na, cc tri thc lin quan n agent c m t trong ontology ca h thng s khng cn nhc li trong ontology ring. Theo cch ny, ontology ring ca UserAgent m t phn tri thc cha c biu din cn li c cu trc nh Hnh 6.5.

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

135

Hnh 6.6: nh x ontology ca UserAgent trong agentTool

Sau khi hon thnh vic thit k ontology ring cho cc agent cn thit, ngi thit k phi tin hnh nh x ontology ring ca cc agent ny vo ontology chung ca h thng. Vic ny c h tr bi c ch bn t ng ca agentTool. V d vi vic nh x ontology ring ca UserAgent vo ontology chung ca h thng. Trong UserAgent, khi nim gi trn gi ca chuyn i c biu din thng qua cp khi nim {minPrice, maxPrice}. Trong ontology ca h thng khng c khi nim biu din gi trn gi ca chuyn i m ch c cc khi nim ch gi phng khch sn RoomCost v khi nim ch gi v tu TrainCost l gn tng ng vi cp khi nim trn. Do , cp khi nim {minPrice, maxPrice} c nh x l tng ng vi cc khi nim RoomCost v TrainCost. Hnh 6.6 m t vic nh x ny di s h tr bn t ng ca agentTool.

CHNG 6: THIT K H DCH V

136

6.2.4 Trin khai h thng Nhim v ca bc cui cng ny l xy dng s trin khai h thng (Deployment diagram).

Hnh 6.7: M hnh trin khai h thng

Hnh 6.7 l m hnh trin khai ca h dch v du lch. H thng c mt agent trung gian (MatchAgent), cc agent cn li u c th c s lng nhiu hn. Cc UserAgent khi sinh ra u c chy trn my ch ca MatchAgent (do my c nhn khng m bo kt ni mng v hot ng lin tc trong thi gian di). Cc agent HotelAgent v StationAgent c th chy trn cc my ch khc nhau hay trn cng mt my. Sau khi trin khai h thng, agentTool h tr sinh ra khung m ngun cho cc lp agent v cc hm c thit k. Nh , vic ci t chng trnh s thun li hn.

6.3 Kt lun
Chng ny trnh by mt cch khi qut v mt s vn thit k h a agent v sau tp trung vo p dng cc bc trong pha thit k pht trin h dch v du lch. Chi tit vic ci t v tch hp h dch v du lch ny s c trnh by trong chng tip theo.

CHUNG 7

CI T V TCH HP H THNG

Vi nt v agentMom M hnh tch hp h thng Ci t cc lp agent Kt qu th nghim Kt lun

Chng ny trc ht trnh by cc lp agentMom m n c xem l c s h tng h tr tng tc gia cc agent. Phn ch yu ca chng dnh trnh by kt qu ci t v tch hp h thng da trn qu trnh phn tch v thit k c trnh by trong Chng 5 v Chng 6.

137

CHNG 7: CI T V TCH HP H THNG

138

7.1 Vi nt v agentMom
AgentMom l mt tp cc lp lm nhn cho cc ng dng pht trin h a agent theo phng php lun MaSE v agentTool [5]. AgentMom h tr vic pht trin cc lp agent, cc phin hi thoi din ra gia cc agent v cc thng ip c trao i qua li gia cc agent.

Hnh 7.1: AgentMom

Hot ng ca cc lp trong agentMom c minh ho nh Hnh 7.1. Theo , mi agent s c php giao tip vi cc agent khc trong h thng sau khi n khi to phng thc receiveMessage() trong lp MessageHandle, lp ny c nhim v gim st v lng nghe cc kt ni t cc agent khc trn mt cng c dnh ring cho mi agent. Khi mi agent nhn c mt kt ni t agent khc v c kh nng giao tip c, n s khi to mt phin hi thoi mi bt u cuc trao i. Trong phin hi thoi ny, cc thng ip c trao i qua li nhm truyn t ni dung yu cu hoc p ng cho mi bn tham gia. Khun dng thng ip c m t ti lp Message, k tha t cu trc thng ip chun ca ngn ng giao tip truyn thng KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language). Phn ny s gii thiu s lc ni dung ca cc lp trong agentMom, chi tit c th tham kho ti [5]. Lp Agent, c k tha t lp Runable ca Java nn c kh nng chy mt cch c lp nh mt phn tuyn (thread) ring bit trn my ch thng qua phng thc run(). Tt c cc lp agent c thit k trong cc ng dng u phi k tha t lp ny. ng ch nht ca lp agent l phng thc o (abstract) receiveMessage(), dnh cho cc lp agent k tha kh nng x l cc thng ip nhn c. Trong phng thc ny, tu vo ni dung ca thng ip nhn c m agent khi to cc phin hi thoi tng ng cho ph hp. Phng thc khi to ca lp agent s khi

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to mt th hin ca lp MessageHandler gim st cng kt ni ring ca n, nhm xc nh cc thng ip do cc agent khc gi n. Khi c thng ip gi n, lp ny mi gi li phng thc receiveMessage() x l thng ip theo cch c thit k. Lp Conversation cng l mt lp tru tng cho php cc lp conversation trong ng dng k tha. Lp ny cung cp cc kt ni n cc agent khc v cc hm gi v nhn cc thng ip c trao i qua li gia cc agent. Cc kt ni c trang b thng qua cc cng tng ng ca agent khi to n, khi , n to ra cc lung c nhn thng ip v cc lung ghi gip vic gi thng ip i mt cch thun li. Lp MessageHandler c khi to trong cc phng thc khi dng cho lp agent. Phng thc quan trng ca lp ny l phng thc run(), chy lin tc cho n khi agent tng ng b hu b. Phng thc ny chuyn lng nghe cc kt ni n t cc agent khc trn mt cng xc nh ca agent. Khi c kt ni n, n gi phng thc receiveMessage() ca lp Agent x l. Lp Message nh ngha cu trc thng ip c trao i trong cc phin hi thoi gia cc agent. Cu trc lp ny c nh ngha da trn cu trc thng ip chun ca ngn ng giao tip truyn thng KQML. Trong s cc trng ca lp ny, quan trng l cc trng nh: performative quy nh mt loi yu cu cho bn nhn thng ip, trng content cha ni dung thng ip, trng ontology xc nh kiu ontology c s dng trong giao tip . Hnh 7.2 minh ho mt s trng ca lp ny.

Hnh 7.2: Mt thng ip trong cc Phin hi thoi

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7.2 M hnh tch hp h thng


H thng c thit k nh Hnh 7.3, bao gm bn lp agent: UserAgent, HotelAgent, TrainAgent v MatchAgent. Phn ny s trnh by tng quan vai tr nhim v ca cc lp agent ny trong h thng. Chi tit v cc lp agent ny s c trnh by trong cc mc tip theo. 7.2.1 UserAgent
UserAgent l lp agent i din cho chc nng v mc ch ca khch hng. N thay

mt khch hng thng lng vi cc agent cung cp dch v tng ng l HotelAgent v TrainAgent. Vic thng lng ny c tin hnh mt cch c lp vi khch hng, nhm tm ra gii php tho mn tt nht cc rng buc ca h. Lp UserAgent c bn thnh phn chnh: General Control, Hotel Negotiator, Train Negotiator v Preparer. Chc nng chnh ca mi thnh phn nh sau:
General Control iu khin tng quan cc chc nng ca UserAgent, bao gm cc hot ng nh: Tip xc vi khch hng trao i thng tin v cc yu cu v rng buc v mt hng. M hnh ho yu cu ngi s dng ph hp vi chin lc thng lng c s dng. iu khin tin trnh thng lng ca cc thnh phn Hotel Negotiator v Train Ngotiator. Tng hp kt qu thng lng ca hai thnh phn khi qu trnh thng lng kt thc. Quyt nh chp nhn gii php va thng lng xong hoc khng chp nhn. Trong trng hp khng chp nhn, n phi quyt nh thng lng li. Hotel Negotiator Thng lng v dch v khch sn vi cc HotelAgent. Train Negotiator Thng lng v dch v tu ho vi TrainAgent. Preparer Nhm thm d thng tin v cc dch v trc khi chnh thc thng lng. Thnh phn ny xut hin l do s dng chin lc tin c lng, s c trnh by chi tit trong phn UserAgent.

7.2.2 HotelAgent v TrainAgent


HotelAgent v TrainAgent l hai agent c m hnh tng t nhau, bao gm hai thnh

phn chnh: phn iu khin chung v phn thng lng.

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General Control iu khin cc hot ng ca Agent cung cp dch v, bao gm cc chc nng nh: Qun l cc nh cung cp dch v Qun l cc thng tin v dch v.

iu khin tin trnh thng lng vi cc agent khch hng (UserAgent).


Negotiator Thay mt nh cung cp dch v thng lng v cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng trong phm vi kh nng ca mi nh cung cp.

Chi tit v hai lp agent ny s c trnh by trong cc phn v HotelAgent v TrainAgent. 7.2.3 MatchAgent
MatchAgent lm nhim v mi gii cc UserAgent tm c cc agent cung cp dch v

m n cn thng lng. N c hai thnh phn chnh: iu khin chung v phn mi gii.
General control iu khin hot ng ca bn thn n, bao gm cc hot ng: Gim st v qun l trng thi hot ng ca cc agent trong h thng bng cch lu a ch v kh nng ca mi agent khi chng tham gia vo h thng. iu khin qu trnh mi gii v tng tc vi cc agent khc MatchMaker Mi gii cc UserAgent vi cc HotelAgent v TrainAgent cn thit cho UserAgent .

Trong bn loi agent ca h thng, ch c duy nht MatchAgent l khng c giao tip vi con ngi. N c khi ng khi khi to h thng v chy nn trong sut thi gian hot ng ca h thng ny. Cc agent cn li c th tham gia hay thot khi h thng mt cch t do.

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Hnh 7.3: Kin trc tng quan h thng

7.2.4 Hot ng ca h thng H thng hot ng theo nguyn tc nh sau: MatchAgent c khi ng khi khi to h thng v c chy ngm trong sut thi gian hot ng ca h thng. Cc HotelAgent v TrainAgent c to ra khi c cc nh cung cp dch v tham gia vo h thng v b hu i khi h chm dt hp tc vi h thng. Cc UserAgent c to ra mi khi c ngi dng mi tham gia dch v, n b hu i khi ht hn vi ngi dng. Trong s bn loi agent trn, ch c MatchAgent l khng trc tip tng tc vi con ngi, cc agent cn li u c th tng tc vi con ngi trong qu trnh hot ng ca mnh. Mi khi c mt HotelAgent hoc TrainAgent tham gia vo h thng, n phi ng k hot ng vi MatchAgent bng cch gi n MatchAgent mt thng bo ng k bao gm: tn, a ch v dch v m n c th cung cp. Cc thng tin ny c MatchAgent gi li qun l cc agent c mt trong h thng. Mi khi c mt HotelAgent hoc TrainAgent rt ra khi h thng, n phi thng bo vi MatchAgent MatchAgent loi n ra khi danh sch qun l ca mnh. Mi khi c mt UserAgent c to ra (ngay sau khi c mt khch hng mi tham gia vo h thng), n phi ng k vi MatchAgent bng cch gi i mt thng bo ng k bao gm tn, a ch ca mnh v cc yu cu dch v m n mong mun. Khi nhn c mt thng bo ng k t UserAgent, MatchAgent lu li cc thng tin ny qun l. ng thi da trn cc yu cu dch v ca UserAgent

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tm ra cc HotelAgent v TrainAgent ph hp vi UserAgent . Ngha l MatchAgent s gii thiu vi UserAgent cc agent c kh nng cung cp dch v theo yu cu ca UserAgent. Sau khi tm c cc agent ph hp cho UserAgent, MatchAgent s gi li cho UserAgent cc thng tin v a ch ca cc agent . Sau khi nhn c a ch cc agent cung cp dch v khch sn v tu ho, UserAgent tin hnh thm d sn phm (tin c lng) v thng lng trc tip vi cc agent . Kt qu thng lng, nu c, s c gi n khch hng trong ln ng nhp tip theo vo h thng. Nu mun t ch t ng, khch hng c th u quyn cho h thng thc hin. Khi , h thng tin hnh t v tu v t ch khch sn theo yu cu ca khch hng. Sau khi khch hng ng k t ch t ng hoc ht hn nhn kt qu, cc UserAgent s b hu i, nhng ti nguyn cho cc Agent khc.

7.3 Ci t cc lp agent
Ni dung phn ny s trnh by vic ci t chi tit cc lp agent c thit k trong chng 5. Mi lp agent s c trnh by theo cc ni dung: S kin trc chi tit bn trong, s hot ng v cui cng l cc phng thc chnh ca mi lp . 7.3.1 UserAgent UserAgent c thit k thay mt khch hng thng lng vi HotelAgent v TrainAgent t ch trn gi cho chuyn i. Nh vy, UserAgent c cc nhim v v hot ng chnh nh sau: Giao tip vi ngi dng thu thp yu cu v thng bo kt qu. Tng tc vi MatchAgent yu cu mi gii. Thng lng vi HoetlAgent t ch khch sn Thng lng vi TrainAgent t v tu. Ni dung chi tit phn ci t cho lp UserAgent nh sau.
a. S cu trc v chc nng

Da vo kin trc bn trong c thit k trong chng 5. S chc nng ca UserAgent c xy dng nh Hnh 7.4. UserAgent c cc thnh phn chnh: phn iu khin tng quan, phn tin c lng, hai thnh phn thng lng khch sn v tu ho l tng t nhau.

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Phn iu khin tng quan (General Control) B x l (http://) hot ng da trn giao thc http v TCP/IP tng tc vi khch hng thng qua giao din web. Bao gm:

Nhn thng tin qun l c nhn v s thch, mong mun ca khch hng v dch v h mun c cung cp. Thng bo kt qu thng lng cho khch hng. Tng tc vi khch hng c th thay mt h t ch t ng cc dch v tho thun.

Cho php ngi dng c th iu chnh cc yu cu ca mnh trong thi gian UserAgent ca ngi cn hiu lc.
Cc thng tin nhn c t khch hng ng thi cng c lu vo c s d liu tin cho vic qun l khch hng. Phn ny c ci t bng JSP, chy trn my ch Jrun 3.0.
B ng k vi h thng (Register)

Sau khi nhn thng tin ca khch hng t b x l http, b ng k h thng s to mt thng ip ng k cha a ch ca agent v yu cu v cc loi dch v n cn. Thng ip ny s c gi n MatchAgent c mi gii vi cc i tc ph hp cho vic thng lng sp ti.
B duyt sn phm (Adapter)

C nhim v xem xt cc sn phm sau khi thng lng c tho mn rng buc ln nhau hay khng. Cc rng buc ny l khng kim tra c trong qu trnh thng lng m ch c th hu x l, chng hn cc rng buc v thi gian ca i tu v thi gian thu khch sn l phi tng thch vi nhau. Nu c t nht mt rng buc khng tho mn, b ny s iu khin vic thng lng li bng cch chp nhn dch v tu ho v thng lng li dch v khch sn cho tng thch. Nu khng c vi phm rng buc no, b ny s lu kt qu thng lng v qu trnh thng lng chnh thc kt thc.
Thnh phn tin thng lng (Preparer)

Sau khi gi i thng ip ng k vo h thng, c km theo cc yu cu v i tc. UserAgent s c MatchAgent mi gii vi cc i tc ph hp. a ch ca cc i tc ny s c gi n cho UserAgent ngay sau khi MatchAgent mi gii xong. Sau khi nhn c a ch ca cc i tc bao gm HotelAgent v TrainAgent, UserAgent bt u tin trnh thm d tin thng lng.

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B to yu cu thm d

To ra cc thng ip thm d n HotelAgent v TrainAgent. Thng ip ny cha cc cu hi thm d v gi ca cc dch v tng ng.
B tin c lng

Sau khi nhn c cc thng ip tr li t HotelAgent v TrainAgent, b tin c lng (Pre-Estimater) bt u hot ng. N da vo cc thng tin gi dch v va nhn c ny v rng buc yu cu ca khch khng c lng gi khi im ph hp cho tng dch v: khch sn v v tu. Sau khi c lng xong, giai on thng lng chnh thc bt u.
Thnh phn thng lng B x l thng ip (Messgae Processor)

Nhn v lc cc thng ip nhn c, Ly ra cc thng tin c cc i tc gi n. Cc thng tin ny chnh l cc thng tin v sn phm dch v m cc nh cung cp c th c. Thng tin ny s c a vo b kim tra chp nhn xem c chp nhn c hay khng. Cc thng ip trao i gia cc agent c tun theo chun ca ngn ng truyn thng ACL.
B to thng ip (Message Creator)

To ra cc thng ip yu cu i tc tm kim cc sn phm tho mn mt s yu cu mi b sung hoc sau khi nhng b...
B quyt nh chp nhn (Acceptable)

C nhim v nh gi xem sn phm ca i tc l c th chp nhn c hay khng.

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Hnh 7.4: Kin trc UserAgent

b. S hot ng

Tng t nh s thit k trong chng 7, s hot ng ca UserAgent bao gm thng lng vi HotelAgent v TrainAgent. Phn ny trnh by mi lin h v tng tc gia cc phng thc chnh ca lp UserAgent. Thng lng vi HotelAgent bao gm cc phng thc c quan h nh Hnh 7.5. Cc phng thc ny c gi trong th tc thng lng khch sn nh sau: Nu nhn c thng ip check th gi phng thc checkHotel(Hotel) kim tra xem khch sn c vi phm rng buc no hay khng. C th dng ti phng thc acceptHotel() kim tra xem khch sn c th chp nhn c hay khng nu nh n khng c vi phm rng buc. Nu nhn c thng ip
recheck

th

gi

phng

thc

recheckHotel(HotelReward) kim tra xem khch sn va b t chi

trc c b sung cc hnh thc khuyn mi th c chp nhn c hay khng. C th dng n phng thc acceptHotel(). Nu nhn c thng ip relax th gi phng thc relaxHotel() xem xt vic cn c th nhng b trn thuc tnh no y hay khng..

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Nu

nhn

thng

ip

redeal

redealHotel(Hotelfull) lu li kt qu thng lng l thng tin y

v khch sn m n va chp nhn.

Hnh 7.5: Thng lng vi HotelAgent

Thng lng vi TrainAgent cng c cc phng thc c s dng cho Train v c gi hon ton tng t nh thng lng vi HotelAgent. Vic gi cc phng thc thng lng vi TrainAgent c m t trong Hnh 7.6.

Hnh 7.6: Thng lng vi TrainAgent

c. Cc phng thc chnh ca lp UserAgent

Lp UserAgent c cc phng thc chnh c tm tt nh sau:


Void prepare() Tin c lng gi dch v khch sn v tu ho. Tham s vo v tham s ra ca phng thc ny u thng qua cc bin ton cc ca lp UserAgent.

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Tupe checkHotel(Hotel hotel) Kim tra xem khch sn c vi phm rng buc no khng. Nu khng c vi phm, tr v NULL. Nu c vi phm, tr v cc cp Tupe(<thuc tnh>,<gi tr>) ca khch sn theo rng buc. Cc tham s bao gm cc thuc tnh thng lng: Hotel:
hotel l kiu d liu khch sn.

Tupe checkTrain(Train train) tng t. boolean acceptHotel(Hotel hotel) Kim tra xem khch sn c th c ngi dng chp nhn hay khng. Nu c, tr v TRUE, nu khng, tr v FALSE. Tham s vn l Hotel. boolean acceptTrain(Train train) tng t. boolean recheckHotel(HotelReward reward) Kim tra xem khch sn c b sung khuyn mi th c th chp nhn c hay khng. Nu c th, tr v TRUE, ngc li, tr v FALSE. Tham s: HotelReward
reward: Kiu d liu m t cc hnh thc khuyn mi ca khch sn.

boolean recheckTrain(TrainReward reward) tng t. Tupe relaxHotel() Kim tra xem c th nhng b c na hay khng. Nu c th nhng b c, tr v cc cp Tupe(<Thuc tnh>,<gi tr>) i vi thuc tnh cn nhng b c. Nu khng th nhng b thm, tr v NULL. Tupe relaxTrain()tng t. void redealHotel(Hotelfull hotel) X l kt qu thng lng. Tham s: Hotelfull hotel: kiu d liu m t y thng tin v khch sn va thng lng xong. void redealTrain(Trainfull train)tng t.

d. C s d liu ca UserAgent
C s d liu ca UserAgent c t chc thnh cc bng c quan h nh Hnh 7.7.

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Hnh 7.7: C s d liu ca UserAgent

Trong c s d liu ny c cc bng nh sau:


Bng Login: lu cc thng tin ng nhp ca ngi dng, bao gm cc thng tin

v tn ng nhp, mt khu, ngy ng k... Bng Users: lu cc thng tin c nhn ca khch hng phc v cho vic lin h khi t ch t ng v thng bo kt qu. Bao gm tn tht, a ch, s in thoi... Cc bng StartNumber, Internet, Cost, TimeLost, Distance v Position: Lu cc thng tin v s thch ca khch hng v cc iu kin ca dch v. Mi bng u c cu trc bao gm: ID khch hng, quan trng ca thuc tnh, gi tr nh nht v cao nht v thuc tnh m khch hng chp nhn c. Cc bng TrainForward, TrainBackward v Hotel: lu thng tin v chuyn tu i, chuyn tu v v khch sn thng lng c cho khch hng . Cc trng thng tin trong cc bng ny l tng ng vi cu trc ca cc lp Trainfull v Hotelfull c cp trong pha thit k. 7.3.2 HotelAgent
HotelAgent i din cho cc khch sn thng lng vi khch hng cung cp dch

v khch sn cho khch hng c nhu cu. Khc vi UserAgent, HotelAgent ch quan tm thng lng trn mt thuc tnh l gi c ca dch v khch sn. Do , kin trc v chin lc thng lng ca n cng n gin hn UserAgent.

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a. M hnh kin trc

Nh trnh by trong phn kin trc tng quan, HotelAgent c hai thnh phn chnh: phn iu khin tng quan v phn thng lng. Mi quan h bn trong ca hai thnh phn ny c m t trong Hnh 7.8.
Thnh phn iu khin chung

Thnh phn ny bao gm b x l (http://) v b ng k h thng.


B x l http tng tc vi cc khch sn thng qua giao din web, bao gm cc hot ng: (i) Thu nhn v qun l cc thng tin ng k, ng nhp ca cc khch sn; (ii) Cp nht thng tin v dch v ca cc khch sn. B ng k Cc khch sn c qun l theo khu vc (cc thnh ph). Do , khi mt khch sn ng k tham gia vo h thng nm khu vc do mt agent no ang qun l, th n s chu s qun l ca agent ny. Nu khu vc ca khch sn l mi, s c mt HotelAgent to ra qun l cc khch sn theo khu vc . Khi , b ng k s gi n MatchAgent cc thng tin v a ch v dch v ca mnh ng k tham gia vo h thng.

Hnh 7.8: Kin trc HotelAgent

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Thnh phn thng lng B to thng ip Message creator To ra cc thng ip gi n cc agent khc trong h thng. B x l thng ip c nhim v lc v phn loi cc thng ip c gi cho HotelAgent. B tm kim n gin Simple search Dng tm kim gi dch v khch sn cho cc yu cu tin c lng t pha UserAgent. B kim tra s chp nhn ca khch hng User accept Nu khch hng chp nhn th cp nht li thng tin dch v qua b cp nht Update. Nu khng, phi thng qua b tm kim Search Query v b lc Hotel filter tm ra khch sn ph hp vi cc rng buc ca khch hng. b. S hot ng

S 7.9 m t mi lin h v tng tc gia cc phng thc ca lp HotelAgent: Nu nhn c thng ip find th gi phng thc find(Tupe, String) tm ra mt khch sn ph hp vi cc rng buc trong Tupe. Nu nhn c thng ip refind th gi phng thc refind(String) v/hoc phng thc reward(String) tm li mt khch sn khc v/hoc tm khuyn mi b sung cho khch sn trc . Nu nhn c thng ip deal th gi phng thc deal(String) tm ton b thng tin lin quan n khch sn m UserAgent va chp nhn.

Hnh 7.9: Quan h gia cc phng thc ca lp HotelAgent

c.Tm tt cc bin v hm ca lp HotelAgent

Lp HotelAgent c mt s phng thc c bn sau y:


Hotel find(Tupe tupe, String userAgentName)

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Tm kim khch sn ph hp vi cc rng buc b sung trong tham s tupe. Tham s th hai l tn ca agent khch hng. Nu tm c, tr v mt khch sn, nu khng s tr v NULL. Hotel refind(String userAgentName) Tm kim khch sn m khng b sung thm rng buc no. Tham s duy nht l tn ca agent khch hng. Nu tm c, tr v mt khch sn, nu khng, tr v NULL. HotelReward reward(String userAgentName) Tm kim khuyn mi ca mt khch sn va gii thiu cho khch hng c nh danh trong tham s userAgentName. Nu c, tr v kiu khuyn mi ca khch sn, nu khng s tr v NULL. Hotelfull deal(String userAgentName) Tm kim thng tin y v khch sn va c khch hng chp nhn, khch hng ny c nh danh qua tham s userAgentName. d. C s d liu

C s d liu ca HotelAgent c t chc nh Hnh 7.10. Trong :


Bng Hotel: lu gi ton b thng tin v cc khch sn m n qun l, bao gm

cc thng tin c th thng lng nh: StarMunber, Distance, Cost... v cc thuc tnh b sung nh: Address, picture... Bng Reward: lu thng tin lu cc thng tin v khuyn mi ca mi khch sn. V c th c hai hnh thc khuyn mi c chp nhn l Min ph in thoi ni ht v Tng qu, nn mi hnh thc khuyn mi ca mi khch sn s c lu di dng bin boolean: c hoc khng. Bng Login: lu thng tin ng nhp ca mi khch sn, bao gm: tn ng nhp, mt khu, ID ca khch sn... Bng UserRequest: lu cc thng tin v gi tr cc thuc tnh m mi UserAgent thng lng vi n gi n. Gi tr thuc tnh no cha gi n s c mc nh l NULL. Bng Presented: lu danh sch khch sn mi nht va c gii thiu cho mi khch hng ang thng lng vi n. Bng Exception: lu danh sch cc khch sn b UserAgent t chi trong qu trnh thng lng, tnh cho n thi im hin ti. Bng Result: lu thng tin v khch sn no c UserAgent chp nhn.

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Hnh 7.10: C s d liu ca HotelAgent

7.3.3 TrainAgent TrainAgent i din cho cc nh ga thng lng vi khch hng cung cp dch v khch sn cho khch hng c nhu cu. S kin trc v hot ng ca TrainAgent tng t nh HotelAgent, ch khc l n lm i din cho cc nh ga m thi.
a. M hnh kin trc

Nh trnh by trong phn kin trc tng quan, TrainAgent c hai thnh phn chnh: phn iu khin tng quan v phn thng lng. Mi quan h bn trong ca hai thnh phn ny c m t trong Hnh 7.11.
Thnh phn iu khin chung

Thnh phn ny bao gm b x l (http://) v b ng k h thng.


B x l http: tng tc vi cc nh ga thng qua giao din web, bao gm cc

hot ng: (i) Thu nhn v qun l cc thng tin ng k, ng nhp ca cc nh ga; (ii) Cp nht thng tin v dch v ca cc nh ga.
B ng k: Cc nh ga oc qun l theo khu vc (cc thnh ph). Do , khi

c nh ga ng k tham gia h thng, nu nh ga nm khu vc do mt agent no ang qun l, th n s chu s qun l ca agent ny. Nu khu vc ca nh ga l mi, s c mt TrainAgent to ra qun l cc nh ga theo khu vc . Khi , b ng k s gi n MatchAgent cc thng tin v a ch v dch v ca mnh ng k tham gia vo h thng.

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Hnh 7.11: Kin trc TrainAgent

Thnh phn thng lng


B to thng ip Message creator: to ra cc thng dip gi n cc agent

khc trong h thng. B x l thng ip lc v phn loi cc thng ip c gi cho TrainAgent.


B tm kim n gin Simple search: dng tm kim gi v tu cho cc yu

cu tin c lng t pha UserAgent.


B kim tra s chp nhn ca khch hng User accept: nu khch hng chp

nhn th cp nht li thng tin dch v qua b cp nhat Update. Nu khng, phi thng qua b tm kim Search Query v b lc Train filter tm ra chuyn tu ph hp vi cc rng buc ca khch hng.
b. S hot ng

Hnh 7.12 m t mi lin h gia cc phng thc chnh ca lp TrainAgent: - Nu nhn c thng ip find th gi phng thc find(Tupe, String) tm chuyn tu tho mn cc rng buc trong Tupe. - Nu nhn c thng ip refind th gi phng thc refind(String) tm li chuyn tu mi v / hoc gi phng thc reward(String) b sung khuyn mi cho chuyn tu va b t chi.

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- Nu nhn c thng ip deal th gi phng thc deal(String) tm ton b thng tin lin quan n chuyn tu m UserAgent va chp nhn.

Hnh 7.12: Quan h gia cc phng thc ca lp TrainAgent

c. Tm tt cc bin v hm ca lp TrainAgent

Lp TrainAgent c mt s phng thc c bn sau:


Train find(Tupe tupe, String userAgentName) Tm kim chuyn tu ph hp vi cc rng buc b sung trong tham s tupe. Tham s th hai l tn ca agent khch hng. Nu tm c, tr v mt chuyn tu, nu khng s tr v NULL. Train refind(String userAgentName) Tm kim chuyn tu mi m khng b sung thm rng buc no. Tham s duy nht l tn ca agent khch hng. Nu tm c, tr v mt chuyn tu, nu khng, tr v NULL. TrainReward reward(String userAgentName) Tm kim khuyn mi ca mt chuyn tu va gii thiu cho khch hng c nh danh trong tham s userAgentName. Nu c, tr v kiu khuyn mi ca chuyn tu, nu khng s tr v NULL. Trainfull deal(String userAgentName): Tm kim thng tin y v chuyn tu va c khch hng chp nhn, khch hng ny c nh danh qua tham s userAgentName. d. C s d liu

C s d liu ca TrainAgent c t chc nh Hnh 7.13. Trong :


Bng Login: qun l cc thng tin ng nhp h thng v ti khon trong h

thng ca cc nh ga. Bng Route: Thng tin v chng ng (ni i, ni n) ca mi chuyn tu. Bng Train: Thng tin v mi chuyn tu: tn, thi gian chy trn mi chng... Bng Cost: Thng tin v cc v tr ch ngi trn mi chuyn tu: hng ca gh, gi v...

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Bng Capacity: Lu thng tin v s ch trng ca mi hng v trn mi chuyn

tu.
Bng Reward: Hnh thc khuyn mi c th c ca mi chuyn tu. Bng Presented: Lu cc chuyn tu gii thiu cho khch hng. Bng Exception: Lu cc chuyn tu b t chi ca mi khch hng. Bng UserRequest: Lu cc yu cu rng buc ca khch hng v chuyn tu h

mun i.
Bng Result: Lu kt qu thng lng thnh cng vi khch hng.

Hnh 7.13: C s d liu ca TrainAgent

7.3.4 MatchAgent MatchAgent l mt dng agent c bit: Khng trc tip giao tip vi con ngi hay cc ngun iu khin trc tip t bn ngoi khc, ch giao tip vi cc agent trong h thng Ch chy nn cho h thng, c sinh ra khi khi to h thng v ch cht i khi h thng ngng hot ng.
MatchAgent c hai chc nng chnh:

Qun l cc agent trong h thng.

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Mi gii cho thng lng gia UserAgent vi HotelAgent v TrainAgent.

a. M hnh kin trc

Kin trc bn trong ca MatchAgent c m t trong Hnh 7.14, bao gm:


B to thng ip Message Creator: to ra cc thng ip gi i cc agent

khc. B x l thng ip message processor x l v lc cc thng ip n nhn c. B i snh s ph hp Match Compare: lm nhim v i snh s kh hp gia UserAgent vi HotelAgent v TrainAgent. B ny cn s tr gip ca b x l truy vn Search Query. cp nht cc thng tin v cc agent khi chng gi thng bo ng k n.

Hnh 7.14: Kin trc MatchAgent

b. S hot ng
Hnh 7.15 m t mi quan h gia cc phng thc chnh ca lp MatchAgent: Nu nhn c thng tin ng k ca HotelAgent th gi phng thc saveHotel(HotelAddress) lu li a ch v kh nng ca agent , phc v cng vic mi gii sau ny. Tng t, khi nhn c thng ip ng k ca cc TrainAgent th gi phng thc saveTrain(TrainAddress) lu li kh nng v a ch ca cc agent .

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Nu nhn c yu cu mi gii ca UserAgent th gi hai phng thc: searchHotel(Location) v searchTrain(Location). Phng thc
searchHotel(Location) dng tm ra HotelAgent c th cung cp dch v

Hotel cho UserAgent. Cn phng thc searchTrain(Location) dng tm ra TrainAgent c th cung cp dch v tu ho cho UserAgent.

Hnh 7.15: Quan h gia cc phng thc ca lp MatchAgent

c. Cc bin v hm ca lp MatchAgent

Lp MatchAgent c cc phng thc chnh nh sau:


Void saveHotelAgentAddress(Address hotelAddress) Lu a ch ca mt HotelAgent vo c s d liu. Tham s u vo l a ch ca mt HotelAgent, bao gm tn agent, a ch hostname m agent hot ng v s cng port kt ni vi agent . void saveTrainAgentAddress(Address trainAddress) Dng lu a ch ca cc TrainAgent. Address searchHotelAgent(String location) Dng tm a ch ca mt HotelAgent qun l cc khch sn ti khu vc c ch ra bi tham s u vo location. Phng thc ny tr li mt gi tr c kiu a ch ca agent. Address searchTrainAgent(String location) Dng tm ra a ch ca cc TrainAgent. d. C s d liu

C s d liu ca MatchAgent ch bao gm hai bng c cu trc tng t nhau: bng HotelAddress lu tr a ch cc HotelAgent v bng TrainAddress lu tr a ch cc TrainAgent. Mi bng u c cu trc 3 trng thng tin nh sau: AgentName: Tn ca agent. HostName: Tn my m agent hot ng. Port: S cng m agent lm vic vi h thng

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7.4 Kt lun
Chng ny trnh by cc bc ci t, tch hp v trin khai h dch v du lch TraNeS. H c th nghim trn hai mi trng khc nhau: mi trng tp trung v mi trng phn tn.

CHNG 8

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c trng ca h TraNeS Cc nhm chc nng ca H TraNeS S dng H TraNeS

Qu trnh phn tch, thit k v ci t h dch v du lch TraNeS c trnh by trong cc chng 5, 6, 7. Mc ch ca chng 8 nhm gii thiu cc c trng v cc nhm chc nng ca h thng. Chng ny cng s trnh by khi qut v giao din ca h thng v qu trnh ci t, s dng h thng ny.

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8.1 c trng ca H TraNeS


Trong cc chng trc, ti liu trnh by qu trnh phn tch, thit k h dch v du lch TraNeS theo phng php lun MaSE s dng b cng c AgentTool. Chng ny s tp trung vo vic gii thiu cc nhm chc nng ca h TraNeS, cch ci t v trin khai h thng. Trc ht, ti liu s tng kt li nhng c trng chnh ca H TraNeS. Cc c trng ny bao gm: M hnh ho ngi s dng da trn logic m. Trong h dch v TraNeS, yu cu ca khch hng c m hnh theo cc thuc tnh ca loi mt hng cn mua. Mi thuc tnh c c trng bi gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht v quan trng tng ng. quan trng ny c biu din da trn cc bin m ngn ng (nh Tuyt i quan trng, rt quan trng, khng quan trng lm, ). (Chi tit xem trong chng 5). TraNeS s dng m hnh thng lng song phng da trn rng buc m. M hnh ny c trnh by chi tit trong chng 2 ca ti liu. H thng s bao gm nhiu HotelAgent i din cho cc khch sn, nhiu TrainAgent i din cho cc nh ga tu ho. Khi khch hng gi yu cu, h thng s sinh ra mt UserAgent tin hnh thng lng vi cc HotelAgent, Train Agent nhm tm ra mt khch sn v mt chuyn tu ph hp vi khch hng. Qu trnh thng lng pha UserAgent s tun theo chin lc thng lng cho agent mua, ngc li, qu trnh thng lng ca cc HotelAgent v TrainAgent s tun theo chin lc thng lng cho agent bn. (Xem chi tit trong phn 2.3). c trng th ba l v cng c pht trin h thng: H TraNeS c phn tch thit k s dng b cng c AgentTool, ngn ng pht trin h thng c la chn l ngn ng Java v JSP trn nn ng dng Web. C s d liu ca h thng c xy dng s dng SQL Server.

8.2 Cc m hnh hot ng ca h TraNeS


H TraNeS c ci t c th hot ng theo hai m hnh m hnh tp trung v m hnh phn tn. a. M hnh tp trung M hnh tp trung chnh l mi hnh client-server. Trong m hnh ny, tt c cc agent u chy trn mt my server. H thng s c ci t v a ln mt my ch duy nht. Cc khch hng khi gi yu cu n h thng t cc Client u sinh ra mt UserAgent i din cho khch hng . Agent ny cng chy trn server v tr kt qu v cho khch hng client. Tuy nhin m hnh ny c nhng nhc im sau:

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M hnh tp trung ny khng phn nh u im phn tn ca h a agent. i hi ti nguyn h thng cao: yu cu v b nh, tc x l...do cc agent cng chy trn mt nn phn cng, cng phi chia s ti nguyn trn mt my. Khng th hin bn cht ca mt h x l song song khi agent phi thng lng nhiu mt hng cng lc. b. M hnh phn tn M hnh ny c nhiu server, mi server i din cho mt khu vc a l (chng hn nh mt thnh ph) lu d liu lin quan n cc nh ga v cc khch sn khu vc . Trong m hnh ny, HotelAgent v TrainAgent s hot ng cc server khc nhau cn UserAgent v MathAgent hot ng trn mt my ch xc nh. M hnh ny khc phc c cc nhc im nh nu trn ca m hnh tp trung. Trong c hai m hnh, ti mi server, h thng lun c cc agent chy nn v lun hot ng lng nghe cc yu cu gi n n. Khch hng hon ton khng bit s tn ti ca cc agent ny. Trong m hnh tp trung, c MatchAgent, TrainAgent v HotelAgent u hot ng trn cng mt server. Trong m hnh phn tn, cc HotelAgent v TrainAgent khc nhau hot ng trn cc server khc nhau. Ring UserAgent s c khi ng khi khch hng gi yu cu n h thng mt cch t ng v hon ton chy ngm cho n khi hon thnh nhim v. Ngi s dng phi kch hot cc agent chy nn trn cc server. Sau khi c kch hot, cc agent s hot ng v khi c mt s kin xy ra th agent s ghi li s kin trn giao din ca agent . Hnh 8.1 m t cc s kin ghi li trong cc agent sau khi c khi ng trn server. Agent trung gian (MiddleAgent) s lng nghe cc kt ni trn cng 2000. Khi cc HotelAgent, TrainAgent khi ng th n s kt ni ti MiddleAgent. Trn hnh 8.1, c 6 HotelAgent v 6 TrainAgent khi ng nn MidleAgent nhn c 12 kt ni.

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Agent trung gian lng nghe cc kt ni cng 2000

Cc HotelAgent khi ng.

Cc TrainAgent khi ng.


Hnh 8.1: Cc Agent khi ng trn Server

Khi khch hng gi yu cu n h thng, h thng s sinh ra mt UserAgent chy ngm trn server. Agent ny trc ht lin lc vi Agent trung gian tm ra i tc ca mnh theo thut ton thng lng song phng. Giao din ca agent trung gian khi s c thm mt kt ni th 13 (Hnh 8.2).

Hnh 8.2: Agent trung gian khi UserAgent khi ng

Tip theo, qu trnh thng lng gia cc agent s c tin hnh, cc trng thi thay i trong qu trnh thng lng u c lu vt li trn HotelAgent v TrainAgent (Hnh 8.3 v Hnh 8.4).

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Hnh 8.3: HotelAgent khi thng lng vi User Agent

Trong Hnh 8.3 ta thy qu trnh nhng b ca HotelAgent cng din ra qua rt nhiu bc (tng ng vi cc trng thi relax). Khi hai bn t c tho thun th HotelAgent s chuyn sang trng thi redeal.
TrainAgent s lu li vt ca c hai qu trnh thng lng xc nh chuyn

tu i v chuyn tu v (Hnh 8.4). Hai qu trnh ny din ra gn nh ng thi v kt qu cng n gn nh cng mt lc.

Hnh 8.4: TrainAgent khi thng lng vi UserAgent

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8.3 Cc nhm chc nng ca H TraNeS


Phn ny s gii thiu cc nhm chc nng ca h TraNeS. Trong mi nhm chc nng, ti liu s gii thiu s lc ni dung v giao din ca tng trang ca nhm chc nng . Trong h TraNeS c th c chia lm bn nhm chc nng nh sau: Nhm cc chc nng chung Nhm ny bao gm cc chc nng cho mi i tng s dng h thng. y chnh l cc chc nng khi ngi s dng truy nhp ti h thng m cha cn ng nhp. Cc chc nng ny bao gm:
ng nhp: gii thiu nhng thng tin chung v h thng. Giao din ca Trang

ch c biu din nh trong Hnh 8.5.

Hnh 8.5: Trang ch ca h thng

Tm kim: Gip ngi dng tm kim cc khch sn hoc chuyn tu theo cc tiu ch n gin nh: tn, a ch v gi tin thu phng (hoc gi v) gii hn. Cc trang ny nhm mc ch gip ngi dng tham kho nhng thng tin khi qut trc khi quyt nh ng k tr thnh khch hng trong h dch v du lch TraNeS. C ba trang tm kim bao gm: Tm kim khch sn Tm kim cc chuyn tu Tm kim nh ga tu ho

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Giao din ca hai trang tm kim chuyn tu v tm kim khch sn c dng nh trong Hnh 8.6 v Hnh 8.7 di y.

Hnh 8.6: Trang Tm kim chuyn tu

Hnh 8.7: Trang tm kim khch sn

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Trang ng k: Gip cho ngi dng c th ng k s dng h thng vi vai tr l khch hng, l ngi qun l nh ga hay ngi qun l khch sn: Khch hng ca h thng ch cn ng k tn ng nhp ca mnh v mt s thng tin c nhn khc Nhng ngi qun l khch sn v cc nh ga phi ng k y v thng tin v cc dch v m khch sn v nh ga ca mnh c th cung cp.

Khi chn ng k, trang Hng dn ng k s ch dn cho khch hng cc bc ng k vi vai tr l khch hng, ngi qun l khch sn hay ni qun l cc nh ga. Trang ny c giao din nh trong hnh 8.8.

Hnh 8.8: Trang hng dn ng k

Trang Khch hng ng k c giao din nh trong hnh 8.9 di y. Cc trang Khch sn ng k v Nh ga ng k ch khc mt im l c thm cc trng thng tin ngi qun l khch sn (v nh ga) nhp thng tin v dch v m khch sn (hay nh ga) ca mnh c th p ng.

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Hnh 8.9: Trang Khch hng ng k

Tr gip ngi s dng: Hng dn ngi dng h thng (bao gm khch hng, ngi qun l nh ga, ngi qun l khch sn) cch ci t v truy nhp h thng, cch thc s dng cc dch v ca h thng. Hnh 8.10 di y l giao din ca trang Tr gip cho khch hng.

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Hnh 8.10: Trang tr gip khch hng

H tr khc: Cung cp mt s thng tin khc lin quan n lnh vc dch v du lch v lin quan trc tip n h TraNeS. Hnh 8.11 di y l giao din trang thng tin Cc dch v ca h TraNeS.

Hnh 8.11: Trang thng tin Cc dch v ca TraNeS

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Nhm chc nng giao tip vi khch hng Truy nhp cho khch hng: y l trang u tin khi khch hng thc hin truy nhp vo h thng. Ni dung trang ny s khc nhau trong hai trng hp: Nu khch hng truy nhp ln u, trang ny s gi cho khch hng cc bc cn thc hin gi yu cu cho chuyn i ca mnh. Nu khch hng truy nhp vo h thng sau khi gi yu cu th trang ny s gi cho khch hng c th thay i yu cu hoc xem kt qu tm kim tm thi v khch sn v chuyn tu cho chuyn i ca mnh. Hnh 8.12 di y l ni dung trang ch khch hng khi khch hng truy nhp ln u cn Hnh 8.13 l khi khch hng truy nhp li sau khi gi yu cu trong ln trc .

Hnh 8.12: Trang ch khch hng khi cha gi yu cu

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Hnh 8.13: Trang ch khch hng khi gi yu cu

Phn hi yu cu: Gip khch hng gi yu cu n h thng. Cc yu cu ca khch hng gi i c dng khong v c u tin tng ng. Khch hng s gi yu cu trong ba trang: Trang th nht l cc yu cu chung nht nh ngy i v ngy v, cc s thch trong chuyn i v kh nng chp nhn tng th ca khch hng. Trang th hai l cc yu cu ca khch hng v khch sn mun t ch vi cc tiu ch nh hng khch sn, khong cch n trung tm, internet trong phng v mc u tin cho tng tiu ch. Trang th ba l cc yu cu ca khch hng v chuyn tu bao gm: loi ch, loi tu v mc u tin ca cc tiu ch ny. Cui trang th t ny s l yu cu v mc gi tng th ca khch hng. Mc gi ny s c tnh ton tng i da trn cc yu cu trc ca khch hng v khch hng s la chn trong mt khong gi tr c th chp nhn c.

Hnh 8.10 l trang nhp yu cu tng th. Trong trang ny, ngoi cc yu cu v a im, thi gian i v v, khch hng cn cn a vo h thng cc thng tin yu cu v s thch cc dch v trn tu v trong khch sn nh in thoi min ph, n sng min ph, tng qu may mn, ... Gi tr ca cc thuc tnh ny c

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biu din theo bin m ngn ng vi cc gi tr nh rt thch, kh thch, khng thch lm... V d trong hnh 8.14, khch hng ny rt thch c min ph in thoi ni ht, kh thch ch n sng min ph v ch quan tm mc va phi v ch tng qu may mn. Ngoi ra, khch hng cn phi nhp yu cu v ngng chp nhn. C ba cch la chn cho ngng chp nhn l cao, va phi v thp. Chi tit v ngng chp nhn c trnh by trong chng 5.

Hnh 8.14: Yu cu tng th

Hnh 8.15 l cc yu cu chi tit ca khch hng v khch sn, bao gm: hng khch sn, khong cch t khch sn n trung tm, internet trong phng v mc u tin ca khch hng cho mi tiu ch . Ngoi tr thuc tnh internet trong phng c biu din theo gi tr boolean (c hay khng), cn li cc tiu ch khc u c biu din di dng khong. Mc u tin cho mi tiu ch c biu din theo cc gi tr m ngn ng, th hin s quan tm ca khch hng i vi tiu ch . V d, trn hnh 8.15, khch hng ny

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cho rng c internet trong phng i vi anh ta l rt quan trng, cn gi phng l khng quan trng lm.

Hnh 8.15: Cc yu cu chi tit v khch sn

Hnh 8.16 l giao din trang nhp yu cu chi tit v cc chuyn tu. Cc yu cu ny bao gm loi ch trn tu (chnh l loi v), loi tu (tnh theo tc ) v mc u tin ca khch hng i vi thuc tnh .

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Hnh 8.16: Yu cu chi tit v cc chuyn tu

Thay i yu cu: Trang ny gip khch hng thay i yu cu ca mnh khi cha ng vi kt qu tm kim hoc khi khch hng thy cn phi thay i cho ph hp. Khch hng c th la chn thay i ton b yu cu (ging nh gi yu cu li t u) hoc ch thay i li mt s thng tin. Khi khch hng chn thay i mt s thng tin trong yu cu, khch hng ch nhn vo nt thay i ng vi thng tin cn thay i. Khi thay i xong th khch hng phi nhn nt thay i xong kch hot User Agent tin hnh thng lng li vi cc Hotel Agent v Train Agent. Hnh 8.17 l giao din chung ca trang thay i mt phn yu cu.

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Hnh 8.17: Giao din thay i yu cu

Xem kt qu tam thi: Cung cp cho khch hng kt qu tm kim tm thi trc khi ht thi hn m khch hng t ra cho h thng. Nu khch hng ng vi kt qu tm kim ny th khch hng c th dng qu trnh thng lng trc thi hn. Giao din ca trang xem kt qu tm thi nh trong Hnh 8.18. Nu ng vi kt qu ny th khch hng nhn vo ch ng chuyn sang trang t ch.

Hnh 8.18: Giao din kt qu

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t ch: Gip khch hng ng k t ch sau khi ng vi kt qu thng lng. Cc thng tin ny s c gi n cc nh ga v cc khch sn tng ng. Giao din trang t ch c dng nh trong hnh 8.19. Khch hng phi nhp vo cc thng tin v s lng v tu cn mua, s phng cn t, s ngi trong mi phng khch sn, ...

Hnh 8.19: Trang mua v v t ch

Qun l ti khon: Gip khch hng qun l v thay i cc thng tin lin quan n ti khon c nhn nh tn ng nhp (username) v mt khu (password). Giao din ca trang ny c biu din nh trong hnh 8.20. Cung cp thng tin: Cung cp cc thng tin lin quan n dch v du lch, n cc nh ga v cc khch sn, ... y ch l cc thng tin gip khch hng tham kho trong qu trnh s dng h thng.

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Hnh 8.20: Trang khch hng thay i thng tin ti khon

Nhm chc nng giao tip vi cc khch sn Cc trang ny h tr cho nhng ngi qun l khch sn c th cp nht thng tin v khch sn ca mnh, nhn t ch ca khch hng v qun l account. vo trang dnh cho khch sn, ngi qun l phi login di vai tr khch sn. Nhm chc nng ny bao gm cc trang: Cc chc nng ca dch v Khch sn: Giao din trang ny c biu din nh trong hnh 8.21. Qun l acount: Hon ton tng t nh qun l account cho khch hng Nhn t ch ca khch hng: Ngi qun l khch sn phi nhp vo UserID ca cc khch hng ng k t ch khch sn sau kim tra cc thng tin lin quan n khch hng trc khi lin h trc tip vi khch hng a ra tho thun cui cng.

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Hnh 8.21: Trang ch khch sn

Hnh 8.22: Khch sn nhn t ch

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Cp nht thng tin v thay i dch v khch sn: Ngi qun l khch sn c th thay i ton b cc thng tin lin quan n khch sn nh cc thng tin chung (tn, a ch lin lc, s in thoi, ...) (nh Hnh 8.23) cc thng tin v phng khch sn nh s phng cn trng, cc dch v trong phng.

Hnh 8.23: Khch sn cp nht thng tin

Nhm chc nng giao tip vi cc nh ga tu ho Tng t nh nhm cc trang giao tip vi khch sn, nhm cc trang giao tip vi nh ga cng h tr cho cc nhn vin qun l nh ga qun l cc thng tin ca mnh . Nhm trang ny bao gm: Hin th cc dch v ca Nh ga tu ho Qun l acount cho nh ga: Hon ton tng t nh trang qun l account cho khch hng v cho khch sn. Nhn mua v: Cng tng t nh trang nhn t ch ca khch sn. Cp nht thng tin v cc chuyn tu: Ngi qun l cc nh ga cng c th cp nht cc thng tin lin quan n cc chuyn tu ca nh ga mnh nh cc chuyn tu nhn, tr khch ti ga, cc dch v, ... hay s v tu cn li. Giao din trang Nh ga cp nht thng tin c dng nh trong Hnh 8.25.

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Hnh 8.24: Trang ch ca nh ga

Hnh 8.25: Nh ga cp nht thng tin

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8.4 Ci t H TraNeS
Phn ny trnh by ngn gn v ci t cc phn mm cn thit cng nh thit lp cc thng s cho h thng. Ci t cc phn mm cn thit cho h thng H TraNeS l mt h ng dng Java, JSP trn mi trng Web, c s d liu xy dng trn SQL Server 2000. V vy, truy nhp v s dng h thng, ngi s dng cn ci t cc phn mm sau: Trn c Client v Server cn c trnh duyt Internet Explorer phin bn 5.0 tr ln. Trn Server (hoc cc server trong m hnh phn tn): cn ci t cc phn mm sau: Java phin bn 1.3 tr ln SQL Server 2000 tr ln My ch Jrun 3.0 tr ln. Ci t v thit lp cc thng s cho h thng Ti server, ngi s dng phi thc hin cc cng vic sau: Upload ton b h TraNeS ln my ch JRun theo mt tn no : (v d TravelPackage). ng k ngun d liu System DSN s dng cng c Data Sources trong Administrative Tool ca Windows. Trong m hnh tp trung: tt c System DSN u phi c thit lp ti server. Cc DSN ny bao gm: HotelNegotiation: cho file c s d liu ca khch sn. TrainNegotiation: cho file c s d liu ca nh ga UserNegotiation: cho file c s d liu ca khch hng. Negotiation: cho file c s d liu biu din tri thc ca agent trung gian trong qu trnh thng lng. Cc DSN ny cn c tr n ng cc file d liu ca H TraNeS km theo trong a CD. Trong m hnh phn tn: c nhiu server khc nhau, mi server lu tr d liu cho mt khu vc a l (chng hn mt thnh ph) th ti mi server cn thit lp cc DSN cho c s d liu ca khch sn v nh ga (HotelNegotiation v TrainNegotiation) ti khu vc . Ngi s

CHNG 8: GII THIU H TRANES

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dng cn chn mt server lm server chnh v ci t thm cc DSN UserNegotiation v Negotiation trong server ny. Sau khi thit lp y cc thng s nh trn, ngi qun l h TraNeS phi kim tra v th nghim hot ng ca h thng trn c my client v server.

8.5 Bi hc t pht trin h TraNeS


Phn ny s trnh by mt s bi hc kinh nghim ca qu trnh pht trin mt h a agent, c rt ra t qu trnh pht trin h dch v TraNeS. Cc bi hc kinh nghim ny c trnh by trong ba vn chnh l p dng phng php lun MaSE v b cng c agentTool, ng dng h a agent trong thng mi in t, v xy dng h a agent trn ngn ng Java v JSP. p dng phng php lun MaSE v b cng c agentTool trong pht trin h phn mm hng agent

H TraNeS c xy dng s dng phng php lun MaSE v agentTool. Khi p dng xy dng mt h thng c th, phng php lun v b cng c ny t ra c nhng u im sau: Cc bc c trong MaSE c phn tch r rng vi cc nhim v c th v u c s tng ng trong agentTool. Cc s trong cc bc ca MaSE tng t vi cc s UML trong phn tch thit k hng i tng nn thun li cho nhng ngi quen pht trin cc h phn mm hng i tng. Cc khi nim mi, c trng ca h a agent nh ch (goal), role (vai tr), ontology, agent hay phin hi thoi (conversation) c biu din di dng cc s rt r rng, d hiu cho c ngi pht trin h thng v nhng ngi nghin cu v h a agent. Bc xy dng ontology l mt bc phc tp nhng MaSE m hnh ho ontology di dng n gin hn v xc nh r cc bc cn thc hin, qua lm cho qu trnh ny tr nn sng sa v d dng hn cho ngi pht trin. Tuy tch thnh hai pha Phn tch v Thit k ring bit nhng trong MaSE, hai pha ny c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau, s role, s task v ontology trong pha phn tch s l c s thit k cc lp agent trong pha thit k. Do c im ny, ngi pht trin h thng c th d dng chuyn t pha phn tch sang pha thit k. Phng php lun MaSE v b cng c agentTool cng h tr cho vic pht trin cc ng dng mobile agent. Trong cc ng dng ny, cc agent th hin tnh t ch ca mnh thng qua vic c th di chuyn t h thng ny sang h thng khc khi c yu cu. MaSE v agentTool h tr xy dng cc mobile agent nn

CHNG 8: GII THIU H TRANES

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v biu din c ch di chuyn ca mobile agent theo mt giao thc xc nh (chng hn nh FIPA). MaSE v agentTool ph hp vi vic pht trin h thng t u, d dng p dng cho cc h a agent nh v c tnh cht nghin cu. Vi cc h thng ln, bao gm nhiu thnh phn v x l thng tin trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, cch tip cn ca MaSE s phn chia h thng thnh nhiu h thng nh hn v pht trin ring cc h thng nh ny. ng dng h a agent trong thng mi in t

Vi mt ng dng c th l h dch v TraNeS, nhm pht trin thy vic p dng h a agent trong thng mi in t c cc u im sau: Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng c pht biu mt cch r rng v gn vi mi quan h gia ngi mua v ngi bn trn thc t. M hnh thng lng gia cc agent rt ph hp cho vic m t qu trnh giao dch trong thng mi in t. Trong h a agent thng mi in t, agent mua v agent bn s tin hnh trao i theo cc thut ton thng lng t ng v ngi mua v ngi bn c th hon ton trong sut vi qu trnh ny trong khi vn t c mc ch ra ca mnh. H a agent cng rt ph hp m t cc qu trnh khc trong thng mi in t nh: qung co gii thiu sn phm, thanh ton in t Xy dng h a agent trn ngn ng Java v JSP

Cho n nay, h a agent c xy dng trn nhiu ngn ng khc nhau nh C++, Java, ... Nhm pht trin la chn ngn ng Java ci t h thng. Giao din Web c xy dng trn JSP. Xy dng h a agent theo Java v JSP c nhng im thun li sau: Java cho php ci t cc thread hot ng c lp vi nhau. Cc thread chnh l c s ci t cc agent. Cc agent s lun hot ng mt cch t ch v S dng JSP c th xy dng h thng ging nh mt Website thng mi. Thng qua Internet, ngi dng c th d dng truy nhp h thng v hon ton trong sut vi hot ng bn trong h thng. Java h tr vic ci t cc li gi t xa (c ch RMI) nn c th xy dng c cc ng dng mobile agent, trong cc agent ch di chuyn gia cc h thng khc nhau khi c yu cu.

CHNG 8: GII THIU H TRANES

185

8.6 Kt lun
Chng 8 gii thiu cc c trng ca h TraNeS c xy dng da trn quy trnh pht trin h phn mm hng agent c trnh by trong Chng 4. Ni dung chng trnh by m hnh hot ng ca h TraNeS, cc nhm chc nng chnh ca h thng ny, hot ng ca h thng theo hai m hnh tp trung v phn tn, hot ng ca cc agent chy ti server v cch thc ci t v thit lp cc thng s trin khai h thng. Ngoi ra, chng 8 cng trnh by mt s bi hc kinh nghim rt ra t qu trnh pht trin h TraNeS.

KT LUN

186

KT LUN
Trong ti liu bo co ny, chng ti tp trung trnh by mt s vn sau y:

Phn th nht trnh by c s cho pht trin h a agent bao gm:


Tng quan v agent v cc phng php lun pht trin h a agent: Ti liu trnh by tng quan agent, h a agent v cc cch tip cn trong xy dng phng php lun pht trin h a agent: pht trin da trn cng ngh agent, pht trin k tha t phng php hng i tng hoc da trn cng ngh tri thc. Tng tc trong h a agent: Tng tc da trn ng ngha ca cc thng ip truyn i gia cc agent c xem l yu t then cht phn bit h a agent v h i tng. Ti liu trnh by mt cch tng quan cc m hnh tng tc trong h a agent v sau tp trung vo m hnh thng ng. Sau i su nghin cu m hnh thng lng song phng da trn rng buc m nhm p dng cho pht trin h dch v du lch. Ontology trong h a agent: Ontology c xem l biu din ng ngha ca thng ip truyn i gia cc agent. Ti liu trnh by khi nim v cc cch biu din ontology sau tp trung vo cc k thut xy dng ontology trong h a agent v p dng vo xy dng ontology cho h dch v du lch. Ti liu tp trung nghin cu quy trnh pht trin h a agent bao gm cc bc trong cc pha t phn tch, thit k n ci t v tch hp da trn phng php lun MaSE. Quy trnh bao gm cc bc sau y: Phn tch 1. Xc nh cc ch 2. Xy dng use case 3. Xy dng ontology 4. Xy dng s role Thit k 5. Xy dng cc lp agent 6. Xy dng cc phin hi thoi 7. Hon thin cc agent 8. Trin khai h thng

KT LUN

187

Phn th hai l p dng quy trnh pht trin trn cho vic pht trin h dch v du lch TraNeS. H thng c ci t v th nghim trn mng cc b. Mt s vn lin quan n ci t v tch hp nh m hnh kin trc h thng, tch hp cc lp agent...cng c cp.

Mt s vn tip tc nghin cu

Cc m hnh thng lng trong thng mi in t: Xem xt cc kiu thng


lng trong thng mi n t nh thng lng song phng kt hp tun t v ng thi, cc dng u gi nh u gi kiu English hay Vickey v u gi t hp...

Cc kin trc h phn mm tng ng vi cc m hnh thng lng: Xem xt cc


kiu kin trc h phn mm tng ng vi cc m hnh thng lng.

Cc k thut v cng ngh h tr dch v thng lng dch v thng qua thit b
di ng.

Agent v agent di ng trong cc h dch v nh thng mi in t, cung ng


thng tin, qun l mng

Cc cng ngh h tr cho pht trin cc h dch v ny.


Nhng vn ny s l nhng ch c quan tm nghin cu trong thi gian ti.

Cc kt qu nghin cu lin quan n ti c cng b 1. Agent a ra quyt nh da trn s thch ngi dng, Bo co ti Hi ngh Quc gia v Tin hc v Truyn thng, Thi Nguyn, Vit Nam, Thng 8, 2003. 2. Ontology v tng tc gia cc agent, Bo co ti Hi ngh Quc gia v Tin hc v Truyn thng, Thi Nguyn, Vit Nam, Thng 8, 2003. 3. Thng lng t ng trong thng mi in t, K yu Hi ngh Khoa hc Ln th nm ca Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 452-462, H Ni, Vit nam, Thng 9, 2003. 4. Tch hp thng tin da trn Ontology, K yu Hi ngh Khoa hc Ln th nm ca Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 401-412, H Ni , Vit Nam, Thng 9, 2003. 5. Techniques of information integration based on ontology in developing multiagent systems, Proceedings of Asian Info-communications Council 30th Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April 2004. 6. Ontology trong thng lng gia cc agent, Bo co ti Hi ngh Quc gia v Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn thng ln th VII, Nng, Vit Nam, Thng 8, 2004. 7. T role n cc lp agent trong thit k h a agent, Bo co ti Hi ngh Quc gia v Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn thng ln th VII, Nng, Vit Nam, Thng 8, 2004. 8. Combined concurrent and sequential bilateral negotiations in e-commerce, Accepted to publish in Proceedings of International Conference M2USIC 2004, Malaysia, October 2004.

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TI LIU THAM KHO


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