Tom Tat Vat Li THPT

S hc l v b Sing hc l bn
y l bn tho chc cn nhiu sai st .Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp hon thin 1

LP 10 CHNG I C HC
NG HC

Chuyn ng c l s di ch ca vt theo thi gian.
Cht im:l vt c kch thc rt nh so vi phm vi chuyn ng ca n nn ta b qua kch thc ca
n , xem n nh mt im hnh hc c khi lng m.
Qu o ca cht im :l con ng cht im vch ra trong khng gian khi n chuyn ng .
Chuyn ng tnh tin l chuyn ng ca vt m qu o ca mi im trn vt u ging ht nh
nhau ,c th chng kht ln nhau c .
di
1 2
M M
,
ca mt cht im l mt vc t c :
-Phng l ng thng i qua v tr M
1
thi im t
1
v v tr cui M
2
thi im t
2
.
-Chiu t M
1
n M
2

- ln bng chiu di on thng
1 2
M M
di trong chuyn ng thng
2 1
X X X A = ; Trong X
1
,X
2
l ta ca cht im ti cc thi
im t
1
,t
2
tng ng . x s A = A ( s A lun dng l qung ng i c ca cht im).
H quy chiu = h ta gn vi vt lm mc +ng h v gc thi gian
Vc t vn tc trung bnh
1 2
tb
M M
v
t
=
A
,
,

Vn tc trung bnh
tb
V l gi tr i s ca
tb
v
,

2 1
2 1
tb
x x x
V
t t t
A
= =
A

Nu 0 x A > th
tb
V dng :Chiu dng ca trc ox cng chiu vi
tb
v
,

Nu 0 x A < th
tb
V m :Chiu dng ca trc ox ngc chiu vi
tb
v
,

Tc trung bnh =
s
t
A
A
lun dng ,( t A rt nh th gi l tc tc thi )
Trong chuyn ng thng theo mt chiu th : Tc trung bnh =
tb
x s
v
t t
A A
= =
A A
;
Vn tc tc thi
X
V
t
A
=
A
khi t A rt nh v c ln bng tc tc thi ( v=x
=dx/dt :cho lp
12)
Vc t gia tc trung bnh
tb
v
a
t
A
=
A
,
,
Gia tc trung bnh
tb
v
a
t
A
=
A

Gia tc tc thi
v
a
t
A
=
A
,
,
khi t A rt nh (a=v
=x : cho lp 12)
Dng chuyn ng ng i Ta Vn tc
Chuyn ng thng
u ( a=0)
0
s x x =

X=x
0
+v.(t-t
0
)
thng chn t
0
=0
v
,
khng i
Chuyn ng thng
bin i u ( a
,
khng
i)
0
s x x =

2
0 0 0 0
1
.( ) . .( )
2
x x v t t a t t = + +
thng chn t
0
=0
V=v
0
+a.(t-t
0
)
2 2
0
2. . v v a x = A
x A l di
Dng chuyn ng ng i Ta Vn tc

Chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u a.v > 0 ; chuyn ng thng chm dn u a.v < 0.
Ri t do : l s ri theo phng thng ng ch di tc dng ca trng lc
( )
. P m g =
,
,
.
.
t
v g t =
2
1
. .
2
h g t =
2
2. .
t
v g h = g : gia tc ri t do (gia tc trng trng )
g
,
c hng thng ng t trn xung, gi tr g ph thuc v a l, cao v cu trc a l ni
o.Thng ly g
,
=9,8 m/s
2
, khng yu cu chnh xc cao c th ly
2
2
10
m
g
s
t = =
,

Chuyn ng trn u :l chuyn ng c qu o l ng trn v cht im i c nhng trn
c di bng nhau trong nhng khong thi gian bng nhau bt k
Gc quay : l gc m bn knh ni t tm n vt qut c khi vt i c cung trn c di s
trong khong thi gian t
s
R
=
0
s M M = 3,14 ( rad) Tng ng 180
0

Chu k quay T : l khong thi gian vt i c mt vng trn .
Tn s n : l s vng m vt quay c trong mt n v thi gian (1 giy)

1
T
n
=
1
n
T
=
Vn tc gc
e
:
2
2. .n
t t
t
e t = = =
{M rng: vc t e
,
c ln l e ,nm trn trc quay , c hng ca ngn ci khi chng ta a bn tay phi nm ly trc
quay sao cho chiu nm 4 ngn tay l chiu quay ca vt v ngn ci vung gc ngn tr}
Vn tc di .
s
v R
t
e
A
= =
A
{M rng:dng vc t
| | , v r e =
, , ,
trong
r
,
l vc t gc tm quay ,ngn vt}
Gia tc hng tm
ht
a
2
2
.
h t
v
a r
r
e = =
ht
a
,
lun nm theo bn knh hng vo tm qu o .
n v : T,t:(s) s,R (m) ( ) rad n (H
z
) ( / ) rad s e v (m/s) a
(m/s
2
)
Tnh tng i ca chuyn ng
i vi cc h quy chiu khc nhau th ta (v qu o ) ca vt s khc nhau .Vn tc ca cng mt
vt i vi cc h quy chiu khc nhau th khc nhau .
Cng thc cng vn tc
1,3 1,2 2,3
v v v = +
, , ,
;
12
v
,
l vn tc ca vt 1 so vi vt 2;
23
v
,
l vn tc ca vt
2 so vi vt 3 ;
13
v
,
l vn tc ca vt 1 so vi vt 3 .Ch :
12 21 23 32 13 31
; ; v v v v v v = = =
, , , , , ,

LP 10 CHNG II NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NIU TN

e
,

v
,

r
,

Lc : l i lng c trng cho tc dng ca vt ny vo vt khc m kt qu l gy ra gia tc cho vt
hay lm vt bin dng . n v lc l N (Niu tn)
Tng hp lc :l thay th nhiu lc tc dng ng thi vo cng mt vt bng mt lc c tc dng
ging ht nh ton b cc lc y .Lc thay th gi l hp lc .cc lc c thay th gi l cc lc thnh
phn .
Phn tch lc :l thay th mt lc bng hai hay nhiu lc thnh phn c tc dng ng thi v gy hiu
qu ging ht nh lc ban u .cc lc thay th gi l cc lc thnh phn .
(tng hp v phn tch lc phi tun theo quy tc cng vc t)
H vt : l mt tp hp hai hay nhiu vt m gia chng c tng tc lc vi nhau .Cc lc tng tc
gia cc vt trong trong h gi l ni lc ,lc do cc vt ngoi h tc dng ln cc vt trong h gi l
ngoi lc
H kn: l h vt ch c cc ni lc khng c ngoi lc hoc c cc ngoi lc song cc ngoi lc trit tiu
ln nhau (tng cc vc t ngoi lc bng khng ).
nh lut I Niu tn :" Khi khng chu tc dng ca lc no hoc khi chu tc dng ca cc lc cn bng
(hp lc =0),mt vt ang ng yn s tip tc ng yn,ang chuyn ng s tip tc chuyn ng thng
u ".
Qun tnh : l tnh cht ca mi vt c xu hng bo ton vn tc c v hng v ln .(chuyn ng
thng u gi l chuyn ng theo qun tnh )
H quy chiu qun tnh :l h quy chiu trong nh lut I Niu tn c nghim ng .H quy chiu
gn vi mt t hoc chuyn ng thng u so vi mt t c th coi l h quy chiu qun tnh (gn
ng).

1
0 0
n
i
i
F a
=
= =
,
,

nh lut II Niu tn: "Gia tc ca mt vt lun cng hng vi lc (hoc hp lc )tc dng
ln vt . ln ca gia tc t l thun vi lc (hoc hp lc ) tc dng ln vt v t l nghch
vi khi lng ca vt . "
Khi lng ca vt l i lng c trng cho mc qun tnh ca vt .
nh lut III Niu tn : " Trong mi trng hp ,khi vt A tc dng vo vt B mt lc
( )
A B
F

,
th vt B
cng tc dng li vt A mt lc
( )
B A
F

,
.hai lc ny l hai lc trc i. "
A B B A
F F

=
, ,

Tng tc gia hai vt ,mt lc gi l lc tc dung ,lc kia gi l phn lc .Chng lun xut hin tng cp
,cng bn cht ,xut hin v mt i ng thi ,c gi l ng thng ni hai vt .
Lc qun tnh : Trong h quy chiu phi qun tnh xut hin lc qun tnh
qt
F
,
.
qt
F ma =
,
,
( a
,
l
gia tc h quy chiu phi qun tnh i vi h quy chiu qun tnh ).lc qun tnh khng c phn lc.
nh lut vn vt hp dn ; "Hai vt bt k u ht nhau .Lc ht gia hai vt (coi nh cht im )t l
thun vi tch ca hai khi lng ca chng v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng "
1 2
2
.
.
hd
m m
F G
r
= G=6,67.10
-11
m
2
N/kg
2
m
1
m
2
:khi lng ca hai vt(hai cht im )
r : khong cch gia hai vt
Lc ma st trt: xut hin mt tip xc ca hai vt ang trt trn nhau.c hng ngc vi hng
ca vn tc tng i ca vt ny so vi vt kia ,c ln t l vi ln ca p lc (lc php tuyn )
.
.
ms tr
F N = Vi l h s ma st ph thuc tnh cht mt tip xc v bn cht vt liu .N l p lc
Lc ma st ln :Xut hin mt tip xc khi mt vt ln trn mt vt khc .c ln t l vi ln
ca p lc .h s ma st ln nh hn h s ma st trt hng chc ln
1
n
i
i
F
a
m
=
=
,
,
Lc ma st ngh:Xut hin mt tip xc v gi cho vt ng yn khi n b mt lc tc dng song
song mt tip xc .Khng c hng xc nh ,hng ca n ngc vi hng ca lc tc dng .Khng c
ln nht nh , ln ca n bng ln ca lc tc dng .C ln cc i
,max
.
msn
F k N = Vi
k ~ ( thc cht k hi ln hn ;cng c trng hp k v chnh lch ng k )
Lc n hi :L lc xut hin khi mt vt b bin dng ,c xu hng chng li nghuyn nhn gy ra
bin dng .
Lc n hi ca l xut hin c hai u ca n v tc dng vocc vt tip xc (hay gn) vi n lm n
bin dng .Khi b dn lc n hi ca l xo hng vo trong l xo cn khi b nn lc n hi ca l xo
hng ra ngoi .
nh lut Hc : "Trong gii hn n hi ,lc n hi ca l xo t l vi bin dng ca l xo "
.
h
F k l = A Vi k l cng vt n hi . l A l bin dng vt n hi.
(Du tr ch lc n hi lun ngc vi chiu bin dng tc chiu dch chuyn tng i ca mi u l xo so vi u kia)
i vi mt si dy b ko cng n s tc dng ln hai vt buc hai u dy nhng lc (hay gi lc
cng)c c im l :im t ca lc l im m u dy tip xc vi vt ,phng ca lc trng vi chnh
si dy v chiu ca lc hng t hai u dy vophn gia dy.
i vi cc mt tip xc b bin dng khi p vo nhau lc n hi c gi l lc php tuyn .
Trng lc P
,
:
hd qt
P F F = +
, , ,

hd
F
,
l lc hp dn gia vt v qu t.
qt
F
,
l lc qun tnh li tm xut
hin do s t quay ca tri t quanh trc n.ni chung phng
hd
F
,
khc phng
qt
F
,
,tr vng xch o .
{Lu :
hd
F
,
ph thuc hnh dng v s phn b khi lng ca qu t cng nh ca vt .Nu xem vt nh l mt cht im
khi lng m cch mt t mt cao h. Mt cch gn ng xem qu t hnh cu phn b khi lng ng u quanh tm
th
hd
F
,
c hng t vt n tm qu t v
( )
2
.
.
hd
mM
F G
R h
=
+
,

qt
F
,
c hng ra xa tm quay ca vt quanh trc qu t . ( )
2
. . cos
qt
F m R h e = +
,
vi l v a
l, ( )
5
7, 27.10 / rad s e

= l vn tc gc quay quanh qu t .Theo nh lut 2 Niu tn th . P m g =
,
,
.
Nh vy g
,
ph thuc vo cu to a cht ca vng o n , cao ni o g
,
,v a l . g
,
c hng khng i qua tm qu
t .Trong trng hp
h R < hoc
0
90 ~ th
qt hd
F F
, ,
< ,mt cch gn ng ta b qua
qt
F
,
lc g
,
c hng i
qua tm qu t v:
( )
2
.
. .
hd
mM
p F m g G
R h
= =
+
hay
( )
2
M
g G
R h
=
+
(hay dng)
;
24
6.10 ; 6400

M kg R km ~ ~ }
Trng lc biu kin :Nu ngoi
hd
F
,
v
qt
F
,
ni trn vt chu thm mt lc ' F
,
khc (lc in trng ,lc
qun tnh khc do vt c tham gia mt chuyn ng c gia tc so vi tri t ..v..v...) th lc
' ' . '
hd qt
P F F F m g = + + =
, , , ,
,
gi l trng lc biu kin , ' g
,
l gia tc trng trng biu kin .
Trng lng l ln ca trng lc.
Trng tm ca vt l im t ca trng lc (thng k hiu l G v n trng vi khi tm C ca
vt.Trng tm s khng cn ngha khi vt khng chu tc dng ca trng lc - VD : Tu v tr ngoi
khng gian v tr ).
Khi tm(kin thc m rng):Mt h gm n cht im
1 2 3
; ; ;....;
n
M M M M c khi lng
1 2 3
; ; ;...;
n
m m m m th khi tm C ca n l v tr xc nh bi
1
. 0
n
i i
i
m M C
=
=
,
hay trong h ta Oxyz th
1
1
n
i
i
kt k
j
j
F
a
m
=
=
=

,
,
1
1
.
n
i i
i
n
i
i
m x
X
m
=
=
=
;
1
1
.
n
i i
i
n
i
i
m y
Y
m
=
=
=
;
1
1
.
n
i i
i
n
i
i
m z
Z
m
=
=
=
vi X,Y,Z l ta ca C cn , , ,
i i i
x y z l ta ca cht im
M
i
.
Mt vt ta xem nh l mt h gm v s cht im .(Trng tm trng khi tm ca vt )
Lc hng tm :l hp lc ca cc lc tc dng ln vt chuyn ng trn u ,c hng t vt n tm
quay . ln
2
2
.
. .
ht
mv
F m r
r
e = =
Lc y c-si mt: Xut hin khi c mt vt nhng trong khi cht lu (Cht lng v cht kh),c
hng thng ng t di ln trn.Tc dng ln vt nhng nhng c im t l v tr ca trng tm phn
cht lu b vt chim ch (v tr ny gi l tm y ) . .
Asm
F g V =
l khi lng ring ca cht lu ;V l th tch phn cht lu b chim ch

NG DNG CC NH LUT NIU TN V CC LC C HC

Chuyn ng ca vt nm xin
Phng trnh qu o
2
2 2
0
. ( tan ).
2 . . c os
g
y x x
v
o
o
| |
= +
|
\ .

Tm bay cao
2 2
0
.sin
2.
v
H
g
o
=
Tm bay xa
2
0
. sin 2 v
L
g
o
=
Thi gian bay
0
2. . sin v
t
g
o
=
Chuyn ng ca vt nm ngang
Thi gian ri
2 . h
t
g
=
Tm bay xa
0
2 .
.
h
L v
g
=
Vn tc chm t
2
0
2. .
t
v v g h = +

Chuyn ng ca vt trn mt phng nghing
.(sin .cos ) a g o o = vi o l gc nghing ; l h s ma st
trt.
nh lut II Niu tn cho h vt :
kt
a
,
: l gia tc khi
tm ca h (Kin thc m rng)
i
F
,
: l ngoi lc th i tc dngln h
L
H
L

m
j
: l khi lng cht im th j trong h

TNH HC
LP 10 CHNG III CN BNG CA VT RN

iu kin cn bng ca mt cht im
1
0
n
i
i
F
=
=
,

Cn bng ca mt vt rn khi khng c chuyn ng quay
* iu kin cn bng
1
0
n
i
i
F
=
=
,

* Quy tc hp lc ng quy: p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh tm hp lc
* Quy tc hp lc song song
1 2
F F F = +
, , ,

F
,
c
1
F
,
//
2
F
,

Phng Chiu ln Gi
cng chiu
Song song
hai lc
Cng chiu
hai lc
F=F
1
+F
2

Chia trong khong cch
gia hai gi hai lc
thnh phn
1 2
2 1
F d
F d
=
ngc chiu
Song song
hai lc
Cng chiu
vi lc ln
1 2
F F F =
Chia ngoi khong
cch gia hai gi hai
lc thnh phn
1 2
2 1
F d
F d
=
iu kin cn bng ca vt rn di tc dng ca trng lc v c gi nm ngang
ng thng ng i qua trng tm gp mt chn
(Mt chn l hnh a gic li nh nht cha tt c cc im tip
xc ca vt vi mt phng .)
Cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay c nh
* M men lc . M F d = (N.m) Biu thc vc t , M r F ( =

, ,
,

Trong d l khong cch t trc quay n gi ca lc
(ng thng cha vc t lc). F l thnh phn lc nm
trong mt phng vung gc vi trc quay.
*Quy tc M men lc
1
0
n
i
i
M
=
=
trong n l s lc tc dng ln vt .
M men lc lm vt quay ngc chiu kim ng h c gi tr dng v ngc li.
Ngu lc
M=F.d Trong d l khong cch gia hai gi hai lc thnh phn
1 2
, F F
, ,
; F
1
=F
2
=F ;
1 2
F F
, ,
, ; trc
quay vung gc mt phng to bi
1 2
, F F
, ,
.
Ch :Cc lc tc dng ln vt rn c gi (ng thng cha vc t lc)xc nh ,khng c thay th
lc bng lc khc ,song song, cng chiu ,cng ln nhng khc gi.lc tc dng ln vt rn biu din
bi vc t trt.
Cc dng cn bng :
* Cn bng bn:l dng cn bng m khi vt b ri khi v tr cn bng mt khong nh nhng sau
n t quay tr v v tr cn bng c c .Th nng ca vt v tr cn bng b hn so vi cc v tr ln
cn.
* Cn bng khng bn:l dng cn bng m khi vt b ri khi v tr cn bng mt khong nh v sau
n khng t quay tr v v tr cn bng c c .Th nng ca vt v tr cn bng ln hn so vi cc
v tr ln cn.
* Cn bng phim nh: l dng cn bng m khi vt b ri khi v tr cn bng ny mt khong nh v
sau n c c v tr cn bng khc . Th nng ca vt v tr cn bng bng th nng khi vt v tr
ln cn.

LP 10 CHNG IV CC NH LUT BO TON

nh lut bo ton ng lng
Vc t ng lng mt vt . P mv =
,
,
; Vc t ng lng h vt
1 2 3
...
n
p p p p p = + + + +
, , , , ,
;
n v kgm/s
{kin thc m rng :Vc t ng lng h
1
.
n
i
i
P m V
=
| |
=
|
\ .
, ,
.Trong V
,
l vn tc khi tm ca h }
H kn : l h khng c ngoi lc tc dng hoc cc ngoi lc trit tiu ln nhau
nh Lut : Vc t tng ng lng ca mt h kn c bo ton
Lu :* Trong trng hp h khng kn ,nhng hnh chiu ca ngoi lc ln mt phng no trit tiu
th ng lng ca h ch bo ton trn phng .
* Nu h kn ch gm hai vt tng tc th nh lut bo ton ng lng l
1 2
P P A = A
, ,
.iu ny th hin
nguyn tc ca chuyn ng bng phn lc .
* nh lut II Niu tn dng 2: . F t p A = A
,
,
trong . F t A
,
gi l xung lng ca lc . p A
,
l bin
thin
ng lng ca vt .
nh lut bo ton nng lng
Nng lng :l i lng c trng cho mc vn ng ca vt cht .
nh lut : Nng lng khng t sinh ra v khng t mt i ,n ch chuyn ha t dng ny sang dng
khc hoc t vt ny sang vt khc.
Cng v cng sut
* Cng l qu trnh truyn nng lng t mt vth th ny sang mt vt th khc hay qu trnh chuyn
ha nng lng t mt dng ny sang mt dng khc .Cng vi tnh cch mt i lng vt l l thc o
s truyn hay s chuyn ha nng lng .
* Cng A ca lc F
,
khng i : . .cos A F S FS o = =
, ,
(J) Trong o l gc hp bi hng lc v
hng
chuyn ng. S S =
,
; S v
,
,

* Cng ca nhiu lc tc dng ng thi ln mt vt bng tng i s cc cng ca tng lc thc hin
ln vt

1 2 3
.... A A A A = + + +
* Cng ca trng lc . . A m g z = (J) Z : Hiu cao gia im u v im cui
* Cng lc ma st .
ms
A F S = (J)
* Cng ca lc n hi
2 2
1 2
1
. .( )
2
A k x x = (J)

Ghi ch :A > 0 :cng pht ng ; A < 0 : cng cn ; Kw.h cng l n v cng 1kw.h=3,6.10
6
J
* Cng sut .
A
N F v
t
= =
,
,
(w) (Cng sut cng hay k hiu bi ch p)
Lc th : L lc m cng ca n thc hin khng ph thuc hnh dng ng i ca vt m ch ph
thuc vo v tr u v v tr cui ca qu o .(VD:lc hp dn , lc n hi , lc tnh in . . .)
ng nng , th nng v c nng
ng nng
2
1
. .
2
W mV = (ng nng c tnh tng i ,ph thuc h quy chiu )

nh l ng nng
2 1 . ng l
W W W A A = = A
ng.l
: cng ngoi lc
Th nng
Th nng hp dn . .
t
W m g z = z: cao ca vt so vi mc cao
Th nng n hi
2
1
. .
2
h
W k l = A l A : bin dng ca l xo ; k : h s n hi
Cng lc th bng gim th nng
1 2 2 1
12
( )
t t t t t
A W W W W W = = = A
C nng
C nng = ng nng + Th nng
t
W W W = +

Lc tc dng ln vt C nng
Lc th C nng bo ton W= const
Lc th + Lc khc lc th bin thin c nng =Cng ca lc khc lc th W A A =
Lc khc lc th

Va chm ca hai vt : ng lng h lun bo ton
Va chm n hi th tng ng nng bo ton
nh lut K ple
nh lut I :Mi hnh tinh u chuyn ng theo cc qu o elip m Mt tri l mt tiu im.
nh lut II :on thng ni Mt tri v mt hnh tinh bt k qut nhng din tch bng nhau trong
nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
nh lut III :

T s gia lp phng bn trc ln v bnh phng
chu k quay l ging nhau cho mi hnh tinh quay
quanh mt tri.

3 3 3 3
3 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 3
... .....
i
i
a a a a
T T T T
= = = = =

LP 10 CHNG V C HC CHT LU

p sut thy tnh su h . .
a
p p g h = + Vi P
a
l p sut kh quyn mt thong
Lu lng cht lng trong mt ng dng
Khi chy n nh , Lu lng cht lng trong mt ng dng l khng i
1 1 2 2
. . V S V S A const = = =
nh lut Bc nu li cho ng dng nm ngang
Trong mt ng dng nm ngang , tng p sut tnh (p) v
p sut ng
2
1
. .
2
v
| |
|
\ .
ti mt im bt k l mt hng s
2
1
. .
2
p v + =hng s
v v : Khi lng ring v vn tc
cht lng
{n v p sut : 1 paxcan (pa)=1 N/m
2
; 1atm=1,013.10
5
pa =760 mmHg ; 1 torr = 133,3 pa =1
mmHg

LP 10 CHNG VI CHT KH

Nhit Ken-vin (K) 273 T t = + Khong cch mt K bng khong cch mt C
Phng trnh Cla-p-rn-men--l-p . . .
m
p V R T
= Trong R =8,31
J/mol.K
Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng
1 1 2 2
1 2
. . . p V p V pV
const
T T T
= =
O
0
C v p sut 1 atm th tch mt mol cht kh = 22,4 lt
Qu trnh ng nhit :T
1
=T
2

nh lut Bi-l - Ma-ri-t
Qu trnh ng tch :V
1
=V
2

nh lut Sc l
Qu trnh ng p:P
1
=P
2

nh lut Gay luy xc
1 1 2 2
. . . pV const p V p V = =
1 2
1 2
p p p
const
T V V
= =
1 2
1 2
V V V
const
T T T
= =
nh lut antn:
1
n
i
i
p p
=
=

i
p l p sut ring phn ca kh .(hn hp kh khng c tng tc ha
hc, mi kh u c th tch bng th tch c hn hp kh )

LP 10 CHNG VII CHT RN V CHT LNG.
S CHUYN TH

Bin dng ca vt rn
Bin dng n hi ko(nn ) tun theo nh lut Hc . E o c = vi
F
S
o = ;
0
l
l
c
A
= ;

0
L l l A = ;E m un Ing
Gii hn bn
b
b
F
S
o = ( N/m
2
) Lc m bo an ton
b
F
n
o
= vi 1, 7 10 n s s
S n v nhit
N di ( )
0
1 . l l t o = + A
N khi ( )
0
1 . V V t | = + A
3. | o =

Lc cng b mt . F l o = l: di ng gii hn ; o H s cng b mt
Hin tng mao dn (Cng thc Juyranh) h: dng cao ln hay tt xung ca
mc cht lng trong ng mao dn
: Khi lng ring ca cht lng ; g: gia tc trng trng
d: ng lnh trong ng mao dn.
S nng chy v ng c . Q m = vi : nhit nng chy (ng c) ring J/kg.
S ha hi v ngng t . Q mL = vi L : nhit ha hi ring J/kg
m khng kh
m tuyt i a l : S gam hi nc cha trong 1 m
3
khng kh
m cc i A l : S gam hi nc bo ha cha trong 1 m
3
khng kh
m t i
a
o
f
o
A
=

LP 10 CHNG VIII NHIT NG LC HC

Ni nng h U = Tng ng nng cc phn t chuyn ng hn lon + th nng tng tc gia
chng
( , ) U f T V = ; U ph thuc T v V
Kh l tng ( ) U f T = ; U ch ph thuc T
Thay i U :Thc hin cng hoc truyn nhit
Nguyn l I : bin thin ni nng U A ca h bng tng i s nhit lng Q v cng A m h
nhn c
U Q A A = +
Qu trnh ng tch Qu trnh ng p Qu trnh ng nhit Chu trnh
0 0 V A Q U A = = = A
Q U A = A Vi
. A p V = A
0 U Q A A = = 0 U Q A A = =
Q > 0 h nhn nhit ;Q <0 h nh nhit ; A >0 h nhn cng ; A < 0 h sinh cng
Hiu sut ng c nhit
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
Q Q T T A
H
Q Q T

= = s
Hiu sut my lnh
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
Q Q T
A Q Q T T
c = = s

Nguyn l II :Nhit khng th t truyn t mt vt sang vt nng hn.(cch khc : Khng th ch to
c ng c vnh c loi hai)
4.
. .
h
g d
o
=

LP 11 CHNG I IN TCH IN TRNG

1 . nh lut bo ton in tch . Trong mt h c lp v in tng i s cc in tch l mt hng
s

1 2 3
...... q q q const + + + =
2 . nh lut Cu-Lng
ln ca lc tng tc gia hai in tch im mi trng in mi c hng s inc
1 2
12 21 2
.
.
.
q q
F F F k
r c
= = =
2 2
9 12
0 2 2
0
1 .
9.10 ; 8,86.10
4. . .
N m C
k
C N m
c
t c

| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
12
0
8, 85.10 / F m c

= l hng
s in . ( chn khng th xem nh c c =1)

Phng l ng thng ni hai in tch im .hai in tch cng du th y nhau , khc du th ht nhau .
(cng thc trn cng p dng ng cho hai vt hnh cu tch in phn b u ,nhng r tnh t hai tm cu
)
3 . in trng
Xung quanh in tch tn ti in trng Tnh cht c bn ca in trng l tc dng lc in ln in
tch khc t trong n .
. Cng in trng ( E ) l i lng c trng cho in trng v mt tc dng lc
F
E
q
=
,
,

( Trong mi trng ng nht th vc t cm ng in
0
. . D E c c =
, ,
)

. Cng in trng gy ra do in tch im Q ti im cch n mt
khong r trong mi trng c hng s in mi c ( chn khng th xem nh
cc =1) :
2
.
.
Q
E k
r c
=

. ng sc in l ng cong c hng sao cho cc vc t
cng in trng ti bt k im no trn ng cng
c phng tip tuyn vi ng cong v c chiu trng vi
chiu ca ng cong ti im ta xt.
in trng u c vc t E
,
ti mi im c ln v
hng nh nhau ,cc ng sc in ca in trng u song
song v cch u nhau.

Qua mi im trong in trng ch c mt ng sc in ,ng sc in ca trng tnh l ng
khng khp kn.S ng sc din i qua mt din tch nht nh
t vung gc vi ng sc in ti mi im t l vi cng
in trng ti im .
M r
Q

M
E
,


0
E
,
0
E
,

' E
,

' o
' o +
. Vt dn trng thi cn bng tnh in (in tch t do ca vt khng dch chuyn c hng ):Cng
in trng bn trong vt dn bng khng ;vc t cng in trng bn ngoi st mt vt dn vung gc vi
mt vt dn ln
0
E
o
c
= vi o l mt in mt ;vt dn l vt ng th ; in tch ca vt dn cphn b
trn mt ngoi vt dn ,tp trung nhiu nht ch li ,t nht ch lm.
. in mi trong in trng .Tm in mi t trong in trng
0
E
,
s xut hin in tch phn
cc(in tch lin kt v khng tch n ra c ) trn mt tm in mi vi mt in mt ' o (in tch
trn mt n v din tch mt ).ti ni cc ng sc in ca in trng
0
E
,
i vo tm in mi s xut
hin cc in tch m ,cn mt cc ng sc in ca in trng
0
E
,
i ra tm in mi s
xut hin cc in tch dng.Cc in tch lin kt gy ra trong tm in mi
mt in trng ph ' E
,
ngc vi
0
E
,
.Cng in trng tng hp trong
tm in mi l E
,

0
0 0
' '
E
E E E E E E
c
= + = =
, , ,

( )
( )
0
0 0
1
' . 1 . E E
c c
o c c
c
= =
4 . Nguyn l chng cht in trng

1 2 3
...
n
E E E E E = + + + +
, , , , ,
n v E l vn trn mt (v/m)
5 . Cng ca lc in v hiu in th.
Lc tnh in l lc th . Cng . . A q E d = ;d: l di i s t hnh chiu im u qu o n hnh
chiu im cui qu o in tch dch chuyn ln trc trng ng sc
(hnh v).
Cng thc nh ngha hiu in th .
MN
MN
A
U
q
=
Cng thc lin h gia E v U trong in trng u
MN
U
E
d
= (v/m)
6 . in th
M
M
A
V
q
= ( vn)
7 . Hiu in th
MN
MN M N
A
U V V
q
= = ( vn)

8 . T in
Cng thc nh ngha in dung t in
Q
C
U
= n v Fara (F)
in dung t in phng
9
.
9.10 .4. .
S
C
d
c
t
= c l hng s in mi(ph thuc bn cht in mi v tn s
sng in t truyn qua).
T ghp song song . ( n t ).

1 2 3
....
n
C C C C C = + + + +
1 2 3
...
n
Q Q Q Q Q = + + + +
1 2 3
...
n
U U U U U = = = = =
T ghp ni tip ( n t )

1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
...
n
C C C C C
= + + + +
1 2 3
...
n
Q Q Q Q Q = = = = =
1 2 3
...
n
U U U U U = + + + +
Nng lng t in
2 2
. .
2 2 2.
QU CU Q
W
C
= = =
Mt nng lng in trng
2
9
.
9.10 .8.
E
W
c
t
=

LP 11 CHNG II DNG IN KHNG I

1 . Dng in : L dng dch chuyn c hng ca cc ht ti in .Chiu dng in l chiu dch
chuyn ca cc ht mang in dng.
Cng dng in l i lng c trng cho tc dng ca dng in
q
i
t
A
=
A

vi t A rt nh th
( )
'
t
dq
i q
dt
= = (cho lp 12)
Vi dng in khng i ( ln I v chiu dng in khng i ) th
q
I
t
= n v A ( Am pe)
2 . Ngun in
Ngun in l thit b dng to ra v duy tr hiu in th , nhm duy tr dng in .
Sut in ng : Sut in ng ca ngun in c trng cho kh nng sinh cng ca ngun in(bng
cng lc l trong ngun ).
l
A
q
c = (Vn) A
l
Cng ca lc l trong ngun di chuyn in tch i ngc
chiu lc in trng n bng cng ngun in thc hin trn ton mch.
Sut phn in : Sut phn in l i lng c trng cho my thu v kh nng chuyn ha in nng
thnh mt dng nng lng khc nhit nng .
p
A
q
c = (Vn) A : Phn in nng chuyn thnh nng
lng khc nhit nng {Ac quy c
p
c c = }
K hiu ngun in hoc mi tn ch chiu I;vch di l cc dng ,vch ngn l
cc m. ( Lu : trong ngun dng in i t cc dng sang cc m , bn thn ngun cng c in tr gi l
in tr trong ca ngun)
3 . in tr ( in tr thun - K hiu R hoc r n v O )
c trng cho kh nng cn tr dng in ca vt dn ph thuc bn cht kch thc v nhit ca vt
dn .
in tr vt dn .
l
R
S
= vi l in tr sut ; l l chiu di vt ; S din tch tit din thng .
in tr ca dy dn ph thuc nhit ( )
0
. 1 .
t
R R t o = + vi o l h s nhit in tr .R
t
, R
0
l in tr
ca vt dn t
0
C v 20
0
C
Dng mch
in tr
i lng
Ni tip Song song

R
1

R
2
y x
, r c
,
p p
r c
Ngun mc
Hn hp

Ngun mc ni tip

Mc xung i
R
N
I
c,r
Mc song
2

in tr tng ng ton mch R R=R
1
+R
2
+R
3
+...+R
n
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
...
n R R R R R
= + + + +
Dng in mch chnh I I=I
1
=I
2
=I
3
=...=I
n
I=I
1
+I
2
+I
3
+...+I
N

Hiu in th hai u mch chnh U U=U
1
+U
2
+U
3
+...+U
n
U=U
1
=U
2
=U
3
=...=U
n

4 . nh lut m cho ton mch

N
I
R r
c
=
+

R
N
l in tr tng ng ca mch ngoi.
5 . nh lut m cho cc loi on mch

( ) ( ) .
xy P xy
U I R c c = +

vi cc dng (vch
di trong k hiu-cc dng ) quay v x th c ( hoc
p
c ) nhn du dng cn ngc li thi nhn du m
.Dng in i t x v y th I nhn du dng v ngc li s nhn du m .R
xy
l in tr tng
ng ca ton on mch xy.
6 nh Lut Kicsp 1:Tng i s cc cng dng in ti mi nt bng khng . 0
k
i =

Nt (nt mch ) l im gp nhau ca t nht ba dy dn.
Quy c :nh du + cho cc dng in i ti nt ,v nh du - cho cc dng in i khi nt.
7 nh lut Kicsp 2:Trong mi mt mch (vng mch ) tng i s cc sut in ng (v cc sut
phn in )bng tng i s cc gim in th . .
k j j
k j
I R c =

Quy c : Chn mt chiu i f bt k dc theo mt mch , th du + ng vi sut in ng(V sut phn in
)
k
c trong mch m chiu f i t cc m n cc dng ca n .
j
I mang du + nu dng in i cng chiu vi
f , v ngc li.
Mt mch (hay mch vng ) l mt mch kn c tng tng
tch ra t mch in ang kho st .
8 . Mc cc ngun thng b
Mc ni tip
1 2 3
...
b n
c c c c c = + + + +
1 2 3
...
b n
r r r r r = + + + +
Mc song song ( n ngun ging nhau )
b
c c =
1
b
r
n
=
Mc xung i
1
c >
2
c th
1 2 b
c c c =
1 2 b
r r r = +
dng in i ra t cc dng ca
1
c
Mc hn hp i xng m hng mi hng c n ngun ging nhau .
.
b
n c c = .
b
n
r r
m
=
9 . in nng v cng sut ca dng in .nh lut Jun-Len-x
Cng ca dng in . . A U I t = (J)
Cng sut ca dng in . P U I = (w)
nh lut Jun-Len-x
2
. . Q R I t = (J)
Cng ca ngun in . .
ng
A I t c = (J)
Cng sut ca ngun in .
ng
P I c = (w)
Cng sut ca dng c tiu th in ch ta nhit
2
2
. .
U
P U I R I
R
= = = (w)
Cng sut ca my thu in
2
. .
p p
P I r I c = + (w)

LP 11 CHNG III DNG IN TRONG CC MI
TRNG

1 . Dng in trong kim loi
Dng in trong kim loi l dng dch chuyn c hng ca cc electron t do .
S va chm ca electron t do vi cc ch mt trt t ca mng tinh th l nguyn nhn gy ra in
tr v tc dng nhit ca dy dn kim loi.
S khuch tn cc electron t do ga cc kim loi khc nhau khi chng tip xc nhau l nguyn nhn
ca hin tng nhit in .
Khi nhit gim xung di mt gi tr T
c
no ,in tr ca kim loi ( hay hp kim ) gim t ngt
xung gi tr bng khng , l hin tng Siu Dn
2 . Dng in trong cht in phn
Dng in trong cht in phn l dng dch chuyn c hng ca cc Ion dng ( v Ca tt -in cc
m) v I on m(V A nt - in cc dng) .
cc Ion khi v in cc s trao i electron vi cc in cc , to thnh nguyn t hay phn t trung
ha ri gii phng ra , hoc tham gia cc phn ng ph .Mt trong cc phn ng ph l phn ng cc
dng tan , phn ng ny xy ra trong cc bnh in phn m c A nt l kim loi m mi ca n c mt
trong dung dch in phn .
nh lut Fa- ra - y v in phn
1
. . .
A
m I t
F n
=
trong m l khi lng cht gii phng ra in cc ( tnh bng gam) .A l nguyn t lng ca cht
.n l ha tr ca ca cht y.I l cng dng in v t l thi gian dng in i qua cht in phn .
F=96 500 C/mol.
3 . Dng in trong chn khng
Dng in trong chn khng l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc electron b bt ra t ca tt b nung nng
do tc dng ca in trng .
c im l dng in trong chn khng ch chy theo mt chiu nht nh t A nt sang Ca tt
4 . Dng in trong cht kh
Dng in trong cht kh l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc Ion dng v Ca tt ,cc Ion m v cc
electron v A nt.
Khi in trng cn yu , mun c cc Ion v cc electron dn in trong cht kh cn phi c tc nhn
ion ha ( ngn la , nh sng ....)( phng i khng t lc ).Cn khi in trng trong cht kh mnh
th c xy ra s ion ha do va chm lm cho s in tch t do trong cht kh tng vt ln ( phng in t
lc ).
S ph thuc gia cng dng in vo hiu in th gia A nt v ca tt c dng phc tp , khng
tun theo nh lut m (Tr hiu in th rt thp ).
Tia la in v h quang in l hai dng phng in trong khng kh iu kin thng .
C ch ca tia la in l s Ion ha do va chm khi cng in trng trong khng kh ln hn 3.10
6
v/m.
Khi p sut trong cht kh ch cn vo khong 1 n 0,001 mmHg trong ng phng in c s phng in
thnh min : Ngay phn mt Ca tt c min ti ca tt , phn cn li ca ng cho n A nt l ct sng A
nt .
Khi p sut trong ng gim di 10
-3
mmHg th min ti Ca tt chim ton b ng , lc ta c tia Ca tt
( dng electron) ( pht x lnh ).
5 . Dng in trong bn dn
Dng in trong bn dn l dng dch chuyn c hng ca c electron t do v cc l trng .
Ty theo loi tp cht pha vo bn d tinh khit ma fta c bn dn loi n hay bn d loi p .Dng in
trong bn dn loi n ch yu l dng elec tron cn trong bn d loi p ch yu l dng cc l trng .
Lp chuyn tip p - n c tnh cht dn in ch yu theo mt chiu nht nh t p sang n .

LP 11 CHNG IV T TRNG

1 . T trng .Cm ng t.
Xung quanh nam chm v xung quanh dng in (ni chung l xung quanhin tch chuyn ng) tn ti
t trng .T trng c tnh cht c bn l tc dng lc t ln nam chm hay dng in (in tch chuyn
ng) t trong n.
Cm ng t ( B
,
) l i lng c trng cho t trng v mt tc dng lc t .n v cm ng t l tla
k hiu T
Cm ng t c ln ph thuc cng dng in , dng mch in v mi trng bao quanh mch
in .
.
o
B B =
, ,

o
B
,
vc t cm ng t trong chn khng . B
,
vc t cm ng t trong mi trng khc chn
khng.
l hng s gi l t thm ph thuc bn cht mi trng . >1 cht thun t ; < 1 cht nghch t
; 1 > cht st t .
ng sc t l ng cong c hng c v trong t trng sao cho vc t cm ng t ti bt k
im no trn ng cong cng c phng tip tuyn vi ng cong v c chiu trng chiu vi chiu
ca ng cong ti im ta xt.
(Vc t cng t trng
0
1
H B

=
, ,
vi
7
0
4 .10 / H m t

= )
2 . Lc t tc dng ln mt on dy dn mang dng in
. . .sin F B I l o = ( cng thc Ampe) ; o l gc hp bi hng I v B
,
.
Quy tc bn tay tri : Dui thng bn tay tri sao cho B
,
xuyn vo lng bn tay ,
chiu t c tay n ngn gia ch chiu I .Ngn ci choi 90
o
so vi ngn tr ch
chiu F
,
.
3 . T trng ca dng in trong cc mch c dng khc nhau
Dy dn thng di
7
2.10
I
B
r
= ;Ngn ci bn tay phi choi 90

o
ch chiu I ,chiu nm 4 ngn tay ch
chiu ng sc t (ST) . B
,
tip tuyn ST ,c chiu ST ti tip im
.
Chm :Song song Hi t Phn k
Khung dy trn
7
.
2. .10 .
N I
B
R
t

= N :S vng dy trong khung .Chiu nm 4 ngn tay bn tay phi theo
chiu I,ngn ci choi 90
o
ch chiu ,ng sc t (ST) xuyn qua khung dy. B
,
tip tuyn ST ,c
chiu ST ti tip im .
ng dy di(xlnit)
7
4. .10 . . B n I t

= n :S vng dy ng vi mi mt chiu di ng . Chiu nm 4
ngn tay bn tay phi theo chiu I, Ngn ci choi 90
o
ch chiu ,ng sc t (ST) xuyn qua khung
dy. B
,
tip tuyn ST ,c chiu ST ti tip im .
4 . m men ngu lc t . . .sin M I B S u = S: din tch phn mt phng gii hn bi khung . u l gc
hp bi vc t php tuyn ca khung v B
,

5 . Lc Lo-ren x . . .sin f q v B o = o l gc hp bi v
,
v B
,

6 . Nguyn l chng cht t trng
1 2 3
...
n
B B B B B = + + + +
, , , , ,

LP 11 CHNG V CM NG IN T

1 . T thng qua din tch S : . .cos B S | o = n v V-be ( Wb) ; o l gc hp bi vc t php
tuyn ca mt phng khung dy v B
,

2 . t cm ca ng dy L
i
|
= n v Hen ry (H)
3 . Sut in ng cm ng trong mch in kn
c
t
|
c
A
=
A
(v)
ln sut in ng cm ng trong mt on dy chuyn ng : . . .sin
c
e Bl v o = (v)
o l gc to bi v
,
ca thanh v B
,
( v
,
v B
,
cng vung gc vi thanh ).
Sut in ng t cm .
tc
i
e L
t
A
=
A
(vn)
4 . Nng lng t trng trong ng dy
2
1
. .
2
W Li = (J)
5 . Mt nng lng t trng
7 2
1
.10 .
8.
W B
t
=
6 . Dng in Fu C : dng in cm ng c sinh ra trong khi vt dn khi vt dn chuyn
ng trong t trng hay c t trong t trng bin thin theo thi gian gi l dng in Fu- c.
7 . nh lut Len X : Dng in cm ng c chiu sao cho t trng do n sinh ra c tc dng
chng li nguyn nhn sinh ra n . (du tr cng thc trong mc 3 biu din nh lut Len X)

LP 11 CHNG VI PHN X V KHC X NH SNG

1 . Cc khi nin
Ngun sng l cc vt t pht ra nh sng.
i
i

N
I
S
S
Gng
cu li
Vt sng l bao gm cc ngun sng v cc vt c chiu sng.
Vt chn sng l vt ngn khng cho nh sng truyn qua.
Vt trong sut (mi trng trong sut) l vt (mi trng) cho nh sng truyn qua hu nh hon ton.
Tia sng l ng truyn ca nh sng .
Chm sng l tp hp ca v s tia sng .
2 . nh lut truyn thng nh sng :Trong mt mi trng trong sut v ng tnh , nh sng
truyn theo mt ng thng .
3 . Nguyn l v tnh thun nghch chiu truyn nh sng : Nu AB l mt ng truyn
nh sng ( mt tia sng ) th trn ng truyn c th cho nh sng i t A n B , hoc t B v A.
4 . nh lut phn x nh sng :Tia phn x trong mt phng ti v
bn kia php tuyn so vi tia ti .Gc phn x bng gc ti .

' i i =
Mt phng ti l mt phng cha tia ti SI v php tuyn IN
5 . Gng
a ) Gng phng : l mt phn mt phng phn x nh ng tt .
c im gng phng :Vt tht( trc gng) cho nh o(sau gng) .vt o(sau gng) cho nh tht
(trc gng). nh i xng vi vt qua mt phng ca gng , nh ln bng vt , khng chng kht c
ln vt .
' d d =
' ' '
1
A B d
k
d AB
= = = Vt tht d > 0 : Vt o d < 0 ;
nh tht d > 0 ;nh o d<0
b ) Gng cu : L mt phn ca mt cu ( thng l chm cu )phn x nh
sng tt .
Cc khi nim : Gng cu lm c mt phn x quay v pha tm C ca mt
cu .
Gng cu li c tm C nm sau gng .
nh gng l nh chm cu k hiu O .
Trung im F ca OC l tiu im chnh ca gng.
Mt phng qua F vung gc OC l mt phng tiu din .
ng thng Qua OC l trc chnh ca Gng ,Cc ng thng khc qua C gi l trc ph ca
gng .
Mt phng cha OC l mt phng tit din thng ca gng .
Gc to bi hai trc ph qua mp gng v nm trong cng
mt tit din thng ca gng gi l gc m ca gng .
f =OF =R/2 gi l tiu c ca gng .Giao im ca trc ph
v mt phng tiu din gi l tiu im ph .
ng i cc tia sng c bit

S
I
R
S
i i
r
n
1

n
2

Tia 1 Tia i qua hoc hng ti tm gng th phn x ngc tr li.( 2a v 2b)
Tia 2 Tia ti nh gng th phn x i xng qua trc chnh.(1a v 1b)
Tia3 Tia ti // vi trc chnh cho tia phn x hoc phn ko di i qua tiu im chnh.(4a v 4b)
Tia 4 Tia i qua hoc hng ti tiu im chnh cho tia phn x // vi trc chnh (3a v 3b)
Tia 5 Tia xin bt k cho tia phn x hoc phn ko di i qua tiu im ph xc nh bi giao im ca
tiu din v trc ph // vi tia ti.(5a v 5b)
Tia 6 Tia i qua hay hng ti tiu im ph cho tia phn x // vi trc ph i qua tiu im .(6a v 6b)
iu kin tng im : Gc m ( hnh 7a)ca gng rt nh ,Gc ti ca cc tia sng rt nh.
Cng thc xc nh v tr
1 1 1
' f d d
= + Gng cu lm f > 0 ; Gng cu li f < 0
Vt tht d > 0 : Vt o d < 0 ;nh tht d > 0 ;nh o d<0
phng i ca nh
,
' ' A B d
K
d AB
= = K > 0 vt v nh cng chiu ; K < 0 Vt ngc chiu nh.
6 . Khc x nh sng
khc x nh sng l hin tng chm tia sng b i phng t ngt khi i qua mt phn cch hai mi
trng nh sng .
nh lut khc x :Tia khc x nm trong mt phng ti .
Tia ti v tia khc x nm hai bn php tuyn ti in ti . Vi hai mi trng
nht
nh , t s gia sin gc ti v sin gc khc x l hng s
2
21
1
sin
sin
n i
n const
r n
= = =
Chit sut tuyt i ca mi trng 1 l n
1
:
1
1
c
n
V
=
Chit sut tuyt i ca mi trng 2 l n
2
:
2
2
c
n
V
=
8
3.10 / c m s ~ l vn tc nh sng truyn trong
chn khng
Chit sut t i mi trng 2 i vi mi trng 1 l n
21
:
2 2
21
1 1
V n
n n
V n
= =
V
1
l vn tc nh sng truyn trong mi trng 1 ; V
2
l vn tc nh sng truyn trong mi trng 2.
7 . Hin tng phn x ton phn
L hin tng phn x ton b tia sng ti , xy ra mt phn cch gia hai mi trng trong sut.
iu kin xy ra phn x ton phn l nh sng truyn t mi trng c chit sut tuyt i ln hng
sang mi trng c chit sut tuyt i b hn v gc ti ln hn hc bng gc gii hn .

gh
i i >
1 2
n n >
2
1
sin
gh
n
i
n
=

LP 11 CHNG VII MT V CC DNG C
QUANG HC

1 . Lng knh
Lng knh l mt khi cht trong sut ng nht c hai mt phng gii hn khng
song song.(Thng ch to dng lng tr tam gic)
Cng thc lng knh
sin .sin i n r =
1 1
sin .sin i n r =
2 2
sin .sin i n r =
1 2
r r A + =
1 2

D i i A = +
Khi tia sng c gc lch cc tiu
1 2
1
.
2
r r A = = hay
min

2
D A
i
+
=
Nu A v i b th
( )

1 . D n A ~
2 . Thu knh
nh ngha : L mt khi trong sut c gii hn bi hai mt cu hoc mt mt phng v mt mt cu
.
Cc khi nim : Thu knh hi t l thu knh khi chm ti song song th chm
l hi t .
Thu knh phn k l thu knh khi chm ti song song th chm l phn k.
Quang tm l im trn thu knh m mi tia sng truyn n u truyn thng
k hiu O .
Trc chnh l ng thng qua quang tm v qua hai nh chm cu hoc qua
quang tm v vung gc vi mt mt phng ca thu knh
Tiu im nh chnh F l im trn trc chnh m khi chm sngsong song ng thi song song trc
chnh ti thu knh s cho chm l hi t ti (i vi thu knh hi t )hoc ng ko di ca chm l
ng quy ti ( i vi thu knh phn k ) .
Tiu im vt chnh F l im trn trc chnh m khi chm sng phn k xut pht t (i vi thu
knh hi t ) hoc chm sng hi t c ng ko di ng quy ti (i vi thu knh phn k ) ti thu
knh s cho chm l song song .
Mt phng tiu din vt l mt phng qua F vung gc OF ( l tp hp cc tiu im vt ph )
Mt phng tiu din nh l mt phng qua F vung gc OF ( l tp hp cc tiu im nh ph )
Trc ph l ng thng qua quang tm khc vi trc chnh.
Tiu im nh ph l giao im ca cc tia l (hoc ng ko di ca cc tia l) khi chm sng ti l
chm sng song song ng thi song song trc ph .{cng l giao im ca trc ph v mt phng tiu
din nh}
Tiu im vt ph l giao im ca cc tia ti (hoc ng ko di ca cc tia ti ) khi chm sng ti l
chm sng l l chm song song ng thi song song trc ph .{cng l giao im ca trc ph v mt
phng tiu din vt}.
ng i cc tia sng c bit
Tia 1 Tia ti i qua quang tm th truyn thng .

O
O

Thu knh hi t
' F
F
O
Thu knh phn k
F O F
Tia2 Tia ti // vi trc chnh cho tia l (hoc phn ko di ca n-Vi TKPK) i qua tiu im chnh
nh.
Tia 3 Tia ti i qua tiu im vt chnh ( hoc hng qua tiu imvt chnh- vi TKPK) cho tia l // vi
trc chnh
Tia 4 Tia ti xin bt k cho tia l hoc phn ko di tia l i qua tiu im nh ph xc nh bi giao
im ca tiu din nh ph v trc ph // vi tia ti.
iu kin tng im : khu ca thu knh rt nh ,Gc ti ca cc tia sng rt nh.
Cng thc xc nh v tr ( )
1 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 .
'
D n
f d d R R
| |
= = + = +
|
\ .

thu knh hi t f > 0 ; thu knh phn k f < 0
Vt tht d > 0 : Vt o d < 0 ;nh tht d > 0 ;nh o d<0.
Mt li R > 0 ; mt lm R < 0 ; mt phng R = .
phng i ca nh
,
' ' A B d
K
d AB
= = K > 0 vt v nh cng
chiu ; K < 0 Vt ngc chiu nh.
3 . Mt
Hai b phn quan trng nht ca mt l thu knh(5) mt v vng
mc(7).
iu kin mt nhn r vt l vt
nm trong gii hn nhn r ca mt (C
c

n C
v
) v mt nhn vt di gc trng
0
o o > (
0
1' o ~ l nng sut phn li
ca mt )

4 . Knh lp
S bi gic
0
tan
.
tan '
o
G k
d l
o o
o o
= ~ =
+
0
o l gc trng vt khi vt
t im cc cn ca mt . o l gc trng nh

Khi ngm chng im cc cn G k =
Khi ngm chng v cc
G
f
= (Khng ph thuc vo v tr t mt )
thng ly l 25 cm
5 . Knh hin vi
S bi gic
1 2
0
tan
.
tan
G k G
o
o
= = Vi K
1
l s phng i nh qua vt knh .G
2
l s phng i ca th knh
.

1 2
.
.
G
f f
o
= vi
'
1 2
F F o = gi l di quang hc ca knh .
6 . Knh thin vn
Knh thin vn khc x gm vt knh tiu c ln v th knh tiu c nh , u l thu knh hi t .
Knh thin vn phn x gm gng lm c tiu c ln v th knh l thu knh hi t c tiu c nh .
7
Ngm chng l quan st v iu chnh khong cch gia vt knh v th knh sao cho nh ca vt nm
trong khong thy r ca mt .
S bi gic
1
0 2
tan
tan
f
G
f
o
o
= = ( vi
1
f l tiu c ca vt knh v
2
f l tiu c ca th knh ).
0
o l gc trng vt
trc tip(khc so vi knh lp v knh hin vi) . o l gc trng nh.

LP 12 CHNG I NG LC HC VT
RN

1 Ta : l gc nh din gia mt phng mc (c nh )cha trc quay
v mt phng to bi trc quay v cht im ang quay (hoc cht im ang
xt trn vt rn quay ).N c gi l ta gc ca vt ,gip xc nh v tr
vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh . n v rad
Vn tc gc tc thi e c trng cho tc quay nhanh hay chm ca
vt quanh mt trc c nh ti thi im t n v rad/s
( )
'
t
e =
Gia tc gc l i lng c trng cho tc bin thin ca vn tc gc
e k hu n v rad/s
2
.
( ) ( )
' ''
t t
e = =
Vi chuyn ng trn u
0 = ; const e = ; .
o
t e = + ; . S R =
Cc cng thc ca chuyn ng quay bin i u
const =
0
.t e e = +
2
0 0
1
. . .
2
t t e = + +
( )
2 2
0 0
2. . e e =
Vc t gia tc ca mt im chuyn ng trn khng u ta c th phn tch thnh vc t gia tc hng
tm v vc t gia tc tip tuyn .Vc t gia tc hng tm c trng cho s bin thin ca vn tc v
phng. Vc t gia tc tip tuyn c trng cho s bin thin ca vn tc v ln.
ht tt
a a a = +
, , ,

2 2
ht tt
a a a = + trong
2
2
.
ht
v
a R
R
e = = ; .
tt
a R = hay dng y
tt
a r . =
, , ,

ht
a :gia tc hng tm ;
tt
a :gia tc tip tuyn
2 Phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng quay (Phng trnh ng lc hc hay cn gi nh lut II Niu tn cho
chuyn ng quay )

. M I =
Dng vc t . M I =
,
,

Trong I l m men qun tnh ca vt i vi trc quay .
M men qun tnh ca mt vt l i lng c trng cho mc qun tnh ca vt trong chuyn ng
quay .
2
.
i i
I m r =
( kg.m
2
)
M men qun tnh I ca mt s vt ng cht
Vnh trn hay tr rng mng c trc quay l trc i xng
2
. I mR =
a trn hay hnh tr c , c trc quay l trc i xng
2
1
. .
2
I m R =
Qu cu c c trc quay i qua tm
2
2
. .
5
I m R =
Thanh mnh c trc quay l ng trung trc ca thanh
2
1
. .
12
I ml =
Thanh mnh , c trc quay i qua mt u thanh v vung gc vi thanh
2
1
. .
3
I ml =
Vt hnh hp ch nht phng ,c trc quay i qua trng tm v vung gc vi mt vt
( )
2 2
1
. .
2
I m a b = +
Qu cu rng mng (mt cu )
2
3
. .
5
I m R =
nh l Stener-Huyghen ( nh l v trc song song)
2
0
.
G
I I md = +
Trong d l khong cch vung gc gia trc O v trc song song qua khi tm G.
3 M men ng lng :
Ca mt cht im
| | | | , , ( . ) L r p r mv = =
,
, , , ,
; r
,
l vc t t trc quay n cht im
Ca mt h n cht im
1
n
i
i
L L
=
=
, ,

i vi vt rn th . L I e = ( kg.m
2
/s)
nh l bin thin m men ng lng . L M t A = A Dng y . L M t A = A
, ,

nh lut bo ton m men ng lng .nu tng cc m men lc tc dng ln mt vt (hay h vt )
bng khng th m men ng lng ca vt ( hay h vt ) c bo ton
1 1 2 2
. . I I e e =
ng nng ca mt vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh
2
1
. .
2
W I e =
nh l bin thin ng nng
. ng l
W A A =
i vi mt vt quay quanh mt trc ;
2 2
2 1
1
. ( )
2
W I e e A =
Lu :ng nng ca mt vt rn i vi mt h quy chiu c nh bng ng nng ca khi tm mang
tng khi lng ca vt
2
1
. .
2
mv
| |
|
\ .
v ng nng ca chuyn ng tng i quanh G
2
1
. .
2
G
I e
| |
|
\ .
(e l
vn tc gc ca chuyn ng quay quanh G).
Th nng trng trng ca vt rn bng m.g.z ,vi z l cao ca khi tm(trng trng tm)tnh t gc
th nng .
So snh mt s cng thc ca chuyn ng tnh tin v chuyn ng quay
Chuyn ng tnh tin Chuyn ng quay
ng i s Gc quay
Vn tc di v Vn tc gc e
Gia tc a Gia tc gc
Lc F M men lc M
ng lng p M men ng lng L
Xung lc . F t A M men xung lc . M t A
Khi lng m M men qun tnh I
2
0
1
.
2
s v t at = +
2
0
1
.
2
t t = +
0
. v v a t = +
0
.t e e = +
2 2
0
2. . v v a s =
2 2
0
2. . e e =
. F ma =
. M I =
A=F.s A=M.
N=F.v N=M. e
2
1
.
2
W mv =
2
1
.
2
W I e =

LP 12 CHNG II DAO NG C

1 Dao ng iu ha .
Dao ng (c hc ) l mt chuyn ng c gii hn trong khng gian lp i lp li nhiu ln quanh mt
v tr cn bng .
Dao ng tun hon l dao ng m trng thi chuyn ng (li v vn tc ) ca vt c lp li nh
c sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau .
Chu k T l khong thi gian ngn nht sau trng thi dao ng lp li nh c (n v l giy ).
Tn s
1
f
T
= l s ln dao ng trong mt n v thi gian( mt giy ) .n v l hc (Hz).
Dao ng iu ha l dao ng tun hon m phng trnh dao ng c m t bng mt hm s cosin
hoc sin
.cos( . ) x A t e = + ( ) { hoc dng .sin( . ) x A t e = + }
Trong x l lch ca vt khi v tr cn bng gi l li .A>0 l bin bng li cc i . e l
mt i lng trung gian cho php tnh tn s
2
f
e
t
= .e gi l tn s gc c n v l (rad/s).
.t | e = + gi l pha dao ng thi im t ,khi t=0 th | = v c gi l pha ban u ca dao
ng n v l rad .
Mt dao ng iu ha c th biu din bng mt vc t quay OM
,
c di bng bin A,vc t
ny quay quanh quanh O vi tc gc e , vo thi im ban u t=0 , vc t quay hp vi trc 0x mt
gc bng pha ban u .Hnh chiu ca vc t quay OM
,
ln trc ox th bng li ca dao ng .
Trong phng php Fresnen mi dao ng iu ha c biu din bng mt vc t c mun bng A ,
quay quanh gc O ca vc t vi vn tc bng tn s gc e .
Vn tc vt dao ng iu ha ( ) ' . .sin . v x A t e e = = + Vi x c dng nh biu thc ()
Gia tc ca vt dao ng iu ha ( )
2
' '' . .cos . a v x A t e e = = = + Vi x c dng nh biu thc
()
Vt VTCB: x = 0; v = ,v,
Max
= eA; a = ,a,
Min
= 0
Vt bin: x = A; v = ,v,
Min
= 0; a = ,a,
Max
= e
2
A
Nu mt vt khi lng m , mi khi ri khi v tr cn bng 0 mt on x , chu mt lc tc dng
. F k x = (lc hi phc ,khng bt buc l lc n hi) th vt y s dao ng iu ha quanh 0 vi tn
s gc
k
m
e = .bin A v pha ban u ph thuc cch kch thch dao ng v chn gc thi gian .
Biu thc c lp
2
. a x e =
2 2
2 2 2
1
.
v x
A A e
+ =

Chiu di qu o: 2A
C nng:
2 2
1
2
t
E E E m A e = + =
Vi
2 2 2 2
1
sin ( ) sin ( )
2
E m A t E t e e e = + = +

2 2 2 2
1
cos ( ) cos ( )
2
t
E m A t E t e e e = + = +
Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l e, tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin vi tn s
gc 2e, tn s 2f, chu k T/2
ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( neN
*
, T l chu k dao ng) l:
2 2
1
2 4
E
m A e =
Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c to x
1
n x
2

2 1
t

e e
A
A = = vi
1
1
2
2
cos
cos
x
A
x
A
v (
1 2
,
2 2
t t
s s )
Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A; trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A
Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt xut pht t VTCB hoc v tr bin (tc l = 0; t; t/2)
Qung ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
Xc nh:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Acos( ) Acos( )
sin( ) sin( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t
e e
e e e e
= + = +

= + = +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
Phn tch: t
2
t
1
= nT + At (n eN; 0 s At < T)
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S
1
= 4nA, trong thi gian At l S
2
.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S
1
+ S
2

* Nu v
1
v
2
> 0
2 2 1
2 2 1
2
4
2
T
t S x x
T
t S A x x
A < =
A > =

* Nu v
1
v
2
< 0
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
0 2
0 2
v S A x x
v S A x x
> =
< = + +

Cc bc lp phng trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho:
* Tnh e
* Tnh A (thng s dng h thc c lp)

* Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t
0
(thng t
0
= 0)
0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
x t
v A t
e
e e
= +
= +

Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0
+ Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic
(thng ly t < t s )
Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, E, E
t
, E
, F) ln th n
* Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi gi tr ca k )
* Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh)
* Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n
Lu : ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra nghim th n
Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, E, E
t
, E
, F) t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
* Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim
* T t
1
< t s t
2
Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k e Z)
* Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr .
Cc bc gii bi ton tm li dao ng sau thi im t mt khong thi gian At.
Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x
0
.
* T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos(et + ) cho x = x
0

Ly nghim et + = o (ng vi x ang gim )
hoc et + = t - o (ng vi x ang tng) vi
2 2
t t
o s s
* Li sau thi im At giy l: x = Acos(eAt + o) hoc x = Acos(t - o + eAt) = Acos(eAt -
o)
Dao ng iu ho c phng trnh c bit:
Phng trnh dao ng dng x = a Acos(et + ) vi a = const
Bin l A, tn s gc l e, pha ban u
x l to , x
0
= Acos(et + ) l li .
To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a A
Vn tc v = x = x
0
, gia tc a = v = x = x
0

H thc c lp: a = -e
2
x
0

2 2 2
0
( )
v
A x
e
= +
Phng trnh dao ng dng x = a Acos
2
(et + ) (ta h bc)
Bin A/2; tn s gc 2e, pha ban u 2.

2 Con lc l xo:L h gm mt vt nng khi lng m gn vi mt u l xo cng k khi lng
khng ng k ,u cn li ca l xo c nh .Khi F
ms
=0 th sau khi vt c kch thch th n s dao ng
iu ha
Tn s gc:
k
m
e = ; chu k:
2
2
m
T
k
t
t
e
= = ; tn s:
1 1
2 2
k
f
T m
e
t t
= = =
C nng:
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
t
E E E m A kA e = + = =
Vi
2 2 2 2
1 1
sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
E mv kA t E t e e = = + = +

2 2 2 2
1 1
cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
t
E kx kA t E t e e = = + = +

* bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt v tr cn bng :
mg
l
k
A = 2
l
T
g
t
A
=
* bin dng ca l xo nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing
o v 0
ms
F = :

sin mg
l
k
o
A = 2
sin
l
T
g
t
o
A
=
* Trng hp vt di:
+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: l
CB
= l
0
+ l A (l
0
l chiu di t nhin)
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht): l
Min
= l
0
+ l A A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht): l
Max
= l
0
+ l A + A
l
CB
= (l
Min
+ l
Max
)/2
+ Khi A > Al th thi gian l xo nn l
t
^
^ = , vi
cos =
A
l

+ Thi gian l xo gin l T/2 - At, vi At l thi gian l xo nn (tnh nh trn)
* F
Nmax
= F
Max
= k(Al + A)
* Nu A < Al F
Nmin
= F
Min
= k(Al - A)
* Nu A > Al F
Min
= 0
* Trng hp vt trn:
l
CB
= l
0
- l A ; l
Min
= l
0
- l A A; l
Max
= l
0
- l A + A l
CB
= (l
Min
+ l
Max
)/2
Lc hi phc hay lc phc hi (l lc gy dao ng cho vt) l lc a vt v v tr cn bng (l hp
lc ca cc lc tc dng ln vt xt phng dao ng), lun hng v VTCB, c ln F
hp
= k,x, =
me
2
,x,.
Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng.
C ln F
h
= kx
*
(x
*
l bin dng ca l xo)
* Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc hi phc v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB l xo khng bin
dng)
* Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing
+ ln lc n hi c biu thc:
* F
h
= k,Al + x, vi chiu dng hng xung
* F
h
= k,Al - x, vi chiu dng hng ln
+ Lc n hi cc i : F
Max
= k( l A + A) = F
KMax
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
* Nu A < Al F
Min
= k( l A - A) = F
KMin
* Nu A >Al F
Min
= 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng)
Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k
1
, k
2
, v chiu di tng ng
l l
1
, l
2
, th ta c: kl = k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
=
Ghp l xo:
* Ni tip
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
= + + cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T
2
= T
1
2
+ T
2
2
+...
* Song song: k = k
1
+ k
2
+ cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
T T T
= + +
Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m
1
c chu k T
1
, vo vt khi lng m
2
c T
2
, vo vt khi lng
m
1
+m
2
c chu k T
3
, vo vt khi lng m
1
m
2
(m
1
> m
2
)c chu k T
4
.
k

m

Vt di

m

k

Vt trn
k

m
1
m
2
Hnh 1
m
2
m
1
k
Hnh 2
Hnh 3
m
1
k

m
2

Q

o

s

s
0
O
M
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
Vt m
1
c t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ho theo phng thng ng.
(Hnh 1)
m
1
lun nm yn trn m
2
trong qu trnh dao ng th:

1 2
ax 2
( )
M
m m g g
A
k e
+
= =
Vt m
1
v m
2
c gn vo hai u l xo t thng ng, m
1
dao ng iu
ho.(Hnh 2)
m
2
lun nm yn trn mt sn trong qu trnh m
1
dao ng th:
1 2
ax
( )
M
m m g
A
k
+
=
Vt m
1
t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ho theo phng ngang. H s ma st gia m
1
v m
2
l , b qua
ma st gia m
2
v mt sn. (Hnh 3)
m
1
khng trt trn m
2
trong qu trnh dao ng th:
1 2
ax 2
( )
M
m m g g
A
k

e
+
= =

3 Con lc n(con lc ton hc ) :l h gm mt si dy khng dn, c khi lng khng ng k, treo 1
vt nng c kch thc rt nh so vi chiu di dy treo.
Nu
0
0
10
Max
o o = s ;F
ms
=0 th sau khi kch thch vt s dao ng iu ha (gn ng )
Tn s gc:
g
l
e = ; chu k:
2
2
l
T
g
t
t
e
= = ; tn s:
1 1
2 2
g
f
T l
e
t t
= = =
Phng trnh dao ng:
s = S
0
cos(et + ) hoc o =
0
o cos(et + ) vi s = o l, S
0
=
0
o l v
0
10 o s
v = s = - eS
0
sin(et + ) =
0
l e o sin(et + )
a = v = -e
2
S
0
cos(et + ) =
2
0
l e o cos(et + ) = -e
2
s =
2
. l e o
Lu : S
0
ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x
H thc c lp:
* a = -e
2
s = -e
2
o l
*
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s
e
= +
*
2
2 2
0
v
gl
o o = +
C nng:
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
t
mg
E E E m S S mgl m l
l
e o e o = + = = = =
Vi
2 2
1
sin ( )
2
E mv E t e = = +

2
(1 os ) cos ( )
t
E mgl c E t o e = = +
Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
, con lc n chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
, con lc n
chiu di l
1
+ l
2
c chu k T
2
,con lc n chiu di l
1
- l
2
(l
1
>l
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
Vn tc v lc cng ca si dy con lc n
( )
0
2. . cos cos v g l o o = ( )
0
. 3cos 2cos T m g o o =
Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h
1
, nhit t
1
. Khi a ti cao h
2
, nhit t
2
th ta c:

2
T h t
T R
A A A
= +
Vi R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t, cn l h s n di ca thanh con lc.
Con lc n c chu k ng T su d
1
, nhit t
1
. Khi a ti su d
2
, nhit t
2
th ta c:

2 2
T d t
T R
A A A
= +
Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h, nhit t
1
. Khi a xung su d, nhit t
2
th ta c:

2 2
T d h t
T R R
A A
= +
Con lc n c chu k ng T su d , nhit t
1
. Khi a ln cao h , nhit t
2
th ta c:

2 2
T h d t
T R R
A A
= +
Lu : * Nu AT > 0 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng con lc n)
* Nu AT < 0 th ng h chy nhanh
* Nu AT = 0 th ng h chy ng
* Thi gian chy sai mi ngy (24h = 86400s): .86400( )
T
s
T
A
u =
Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i:
Lc ph khng i thng l:
* Lc qun tnh: F ma =
, ,
, ln F = ma ( F a |+
, ,
)
Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a v ||
, ,
( v
,
c hng chuyn ng)
+ Chuyn ng chm dn u a v |+
, ,

* Lc in trng: F qE =
, ,
, ln F = ,q,E (Nu q > 0 F E ||
, ,
; cn nu q < 0 F E |+
, ,
)
* Lc y csimt: F = DgV ( F
,
lung thng ng hng ln)
Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh.
g l gia tc ri t do.
V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh .
Khi : ' P P F = +
, , ,
gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc P
,
)
'
F
g g
m
= +
,
, ,
gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin.
Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : ' 2
'
l
T
g
t =
Cc trng hp c bit:
* F
,
c phng ngang: + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c:
F
tg
P
o =
+
2 2
' ( )
F
g g
m
= +
* F
,
c phng thng ng th '
F
g g
m
=
+ Nu F
,
hng xung th '
F
g g
m
= +
+ Nu F
,
hng ln th '
F
g g
m
=
Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s
Mt vt tham gia ng thi hai dao ng iu ha cng phng c
phng trnh
1 1 1
.cos( . ) x A t e = + v
2 2 2
.cos( . ) x A t e = + .Ta c th
dng phng php gin Fre-nen tm dao ng tht ca vt : v
cc vc t quay
1
OM
,
v
2
OM
,
biu din cho
1
x v
2
x vo thi im
t=o. vc t tng
1 2
OM OM OM = +
, , ,
chnh l vc t quay biu din dao
ng tng hp
1 2
x x x = + . Bng bin i ton hc ta c kt qu
dao ng tht ca vt cng l mt dao ng iu ha cng tn s v
cng phng vi hai dao ng thnh phn c phng trnh dao ng
l .cos( . ) x A t e = + trong :
( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2. . .cos A A A A A = + +
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
.sin .sin
tan
.cos .cos
A A
A A

+
=
+
vi
1
s s
2
( nu
1
s
2
)
* Nu A = 2kt (x
1
, x
2
cng pha) A
Max
= A
1
+ A
2
; k N e
`
* Nu A = (2k+1) t (x
1
, x
2
ngc pha) A
Min
= ,A
1
- A
2
,
Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
) v dao ng tng hp x = Acos(et + ) th dao
ng thnh phn cn li l x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
).
Trong :
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
2 os( ) A A A AAc = +

1 1
2
1 1
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac Ac

vi
1
s s
2
( nu
1
s
2
)
Nu mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
;
x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
) , th dao ng tng hp cng l dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s
x = Asin(et + ).
Ta c:
1 1 2 2
sin sin sin ...
x
A A A A = = + +

1 1 2 2
os os os ... A Ac Ac A c
A
= = + +
2 2
x
A A A
A
= + v tan
x
A
A
A
= vi e[
Min
;
Max
]
4 Dao ng t do l dao ng xy ra trong mt h di tc dng ca ni lc, sau khi h c kch thch
ban u :a h ra khi trng thi cn bng ri th ra .
H dao ng l h c kh nng thc hin dao ng t do .Mi dao ng t do ca mt h dao ng u
c cng tn s gc
0
e gi l tn s gc ring ca h y.
0
0
2
f
e
t
= gi l tn s dao ng ring,Tn s ny
ch ph thuc cc c tnh ca h dao ng ,khng ph thuc cc yu t bn ngoi h.
5 H t dao ng l h dao ng c ma st nhng c thm c cu b li s tiu
hao nng lng v ma st .Chu k h t dao ng bng chu k ring ca n .
6 Dao ng cng bc l dao ng ca mt h dao ng chu tc dng ca mt
ngoi lc bin i iu ha tm s O. c im :trong khong thi gian t A ( thng
rt b) k t khi bt u chu tc dng ca ngoi lc h dao ng rt phc tp (chng
trnh TP khng xt)sau khon thi gian chuyn tip t A h dao ng vi tn s O ca
ngoi lc .bin ca dao ng cng bc ph thuc bin v tn s O ca ngoi
lc .
O x
y
y
1
y
2
x
1
x
2
1
2

M
1
M
2
M

A

A
1
A
2

7 Dao ng tt dn l dao ng ca mt h dao ng trong c ma st:"bin " dao ng gim dn
theo thi gian .Khi ma st ln dao ng khng xy ra .Khi ma st rt nh c th coi dao ng tt dn l
dao ng iu ha vi tn s gc bng tn s gc
0
e ca dao ng iu ha.
Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A(bin ln nht ), h s
ma st . Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l:
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g
e

= =
Mt vt dao ng tt dn th gim bin sau mi chu k l:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

e
A = =
s dao ng thc hin c
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g
e

= = =
A

8 Hin tng cng hng l hin tng bin ca dao ng cng bc t gi tr cc i khi tn s
ngoi lc O bng (gn ng ) tn s dao ng ring
0
e ca h dao ng. f = f
0
hay e = e
0
hay T = T
0

9. cc c trng chnh ca mt s h dao ng

Con lc l xo Con lc n v tri t
Con lc vt l v tri
t
Cu trc Hn bi (m) gn vi l xo(k)
Hn bi (m) treo u si dy
(l)
Vt rn (m,I) quay quanh trc
nm ngang (Q)
V tr cn bng L xo khng dn ( nm ngang ) Dy treo thng ng QG thng ng
Lc tc dng
Lc n hi ca l xo c gi tr
. F k x =
x: li thng
Trng lc ca hn bi v lc
ca dy treo
. .
t
g
F P m s
l
= =
s:li cong
Trng lc ca vt rn v lc
ca trc quay c mmen
. . .sin M m g d o =
o : li gc
Phng trnh ng lc hc
ca dao ng
2
'' . 0 x x e + =
2
'' . 0 S S e + =
2
'' . 0 o e o + =
Tn s gc
k
m
e =
g
l
e =
. . m g d
I
e =
Phng trnh dao ng
.cos( . ) x A t e = +
x trong gii hn n hi
0
.cos( . ) s s t e = +
0
s l < hoc
0
0
10 o s
0
.cos( . ) t o o e = +
0
1 o <
C nng
2
1
. .
2
W k A =
2 2
1
. . .
2
m A e =

( )
0
. . . 1 cos W m g l o =

2
1
. . .
2
o
g
m s
l
=

Tc gc con lc vt l ( )
0
. .
2. . cos cos
mg d
I
e o o = ;vn tc di ca im cch trc quay mt khong
l . v l e =

LP 12 CHNG III SNG C

1 . Sng c hc (sng c)
Sng c l nhng dao ng c lan truyn theo thi gian trong mt mi trng vt cht .
t
A
o
Cc phn t vt cht ca mi trng truyn sng khng di chuyn i theo phng truyn sng m ch dao
ng quanh v tr cn bng .
Sng dc c phng dao ng ca cc phn t mi trng trng vi phng truyn sng .
Sng ngang c phng dao ng ca cc phn t mi trng vung gc vi phng truyn sng .
Chu k dao ng ca sng : ti mi im m sng c hc truyn qua , cc phn t vt cht dao ng vi
cng mt chu k ,bng chu k dao ng T ca ngun sng .chu k chung ca cc phn t vt cht ca
sng truyn qua gi l chu k dao ng ca sng .
Tn s dao ng ca sng l i lng nghch o ca chu k .
1
f
T
=
Bc sng l qung ng m sng truyn i c trong mt chu k dao ng ca sng . . v T =
Bin sng ti im ang xt chnh l bin dao ng ca phn t mi trng ti im .(cng xa
tm dao ng th bin sng cng gim tr trng hp l tng l sng ch truyn theo mt phng
,trn mt ng thng.
Qu trnh truyn sng cng l qu trnh truyn nng lng .sng truyn t mt ngun im trn mt
mt phng th nng lng sng gim t l vi qung ng truyn sng . sng truyn t mt ngun im
trong khng gian th nng lng sng gim t l vi bnh phng qung ng truyn sng.
Tc truyn sng (cng chnh l tc truyn pha dao ng ) . v f
T
= =
2 . Phng trnh sng
Phng trnh sng cho bit li ca mi phn t sng theo thi gian v ta ca im .
Xt s truyn sng theo trc Ox. Ti im O : (hnh di) ( )
, 0
.cos .
o t
u U t e = +
Phng trnh sng c dng
( ) ,
.cos
x t
x
u A t
v
e
( | |
= +
| (
\ .
( SGK chn 0 = )
hoc dng tng ng
( ) ,
2
.cos . .
x t
u A t x
t
e
| |
= +
|
\ .

lch pha ca hai im M
1
v M
2
cch nhau mt khong
2 1
d d d = trn cng phng truyn sng l
:
2 .
d
t
A = Nu . d n = (n=1,2,3,....) th hai im M
1
v M
2

dao ng cng pha
Nu ( ) 2. 1 .
2
d n

= + (n=1,2,3,....) th hai im M
1

v M
2
dao ng ngc pha

Lu : Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi nam chm in vi tn s dng in l f
th tn s dao ng ca dy l 2f.
3 . Giao thoa sng
Sng phn x cng tn s v cng bc sng vi sng ti .nu u phn x c nh th sng phn x
ngc pha vi sng ti.
Hai ngun dao ng kt hp l hai ngun dao ng cng tn s , cng pha hoc lch pha khng i
.
Hai sng kt hp l sng do hai ngun kt hp to ra .
Hin tng giao thoa l hin tng xy ra trong khng gian do s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng kt
hp , trong c nhng ch c nh m bin sng c tng cng hoc b gim bt .
Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp ( S
1
v S
2
) cch nhau mt khong l:
Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d
1
, d
2

Gi
[ ]
x l s nguyn ln nht nh hn x (v d:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
6 5; 4, 05 4; 6, 97 6 = = = )
Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: (SGK)
Bin dao ng ca im M: A
M
= 2a
M
,cos(
1 2
d d
t
),
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= k (keZ)
S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< < hoc
C
N =2 1
l
+
1
i +
i +
j j

* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2
(keZ)
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< < hoc
CT
1
N =2
2
l
+
1
i +
i +
j j

Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
M
= 2a
M
,cos(
1 2
2
d d t
t
+ ),
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2
(keZ)
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< < hoc
C
1
N =2
2
l
+
1
i +
i +
j j

* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= k (keZ)
l l
k

< < hoc
CT
N =2 1
l
+
1
i +
i +
j j

Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:
M
= 2a
M
,cos(
1 2
4
d d t
t
+ ),
S im (ng) dao ng cc i bng s im (ng) dao ng cc tiu (khng tnh hai ngun):

1 1
4 4
l l
k

< <
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai
ngun ln lt l d
1M
, d
2M
, d
1N
, d
2N
.
t Ad
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; Ad
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s Ad
M
< Ad
N
.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
* Cc i: Ad
M
< k < Ad
N

* Cc tiu: Ad
M
< (k+0,5) < Ad
N

+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
* Cc i:Ad
M
< (k+0,5) < Ad
N

* Cc tiu: Ad
M
< k < Ad
N

S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
S
1 S
2
d
2
d
1
M

S
1 S
2
Trn mt nc khi c giao thoa ,qu tch nhng im c bin cc i hay cc tiu l nhng ng
hypebol xen k c gi l cc vn giao thoa .
4 . Sng dng
Sng dng l sng c cc nt v cc bng c nh trong khng gian.
Nt l v tr c bin dao ng bng khng .bng l v tr c bin dao ng ln nht so vi cc
im xung quanh.
Khong cch gia hai nt ( hay hai bng ) lin tip bng
2
.Thng gp loi sng dng khi c s

giao thoa ca sng ti v sng phn x.
Nu sng phn x ti mt u c nh th ti c nt sng
Ngun pht sng c coi gn ng l nt sng
iu kin c sng dng gia hai im cch nhau mt khong l:
* Hai im u l nt sng: ( 1, 2,3, 4,....)
2
l k k
= =
S bng sng = s b sng = k
S nt sng = k + 1
* Hai im u l bng sng: ( 1, 2,3, 4,....)
2
l k k
= =
S b sng nguyn = k 1
S bng sng = k + 1
S nt sng = k
* Mt im l nt sng cn mt im l bng sng: (2 1) ( 0,1, 2, 3, 4,....)
4
l k k
= + =
S b sng nguyn = k
S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1
5 . Sng m
Sng m l nhng sng c hc truyn trong cc mi trng rn ,lng ,kh.
Sng m c tn s trong khong 16Hz n 20000Hz tai ngi cm nhn c gi l m thanh .Sng m
c tn s >20 000Hz gi l sng siu m.Sng m c tn s < 16Hz gi l sng h m . tai ngi khng
cm nhn c sng siu m v sng h m.Tai ngi nghe thnh nht i vi m c tn s trong min
1000-5000Hz v nghe m cao thnh hn m trm .
Nhc m l m tng hp ca cc m c tn s xc nh {f
1
;f
2
=2f
1
;f
3
=3f
1
;.....tng ng l tn s ca
:ha m th 1(m c bn ) ;ha m th 2 ;ha m th 3;....}.
Tp m l nhng m c tn s khng xc nh .
Vn tc truyn m ph thuc tnh n hi v mt ca mi trng .
cao ca m l c tnh sinh l ca m ph thuc vo tn s .tn s cng ln th m cng cao (bng ).
m sc l c tnh sinh l ca m ph thuc vo s cc ha m v bin ca n (ph thuc vo th m ).
Cng m I l nng lng c sng m truyn qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng
truyn sng trong mt n v thi gian ,n v W/m
2
.
E P
I= =
tS S
Vi E (J) l nng lng, P (W) l cng sut pht m ca ngun. S (m
2
) l din tch mt vung
gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu
2
4 . S R t = )
Cng m chun I
0
l cng m nh nht m tai ngi nghe c bng 10
-12
W/m
2
ng vi m
chun c tn s 1000Hz.
Mc cng m L l i lng so snh to ca mt m vi to m chun .
0
( ) lg
I
L B
I
| |
=
|
\ .
Hoc
0
( ) 10.lg
I
L dB
I
| |
=
|
\ .
(cng thc thng dng)

A
Bng
Nt
P
C L
C L c
+
-
q
to ca m l c tnh sinh l ca m ph thuc vo tn s v cng m .n c c trng bi
mc cng m .
Ngng nghe l gi tr b nht ca L m cn gy ra cm gic nghe cho tai ngi.Ngng nghe ph thuc
tn s .
Ngng au l gi tr ln nht ca L m tai ngi cn chu ng c (cha au do m ) c gi tr c
130dB hu nh khng ph thuc tn s .
Hp cng hng l hp rng c mt u h ,khi ct kh trong hp dao ng vi tn s ph hp vi kch
thc hp th trong hp xy ra sng dng v cng n c tng ln r rt ( Hp n , khoang ming
.....)
Hiu ng p ple
l s thay i tn s m my thu thu c do c chuyn ng tng i gia ngun pht ra m v
my thu .
Cng thc lin h gia tn s m thu c f v tn s m do ngun pht ra f ' .
M
S
v v
f f
v v
=
)

Trong :v l tc truyn m .v
M
l tc my thu .v
s
l tc ngun m:tt c xc nh i vi mi
trng .Ngun v my thu li gn nhau ly du trn v ngc li

LP 12 CHNG IV DAO NG V SNG IN T

1 Mch dao ng .L mch in kn gm mt t in C v mt cun cm L c in tr khng ng k
.Khi khng c tng tc in t vi bn ngoi dao ng trong mch l dao ng in t iu ha .Tn s
dao ng e trong mch ch ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca mch .
* in tch tc thi ca t in ( )
0
cos . q Q t e = +
* Dng in tc thi i = q = - eQ
0
sin(et + ) = I
0
cos(et + +
2
t
)
* Hiu in th tc thi
0
0
( ) ( )
Q q
u Cos t U Cos t
C C
e e = = + = +
Trong :
1
LC
e = l tn s gc ring,
2 T LC t = l chu k ring

1
2
f
LC t
= l tn s ring

0
0 0
Q
I Q
LC
e = =

0 0
0 0
Q I L
U I
C C C e
= = =
* Nng lng in trng
2
2
1 1
2 2 2
q
E Cu qu
C
= = =

2
2 0
cos ( )
2
Q
E t
C
e = +
E
B
,

E
B

H1
* Nng lng t trng
2
2 2 0
1
sin ( )
2 2
t
Q
E Li t
C
e = = +
* Nng lng in t
t
E E E = +

2
2 2 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
Q
E CU Q U LI
C
= = = =
Ch : Mch dao ng c tn s gc e, tn s f v chu k T th nng lng in trng bin thin vi tn
s gc 2e, tn s 2f v chu k T/2
2. Sng in t
Vn tc lan truyn trong chn khng v = c = 3.10
-8
m/s
My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc thu bng
tn s ring ca mch.
Bc sng ca sng in t 2
v
v LC
f
t = =
Vn tc lan truyn ca trng i t trong mi trng ng hng
.
c
v
c
= ; chit sut mi trng
. n c =
Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t L
Min
L
Max
v C bin i t C
Min
C
Max
th bc sng ca
sng in t pht (hoc thu)

Min
tng ng vi L
Min
v C
Min

Max
tng ng vi L
Max
v C
Max

2 Mch LC thc t lun c in tr thun 0 R = lm tiu hao in nng nn dao ng
b tt dn .Nu R qu ln th s chuyn ha in t trong mch khng cn na .Mun
duy tr c dao ng in t trong mch , cn phi b nng lng cho mch vi
phn b tiu hao sau mi chu k .Khi ta s c mth t dao ng .Ta c th s dng
c tnh iu khin ca Tranditor to dao ng duy tr (H1).
3 Ti bt k ni no , khi c s bin thin ca in trng th u xut hin t trng
binthin (t trng xoy nh mt dng in gi l dng in dch ) v khi c s bin
thin ca ttrng th u xut hin in trng bin thin (in trng xoy ) .S bin
thin v chuynha lin tc ca in trng v t trng gy nn in t trng hay cn
gi trng
in t .in trng tnh v t trng tnh l trng hp ring ca trng in t .
in t trng c kh nng lan truyn trong khng gian v c trong chn khng di dng
sng in t .Sng in t l sng ngang ,c t lan truyn bng tc nh sng
3.10
8
m/s.
Trong , E B
, ,
lun vung gc vi nhau v cng vung gc vi phng truyn sng .Sng in t lun
mang theo nng lng v cng tun theo cc quy lut nh phn x ,khc
x, nhiu x , giao thoa .
4 Sng in t c ng dng trong truyn thng .ngi ta dng n lm
sng mang chuyn ti cc dao ng m thanh , hnh nh ....i xa bng
phng php bin iu .Trong khng gian quanh tri t sng in t c
th truyn thng hoc phn x tng in li( tng kh quyn cao 50
km tr ln cha nhiu ht mng in ) , ty theo di ca bc sng .Cc v tinh nhn to ,cp dn sng
c dng nhiu trong cn ngh truyn thng bng sng in t .
Loi sng Tn s Bc sng Ghi ch
Sng di v cc di 3-300kHz 1-100 km
t b nc hp th .Thng s dng thng tin di nc

t
I
,

U
,

, U I
, ,

u

i

O
LW(Long ware)
Sng trung
MW(Medium Ware)
0,3-3MHz 100-
1000m
Ban ngy tng in li hp th mnh .Ban m b tng in li
phn x kh mnh
Sng ngn SW(Short
Ware )
3-30MHz 10-100m b tng in li v mt t phn x kh mnh
Sng cc ngn 30-30000MHz 0,01-10 m
C kh nng truyn i rt xa theo ng thng (xuyn qua tng
in li)

5 Cu to v nguyn l ca h thng pht v thu sng in t trong truyn thn gbao gm :
-Phn pht gm cc b phn chnh l :to dao ng cao tn ,ngun tn hiu,to dao ng bin iu ,an ten
pht
-Phn thu gm cc b phn chnh l :Anten thu , chn sng ,tch sng .

LP 12 CHNG V DNG IN XOAY CHIU

1. in p (hiu in th )bin i iu ho theo thi gian l in p xoay chiu :
( )
0
cos .
u
u U t e = + ( hnh bn uu
AB
)
Khi t mt in p xoay chiu vo hai u ca mt on mch in , trong mch
s c dao ng in t cng bc . l dng in xoay chiu bin i cng tn
s nhng ni chung lch pha so vi in p:
( )
0
cos .
i
i I t e = + (Lu SGK chn 0
u
= nn
i
= )
Vi
u i
= l lch pha ca u so vi i, c
2 2
t t
s s
Cc gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu nh hn cc
bin
tng ng 2 ln
0
2
E
E =
0
2
U
U =
0
2
I
I =
2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I
0
cos(2tft +
i
)
* Mi giy i chiu 2f ln
* Nu pha ban u
i
= 0 hoc
i
= t th ch giy u tin i chiu 2f-1 ln.
3. Cng thc tnh khong thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t hiu in th u = U
0
cos(et +
u
) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln khi
1
u U > .
4. t

e
A
A = Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U
A = , (0 < A < t/2)
4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R,L,C
R

R
U
,
I
,

* on mch ch c in tr thun R: u
R
cng pha vi i, ( =
u

i
= 0)

U
I
R
= v
0
0
U
I
R
=
Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c
U
I
R
=
* on mch ch c cun thun cm L: u
L
nhanh pha hn i mt lng t/2, ( =
u

i
= t/2)

L
U
I
Z
= v
0
0
L
U
I
Z
= vi Z
L
= eL ( ) O l cm khng
Lu : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton (khng
cn tr).
* on mch ch c t in C:
th u
C
chm pha hn i mt lng t/2, ( =
u

i
= -t/2)

C
U
I
Z
= v
0
0
C
U
I
Z
= vi
1
C
Z
C e
= ( ) O l dung khng
Lu : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon ton).
* on mch RLC mc ni tip( khng phn nhnh)
R C L
U U U U = + +
, , , ,
{ch khng c U=U
R
+U
C
+U
L
}
Tng tr ton mch
2 2
( )
L C
Z R Z Z = + ( ) O
in p hiu dng hai u mch
2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U = +
in p cc i hai u mch
2 2
0 0 0 0
( )
R L C
U U U U = +
nh lut m
U
I
Z
= Bin dng in
0
0
U
I
Z
=
tan ;sin ; os
L C L C
Z Z Z Z R
c
R Z Z

= = = vi
2 2
t t
s s
{cos gi l h s cng sut }

+ Khi Z
L
> Z
C
hay
1
LC
e > > 0 th u nhanh pha hn i .(Mch c tnh cm khng)
+ Khi Z
L
< Z
C
hay
1
LC
e < < 0 th u chm pha hn i . (Mch c tnh dung khng)
+ Khi Z
L
= Z
C
hay
1
LC
e = = 0 th u cng pha vi i.
Lc
Max
U
I =
R
gi l hin tng cng hng dng in
5. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC: P = UIcos = I
2
R.
6. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c P cp cc, rto quay vi vn tc n vng/pht
pht ra:
60
pn
f Hz =
T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in u = NBScos(et +) = u
0
cos(et + )
C

C
U
,

I
,

L

L
U
,

I
,

C
-

R L

Vi u
0
= NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca
vng dy, e = 2tf
Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = eNSBcos(et + ) = E
0
cos(et + )
Vi E
0
= eNSB l sut in ng cc
i.
7. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha

1 0
2 0
3 0
cos( )
2
cos( )
3
2
cos( )
3
i I t
i I t
i I t
e
t
e
t
e
=
=
= +

My pht mc hnh sao(H1): U
d
= 3 U
p

My pht mc hnh tam gic(H2): U
d
= U
P

Ti tiu th mc hnh sao(H3): I
d
= I
p

Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic(H4): I
d
= 3 I
p

Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc
tng ng vi nhau.
8. Cng thc my bin th:
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
U E I N
U E I N
= = =
9. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
2
2 2
os
P
P R
U c
A =
Thng xt: cos = 1 khi
2
2
P
P R
U
A =
Trong : P l cng sut cn truyn ti ti ni tiu th
U l hiu in th ni cung cp
cos l h s cng sut ca dy ti in

l
R
S
= l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng 2 dy)
gim th trn ng dy ti in: AU = IR
Hiu sut ti in: .100%
P P
H
P
A
=
10. on mch RLC c L thay i:
* Khi
2
1
L
C e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau

* Khi
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+
= th
2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+
=
* Vi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
th U
L
c cng gi tr th U
Lmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
L L
L
Z Z Z L L
= + =
+

* Khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau
11. on mch RLC c C thay i:
H3
H4
Bin th
My
pht
3
pha
H1
H2
* Khi
2
1
C
L e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
* Khi
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+
= th
2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+
=
* Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr th U
Cmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
+
= + =

* Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau
12. Mch RLC c e thay i:
* Khi
1
LC
e = th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
* Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C
e =
th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

* Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
e = th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

* Vi e = e
1
hoc e = e
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng mt gi tr th I
Max
hoc P
Max
hoc U
RMax

khi
1 2
e ee = tn s
1 2
f f f =
13. Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
v R
2
L
2
C
2
cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau A
Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R

= v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R

= (gi s
1
>
2
)
C
1

2
= A ( )
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan . tan

= A
+

Trng hp c bit A = t/2 (vung pha nhau) th tan
1
.tan
2
= -1.

LP 12 CHNG VI SNG NH SNG

1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng.
* /n: L hin tng nh sng b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi
trng trong sut.
* nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc
Mi nh sng n sc c bc sng trong chn khng xc nh, ch c mt mu( mu n sc ).
Bc sng ca nh sng n sc
v
f
= , truyn trong chn khng
0
c
f
=
0 0
c
v n

= = = =
* Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo bn cht mi trng ,trng thi ca n v mu sc
nh sng. i vi nh sng mu l nh nht, mu tm l ln nht. S ph thuc n vo tha mn kh tt cng
thc gn ng Csi
2
B
n A
+ = trong A,B l nhng hng s xc nh bng thc nghim

* nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm.
Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,4 m s s 0,76 m.
Hin tng nhiu x nh sng : L hin tng nh sng khng tun theo nh lut truyn thng , quan st
c khi nh sng truyn qua l nh hoc gn mp nhng vt trong sut hoc khng trong sut .
2. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim Ing).
* /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian trong xut hin nhng
vch sng v nhng vch ti xen k nhau.
Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn ti) gi l vn giao thoa.
* Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh)

2 1
ax
d d d
D
^ = =
Trong : a = S
1
S
2
l khong cch gia hai khe sng
D = OI l khong cch t hai khe sng S
1
, S
2
n mn quan
st
S
1
M = d
1
; S
2
M = d
2

x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im
M ta xt
* V tr (to ) vn sng: Ad = k ,
D
x k k Z
a
=
k = 0: Vn sng trung tm, vn chnh gia hay cn gi vn s 0
k = 1: Vn sng bc (th) 1
k = 2: Vn sng bc (th) 2
* V tr (to ) vn ti: Ad = (2k + 1)/2
.
(2 1) ,
2.
D
x k k Z
a
=
* Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip:
D
i
a
=
* Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th bc sng v khong vn:

n
n n
D i
i
n a n

= = = =
* Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu v
khong vn i vn khng i.
di ca h vn l:
0
1
D
x d
D
=
Trong : D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn
D
1
l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe
d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng
* Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S
1
(hoc S
2
) c t mt bn mng dy e, chit sut n th h
vn s dch chuyn v pha S
1
(hoc S
2
) mt on:
0
( 1) n eD
x
a
=
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn
trung tm)
+ S vn sng (l s l): 2 1
2
S
L
N
i
l
l =
l
l

+ S vn ti (l s chn): 2 0, 5
2
t
L
N
i
l
l =
l
l

Trong [x] l phn nguyn ln nht ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x
1
, x
2
(gi s x
1
< x
2
)
S
1
D
S
2
d
1
d
2
I
O
x
M
a
Vi D a >
+ Vn sng: x
1
< ki < x
2

+ Vn ti: x
1
< (k+0,5)i < x
2

S gi tr k e Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
cng du.
M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
khc du.
* Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng.
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th:
1
L
i
n
=

+ Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th:
L
i
n
=
+ Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th:
0, 5
L
i
n
=

* S trng nhau ca cc bc x
1
,
2
... (khong vn tng ng l i
1
, i
2
...)
+ Trng nhau ca vn sng: x
s
= k
1
i
1
= k
2
i
2
= ... k
1
1
= k
2
2
= ...
+ Trng nhau ca vn ti: x
t
= (k
1
+ 0,5)i
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)i
2
= ... (k
1
+ 0,5)
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)
2
= ...
Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc
bc x.
* Trong hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng (0,4 m s s 0,76 m)
- B rng quang ph bc k:
( )
t
D
x k
a
^ = vi
v
t
l bc sng nh sng v tm
- Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x)
+ Vn sng:
ax
, k Z
D
x k
a kD
= = =
Vi 0,4 m s s 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
+ Vn ti:
ax
( 0, 5) , k Z
( 0, 5)
D
x k
a k D
= = =

Vi 0,4 m s s 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
- Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k:

[k ( 0, 5) ]
Min t
D
x k
a
A =
ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
A = + Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm.
ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
A = Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm.
My Quang ph l dng c dng phn tch chm sng c
nhiu thnh phn thnh nhng thnh phn n sc khc nhau .
My c ba b phn chnh :
*ng trc chun l b phn to ra chm sng song song (I)
* H tn sc l b phn c tc dng lm tn sc nh sng (1 hoc 2
lng knh ) (II)
*Bung nh l b phn dng hi t cc chm sng n sc khc
nhau thnh cc vch ring r tch ri nhau phc v cho vic quan st
hoc chp nh quang ph (III)
Quang ph lin tc : gm nhiu di mu t n tm , ni lin nhau mt cch lin tc . N c
pht ra do cc vt rn lng hoc kh c t khi ln khi b nung nng nhit cao (khong 500
0
C th pht
nh sng yu, t 2500K tr ln s cho c quang ph c di mu t n tm).N khng ph thuc thnh
phn cu to ngun sng m ch ph thuc nhit ca ngun sng .

F
L
1
L
2
K
P
I
II
III

-
+
F
F
K
A
Nc lm
ngui
Tia X
ch m el ectron
ng cu lt gi
Quang ph vch pht x :Gm cc vch mu ring l , ngn cch nhau bng nhng khong ti
.(Do kh hay hi b kch thch pht ra )
Quang ph hp th ca cht kh hay hi l h thng cc vch ti xut hin trn nn ca quang
ph lin tc do khi nh sng trng c mt s thnh phn n sc b hp th v
truyn qua cht kh hay hi (hi kim loi ).(Lu : nhit ca m kh hay hi hp th
phi nh hn nhit ca ngun sng pht ra quang ph lin tc th mi thu dc quang ph hp
th )
S o vch quang ph : Khi ang c quang ph hp th nu ta ct ngun nh sng trng th
nhng vng sng s tr nn ti cn nhng vch ti s tr nn sng .Tc lc ta s c quang ph pht x
ca m kh hay hi Hin tng gi l S o vch quang ph . mt nhit nht nh , mt m hi c
kh nng pht ra nhng nh sng n sc no th cng c kh nng hp th nhng nh sng n sc .
Phn tch quang ph l phng php vt l dng xc nh thnh phn ha hc ca mt cht
(hay hp cht) ,da vo vic nghin ca quang ph ca nh sng do cht
y pht ra hoc hp th .{cch ny nhanh,chnh xc (c th pht hin
c mt nng rt nh thng vo c 0,002
0
0
ca cht trong mu , tin
hnh c t xa }.
Quang ph pht x v quang ph hp th ca cc nguyn t khc
nhau th khc nhau ,chng c trng cho nguyn t .
Tia hng ngoi l bc x khng nhn thy c bc sng di hn 0,76 m n khong vi mm.
Ngun pht :tt c mi vt u pht ra tia hng ngoi ( d nhit thp ).
Tnh cht ni bt nht ca tia hng ngoi l tc dng nhit .tia hng ngoi cn c kh nng gy ra
mt s phn ng ha hc , tc dng ln mt s loi phim nh , gy ra hin tng quang in trong , n
cng c th bin iu c nh sng in t cao tn .
ng dng :si m ,chp nh ,quay phim,iu khin t xa , nhn ban m ....v..v....
Tia t ngoi l bc x khng nhn thy c bc sng ngn hn 0,38 m n c 10
-9
m.
Ngun pht tia t ngoi l cc vt c nhit >2000
0
C hoc n hi thy ngn.
Tnh cht :Tc dng mnh ln phim nh ,Ion ha khng kh v nhiu cht khc .kch thch s pht
quang nhiu cht ,gy phn ng quang ha , ha hc .B thy tinh ,nc ,... hp th mnh (Thch anh hu
nh khng hp th tia t ngoi c | | 0,18 ; 0, 4 m m e ) . C tc dng sinh l (dit t bo da ,dit khun
,dit nm mc , hi mt ....).C th gy ra hin tng quang in.
ng dng :Kh trng , cha bnh ci xng , tm vt nt
b mt kim loi ......
Tia X ( Tia Rn ghen): l bc x c bc sng c bc sng t
10
-8
m n 10
-11
m.
Cch to ra tia X : Cho cm tia ca tt ( chm electronc
vn tc ln ) p vo ming kim loi c nguyn t lng ln.
Tnh cht :C kh nng m xuyn kh mnh , tc dng
mnh ln phim nh ,lm Ion ha khng kh ,kch thch nhiu cht
pht quang ,gy ra hin tng quang in hu ht cc kim loi
,hy dit t bo ....
ng dng : chiu chp phim nh ,tm khuyt tt trong vt
c ,nghin cu cu trc vt rn ,....
Tia gam ma :L sng in t c bc sng rt ngn (< 10
-11
m).cng l phtn c nng lng cao
.
Ngun pht :xut hin trong s phn r cc cht phng x o hoc | hoc cc phn ng ht nhn
Tnh cht :c kh nng m xuyn rt mnh (xuyn qua ch dy c ximt) , hy dit t bo sng (rt
nguy him cho con ngi)
Thang sng in t : Sng v tuyn in ,tia hng ngoi ,nh sng nhn thy ,tia t ngoi ,tia X,tia
gamma u l sng in t nhng c bc sng khc nhau v tnh cht ni chung khc nhau .S phn
Th nghim
ca Heinrich
Rudolf Hertz
T bo
quang in

A.s h quang
Knh lc sc
chia t tn l da vo cch pht ra n .mt s sng in t bc sng nht nh c th c pht ra bng
nhiu cch khc nhau . Nhn chung nu bc sng cng ngn th tnh m xuyn cng mnh ,d tc dng
ln knh nh ,d lm pht quang cc cht ,d lm Ion ha cht kh (Tnh ht th hin cng r).Bc sng cng
di th d quan st hin tng giao thoa ,c th to ra sng dng (tnh cht sng th hin r)
Bng thang sng in t
Min sng in t Bc sng (mt) Tn s (Hc)
Sng v tuyn in 3.10
4
n 10
-4
~10
4
n 3.10
12
Tia hng ngoi 10
-3
n 7,6.10
-7
3.10
11
n 4.10
14
nh sng nhn thy 7,6.10
-7
n 3,8.10
-7
4.10
14
n 8.10
14

Tia t ngoi 3,8.10
-7
n 10
-9
8.10
14
n 3.10
17

Tia X 10
-8
n 10
-11
3.10
16
n 3.10
19
Tia gamma Di 10
-11
Trn 3.10
19

LP 12 CHNG VII LNG T NH SNG

Hin tng quang in :L hin tng nh sng lm bt cc electron ra
khi b mt kim loi .(cc electron b bt ra gi l quang electron hay electron quang
in ).
nh lut quang in I:hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi nh sng kch
thch chiu vo kim loi c bcsongs nh hn hc bng bc sng
0
.
0
gi l gii hn quang in
ca lim loi (c gi tr ph thuc bn cht kim loi)
0
s
nh lut quang in th II: i vi mi nh sng thch hp cng dng quang in bo ha
(I
bh
) t l thun vi cng ca chm sng kch thch .
nh lut quang in th III:ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron khng ph thuc
cng chm sng kch thch, m ch ph thuc bc sng nh sng kch thch v bn cht ca kim loi
.

T bo quang in: l bnh chn khng trong c hai in cc:
-Ant l mt vng dy kim loi
-Ca tt c dng chm cu bng kim loi ph mt trong ca bnh
+Khi U
AK
< U th I tng theo U
AK
.
+Khi U
AK
= U th I = I
bh
.
+Khi U
AK
>U th d U
AK
tng th I vn bng I
bh
. I
bh
c gi l cng dng quang in bo ha.
- Cng dng quang in bo ha t l thun vi cng chm sng kch thch.
Lu : Mun cho dng quang in trit tiu th phi t gia AK mt hiu in th hm U
h
< 0 in trng thc hin cng
trit tiu ng nng cc i ban u ca e
2
0max
.
.
2
h
mv
eU =
Thuyt lng t nh sng .Ph tn:
Chm nh sng l mt chm cc ph tn (cc lng t nh sng
).Mi ph tn c nng lng xc nh
hc
hf
= = (f , tng
ng l tn s v bc sng ca sng nh sng n sc tng ng
).h l hng s Plng h=6,625.10
-34
J.s
Cng ca chm sng t l vi s phtn pht ra trong mt
giy.
Phn t ,nguyn t ,electron ,... pht x hay hp th nh sng cng c ngha l
chng pht x hay hp th ph tn .
Cc ph tn bay dc theo tia sng vi tc c=3.10
8
m/s trong chn khng .
Cng thc Anh -xtanh v hin tng quang in.
2
0 ax
2
M
mv hc
hf A
= = = (p dng cho e b mt kim loi)

Trong
0
hc
A
= l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt ,n ch ph thuc bn cht kim loi

0
l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt
v
0Max
l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
Lu : Tia Rnghen (tia X) c bc sng nh nht
Min
hc
E
=
Trong
2 2
0
2 2
mv mv
E e U = = l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc)
U l hiu in th gia ant v catt
v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt
v
0
l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v
0
= 0)
m = 9,1.10
-31
kg l khi lng electron
Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly U
h
> 0 th l ln.
* Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i V
Max
v khong cch cc i d
Max
m electron chuyn ng trong in trng cn
c cng E c tnh theo cng thc:

2
ax 0 ax ax
1
2
M M M
e V mv e Ed = =
* Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, v
A
l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, v
K
= v
0Max
l vn tc ban u
cc i ca electron khi ri catt th:

2 2
1 1
2 2
A K
e U mv mv =
* Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in)

0
n
H
n
=
Vi n v n
0
l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian t.
Cng sut ca ngun bc x:
0 0 0
n n hf n hc
p
t t t
= = =
Cng dng quang in bo ho:
bh
n e q
I
t t
= =

bh bh bh
I I hf I hc
H
p e p e p e
= = = =
* Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B

, = ( ,B)
sin
mv
R v
e B

=

Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v
0Max

Khi sin 1
mv
v B R
e B
l = = = =

Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc ban u cc i v
0Max
,
hiu in th hm U
h
, in th cc i V
Max
, u c tnh ng vi bc x c
Min
(hoc f
Max
)
nh sng va c tnh cht sng v c tnh cht ht .ngi ta ni nh sng c lng tnh sng ht.
Hin tng quang in trong l hin tng to thnh cc elec trn dn v l trng trong bn dn , do tc
dng ca nh sng c bc sng thch hp .( xy ra hin tng cng cn c
0
s song y
0
ln hn so vi
hin tng quang in ngoi )
Hin tng quang dn l hin tng gim in tr sut ca cht bn dn khi c nh sng thch hp chiu
vo .(do Hin tng quang in trong).
4. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t Hir
* Tin Bo v trng thi dng :Nguyn t ch tn ti trong mt s trng thi c nng lng xc nh E
n

,gi l cc trng thi dng .Khi trng thi dng nguyn t khng bc x .
Trong cc trng thi dng ca nguyn t electron chuyn ng quanh ht
nhn trn cc qu o c bn knh hon ton xc nh , gi l cc qu o
dng . Vi Hir th cc bn knh r
n
l
2
0
.
n
r n r = n=1,2,3,4,.... (Tng
ng vi cc lp e c tn K,L,M,N,...)cn r
0
= 5,3.10
-11
m
Tin Bo v s bc x v hp th nng lng : Khi nguyn t
chuyn t trng thi dng c nng lng E
n
sang trng thi dng
c nng lng E
m
nh hn th nguyn t pht ra mt phtn c
nng lng ng bng hiu E
n
-E
m
.Ngc li nu nguyn t ang
trng thi dng c nng lng E
m
m hp th c mt phtn c nng lng h.f ng bng hiu E
n
-E
m

th n chuyn sang trng thi dng c nng lng E
n
ln hn.
mn m n
mn
hc
hf E E
= = =

* Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir:

2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
= Vi n e N
*
.
* S mc nng lng
- Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K
- Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy ng vi e
chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L
Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H
o
( 0, 6563 m
o
= ) ng vi e: M L
Vch lam H
|
( 0, 4861 m
|
= ) ng vi e: N L
Vch chm H
( 0, 4340 m
= )ng vi e: O L
Vch tm H
o
( 0, 4120 m
o
= ) ng vi e: P L
- Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M
Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch
quang ph ca nguyn t hir:

13 12 23
1 1 1

= + v f
13
= f
12
+f
23
(Hnh thc nh
cng vct)
Hp th nh sng l hin tng mi trng vt cht lm
gim cng cua rcumf sng truyn qua n .
nh lut v s hp th nh sng ( nh lut Bouguer-
Lambert).
Cng I ca chm sng n sc khi truyn qua mi trng hp th , gim theo nh lut hn m ca
di d ca ng i tia sng
.
0
.
d
I I e
o
= vi I
0
l cng chm sng ti mi trng , o gi l h s
hp th ca mi trng .
hf
mn hf
mn
nhn phtn
pht phtn
E
m
E
n
E
m
> E
n
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
o
H
|
H

H
o
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
S pht quang l hin tng vt (rn ,lng ,kh )pht ra nh sng nhn thy khi hp th c nng lng
mt dng no .c im :
*Mi cht pht quang c mt quang ph c trng ring cho n .
*Sau khi ngng kch thch s pht quang c th ko di thm mt khong thi gian
(Gi l thi gian pht quang khong t 10
-10
s n vi ngy ).
Hin tngquang pht quang l hin tng cht c kh nng hp th nh sng bc sng ny pht ra
nh sng bc sng khc .C hai loi :
*Hunh quang :l hin tngquang pht quang c thi gian pht quang ngn (di 10
-8
s) thng xy
ra vi cht lng v cht kh .
* Ln quang :l hin tngquang pht quang c thi gian pht quang di (10
-8
s tr ln).thng xy ra
vi cht rn .cc cht ny gi l cht ln quang .
ng dng :n ng , sn bin bo giao thng ,mn hnh ti vi,....
nh lut Xtc v s pht quang nh sng pht quang c bc sng ' di hn bc sng ca nh sng
kch thch ' >
nh sng Laze: C tnh n sc rt cao ,l chm sng song song kt hp , c cng ln .
Phn loi :laze rubi ,laze kh ,laze bn dn
ng dng laze:Truyn thng , gia cng vt liu(khoan-ct) ,lm dao m ,c ghi cc thng tin,chp nh
khi (hlgram),lm v kh trong qun s ,.....

LP 12 CHNG VIII S LC V THUYT TNG I
HP

1 Cc tin Anh-xtanh
* Cc nh lut vt l (c ,nhit ,in ,quang ,...)c cng mt dng nh nhau trong mi h quy chiu qun
tnh .
*Tc nh sng trong chn khng c cng ln c trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh ; c l gii hn ca
cc tc chuyn ng ca cc ht vt cht .
2 mt s h qu ca thuyt tng i
* di ca mt thanh b co li dc theo phng chuyn ng ca n .
2
0 0 2
. 1
v
l l l
c
= <
* ng h gn vi quan st vin chuyn ng chy chm hn ng h gn vi quan st vin ng yn
.
0
0
2
2
1
t
t t
v
c
A
A = > A

* Khi lng ca mt vt chuyn ng vi tc v (khi lng tng i tnh )l :
0
2
2
1
m
m
v
c
=
vi
0
m
l khi lng ngh (khi lng vt khi v= 0).
* H thc Anh-xtanh gia nng lng v khi lng ngh : Nu mt vt c khi lng m th c nng
lng E t l vi m .
2
2 0
2
2
.
.
1
m c
E mc
v
c
= =

+Khi v=0 th E
0
= m
0
.c
2
c gi l nng lng ngh.
+i vi h kn ,khi lng v nng lng ngh khng nht thit c bo ton nhng nng lng ton
phn (bao gm c ng nng v nng lng ngh ) c bo ton .
*C hc c in l trng hp ring ca c hc tng i tnh khi tc chuyn ng ca vt rt nh so
vi tc nh sng ( ) v c < .Khi mt cch gn ng nng lng ton phn ca vt l
2 2
0 0
1
. . .
2
W m c m v ~ +

* ng nng W
ca mt vt ( )
2 2 2 2
0 0
. . .
W mc m c m m c mc = = = A . ch
2
1
. .
2
W mv = v
2
0
1
. .
2
W m v =
*H thc gia ng lng v nng lng : ( )
2
2 2
0
. E p c E = + hay ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
0 0
. . .
W m c p c m c + = +
Ch . p mv =
,
v
0
. p m v =
n v p l
Mev
c
quy i
21
.
1 0, 534.10
Mev kg m
c s
=
+Khi lng phtn :
2
2
.
. .
h f
mc h f m
c
= = ; + Khi lng ngh phtn
0
0
ph
m =
+Xung lng ca phtn:
.
.
h f h
p mc
c
= = = ; + Bc sng tng ng ca ph tn
h
p
=

LP 12 CHNG IX.HT NHN NGUYN T

Cu to ht nhn nguyn t :ht nhn cu to bi hai loi ht l prtn(p) mang in +e v ntron(n)
khng mang in chng c tn gi chung l nucln.Trong ht nhn s ht p c gi l nguyn t s k
hiu l Z v bng s th t ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon Men--l-p, S ht n k hiu l N
.Tng s cc nucln trong ht nhn gi l s khi k hiu A . Ta c N=A-Z Ni chung N Z > . K
hiu ht nhn nguyn t X l
A
Z
X hoc c th l
A
X hay XA ( V d :
238
92
U ;
238
U ; 238 U ).
Kch thc ht nhn : ht nhn c th coi nh mt qu cu bn knh R tun theo cng thc thc nghim
1
3
0
. R r A
| |
|
\ .
= vi ( )
15
0
1, 2 1, 5 .10 r m ~ gi l bn knh in .
Khi lng ring ca ht nhn l khng i i vi mi ht nhn
14
10 ~ tn /m
3

ng v l nhng nguyn t m ht nhn cha cng s prtn Z nhng c s ntron N khc nhau .
n v khi lng :Trong vt l ht nhn thng s dng cc n v o khi lng l u hoc Mev/c
2

(xem bng tra cu cui sch )
Lc ht nhn :l lc tng tc gia cc nucln trong ht nhn , c tc dng lin kt c nucln trong ht
nhn .Lc ht nhn khng ph thuc vo in tch ca nucln, c cng rt ln nhng bn knh tc
dng rt ngn (vo c 10
-15
m),c tnh bo ha ,ph thuc spin ca cc nucln v l lc trao i (trao i
mzn t ).
ht khi m A : l s chnh lch khi lng gia tng khi lng cc nucln khi chng ring l so
vi tng khi lng m khi chng lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt ht nhn ( Tc khi lng khng bo
ton ).
( ) . .
p n
m Z m A Z m m ( A = +

Nng lng lin kt cc nuc ln trong ht nhn(gi tt l nng lng lin kt ht nhn )
2
.
lk
W mc = A
Nng lng lin kt ring
lk
W
A
c trng cho bn vng ca ht nhn ,n cng ln th ht nhn cng bn
vng.(cc ht nhn c A vo khong t 50 n 70 c nng lng lin kt ring ln nht c 8,8 Mev/nucln )
Hin tng phng x
l hin tng mt ht nhn khng bn vng t pht phn r ,pht ra cc tia phng x v bin i thnh ht
nhn khc .(quy c ht nhn phng x l ht nhn m v ht nhn sn phm phn r l ht nhn con )
* Cc tia phng x
+ Tia o (Trong s phng x o):bn cht tiao l chm
4
2
He .phng trnh
4 4
2 2
A A
Z Z
X He Y

So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi
gim 4 n v.
+ Tia | Trong s phng x |
-
:Bn chttia |
l chm ht
1
0
e
. Phng trnh
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y

So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s
khi.
Thc cht ca phng x |
-
l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt ht
electrn v mt ht ntrin:
n p e
ht

u l phn ht ca ntrin
Lu : - Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khi lng rt nh chuyn ng vi vn tc ca nh sng
v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht.
+ Tia | trong s phng x |
+
.bn cht l chm ht
1
0
e
:Phng trnh
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y

So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x |
+
l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt ht pzitrn v mt ht
ntrin:
p n e v

Lu : Ht pzitrn (e
+
) ht ny gng ht ht electron ch khc l mang in tch +1,6.10
-19
C
+ Phng x (ht phtn)
Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
1
chuyn xung mc nng lng E
2

ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng

1 2
hc
hf E E
= = =
Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo phng x o
hoc |.
* S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t

0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
N N N e

= =
* S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht (o hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c
to thnh:

0 0
(1 )
t
N N N N e

^ = =
* Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t

0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
m m m e

= =
Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u
T l chu k bn r

2 0, 693 ln
T T
= = l hng s phng x
v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca
cht phng x.
* Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t

0 0
(1 )
t
m m m m e

^ = =
* Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1
t
m
e
m

^
=
Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
t
t
T
m
e
m
= =
* Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t

1 0 1
1 1 0
(1 ) (1 )
t t
A A
A N A N
m A e m e
N N A

^
= = =
Trong : A, A
1
l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh
N
A
= 6,022.10
-23
mol
-1
l s Avgar.
Lu : Trng hp phng x |
+
, |
-
th A = A
1
m
1
= Am
* phng x H
L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn
r trong 1 giy.

0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
H H H e N
= = =
H
0
= N
0
l phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq): 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy ; Curi (Ci): 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt
* ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X
Am = m
0
m
Trong m
0
= Zm
p
+ Nm
n
= Zm
p
+ (A-Z)m
n
l khi lng cc nucln.
m l khi lng ht nhn X.
* Nng lng lin kt AE = Am.c
2
= (m
0
-m)c
2

* Nng lng lin kt ring (l nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln):
E
A
^

Lu : Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.
3. Phn ng ht nhn
* Phng trnh phn ng:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X
Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ...
Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X
1
X
2
+ X
3

X
1
l ht nhn m, X
2
l ht nhn con, X
3
l ht o hoc |
* Cc nh lut bo ton
+ Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4

+ Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4
+ Bo ton ng lng:
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 4
m m m m p p p p hay v v v v = =

+ Bo ton nng lng:
1 2 3 4
X X X X
K K E K K ^ =
Trong : AE l nng lng phn ng ht nhn

2
1
2
X x x
K m v = l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X
Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
- Mi quan h gia ng lng p
X
v ng nng K
X
ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K =
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh
V d:
1 2
p p p =

bit
1 2
, p p =

2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 p p p p p cos =
hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v m m v v cos =
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 mK m K m K mm K K cos =
Tng t khi bit
1 1
, p p =

hoc
2 2
, p p =

Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p l

2 2 2
1 2
p p p =
Tng t khi
1
p p l

hoc
2
p p l

v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= = ~
Tng t v
1
= 0 hoc v
2
= 0.
* Nng lng phn ng ht nhn
AE = (M
0
- M)c
2

Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

3 4
X X
M m m = l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu : - Nu M
0
> M th phn ng to nng lng AE di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
3
, X
4
hoc
phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
- Nu M
0
< M th phn ng thu nng lng ,AE, di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
1
, X
2
hoc
phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
* Trong phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X
Cc ht nhn X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
c:
Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l c
1
, c
2
, c
3
, c
4
.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l AE
1
, AE
2
, AE
3
, AE
4

ht khi tng ng l Am
1
, Am
2
, Am
3
, Am
4

Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn
AE = A
3
c
3
+A
4
c
4
- A
1
c
1
- A
2
c
2

AE = AE
3
+ AE
4
AE
1
AE
2

AE = (Am
3
+ Am
4
- Am
1
- Am
2
)c
2

Phn ng phn hch :l phn ng ht nhn xy ra do mt ht nhn loi rt nng (nh urani ,plutoni) khi
hp th mt ntron (ntrn chm c nng lng c 0,01 ev)s v thnh hai ht nhn trung bnh ,cng vi 2 3
ntron ng thi ta nng lng di dng ng nng ca cc ht (vo c 200Mev).
Phn ng nhit hch: l phn ng ht nhn xy ra do hai ht nhn rt nh (nh cc ng v ca Hir)
kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt ht nhn nng hn ng thi ta nng lng (khong 4Mev).Phn ng
ny ch xy ra nhit rt cao (c
7 8
10 10 K).
LP 12 CHNG X T VI M N V M

Cc ht s cp l ht nh hn hoc bng ht nhn nguyn t ,c nhng c trng chnh l :Khi lng
ngh m
0
(hay nng lng ngh E
0
), in tch Q ,spin s ,m men t ring ,thi gian sng trung bnh .
p
1
p
2
p
Phn ln cc ht s cp u to thnh cp ,gm ht v phn ht .Phant ht c cng khi lng ngh nh
ht , nhng c mt s c trng khc bng nhau v ln v tri du .Trong qu trnh tng tc ca cc
ht s cp , c th xy ra hin tng hy mt cp ht + phn ht thnh cc ht khc hoc cng mt
lc sinh ra cp ht + phn ht .
Thng sp xp cc ht s cp bit thnh cc loi :
phtn
cc leptn (cc ht nh) c khi lng t 0 n 200 m
e
nh ntrin -electron- pzitron-mzn .
cc harn c chia thnh ba nhm nh :
* mzn , K t c khi lng trn 200m
e
nhng nh hn khi lng nucln.
*nucln p,n.
*Hiprn c khi lng ln hn khi lng nucln( nhm nucln v
Hiprn cn c gi l barion)
Tt c cc harn u cu to t cc ht nh hn gi l quac .C su
quac (k hiu u,d,s,c,b,t) v phn quac mang in tch
3
e
,
2.
3
e
.Cc
quac tm thy trong thc nghim nhng chng u trng thi lin kt
.
Tng tc ca cc ht s cp
Tng tc in t :l tng tc gia cc ph tnvaf cc ht mang
in v gia cc ht mang in vi nhau .n l bn cht ca lc Cu-lng ,lc in t ,lc Lo-ren,...
*Tng tc Mnh : l tng tc gia cc harn;khng k cc qu trnh phn r ca chng .Mt
trng hp ring ca tng tc mnh l lc ht nhn.
*Tng tc yu : l tng tc gia cc Leptn.V d cc qu trnh phn r |

*Tng tc hp dn :l tng tc gia cc ht c khi lng khc khng
H Mt tri gm Mt tri , tm hnh tinh(khng t pht sng c) ln (xem bng tra cu ). hng triu tiu hnh
tinh ,cc sao chi ....Tt c cc hnh tinh u chuyn ng quanh Mt tri theo cng mt chiu (chiu
thun) v gn nh nm trong cng mt mt phng .Mt tri v cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mnh n theo
chiu thun ( tr kim tinh ).
+Sao chi :L thin th ngui chuyn ng quanh mt tri nh cc hnh tinh nhng hnh dngj ging nh
mt ci chi xe .c qu o l nhng elip rt dt ,cu to bi nhng cht d bc hi .n d b tch ra nhiu
mnh khi n gn mt tri do lc hp dn yu hn lc y ca nh sng.
+Thin thch(tiu hnh tinh) :l nhng khi chuyn ng quanh mt tri vi vn tc c hng chc km/s
v c th b cc hnh tinh ht khi n gn.
+Sao bng(cn gi l sao sa ,sao i ngi ): chnh l nhng thin thch va chm vi bu kh quyn tri t
nn b chy v pht sng (c th chy khng ht v ri ti mt t.Nhiu sao bng xut hin gi l ma sao.C th quan
st c nhiu vo cc m tr sau m 15 thng 11 ).
Mt tri c cu to t trong ra ngoi gm hai phn :Quang cu v kh quyn . Kh quyn mt tri c
phn ra hai lp :Sc cu trong v nht hoa ngoi . thi k hot ng ca Mt tri , trn Mt tri c
xut hin nhiu hin tng nh vt en , bng sng , tia la .
Sao l thin th nng sng , ging nh mt tri ,nhng rt xa chng ta .sao nng nht nhn thy mu
xanh lam ,nhit b mt khong 50000K.sao ngui nht c mu , nhit b mt khong 3000K.
Sao cht(cht trng) : sao c bn knh ch bng 1/100 hoc c1/1000 bn knh mt tri ,b mt c nhit
rt cao (xanh lam).
*Sao knh(knh ) :nhit b mt rt thp (mu ),bn knh ln gp hng ngn ln bn knh mt tri .
*Sao bin quang :l nhng sao c cc i lng vt l c trng bin i nh sao bin quang che khut ,
sao bin quang co dn , sao bin quang t bin , sao punxa .......
+Sao bin quang che khut: l sao c sng( ri) thay i do bn cht n l mt h gm hai sao quay
xung quanh khi tm ca chng v che khut ln nhau .
Cc ht s cp
Phtn Cc leptn Cc harn
Mzn Nucln Hipron
Barion
+Sao bin quang co dn: l sao c sng bin i tun hon do qu trnh vn ng ca vt cht to nn
sao .lp v sao ang co dn (nh con lc cu khng l ).
+Sao bin quang t bin (sao mi):l sao c sng t ngt tng ln cc mnh (c th tng ln hng vn ln
.nu tng ln c hng triu ln th gi l sao siu mi.S bng n ny c thphng vt cht t sao ra khng trung vi vn tc
1000km/s to ra lp bi m quanh li sao ,hnh thnh cc tinh vn ).
+Sao ntron:l sao ch c cu to bi ntrn khi lng ring cc ln (c10
14
g/cm
3
) pht ra cc xung
sng in t rt mnh(Punxa l li ca sao ntron quay rt nhanh khong 640 vng /s bn knh khong 10
km nhng nng c gp i mt tri ).
*Sao Bc Cc :l sao c v tr gn nh nm trn trc quay ca tri t pha cc bc a l .n l sao sng
nht trong chm sao sao Bc u nh (chm con gu nh).Tm c sao ny s bit v tr cc Bc a l .
*Sao mai ,sao hm: thc cht l mt , chnh l ha tinh,mt thng chng ta c th thy vo lc bnh
minh hoc hong hn.
*Vt cht ti l nhng loi vt cht trong v tr hu nh khng pht bc x v khng quan st thy.
*Sao ln nu : l thin th c khi lng c 1/1000 khi lng tri song kch thc vo c kch thc mc
tinh.N ch pht mt t bc x hng ngoi v cng xp vo loi vt cht ti
L en (nhn ti en)l nhng vng trong v tr c c im c lc ht cc ln ,n ht mt tt c nhng
g gn n k c nh sng v hu nh khng pht ra t vt cht no .N c d on cu to bi ntron
c lc hp dn cc ln ch pht hin ra n nh tia X pht ra khi n ht cc thin th gn .
Tinh vn:l nhng m my bi kh khng l c ri sng .`
Thin h l mt h thng sao gm nhiu loi sao v tinh vn .c ba loi thin h chnh : thin h xon c
, thin h elip , thin h khng nh hnh . Thin h ca chng ta thuc loi thin h xon c , cha vi
trm t sao ,c ng knh khong 100 ngn nm nh sng , l mt h phng nh ci a .t quay quanh
tm ca mnh phn trong quay gn nh mt vt rn phn ngoi quay chm hn .H mt tri chng ta cch
trung tm thin h khong 30 ngn nm nh sng .
Cc QUASAR:l nhng vng nm ngoi cc thin h pht x mnh mt cch bt thng cc sng v
tuyn v tia X
Thuyt big bang cho rng v tr c to ra bi mt v n ln cch y khong 14 t nm , hin nay
ang dn n v long dn .

Cch xc nh sao bc cc tm cc bc a l

PHN III MT S BNG TRA CU

1.Cc i lng v n v chnh thng dng trong chng trnh ph thng

i lng n v i lng n v
Tn
K
hiu
Tn k hiu

Tn
K
hiu
Tn k hiu
di l mt m Lc F Niu tn N

Thi gian t Giy s
p sut ,ng
sut
p
Niu tn trn mt
vung
N/m
2
Khi lng m Ki l gam kg ng lng p
Ki l gam mt
trn giy
Kg.m/
s
Vn tc v mt trn giy m/s
Cng ,nng
lng
A Jun J
Gia tc a
mt trn giy
bnh phng
m/s
2
Cng sut P Ot w
Tn s f hc Hz
Nhit
tuyt i
T kenvin K
Khi lng
ring

Ki l gam trn
mt khi
Kg/m
3
C nng w jun J
Tc gc e
Raian trn
giy
Rad/s ng nng w

jun J
Din tch S mt vung m
2
th nng w
t
jun J
Th tch V mt khi m
3
ni nng U jun J
Chu k T giy s Nhit lng Q jun J
M men lc M niu tn mt N.m
Nhit nng
chy ring
jun trn kigam J/kg
Trng lng P niu tn N
Nhit ha hi
ring
L jun trn kigam J/kg
cng l
xo
k niu tn trn mt N/m
Nhit dung
ring
c
jun trn ki gam
kenvin
J/(kg.k
)
in tch
,in lng
q,Q cu lng C
Nhit xen-
xi-t
t c
0
C
Cng
in trng
E vn trn mt v/m
m tuyt
i
a gam trn mt khi g/m
3

in th V vn v
m cc
i
A gam trn mt khi g/m
3

Hiu in
th
U,u vn v m t i f
in dung C fara F t thng u vbe Wb
Cng
dng in
I,i am pe A
Sut in
ng cm
ng
e
c
vn V
Sut in
ng
E vn v
Sut in
ng t cm
e
tc
vn V
i lng n v i lng n v
Tn
K
hiu
Tn k hiu

Tn
K
hiu
Tn k hiu
Sut phn
in
E
p
vn v t cm L henry H
in tr R,r m O t D i p dp
in tr
sut

m mt .m O Tiu c f mt m
h s nhit
in tr
o mt trn ken vin K
-1

h s nhit
in ng
T
o vn trn kenvin V/K
S fa-ra-y F cu lng trn mol C/mol
Cm ng
in t
B tesla T

2. Cc bi v c thp phn

Tn gi K hiu
Tng ng vi s cc
n v c bn
Tn gi K hiu
Tng ng vi s cc n
v c bn
yotta Y 10
24
xi d 10
-1

zetta Z 10
21
Centi c 10
-2

exa E 10
18
Mili m 10
-3

peta P 10
15
Micr

10
-6

Tra T 10
12
Nan n 10
-9

Giga G 10
9
Pic p 10
-12

Mga M 10
6
Fem t f 10
-15
Ki l K 10
3
atto a 10
-18
Hect h 10
2
zepto z 10
-21
ca dk 10
1
yocto y 10
-24
V d : 1 km = 10
3
m
ngstrm
0
A

10
-10

3. Mt s n v thng dng khc .

.Chiu di : 1 inch(in-ch)=2,540 cm ; 1foot(fut) =30,48 cm ; 1mile(dm)=1609 m.
Mt n v thin vn =1,496.10
8
km ; 1 pasc = 3,0857.10
13
km ;
1n.a.s(nmnhsng)=6,32.10
4
.v.t.v=94608.10
12
km ; 1 hi l = 1,85.10
3
m ;
.n v nhit lng:1BTU=1055,06J 1 BTU/h=0,2930 W.
.p sut : t mt phe k thut :1at=1 kg/cm
2
=9,81 .10
4
N/m
2
;
tmtphevtl:1atm=1,033at=760mmHg=1,013.10
5
N/m
2
; 1 bar = 10
5
pa = 10
5
N/m
2

1 tor =1mmHg=133,322 N/m
2
; 1Hp(m lc ,sc nga)=736 W ; 1 cal = 4,18 J ; 1 pa=1N/m
2
=10
dyn/cm
2
.
. Khi lng - nng lng :1w.h=3,6.10
3
J ; 1 eV =1,602.10
-12
c =1,602.10
-19
J ;1 kg
=5,61.10
29
MeV/c
2

30
2
1 1, 7827.10
MeV
kg
c
= ; n v khi lng nguyn t

27 2
1 1, 66055.10 931, 5 / u kg MeV c
~ = ;
1 ounce (ao-x)=28,35 g ; 1pound(pao)=453,6 g ;
1 Unxia(oax) = 31,103 g ; 1 Cara = 0,2 g Thng dng o khi lng vng , qu ;
Lng vng cn gi l cy:1 lng = 10 ng cn = 1 cy ;1 ng cn = 1 ch = 3,78 gam ; 1 kg (vng) =
26,455 lng = 264,55 ch vng.
. Din tch 1 bac =10
-28
m
2
; 1 hcta (ha) = 10
4
m
2

. phng x 1 bq(beccren) =1 phn r /s; 1Ci (curie) = 3,70.10
10
Bq; 1 rpho (Rd) = 10
6
Bq
.vn tc 1 nt = 1,852 km/h = 0,514 m/s ( hay dng trong hng hi)
.Cng sut 1HP (m lc hay sc nga) = 736 W (ot)
4. Mt s hng s vt l c bn

Vn tc nh
sng trong
chn khng
( )
( )
8
10
299792458 3.10 /
2, 99792458.10 /
m s
c
cm s
~

Hng s hp
dn
( )
( )
11 3 2
8 3 2
6, 67.10 / .
6, 67.10 / .
m Kg s
G
cm g s

Gia tc ri t
do(tiu chun )
2
2
9, 807 /
980, 7 /
m s
g
cm s

S A-v-ga-
r
26 1
23 1
6, 025.10
6, 025.10
A
kmol
N
mol

Th tch kh
tiu chun
( )
3
0
22, 42 / / V m kmol l mol =

Hng s kh ( ) 8, 314 / . R J mol K =

Hng s Bn-
x-man
23
1, 380.10 / k J K
=

in tch 1,60091.10
-19
C
nguyn t
Khi lng
(tnh) ca
lectron
9,1082.10
-31
kg=0,511 MeV
Khi lng
(tnh) ca
prtn
1,67262.10
-27
kg=938,3 MeV
Khi lng
(tnh) ca
ntrn
1,67493.10
-27
kg=939,5 MeV
Hng s plank ( )
34
6, 62517 0, 00023 .10 . J s

S Fa-ra-y 9,65218.10
7
C/kmol
Hng s in
12
0
8, 85.10 / F m c

=
Hng s t
7
0
4 .10 / H m t

=

5 . khi lng ring ca mt s cht tiu chun.

Cht rn ( )
3
/ g cm
Bc 10,5
Cadimi 8,65
Ch 11,3
C ban 8,9
ng 8,9
Graphit 1,6
km 7,0
Kim cng 3,5
Lie 0,20
Mlipen 10,2
Nhm 2,7
Niken 8,9
Nc 0,916
Platin 21,5
St (thp) 7,8
y l bn tho chc cn nhiu sai st .Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp hon thin
57
S 2,3
Thic 7,4
Titan 4,5
Uran 19,0
Vng 19,3
Vonfram 19,1
Cht lng ( )
3
/ g cm
Benzen 0,88
Du thu du 0,90
te 0,72
Gli x rin 1,26
Du la 0,80
Nc 1,00
Nc nng 1,1
Ru cn 0,79
Thy ngn 13,6
Cht kh( cc
iu kin chun)
( )
3
/ g cm
Amniac 0,77
Clo 3,21
Hir 0,09
Kh ccbnic 1,98
Khng kh 1,293
Mtan 0,72
Nit 1,25
xi 1,43

6 .Mt s i lng thin vn

Mt tri ,Tri t ,mt trng
Tn gi
Bn
knh
trung
bnh(m)
Khi
lng (kg)
Khi lng ring
trung bnh
(.10
3
kg/m
3
)
Chu k quay
xung quanh
trc(ngy -m)
Ghi ch khc
Mt tri 6,95.10
8
1,97.10
30
1,41 25,4
B mt khong 6000
0
C ;trong lng khong
2.10
7 0
C.cng sut bc x 3,9.10
26
W
Tri t 6,37.10
6
5,96.10
24
5,52 1,00
Khong cch n mt tri:
149,67.10
6
km
Mt trng 1,74.10
6
7,30.10
22
3,30 27,3
Khong cch n tri t: 384,4.10
3

km . Ban ngy khong 120
0
C

Cc hnh tinh
T
n

g
i

K
h
o
n
g

c
c
h

t
r
u
n
g

b
n
h

t
t

t
r
i

1
0
6
k
m

C
h
u

k

n
g
m

(
q
u
a
y

q
u
a
n
h

m
t

t
r
i
)

C
h
u

k

q
u
a
y

q
u
a
n
h

t
r

n
g
h
i
n
g

c
a

q
u
i

v
i

h
o
n
g

n
g

k
n
h

t
h
e
o

x
c
h

o

,

k
m

t

(
a
-
b
)
/
a

K
h
i

l
n
g

1
0
2
4

k
g

M

g
/
c
m

3

S
c

v

t
i
n
h

G
i
a

t
c

t
r
n
g

l
c

c
m
/
s
2

n
g
h
i
n
g

c
a

x
c
h

i

v
i

q
u
o

Sao
thy
57,87
87,97ng
(ngy)
59 ng 7
0
0 4880 0 0,312 5,4 0 383 _
Sao
kim
108,14 224,7ng 243 ng 3
0
24 12112 0 4,9 5,3 0 852 _
Tri t 149,5
365,25 ng
(1 n nm)
23h56ph 0
0
0 12756,6 1/298 6,0 5,5 1 980,616 23
0
27
Sao ha 227,79
686,98 ng
(1n.322ng)
24h37ph23s 1
0
51 6783 1/192 0,65 3,9 2 377 23
0
30
Sao
mc
777,8 11n.314ng 9h50ph 1
0
18 142600 1/15 1901,4 1,34 63 2510 3
0
7
Sao th 1426,1 29n.167ng 14h14ph 2
0
29 11900 1/9,5 568,8 0,71 34 1072 26
0
45
Sao
thin
vng
2867,7 84n.5ng 17h14ph 0
0
46 51500 1/14 87,7 1,27 27 883 98
0

58
Cc hnh tinh
T
n

g
i

K
h
o
n
g

c
c
h

t
r
u
n
g

b
n
h

t
t

t
r
i

1
0
6
k
m

C
h
u

k

n
g
m

(
q
u
a
y

q
u
a
n
h

m
t

t
r
i
)

C
h
u

k

q
u
a
y

q
u
a
n
h

t
r

n
g
h
i
n
g

c
a

q
u
i

v
i

h
o
n
g

n
g

k
n
h

t
h
e
o

x
c
h

o

,

k
m

t

(
a
-
b
)
/
a

K
h
i

l
n
g

1
0
2
4

k
g

M

g
/
c
m

3

S
c

v

t
i
n
h

G
i
a

t
c

t
r
n
g

l
c

c
m
/
s
2

n
g
h
i
n
g

c
a

x
c
h

i

v
i

q
u
o

Sao hi
vng
4494,0 164n.288ng 16h11ph 0
0
47 49900 1/40 103 1,58 13 1100 151
0

Sao
dim
vng
5908 427n.255ng _ 17
0
09 _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(Sao dim vng t nm 2006 khng c xp vo h mt tri)

7 .H s n nhit ca mt s cht( nhit phng th nghim)

Cc cht rn
H s n di
( )
6 1
.10 K o

ng 16,7
ng thau 18,9
Nhm 22,9
St(thp) 11
Thy tinh thng 8,5
Cc cht lng H s n di
( )
4 1
.10 K |

Etanol 11,0
Glixrin 5,0
Du la 10,0
Nc 2,1
Thy ngn 1,8

8 Hng s n hi .Gii hn t.

Vt liu
Sut Y-
ngE(Gpa)
Sut ctG(Gpa)
H s Pot-
xng

Gii hn t
m
o
(Gpa)
H s
nn
|
(Gpa)-1
Ch 16 5,6 0,44 0,015 0,022
ng 130 40 0,34 0,30 0,007
Nhm 70 26 0,34 0,10 0,014
Nc - - - - 0,49
St (thp) 210 81 0,29 0,60 0,006
Thy tinh 60 30 0,25 0,05 0025

9 .p sut hi nc bo ha

0
C p sut(kPa)
0 0,61
5 0,87
10 1,22
15 1,70
20 2,33
0
C p sut(kPa)
25 3,15
30 4,23
35 5,60
40 7,35
50 12,3
0
C p sut(kPa)
60 19,9
70 31,0
80 47,3
90 70,0
100 101

10. Bng ch ci Hi Lp

59
, A o Alpha
B, | Bta
, I Gama
,o A enta
, E c Epxilon
, Z , Zta
, H q ta
, , 0 u O Tta
, I i ita
, K k kapa
, A Lamda
, M Muy
, N v Nuy
, Kxi
, O o mikron
,t H pi
, P r
,o E xichma
T,t T
,u T upxilon
, u phi
, _ X khi
, + pxi
,e O mga

11 . Hng s in mi ca mt s cht

Cht kh hay hi
xi 1,00053
Khng kh 1,000567
Ni t 1,00058
Hi nc 1,0126
M tan 1,000953(0
0
C)
H li 1,000068(0
0
C)
Hir 1,000264 (0
0
C)
Cht lng
Ni t lng 1,445
Du ha 2,1
Nc 81,0
Ru ty lic 26,8 (14,7
0
C)
Ru m ty lic 35,4 (13,4
0
C)
Cht rn
Parafin 2,0
Politilen 2,3
Cao su 2,3-5,0
bonit 2,7-3,0
S 5,5-6,5
Thy tinh thng 6,0-8,4
Giy (k thut in) 6,6-8,5
Mi ca 7,5
Gm ( lm t ) 28-30
G(18
0
C) 2,2-3,7
H phch 2,7-2,9
gm c bit
(c cha BO v TiO
2
)
1000 n 10000 (
18
0
C)

12 . in tr sut v h s nhit ca in tr ca mt s kim loi hay hp kim

Tn cht ( )
8
10 .m

X O
( )
3 1
.10 X K o

Bc 1,62 4,1
ng 1,69 4,3
Vng 2,0 4,0
Nhm 2,75 4,4
Vonfram 5,25 4,5
Km 5,9 3,5
St 9,68 6,5
Niken 10,0 5,0
Thic 11,5 4,3
Ch 19,0 4,2
Thy ngn 95,8 0,9

13 . Chit sut tuyt i ca mt s cht
(i vi nh sng vng ca n Ntri . C hai bc sng 0,5890 m v 0,5896 m )

Cht kh iu kin tiu chun
Hir 1,00014
xi 1,00027
Khng kh 1,00029
60
Nit 1,00030
Kh ccbonic 1,00045
Cht lng
Ru nguyn cht 1,30
Nc 1,33
Axit sunfuric 1,43
Glixerol 1,47
benzen 1,50
Cacbon sunfua 1,63
Cht rn
Nc (Bng) 1,31
Thch anh( nhit nng
chy)
1,46
Thy tinh thng 1,52
ng 1,56
Pha l
1,6-
1,8
Kim cng 2,42

14 . Gii hn quang in ca mt s cht

Kim
loi
0
( ) m
Cs 0,660
Na 0,500
Zn 0,372
Kim
loi
0
( ) m
Ag 0,260
Pt 0,1962
Cu 0,30
Kim
loi
0
( ) m
Al 0,36
Ca 0,45
K 0,55

15 . t thm ca mt s cht

Cht thun t 1
Cht nghch
t
1
Nit 0,013 x10
-6
Hir 0,063 x10
-6

Khng kh 0,38 x10
-6
Benzen 7,5 x10
-6

xi 1,9 x10
-6
Nc 9,0 x10
-6

bnt 14 x10
-6
ng 10,3 x10
-6

Nhm 23 x10
-6
Thy tinh 12,6 x10
-6

Vnfram 176 x10
-6
Thch anh 15,1 x10
-6

Platin 360 x10
-6
Mui m 12,6 x10
-6

xi (lng) 3400 x10
-6
Btmt 176 x10
-6

16 . Mt s n v c truyn Vit Nam:

di
1 Thc mc ~ 0,425 m
1 Thc o vi ~ 0,645 m
1 Tc = 1/10 thc
1 Phn = 1/10 tc
1 li = 1/10 phn
1 Ng = 2 thc
1 Trng = 4 thc
61
Din tch
1 mu (Bc b) = 3600 m
2
1 so (Bc b) = 360 m
2
1 thc rung (Bc
b)
= 24 m
2
1 tc rung (Bc
b)
= 2,4m
2
1 mu (Trung b) = 4970 m
2
1 so (Trung b) = 497 m
2
1 thc rung
(Trungb)
= 33 m
2
1 tc rung (Trung
b)
= 3,3m
2
Th tch
1 u ~
1lt =10
-3

m
3

1 Bt ~ 0,5 lt
1 Thang ~ 2 lt
1 Thng ~ 20 lt
1 Phng ~ 30 lt
1 Hc ~ 60 lt
Khi lng
1 Cn ~

0,605 kg
1 lng(1/16 cn) ~ 37,8 g
ng cn hoc tin
(1/10 lng hoc 1 ch)
~ 3,78 g
1 yn(10 cn ) ~ 6 kg
1 T (100 cn) ~ 60 kg

(Ch : ngy nay trong i sng vn cn dng mt s khi nim c tn cn , yn, t ,....nhng n c hiu khc vi khi
nim nguyn thy trnh by trn.V d nay : Mt cn tht =1 kg tht )

17 . Chu k bn r ,khi lng ca mt s ng v phng x .
(Vit tt : n:nm ; ng: ngy ; ph:pht ; s:giy)

N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
u

K
h
i

l
n
g

n
g
u
y
n

t

N
g
u
y
n

t

Z

S

k
h
i

A

K
h
i

l
n
g

(
t
n
h

t
h
e
o

n

v

u
)

C
h
u

k
n

r

T

Ntrn n 0 1 1,008665 12ph
Hy d r H 1 1,007825
t ri D 2 2,014100
Triti T
1,0079 1
3 3,016050 12,26 n
3 3,016030
4 4,002603 H li He 4,0026 2
6 6,018892 0,802s
6 6,015125
Liti Li 6,939 3
7 7,016004
7 7,016929 53,4 ng
9 9,012186 Brili Be 9,0122 4
10 10,013534 2,7.10
6
n
10 10,012939
Bo B 10,811 5
11 11,009305
12 12,000000
13 13,003354 Cc bon C
12,0111
5
6
14 14,003242 5730n
N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
u

K
h
i

l
n
g

n
g
u
y
n

t

N
g
u
y
n

t

Z

S

k
h
i

A

K
h
i

l
n
g

(
t
n
h

t
h
e
o

n

v

u
)

C
h
u

k
n

r

T

14 14,003074
Ni t N 14,0067 7
15 15,000108
15 15,003070 122s
16 15,994915
17 16,999133
xy O 15,9994 8
18 17,999160
Fluo F 18,9984 9 19 18,998405
20 19,992440
21 20,993849 N n Ne 20,183 10
22 21,991385
22 21,994437 2,60n
Natri Na 22,9898 11
23 22,989771
23 22,994125 12s
24 23,985042
25 24,986809
Magi Mg 24,312 12
26 25,982593
Nhm Al 26,9815 13 26 25,986892 7.4.10
5
n
62
N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
u

K
h
i

l
n
g

n
g
u
y
n

t

N
g
u
y
n

t

Z

S

k
h
i

A

K
h
i

l
n
g

(
t
n
h

t
h
e
o

n

v

u
)

C
h
u

k
n

r

T

27 26,981539
28 27,976929
29 28,976496
30 29,973763
Silic Si 28,086 14
32 31,974020 ~700 n
30 195s
31 30,973765
32 31,9739 ?
Pht pho P 30,9738 15
33 32,9717
32 31,972074
33 32,971462
34 33,967865
Lu
hunh
S 32,064 16
36 35,967089
35 34,968851
36 35,968309 3.10
5
n Clo Cl 35,453 17
37 36,965898
36 35,967544
38 37,962728
39 38,964317 270n
40 39,962384
A gn Ar 39,948 18
42 41,963048 33n
39 38,963710
40 39,964000 1,3.10
9
n Kali K 39,102 19
41 40,961832
39 38,970691 0,877s
40 39,962589
41 40,962275 7,7.10
4
n
42 41,958625
43 42,958780
44 43,955492
46 45,953689
Can xi Ca 40,08 20
48 47,952531
45 44,955920
Scani Sc 44,956 21
50 49,951730 1,73ph
44 43,959572 47n
46 45,952632
47 46,951768
48 47,947950
49 48,947870
Titan Ti 47,90 22
50 49,944786
50 49,947164
15
6.10 n ~

Vanai V 50,942 23
51 50,943961
50 49,946055
52 51,940513
53 52,940653
Crom Cr 51,996 24
54 53,938882
Mangan Mn 54,9380 25 50 49,954215 0,29s
N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
u

K
h
i

l
n
g

n
g
u
y
n

t

N
g
u
y
n

t

Z

S

k
h
i

A

K
h
i

l
n
g

(
t
n
h

t
h
e
o

n

v

u
)

C
h
u

k
n

r

T

55 54,938050
54 53,939616 2,4n
55 54,938299
56 55,939395
57 56,935398
58 57,933282
St Fe 55,847 26
60 59,933964
5
10 n ~
59 58,933189
C ban Co 58,9332 27
60 59,933813 5,24n
58 57,935342
59 58,934342 8.10
4
n
60 59,930787
61 60,931056
62 61,928342
63 62,929664 92n
Niken Ni 58,71 28
64 63,927958
63 62,929592
ng Cu 63,54 29
65 64,927786
64 63,929145
66 65,926052
67 66,927145
68 67,924857
Km Zn 65,37 30
70 69,925334
69 69,925574
Gali Ga 69,72 31
71 70,924706
70 69,924252
72 71,922082
73 72,923462
74 73,921181
Gecmani Ge 72,59 32
76 75,921405
Asen As 74,9216 33 75 74,921596
74 73,922476
76 75,919207
77 76,919911
78 77,917314
79 78,918494 7.10
4
n
80 79,916527
Slen Se 78,96 34
82 81,916707
79 78,918329
B rm Br 79,909 35
81 80,916292
78 77,920403
80 79,916380
81 80,916610 2,1.10
5
n
82 81,913482
83 82,914131
84 83,911503
85 84,912523 10,76n
Kriptn Kr 83,80 36
86 85,910616
63
N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
u

K
h
i

l
n
g

n
g
u
y
n

t

N
g
u
y
n

t

Z

S

k
h
i

A

K
h
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(
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T

85 84,911800
Rubii Rb 85,47 37
87 86,909186 5,2.10
10
n
84 83,913430
86 85,909285
87 86,908892
88 87,905640
Strnti Sr 87,62 38
90 89,907747 28,8n
Ytri Y 88,905 39 89 88,905872
90 89,904700
91 90,905642
92 91,905031
93 92,906450 9,5.10
5
n
94 93,906313
Ziriconi Zr 91,22 40
96 95,908286
91 90,906860
92 91,907211
7
10 n ~
93 92,906383
Niobi Nb 92,906 41
94 93,907303 2.10
4
n
92 91,906810
93 92,906830
4
10 n ~
94 93,905090
95 94,905839
96 95,904674
97 96,906021
98 97,905409
Molipen Mo 95,94 42
100 99,907475
97 96,906340 2,6.10
6
n
98 97,907110 1,5.10
6
n Tecneti Tc 99 43
99 98,906249 2,1.10
5
n
96 95,907598
98 97,905289
99 98,905936
100 99,904218
101 100,905577
102 101,904348
Ruteni Ru 101,07 44
104 103,905430
Roi Rh 102,905 45 103 102,905511
102 101,905609
104 103,904011
105 104,905064
106 105,903479
107 106,905132 7.10
6
n
108 107,903891
Palai Pd 106,4 46
110 109,905164
107 106,905094
Bc Ag 107,870 47
109 108,904756
106 105,906463 Caimi Cd 112,40 48
108 107,904187
N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
u

K
h
i

l
n
g

n
g
u
y
n

t

N
g
u
y
n

t

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T

109 108,904928 453ng
110 109,903012
111 110,904188
112 111,902762
113 112,904408
114 113,903360
116 115,904762
113 112,904089
Ini In 114,82 49
115 114,903871 6.10
14
n
112 111,904835
114 113,902773
115 114,903346
116 115,901745
117 116,902958
118 117,901606
119 118,903313
120 119,902198
121 120,904227 25n
122 121,903441
Thic Sn 118,69 50
124 123,905272
121 120,903816
123 122,904213 Antimon Sb 121,75 51
125 124,905232 2,7n
120 119,904023
122 121,903064
123 122,904277 1,2.10
13
n
124 123,902842
125 124,904418
126 125,903322
128 127,904476
Telua Te 127,60 52
130 129,906238
127 126,904070
I ot I
126,904
4
53
129 128,904987 1,6.10
7
n
124 123.906120
126 125,904288
128 127,903540
129 128,904784
130 129,903509
131 130,905085
132 131,904161
134 133,905815
Xenon Xe 131,3 54
136 135,907221
133 132,9051
134 133,906823 2.1 n
135 134,905770 2.10
6
n
Xedi Cs 132,905 55
137 136,9075 30 n
132 131,9057 Ba ri Ba 137.34 56
134 133,9043
64
N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
u

K
h
i

l
n
g

n
g
u
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t

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135 134,9056
136 135,9044
137 136,9063
138 137,9050
Lantan La 138.91 57 139 138,9061
138 137,9057
140 139,9053 Xeri Ce 140.12 58
142 141,9090 5.10
15
n
Prazeoi
m
Pr 140.907 59 141 140,9074
142 141,9075
144 143,9099 2,1.10
15
n Noim Nd 144.24 60
146 145,9172
143 142.911
145 144,912691 18 n
146 145,914632 1600 ng
Prmti Pm 61
147 146,915108 2,6 n
144 143,911989
146 145,912992 1,2.10
8
n
147 146,914867
1,08.10
11

n
148 147,914791 1,2.10
13
n
149 148,91780 4.10
14
n
150 149,917276
151 150.919919 90 n
152 151.919756
Samari Sm 150,35 62
154 153.922282
152 151,921749 12,4 n
154 153,923053 16 n Europi Eu 151,96 63
155 154,92293 1,8 n
148 147,918101 85 n
150 149,918605 1,8.10
6
n Gadolini Gd 157,25 64
152 151,919794 1,1.10
14
n
Tecbi Tb 158,925 65 159 158,925351
Dyprosi Dy 162,50 66 156 155,923930 2.10
14
n
166 165,932289 1,2.10
3
n
Honmi Ho 164,930 67
165 164,930421
162 161,928740
164 163,929287
166 165,930307
167 166,932062
168 167,932383
Eribi Er 167,26 68
170 169,935560
169 168,934245
Tuli Tm 168,934 69
171 170,936530 1,9 n
168 167,934160
170 169,935020
Ytebi Yb 173,04 70
171 170,936430
N
g
u
y
n

t

h
i
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K
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n
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172 171,936360
173 172,938060
174 173,938740
176 175,942680
173 172,93880 1,4 n
175 174,940640 Lutexi Lu 174,97 71
176 175,942660 2,2.10
10
n
174 173,940360 2.10
15
n
176 175,941570
177 176,94340
178 177,943880
179 178,946030
Hafini Hf 178,49 72
180 179,946820
180 179,947544
Tantali Ta 180,948 73
181 180,948007
180 179,947000
182 181,948301
183 182,950324
184 183,951025
Vonfram W 183,85 74
186 185,954440
185 184,953059
Reni Re 186,2 75
187 186,955833 5.10
10
n
184 183.952750
186 185,953870
187 186,955832
188 187,956081
189 188,958300
190 189,958630
192 191,961450
Osmi Os 190,2 76
194 193,965229 6 n
191 190,960640
Iridi Ir 192,2 77
193 192,963012
190 189,959950 7.10
11
n
192 191,961150
194 193,962725
195 194,964813
196 195,964967
Platine Pt 195,09 78
198 197,967895
Vng Au 196,967 79 197 197,966541
196 195,965820
198 197,966756
199 198,968279
200 199,968327
201 200,970308
202 201,970642
Thy
ngn
Hg 200,59 80
204 203,973495
203 202,972353 Tali Tl 204,19 81
204 203,973865 3,75 n
65
N
g
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t

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205 204,974442
Ra
E
206 205,976104 4,3 ph
Ac
C
207 206,977450 4,78 ph
Th
C
208 207,982013 3,1 ph
Ra
C
210

209,990054 1,3 ph
202 201,927997 3.10
5
n
204 203,973044 1,4.10
17
n
205 204,974480 3.10
7
n
206 205,974468
207 206,975903
Pb
208 207,976650
Ra
D
210 209,984187 22 n
Ac
B
211 210,988742 36,1 ph
Th
B
212 211,991905
10,64
gi
Ch
Ra
B
207,19 82
214 213,999764 26,8 ph
207 206,978438 30 n
208
207,979773
1
3,7.10
5
n Bi
209 208,980394
Ra
E
210 209,984121 5,1 ng
211 210,98730 2,15 ph Th
C 212 211,991876 60,6 ph
214 213,998686 19,7 ph
Bitmut
Ra
C
209,980 83
215 215,001830 8 ph
Po 209 208,982426 103 n
Ra
F
210 209,982876 138,4 ng
Ac
C
211 210,986657 052 s
Th
C
212 211,989629
0,3 s
Ra
C
214 213,995201
164 s
Ac
A
215 214,999423 0,0018s
Th
A
216 216,001790 0,15s
Poloni
Ra
A

84
218 218,8930 3,05ph
N
g
u
y
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t

h
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K
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n
g
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215 214,998663 100 s ~
218 218,008607 1,3 s
Astatin At 85
219 219,011290 0,9 ph
Rn
An 219 219,009481 4 s
Tn 220 220,011401 56 s
Radon
Rn
86
222 222,017531 3,823 ng
Fr Franxi
Ac
K

87 223 223,019736 22 ph
Ra
Ac
X
223 223,018501 11,4 ng
Th
X
224 224,020218 3,64 ng
Ra 226 226,02536 1620 n
Radi
Ms
Th
1
226,05 88
228 228,031139 5,7 n
AC 227 227,027753 21,2 n
Actini Ms
Th
2
89
228 228,031080 6,13 gi
Th
Rd
Ac
227 227,027706 18,17 ng
228 228,028750 1,91 n Rd
Th 229 229,031652 7300 n
Io 230 230,033087 76000n
UY 231 231,036291 25,6 gi
Th 232 232,038124
1,39.10
10
n
Thori
UX
1
232,038 90
234 234,043583 24,1 ng
Pa 231 231,035877 32480 n
Protatini
UZ
231,035
9
91
234 234,043298 6,66 gi
230 230,033937 20,8 ng
231 231,036264 4,3 ng
232 232,037168 72 n
233 233,039522 1,62.10
5
n
U
234 234,040904 2,48.10
5
n
235 235,043915 7,13.10
8
n Ac
U 236 236,045637 2,39.10
7
n
Uran
UI
238,03 92
238 238,0508 4,51.10
9
n
235 235,044049 410 ng
236 236,046624 5000 n
Neptuni Np
237,048
0
93
237 237,048056
2,14.10
6

n
236 236,046071 2,85 n Plutoni Pu 239,052
2
94
238 238,049511 89 n
66
N
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239 239,052146 24360 n
240 240,053882 6700 n
241 241,056737 13 n
242 242,058725 3,79.10
5
n
244 244,064100 7,6.10
7
n
241 241,0567
Amerixi Am 95
243 243,0614
N
g
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n
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T

Curi Cm 96 242 242,0588
Beckeli Bk 97 247 247,0702
Califoni Cf 98 248 248,0724
Enstani Es 99

KIN GP : Trao i trc tip
Gi qua email quangmtx@gmail.com
Gi bi vit ln http://violet.vn/tranvanquangvl

Tom Tat Vat Li THPT

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S hc l v b Sing hc l bn

W mV = (ng nng c tnh tng i ,ph thuc h quy chiu )

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+ = trong A,B l nhng hng s xc nh bng thc nghim

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