Noidungkhutrungnuocthai (2) 1

Phng php kh trng nc thi
GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN
KH TRNG NC THI Li m u I.Tng quan v kh trng nc thi 1.Th no l phng php kh trng? Kh trng l mt khu quan trng cui cng trong h thng x l nc thi. Sau qu trnh x l c hc, ha hc v sinh hc phn ln vi sinh vt b gi li. Song tiu dit hon ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi kh trng nc. 2.Ti sao phi kh trng nc thi? C hai nguyn nhn chnh cn phi kh trng nc thi: Theo yu cu ca tiu chun Vit Nam v ch tiu an ton nc thi phi k ti ch tiu vi sinh: Coliform < 5000 MPN/100ml (Loi A) v Coliform < 10000 MPN/100ml (Loi B). Do qu trnh x l nc thi phi qua nhiu cng on khc nhau, do kh nng gy nhim vi sinh l rt cao nn phi kh trng trnh ly nhim mm bnh.
3. Mc ch ca kh trng nc thi Ph hy, dit b cc loi vi khun gy bnh nguy him hoc cha c hoc khng th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc.
m bo nc thi trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn khng cn vi trng gy bnh v truyn bnh. Kh mu, kh mi v gim nhu cu oxy sinh ha ca ngun tip nhn. 4. V tr ca phng php kh trng trong h thng x l nc thi Sau b x l sinh hc. II.Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh kh trng nc thi (*) S dng cc phng php ha hc, vt l v cc phng php khc tiu dit cc vi sinh vt trong nc m bo nc thi sau khi x l an ton theo tiu chun Vit Nam, khng gy hi khi x ra ngoi mi trng sau khi x l. C ch kh trng bao gm: Ph hy thnh t bo vi sinh vt. Thay i kh nng thm thu ca t bo vi sinh vt. Thay i h keo ca t bo lm bin tnh t bo. Cnh tranh (bt hot enzyme xc tc tng hp cc cht cn thit cho c th sinh vt bi cc cht oxy ha v Clorine) III. Cc phng php kh trng nc thi Cch la chn phng php kh trng ph thuc vo: Hiu qu kh trng tng ng vi i tng: cn thit phi p ng yu cu v t hiu qu mong mun (gim mt vi sinh vt sau kh trng). Lng tn d ca cc tc nhn v vi sinh vt sau qu trnh: tiu ch rt quan trong trong x l nc trnh ti phn phi tc nhn gy bnh v khng an ton khi x ra mi trng. Kh trng phi m bo an ton: mt s tc nhn kh trng c c tnh cao (Chlorine) v th phi chn tc nhn an ton cho ngi vn hnh. Cc sn phm to thnh trong qu trnh kh trng.
Cc yu t nh hng: lng nc thi; hiu sut x l s b ca cc cng trnh n v, iu kin vn chuyn, lu tr ha cht; kh nng t ng ha ca qu trnh; tnh kh thi. Da vo loi tc nhn s dng m chia cc phng php kh trng nc thi thnh nhng loi sau: 1.Phng php ha hc 1.1. Kh trng bng cc cht oxy ha mnh 1.1.1.Kh trng bng Clo v cc hp cht ca Clo 1.1.1.1 Nguyn l ca qu trnh Cl2 l cht oxi ho mnh bt k dng no. Khi cho Clo tc dng vi nc s to thnh HOCl c tc dng dit trng mnh. Khi cho Clo vo trong H2O, cht dit trng s khuch tn qua lp v t bo sinh vt lm tng sc cng b mt VSV, dn n ph hy, lm bin dng thnh t bo, gy phn ng vi men t bo lm ph hoi cc qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo vi sinh vt. V vy VSV ngng hot ng hoc cht. C ch hot ng: Khi cho Clo vo trong nc, phn ng din ra nh sau:
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn ly: Cl2 + H2O

+ 2H + OCl + Cl
Khi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau:

Ca(OCl)2 + H2O CaO + 2HOCl
2HOCl 2H+ + 2OCl
Tc dng kh trng ca HOCl cao hn nhiu OCl-. Kh nng dit trng ca clo ph thuc vo hm lng HOCl c trong nc. Hiu qu kh trng ca HOCl cao hn so vi OCl-. HOCl phn ly yu pH thp, do hiu qu kh trng cao hn khi pH thp.
Hnh 3: Biu so snh nng phn ly HOCl v OCl- theo pH
HOCl khng phn ly l thnh phn kh trng chnh trong nc, thnh phn ny ch c gi tr cao pH thp, iu cng ni ln rng qu trnh dng clo kh trng trong nc ch c c hiu qu cao khi tin hnh pH thp. * Khi nc c mt amoniac hoc hp cht c cha nhm amoni, chng c th tc dng vi clo axit hypoclorit hoc ion hypoclorit sinh thnh cc hp cht cloramin theo cc phn ng sau : HOCl + NH3 = NH2Cl + H2O monocloramine HOCl + NH2Cl = NHCl2 + H2O dicloramine HOCl + NHCl = NCl3 + H2O tricloramine
Do kh nng dit trng km i. Bi v kh nng dit trng ca monocloramin thp hn dicloramin khong 3 5 ln, cn kh nng dit trng ca dicloramin thp hn HOCl khong 20 25 ln. Khi pH tng NCl3 to t. Kh nng dit trng ca NH2Cl = ( 1/3 -1/5) NHCl2 v NH2Cl2 = (1/20 1/25)Cl2. Sau khi qua x l (h thng x l) th lng Clo lng d: 0.3-0.5mg/l. Sao cho n cui ng cn 0.05mg/l. 1.1.1.2. c im m bo cho qu trnh kh trng t c hiu qu hon ton, ngi ta thng tnh n mt lng clo d thch hp trong nc sau qu trnh kh trng. Lng Clo d a vo trong nc phi xc nh bng thc nghim, ph thuc vo s lng vi trng, hm lng cc cht hu c v v c. Trong h thng kh trng c cha amoniac hoc cc hp cht c cha nhm amoni, lng clo tham gia phn ng to thnh cloramine c gi l clo kt hp, tng hm lng ca clo t do di dng Cl2, HOCl v ClO-, lng Clo kt hp c gi l clo hot tnh kh trng, do kh nng dit trng ca clo t do v clo kt hp khc nhau m lng clo d cn thit m bo kh trng trit cng dc nh gi mc khc nhau. S sau th hin lng clo d theo qu trnh cho clo vo kh trng :
Hnh 2: th th hin lng clo d theo qu trnh s dng clo kh trng
im ti hn (breakpoint) rt quan trng trong tnh ton hm lng clo cho vo. im ti hn l im bo ha ca cc phn ng kh trng. Ti im ti hn, clo thm vo s tr thnh clo d. nh gi hiu qu ca qu trnh kh trng nc thi bng clo, ta thng thc hin bng cch kim tra s d lng ha cht s dng v bng cch xc nh hm lng clo d trong nc thi sau khi tip xc vi clo. Khi thit k s b c th ly nh sau : - Nc thi sau x l c hc l 10mg/l; - Nc thi sau x l Aeroten khng hon ton hay Biophin cao ti l 5mg/l; - Nc thi x l sinh hc hon ton l 3mg/l. Khi trong nc c phenol, kh trng bng Clo Clo phenol c mi rt kh chu. Nn kh bng NH3 trc khi kh trng. u : Chi ph thp, an ton thc t v hiu qu ( khi hiu v vn hnh ng) D s dng, c nhiu trn th trng, gi c c th chp nhn c. L cht oxi ha mnh bt k dng no, rt tt kh H2S, Mn, NH3, Fe2+ Nhc : Lng Clo d 0,5 mg/l trong nc thi m bo s an ton v n nh cho qu trnh kh trng s gy hi n c v cc sinh vt c ch khc sng trong nc. Clo kt hp vi hydrocacbon thnh hp cht c hi cho mi trng sng. Gy mi kh chu. Khng c kh nng tiu dit cc vi khun hoc virus truyn bnh nguy him nh Giardia v Cryptosporidium. D to hp cht THM - trihalomethanes nh l: cloroform, diclomethane, 1,2dicloethane va carbon tetraclorua la nhng hp chat clo hoa c tao thanh do viec clo hoa nc va nc thai va b nghi ng co kha nang sinh ung th.
Phng php kh trng nc thi Cc yu t nh hng Nng chlorine.
Khi tng nng cht kh trng, thi gian tip xc cn thit s gim xung v mi quan h ny c biu th qua quan h : Cn.t = K C : Nng cht kh trng; t : Thi gian cn thit kh trng n mt gii hn nht nh; n : S m; K : Hng s qu trnh. Hm lng v thi gian tip xc Cng thc tnh thi gian tip xc:
Nt (1 0.23 Ct t ) 3 No
Nt : S Coliform thi gian t, MPN/100ml. N0 : S Coliform thi gian ban u t0, MPN/100ml. Ct : Hm lng clo d thi gian t. t : Thi gian lu nc, pht c ca nc Nhit . Nhit tng lm cho nht gim, ng thi chuyn ng nhit tng ln, qu trnh khuch tn cht kh trng qua v t bo sinh vt tng v qu trnh kh trng t hiu qu cao. So vi clo, cloramine chu nh hng ca nhit mnh hn. pH. Kh nng dit trng ca Clo ph thuc vo hm lng HOCl c trong H2O. Nng HOCl ph thuc vo lng ion H+ trong nc hay ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Khi: pH= 6 th HOCl chim 99,5% cn OCl- chim 0.5% pH = 7 th HOCl chim 79% cn OCl- chim 21%
Phng php kh trng nc thi -
pH = 8 th HOCl chim 25% cn OCl- chim 75%
Tc l pH cng cao hiu qu kh trng cng gim. V tc dng kh trng ca HOCl cao hn nhiu so vi OCl . Bng 2: Lng chlorine trong trng hp x l nc cc nhit , pH v thi gian tip xc Nhit nc 50oF Thi gian tip xc(ph t) 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 pH 7 0,2 0,3 0,6 0,8 1,6 4,0 8,0 pH 7,5 0,3 0,4 0,6 1,2 2,4 6,0 12,0 pH 8 Lng chlorine tha cn thit (mg/L) Thi gian tip xc(pht) 7 0,4 0,5 0,8 1,6 3,2 8,0 12,0 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 0,3 0,4 0,6 1,2 2,4 6,0 12,0 pH 7,5 0,5 0,6 0,9 1,8 3,6 9,0 18,0 pH pH 8 Nhit nc 32-40oF Lng chlorine tha cn thit (mg/L)
0,6 0,8 1,2 2,4 4,8 12,0 24,0
* Kh trng bng Clo lng y l phng php c ng dng rng ri trn th gii. Clo c th dn trc tip vo nc kh trng gi l Clo ha trc tip hoc qua Clorat (Clorat - y l thit b c chc nng pha ch v nh lng Clo hi v nc).
Phng php kh trng nc thi C ch hot ng
Khi Clo cho vo trong nc phn ng xy ra nh sau: Cl2 + H2O = HCl + HOCl. Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn li: Cl2 + H2O = H+ + OCl - +Cl Mt khc v acid hypoclor l mt acid rt yu nn d phn hy thnh acid clohydric v oxi nguyn t t do: HOCl HCl + O. Chnh oxi nguyn t ny s oxi ha cc vi khun. c im: u im: D s dng C th x l nc quy m ln. Gi thnh r. Nhc im: Rt c hi v khng an ton trong chuyn ch v bo qun. a s cc trm cp nc quy m nh v va khng th dng phng php ny. Tn nhiu thi gian 1.1.1.3. Cu to hot ng Khi dng Clo lng kh trng , ti nh my phi lp t thit b chuyn dng a Clo vo nc gi l Clorat. y l thit b c chc nng pha ch v nh lng Clo hi v nc. Clo lng Clo hi Lu lng k Thit b trn (b trn) ejector B kh trng (b tip xc). H thng kh trng bng clo v cu to b tip xc
S h thng kh trng bng clo 1) Clorator - Clorator: nh lng kh clo v chm trc tip vo ng ng. - Clorator c chia lm nhiu loi: Clorator hot ng lin tc, Clorator hot ng theo t l, Clorator p lc, Clorator chn khng. - Clorator y l loi Clorator chn khng hot ng lin tc, c van chn thit b lc, van gim p gim p sut xung 0.2 at, van iu chnh, lu lng k, thit b trn bng thy tinh, ejecter. - i vi cc trm x l nc cng sut ln, ngi ta thng p dng Clorator chn khng cng sut 20 50 kg/h vi thit b nh lng t ng
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Bng lu lng nc cn cho clorator ph thuc vo lu lng Clo v tn tht p lc Cc tiu chun 14 Tn tht p lc Tn tht trc ejecter Lu lng nc (m3/h) 1,5 2,1 5 1 1,8 2 3,6 Lu lng Clo (kg/h) 5 5 2,5 3,0 5,4 5 10 3 3,5 5,4 10 5 3 3,5 7,2 10 10 13 4,2 4,5 8
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Hnh : H thng pha ch Clo 1. Cn bn 2. Gi t bnh Clo lng 3. Bnh Clo lng 4. ng trong dn hi Clo 5. Van kha 6. ng dn hi Clo 7. Bnh trung gian 8. Bnh lc 9. p lc k cao p v thp p 10. Thit b iu p 11. Van iu chnh lu lng 12. Lu lng k 13. Bnh trn 14. ng x 15. Ejector
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Phng php kh trng nc thi 2) Ban lng
Clo nc thng c cha trong cc bnh thp c gi l ban lng hoc c cha trong cc thng ln hn. Mi ban lng thng c dung tch 25 55 lt v Clo cha trong ban lng di p sut 30 at. 3) Ejector L thit b nh lng ha cht, l cng c n gin ht kh Clo cho qu trnh xy ha trong x l nc khi khng cn lm thong.
Vn hnh thit b kh trng Clo B xo trn Hiu qu kh trng ca nc thi ph thuc vo kh nng xo trn u dung dch clo vi nc thi, thi gian tip xc gia chng v hm lng clo d. Cng on xo trn c thc hin ti b xo trn hay thit b xo trn. Thit b xo trn c th thit k l cng trnh c lp hay kt hp vi b tip xc Thit b xo trn n gin v c s dng rng ri nht l b xo trn nh hnh di. Nc thi trc khi dn vo ngn trn s c khuch tn vi dung dch clo thng qua ng khuch tn clo. Trong ngn trn, cnh khuy trn u clo vi nc thi sau c dn vo b tip xc.
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Hnh 6: Thit b khuy trn gn vi b tip xc Vi lu lng nc thi di 400l/s thng dng mng trn kiu ln, cn vi lu lng nc thi trn 400l/s c th dng mng trn vch ngn c l, mng trn kiu lu lng Parsan. S mng trn kiu ln (hnh v)
Dc mng c b tr 5 mu hnh ui c thng ng, so le nhau. Nh cch b tr m clo v nc thi c xo trn theo dng chy ln xoy. Tc chuyn ng ca nc qua cc khe h ca mng trn khng c nh hn 0,8m/s. Tn tht p lc qua mi khe h (hoc tit din dng chy b co hp) ca mng trn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
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Phng php kh trng nc thi h = (V2/2g)
trong l h s khng cc b, ly ph thuc vo cch b tr ca ui ln, nu ui ln t vung gc vi dng chy th = 3,0; thun chiu dng chy = 2,5 v ngc chiu dng chy = 3,5. V l tc chuyn ng ca nc qua tit din co hp, m/s. g: gia tc trng trng 9,81 m/s2. Khong cch gia cc ui thng ly bng 0,75b vi b l chiu rng ca mng. nghing ca mng: i = (h/0,75b) Mng ln kiu trn thng c c bng b tng hay xy gch, kch thc c th ly nh sau: cn c vo lu lng ti a (t 10 400 l/s), ly chiu rng t 200 1200mm, chiu di 2500 4500mm, chiu cao t 600 1000mm, din tch tit din t 0,025 0,5m2. Chiu cao h2 = 930 1330mm. i vi mng trn c vch ngn c l th s l trong vch xc nh theo cng thc: n= 4.qmax/,d2,V d: ng knh l V: tc chuyn ng ca nc qua l (1 1,2 m/s) qmax: lu lng giy ti a, m3/s khong cch gia cc tm l theo chiu ngang ly bng 2d. tn tht p lc qua l: h = V2/m2.2g trong : m h s lu lng, c th ly bng 0,6 0,7 B tip xc
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L cng trnh dng nc thi v clo c thi gian tip xc 30 pht (k c thi gian nc chy t mng xo trn ti b tip xc v t b tip xc ra hng x vo h cha.
Cu to b tip xc B tip xc c thit k vi dng chy ziczc qua tng ngn to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh tip xc gia Clo v nc thi (theo hnh). Nhim v ca b tip xc l cho nc thi sau x l v dung dch clo tip xc mt khong thi gian, trung bnh thi gian tip xc l 30 pht l tiu dit vi trng cha trong nc thi. Thi gian ny c tnh k c thi gian nc thi theo mng dn t b tip xc ra ngun tip nhn. Thit k b tip xc ging nh thit k b lng nhng khng cn c thanh gt bn. iu quan trng nht cn quan tm l thi gian tip xc, sao cho t nht 80 90% nc thi c lu li trong b thc hin trn vn thi gian cn thit tip xc vi clo. S lng b tip xc thit k khng c nh hn 2 n nguyn, cho php thc hin lm si bt nc trong b tip xc bng kh nn vi cng 0,5 m3/m2.h. Trong giai on kh trng bng clo c xy ra qu trnh keo t cc cht hu c cn li trong nc thi v lng xung y b tip xc. Do , tc nc chy trong b phi m bo sao cho cn l lng tri ra khi b l t nht. Tc ny thng khng ln hn tc nc chy trong b lng t II. Tnh ton b tip xc clo: Th tch hu ch ca b tip xc:
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W Qm ax xt
trong :
Qm ax : lu lng ln nht, m3/h.
t: Thi gian tip xc, h vi t 30 Trong :

l vx60
30: thi gian tip xc theo quy nh, pht.
l: Chiu di mng dn n im x, m v: Tc nc chy trong mng dn, m/s Lng cn lng trong b tip xc ph thuc vo loi cht kh trng c s dng, liu lng ca chng v mc x l nc thi. Th tch ca cn lng b tip xc c tnh theo cng thc:
Wtx axN tt 1000
Trong :
a: Lng cn lng trong b tip xc, l/ng.ng Ntt: Dn s tnh ton theo cht l lng, ngi.
S lng cn gi li b tip xc, ly cn c vo mc x l nc v cht kh trng. Th tch cn ca b tip xc c th tnh theo lu lng nc thi vi lng cn lng, lt cho m3 nc thi vi m 98% v ly nh sau: - Sau x l c hc: 1,5 l/m3 nc thi - Sau x l sinh hc khng hon ton earotank: 0,5 l/m3 - Sau x l sinh hc hon ton. Nu kh trng bng clo nc, th s lng cn lng tnh theo u ngi trong ngy ly bng: sau x l c hc 0,08 lt; sau x l sinh hc hon ton b Aerotank 0,03 lt; sau b Biofilm 0,05 lt.
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Cn kh trng bng clorua vi th s lng cn lng bng 2 ln so vi kh trng bng clo nc. m ca cn 96%. Vic ly cn ra khi b cng li dng ct nc thy tnh. Cn lng c th dn trc tip ra sn phi bn. Tc nc chy trong b tip xc thng ly khng ln hn tc nc chy trong b lng 2 to iu kin lng cn tt hn. X nc x l vo ngun Nc thi sau khi kh trng th cho x vo ngun thng thng l ao h, sng ngi cnh . Thng thng, trc khi x vo ngun, nc thi qua ging kim tra t ngay b v sau theo ng ng x trc tip vo ngun qua hng x. Nhim v ch yu ca cng trnh x nc l xo trn nc thi vi nc h cha t mc cao nht. V vy phi ph thuc vo hnh th, ch nc chy on x nc thi m thit k xy dng cng trnh x ngay b hoc kiu x gia dng, x nhiu im hay x mt imTrong mi trng hp u phi tnh n cc yu cu v giao thng ng thy, v dao ng mc nc, nh hng ca sng v a cht cng trnh y ngun Hng x c th lm bng thp, gang, b tng ct thp, nhng tt nht l lm bng b tng ct thp c sn. Khi x nc thi trc tip ngay b, th v phng din cu to c n gin hn, nhng mc pha long km hn so vi x xa b. Tc dng chy trong ng dn nc ca ming x c gng sao cho cng ln cng tt (khng nh hn 0,7 m/s) trnh lng ng cn. Cc l ca hng x cn t cch y mt cao nht nh (0,5- 1,0 m) trnh s xi l y ngun lm bt kn cc l.
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Chn v tr x nc vo ngun cn c s tha thun ca vin v sinh dch t, tng cc thy vn i vi nhng con sng tu b qua li, khi x mt lng nc ln vo, c th xy dng ming x phn tn v c gia c (hnh) b sng bng si .
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng cn lm ming thi theo kiu bm phun. Loi ny cho php gim nng cht nhim bn trong nc thi xung 1,5 3 ln ngay thi im x nc thi. Trong iu kin Vit Nam, ngun tip nhn nc thi sinh hot hay nc thi cng nghip gm ch yu l cc ngun nc mt (sng, h, ao, sui, bin, ven b) v c chia thnh 2 loi: ngun loi A v ngun loi B. Ngoi ra ngun tip nhn nc thi, nht l nc thi cng nghip, cn c th l mng li thot nc th. Bng 2: Yu cu v nng cho php ca cc thng s khi x nc thi vo sng, h Ch tiu ca nc thi pH Mu, mi v Hm lng cht l lng Hm lng cht hu c Tnh cht sng, h loi I sau khi x nc thi vo Tnh cht sng, h loi II, sau khi x nc thi vo
Trong phm vi 6,5 8,5 Khng mu, mi v Cho php tng hm lng cht l lng trong h, sng 0,75 1,00 mg/l 1,50 2,00 mg/l Nc thi sau khi ha trn vi nc sng, h khng c nng hm lng cht hu c ln qu: 5 mg/l 7mg/l
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Phng php kh trng nc thi Lng oxy ha tan
Nc thi sau khi ha trn vi nc sng, h khng lm gim lng oxy ha tan di 4mg/l (tnh theo lng oxy trung bnh trong ngy vo ma h)
Nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD5 Vi trng gy bnh (nc thi sinh hot ca th, nc thi cc bnh vin, nh my. Tp cht ni trn mt nc Cht c hi
Nc thi sau khi ha trn vi nc sng, h BOD5 trong nc sng h khng c vt qu: 4 mg/l 8-10 mg/l Cm x nc thi vo sng h nu nc thi cha qua x l v kh trng trit
Nc thi sau khi x vo sng h khng c cha du, m, bt x phng v cc cht ni khc bao trn mt nc tng mng du ln hoc tng mng bt ln Cm thi vo sng h cc loi nc thi cn cha nhng cht c kim loi hay hu c, m sau khi ha trn vi nc sng h gy c hi trc tip hay gin tip ti ngi, ng thc vt, thy sinh trong ngun nc v hai bn b.
1.1.1.4. Cc vn cn lu khi s dng phng php Liu lng Clo c th ly theo TCXD 51 1984 nh sau: - i vi nc cp t ngun nc mt: 2,0 3,0mg/l. - i vi nc thi sau khi x l c hc: 10 g/m3. - i vi nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc khng hon ton b aeroten hay b biophin cao ti : 5 g/m3 . - i vi nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc hon ton 3g/m2. - i vi nc cp t ngun nc ngm: 0,7 1,0 mg/l. Sau khi kh trng, lng Clo d cn li trong nc qu ln, cn phi kh bt t di gi tr cho php. C th s dng mt s bin php sau: - Clo ha nc kt hp vi ammoniac ha. - Dng than hot tnh hp th clo d.
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Sau 30 pht cho tip xc vi nc th lng clo d cn li l 0,3 1,0 mg/l. Trong trng hp nng cao lng Clo d t 1,0 1,5mg/l th vi trng b tiu dit nhanh hn Sau khi qua x l (h thng x l) th lng Clo d: 0,3 0,5 mg/l sao cho n cui ng cn 0,05mg/l. Cc liu lng chlorine thng dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau trong qu trnh x l nc thi Mc ch s dng Ngn qu trnh n mn do H2S Kh mi hi Khng ch qu trnh pht trin ca cc mng bn vi sinh vt Kh BOD Khng ch rui b lc sinh hc Loi du, m Kh trng nc thi cha qua x l Kh trng nc thi qua x l cp I Kh trng nc thi sau kt ta ha hc Kh trng nc thi qua x l bng b lc sinh hc Kh trng nc thi qua x l bng b bn hot tnh 28 0,5 2 b 0,1 0,5 2 10 6 25 5 20 26 3 15 Liu lng mg/L 29a 29a 1 10
Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991
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Ghi ch: a: trn mg/L H2S b: cho 1 mg/L BOD kh i
1.1.2. Kh trng bng Clorua vi v canxihypoclorit 1.1.2.1.C ch kh trng: Ca(OCl)2 + H2O = CaO + 2HOCl 2HOCl = 2H+ + 2OClClorua vi c sn xut bng cch cho Clo + vi ti Cloruavi. Trong Clorua vi th lng Clo hot tnh chim 20 25%. Canxi hypclorit Ca (OCl)2 l sn phm ca qu trnh lm bo ha dung dch vi sa bng Clo. Hm lng Clo hot tnh chim 30 45%. 1.1.2.2. c im u im: L cht kh trng hiu qu, gi thnh r. Nhc im: Qu trnh khuy vi nc, pha ch, kim tra hm lng dung dch v a vo kh trng nc bng phng php th cng gy tc hi ti sc khe ca cng nhn v lm nhim trm nc. Mt khc bt Clorine ht nc, thi kh Clo lm cht lng bt b gim nhanh trong thi gian bo qun.
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1.1.2.3. Cu to hot ng Hnh :Thit b kh trng bng clorua vi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Thng dung dch Thng ha trn Thng nh lng ng dn nc cp X cn Van Phu
1.1.2.4. Cc vn cn lu khi s dng phng php Cc yu t nh hng: Bt Clorua vi v Canxihypoclorit rt d ht m cn c bin php bo qun hp l. V khi bt b m s nh hng n kh nng kh trng. H thng kh trng phi c xy dng theo s hnh zigzac tng kh nng tip xc ca bt vo nc. 1.1.3. Kh trng bng Natri hypoclorit (nc zaven). 1.1.3.1 Nguyn l ca qu trnh NaClO l sn phm ca qu trnh in phn dung dch mui n . Nc zaven c nng Clo hot tnh t 6 8g/l. 1.1.3.2. Cu to hot ng
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S cng ngh in phn mui n 1. Kho cha mui t 2. Dung dch mui 20 25% 3. My bm dung dch mui 4. B dung dch 8 9% 5. T trng k 6. Thit b nh lng 7. ng dn vo cc bnh in phn 8. Bnh in phn 9. Cc in cc m dng v lng tnh 10. B nc lm ngui 11. ng thi 12. ng cp
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Phng php kh trng nc thi 1.1.4 kh trng bng Iod
Iod l cht oxy ha mnh v thng c dng kh trng nc cc b bi. L cht kh tan nn Iod c dng dng dung dch bo ha. ha tan ca Iod ph thuc vo nhit nc. 0oC ha tan l 100mg/l. Nu s dng liu lng cao hn 1,2 mg/l s lm cho nc c mi v iod. 1.1.5 kh trng bng ozone 1.1.5.1 Nguyn l ca phng php ha tan vo nc ca ozone gp 13 ln ha tan ca oxy. Khi va mi cho ozone vo nc, tc dng tit trng xy ra rt t, khi ozone ha tan liu lng, ng vi hm lng oxy ha cht hu c v vi khun c trong nc, lc tc dng kh trng ca ozone mnh v nhanh gp 3100 ln so vi clor v thi gian kh trng xy ra trong khong t 3 n 8 giy. 1.1.5.2 c im Ozone khng to thnh cc hp cht hu c cha clo, nhng chng cng khng tn ti trong nc sau khi x l, v th mt s h thng cho thm mt cht clo vo ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun trong ng ng. Kh trng bng ozone c nhng u im sau: Khng c mi Lm gim nhu cu oxy ca nc, gim nng cht hu c, lm gim nng cc cht hot tnh b mt Kh mu; Kh phenol; Kh xianua; Lm tng s ha tan ca oxy; Khng c phn ng ph gy c hi;
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Phng php kh trng nc thi Tng vn tc lng ca cc ht l lng;
Trnh mt s vn v sn phm ph ha hc khi s dng cht clo. Nhc im: vn u t cao v tn nhiu nng lng. 1.1.5.3 Cu to hot ng Ozone c sn xut bng cch cho oxy hoc khng kh i qua thit b phng tia la in. cung cp lng ozone cho nh my x l nc, dng my pht tia la in gm hai in cc kim loi t cch nhau mt khong cho khng kh chy qua. Cp dng in xoay chiu vo cc in cc to ra tia h quang, ng thi vi vic thi lung khng kh sch i qua khe h gia cc in cc chuyn mt phn oxy thnh ozone. Ngun khng kh va l ngun cung cp oxy va l cht in mi san u in tch phng ra trn ton b mt in cc, ngn cn hin tng phng in qu ti cc b. Nng ozone trong hn hp kh i ra khi my t 1 2% tnh theo trng lng c a thng vo b ha tan v tip xc vi nc thi kh trng. Thi gian tip xc cn thit l t 4 8 pht.
Khi ozone tc dng vo nc thi thng gy ra nhng hin tng sau: Kh cht rn trong nc thi bng tc dng oxy ha v tuyn ni. Khi bt cn ni ln do ozone ha tan vo nc thi. pH ca nc thi tng ln khng nhiu do CO2 c thot ra.
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Kh mu v c do tc dng oxy ha ca ozone vi hp cht mu. Chuyn ha NH4+ thnh NO3-. 1.1.5.4 Cc vn cn lu khi s dng phng php Liu lng ozone dng trong nc thi sau b lng 2 dao ng t 5 -15mg/l. Liu lng ny thay i theo cht lng ca nc thi. Nu trong khng kh c 1mg/l ozone th c th gy c hi i vi ngi vn hnh x l. 1.2. Kh trng bng ion kim loi nng Vi nng rt nh ca cc ion kim loi nng c th tiu dit c vi sinh vt v ru to sng trong nc. Nng tit trng ca ion kim loi nng
Kim loi Bc Ag ng Cu Cadimi Cd Crom Cr Km Zn
Nng cn tiu dit (ml/l) Vi trng E.coli 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.7 1.4 Ru to 0.05 0.15 0.1 0.7 1.4
Kh trng bng ion kim loi nng i hi thi gian tip xc ln. V d vi bc khi s dng 0.03 mg/l kh trng nc c pH = 7.5 15oC, thi gian cn kh 99% vi trng l 177 ph. Tuy nhin khng th nng cao nng ion kim loi nng gim thi gian dit trng v nh hng n sc khe con ngi. 1.2.1 Nguyn l ca phng php C th tiu dit phn ln vi trng. Vi 2-10 g/l ion Bc l c th tc dng.
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Di tc dng ca cc Ion bc, t bo ca hn 650 loi vi khun b ph hy v tiu dit, ngoi ra nano bc cn c tnh nng ngn mi hi. Nano bc vi kch c phn t t 3~5 nano mt, tc dng trc tip vi vi khun gy hi. N bao ly trc tip t bo ca vi khun, v ph v cu trc t bo, v hiu ha s pht trin v sinh trng ca chng. Cho nn vi tnh nng kh vi khun ca Nano bc, c th ni l cng ngh khng khun mnh v an ton nht hin nay. 1.2.2 iu kin p dng Kh c th p dng trong x l nc thi v gi thnh cao, chi ph tn km khi vn hnh quy m ln. 1.2.3 Cu to hot ng Nc chy qua mt thanh bc v mt thanh ng cc ION ho c gii phng nh dng in mt chiu. Bc s dit khun, ng dit rong to. Nhng hng tun vn phi s dng Clo 3 ln vo bui ti dit rong to, dit khun phng khi cc ION ho khng dit ht. 1.2.4 Cc vn cn lu khi s dng phng php y l phng php kh trng mi rt hiu qu nhng cha c p dng Vit Nam . 2.Phng php vt l Cc phng php kh trng vt l c u im l khng lm thay i tnh cht l ha ca nc, khng gy tc dng ph. Tuy nhin hiu sut li khng cao. 2.1 Kh trng bng cc tia Tia UV Tia UV hay cn gi l tia cc tm l loi tia bc x in t, chng c bc sng t 4 400 nm. 2.1.1 Nguyn l ca phng php
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Khi ta chiu tia UV vo nc thi, chng tip xc vi t bo VSV v lm thay i DNA ca t bo vi sinh vt. bc sng 254 nm, kh nng lm thay i ny l cao nht v do VSV s b tiu dit mnh nht. Tc ng n RNA gy nh hng n qu trnh tng hp enzyme v protein.
2.1.2 iu kin p dng Sinh vt Vi khun Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax Bacillus anthracis spores - Anthrax spores Clostridium tetani Corynebacterium diphtheriae Escherichia coli Leptospiracanicola - infectious Jaundice Mycobacterium tuberculosis Neisseria catarrhalis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella enteritidis Liu cn thit (Ws/cm2 ) Gim 90% 4,520 24,320 13,000 3,370 3,000 3,150 6,200 4,400 3,000 5,500 4,000 Gim 99% 8,700 46,200 22,000 6,510 6,600 6,000 10,000 8,500 6,600 10,500 7,600
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Phng php kh trng nc thi Salmonela paratyphi - Enteric fever Salmonella typhosa - Typhoid fever Salmonella typhimurium Shigella dyseteriae Dysentery Shigella flexneri Dysentery Shigella paradysenteriae Vibrio comma Cholera Mc Aspergillius flavus Aspergillius glaucus Aspergillius niger Mucor racemosus A Mucor racemosus B Oospora lactis Penicillium expansum Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium digitatum Rhisopus nigricans Protozoa Chlorella Vulgaris Nematode Eggs Paramecium
GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN 3,200 2,150 8,000 2,200 1,700 1,680 3,375 90% 60,000 44,000 132,000 17,000 17,000 5,000 13,000 13,000 44,000 111,000 90% 13,000 45,000 11,000 6,100 4,100 15,200 4,200 3,400 3,400 6,50025 99% 99,000 88,000 330,000 35,200 35,200 11,000 22,000 26,400 88,000 220,000 99% 22,000 92,000 20,000
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Phng php kh trng nc thi Virus Bacteriopfage - E. Coli Infectious Hepatitis Influenza Poliovirus - Poliomyelitis Tobacco mosaic 2.1.3 Cu to hot ng
GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN 90% 2,600 5,800 3,400 3,150 240,000 99% 6,600 8,000 6,600 6,600 440,000
cc trm x l nc thi, ngi ta thng dng n thy ngn p lc thp pht tia cc tm c bc sng 253,7 nm. Bng n c ng trong hp thy tinh, khng hp th tia cc tm, ngn cch n v nc thi. n c lp thnh b c vch ngn phn phi khi nc chy qua hp c trn u. Lp nc i qua n c dy khong 6mm. Cng thc tnh liu tia trong kh trng nc thi: D = I x t vi D: liu lng tia UV (mWs/cm2) I: cng bc x (mW/cm2) t: thi gian (giy) Cc yu t nh hng n thit k: loi n, cng sut n, loi nc cn x l: tia chiu trc tip hay gin tip, cng sut cao hay thp, tnh cht ca nc thi; mt vi sinh vt c trong nc thi: khi nc thi c cht rn l lng nhiu cn tng liu lng t hiu qu kh trng.; cn phi tin hnh th nghim nhm xc nh cc thng s kh trng.
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Thit b to tia UV 2.1.4 Cc vn cn lu khi s dng phng php (u nhc im ca phng php) Kh trng bng tia UV cn quan tm n cc yu t sau: xuyn su ca tia Nng lng ca loi tia Thi gian tip xc u im: khng c mi, tiu dit t bo VSV cao. Nhc im: khng tiu dit c bo t VSV, chi ph cao, cc cht hu c c trong nc thi c kh nng hp th tia cc tm, lm gim tc dng hu hiu ca tia cc tm. V n ( nguy c nhim thy ngn cao), cha p dng nhiu, thiu kinh nghim. Nu n b bm bn th hiu qu kh trng s thp.
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Phng php kh trng nc thi 2.2 Kh trng bng siu m
Dng siu m vi cng tc dng khng nh hn 2W/cm2 trong khong thi gian trn 5 pht c kh nng tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt trong nc. 2.3 Kh trng bng phng php nhit 2.3.1 Nguyn l ca phng php Khi un si nc 100oC a s cc sinh vt b tiu dit. Cn mt s t khi nhit tng cao lin chuyn sang dng bo t vi lp bo v vng chc. Chng khng h b tiu dit d c un si lin tc trong vng 15 n 20 pht, cho nc ngui n 35oC v gi trong vng 2 gi cho cc bo t pht trin tr li, sau li un si li ln na. 2.3.2 iu kin p dng p dng quy m nh do phng php n gin v rt tn nng lng. Hin khng p dng phng php ny trong kh trng nc thi. 2.4 Kh trng bng phng php lc 2.4.1 Nguyn l ca phng php i b phn vi sinh vt c trong nc (tr siu vi trng) c kch thc 1 2 m c th loi tr c a s vi khun. 2.4.2 iu kin p dng V chi ph u t cao nn phng php ny hin nay ch p dng vi quy m nh v s dng cn hn ch. 2.4.3 Cu to hot ng Lp lc thng dng l cc tm snh, s xp c khe rng cc nh. 2.4.4 Cc vn cn lu khi s dng phng php Vi phng php ny, nc em lc phi c hm lng cn nh hn 2mg/l.
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So snh hiu qu kh trng ca cc phng php Phng php Lc th Lc tinh B lng ct B lng s hoc th cp c hc B lng s hoc th cp c thm ha cht tr lng B lc sinh hc nh git B bn hot tnh Chlorine ha nc thi sau x l Hiu qu (%) 0,5 10,20 10,25 25,75
40,80
90,95 90,98 98,99
Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991
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So snh c im ca mt s ha cht s dng cho qu trnh kh trng c dim c im mong mun t c c tnh i c tnh cao cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao ca o Chlori ne Sodium Calcium Chlori Bromi ne chlorid e Ozon U e V
hypochlori hypochlori ne de de dioxid e
vi vi nng sinh vt ha tan Phi ha tan trong nc hoc m bn t gim Bn tnh dit khun theo thi gian Khn i c Rt c vi sinh c c c c c c g c vi VSV, Hi khng Tng i Khng n nh bn bn Sn xut khi cn Hi khng n nh Khn Sx g bn khi Sn xut khi cn c n Thp Cao Cao Cao Thp Cap -
vi sv khng
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Phng php kh trng nc thi bc cao c vi vt bc ngi v ng vt Tnh ng nht trong dung dch Tc dng vi cc cht khc c Gi c khong bin thin ca mi trng n Khng mn n n mn n mn Cao Cao Cao Ch tc Oxy dng vi VK ha cc CHC ng nht ng nht ng nht cao
ng nht
ng nht
ng nht
Cht oxy Cht oxy Cao ha mnh ha mnh
Oxy ha cht hu c
Oxy ha cht hu c
Cao
Cao
Cao
ca o
tnh c cc nhit khc nhau
n mn mnh
n mn
n mn mnh
n mn mn kim loi mnh
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Phng php kh trng nc thi Kh nng kh mi C kh Cao nng kh mi khi kh trng Trung bnh Trung bnh
GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN Cao Trung bnh Cao -
Kt lun Cc ha cht thng s dng trong qu trnh kh trng l Cl2, ClO2, Ca(ClO)2, NaOCl. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh l kh nng dit khun ca cc ha cht ny, qu trnh khuy trn ban u, c tnh cu nc thi, thi gian tip xc gia nc thi v cht kh trng, c im ca cc vi sinh vt.
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IV. P DNG QU TRNH KH TRNG NC THI VO CC CNG TRNH C TH 1.X l nc thi sinh hot S x l nc thi bnh vin a khoa ng Thp
NC THI BNH VIN SCR TH B TIP NHN SCR TINH B IU HA
B ASBC
MY THI KH
B CHA BN
B LNG
B KH TRNG
CHLORINE
NGUN TIP NHN
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Phng php kh trng nc thi Thuyt minh quy trnh x l:
X l nc thi bnh vin rt kh bi thnh phn trong nc c cha nhiu cht st trng, thuc khng sinh, sinh phm...Thnh phn ca nc thi cha nhiu khun coliform, fecal-coliform... X l NTBV phi kt hp c phng php vi sinh v ho l. Cc thnh phn chnh gy nhim mi trng do nc thi bnh vin gy ra l cc cht hu c; cc cht dinh dng ca ni-t (N), pht-pho (P); cc cht rn l lng v cc vi trng, vi khun gy bnh.. Song cc cht hu c trong nc thi d b phn hy sinh hc, hm lng cht hu c phn hy c xc nh gin tip thng qua nhu cu -xy sinh ha (BOD) ca nc thi.. Nc thi bnh vin rt nguy him v chng l ngun cha cc vi trng, vi khun gy bnh, nht l cc bnh truyn nhim nh thng hn, t, l... lm nh hng n sc khe cng ng. Theo phn loi ca T chc Mi trng th gii, nc thi bnh vin gy nhim mnh c ch s nng cht rn tng cng 1.200mg/l, trong cht rn l lng l 350mg/l; tng lng cc-bon hu c 290mg/l, tng pht-pho (tnh theo P) l 15mg/l v tng ni-t 85mg/l; lng vi khun coliform t 108 n 109. nc ta, tiu chun nc thi bnh vin sau x l phi t tiu chun loi II (TCVN 73822004) mi c php vo h thng thot nc ca thnh ph v cc h cha nc quy nh. Tiu chun loi II nc thi bnh vin quy nh ch s pH=6-9, cht l lng khng ln hn 100mg/l, sunfur khng ln hn 1mg/l, dn xut amoni khng qu 10mg/l v nitrat khng qu 30mg/l, ch s BOD5 nh hn 30mg/l, khng pht hin c cc vi khun gy bnh, tng coliform di 5000. * Phng php x l c th m t tm tt nh sau: Theo nh gi ca Bnh vin a khoa ng Thp, vi lu lng nc thi 250m3/ngy, HTXL b sinh hc Aerotank hin hu khng p ng c yu cu x thi t tiu chun loi A, TCVN 5945:2005, c bit l cc ch tiu tng phospho,
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tng nit trong nc u ra vt gp 2 ln tiu chun cho php. Nguyn nhn l do b Aerotank thng thng ch x l c cc hp cht hu c m khng c kh nng x l trit N c trong nc thi. ci thin hiu qu x l ca HTXL nc thi, phng n ci tin b sinh hc Aerotank thnh b sinh hc tip xc hiu kh ASBC vi gi th l vt liu tip xc PVC c ra. B ASBC l s kt hp gia cng ngh x l bng bn hot tnh v lc bm dnh, c kh nng x l hiu qu cc hp cht hu c v N, P c trong nc thi. ng thi, cc SCR th v tinh cng c lp t ti u vo ca cc b tip nhn v b iu ha tch cht thi rn c trong nc thi, gip nng cao hiu qu x l ca qu trnh sinh hc. Bn cnh , b ASBC c hiu qu x l cao hn hn b Aerotank l do ngoi qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh (activated sludge) cn ng thi xy ra qu trnh sinh trng bm dnh ca cc vi sinh vt trn lp vt liu gi th (biofilm). H thng cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin hot ng theo hai giai on: giai on th nht dng phng php vi sinh hiu kh trong iu kin hon ton nhn to loi b cc tp cht hu c c mt trong nc thi. Cc vi sinh hiu kh c gy nui v pht trin to thnh mng trn b mt gi th c trong cc bn sinh hc a bc s ln men hiu kh. Cc cht hu c c cp -xy lin tc nn nhanh chng b phn hy, loi b khi nc thi. Giai on hai dng ha cht clorin kh trng nc x l, dit ht cc vi trng, vi khun c hi, bo m nc thi t tiu chun loi II quy nh trc khi cho nc thi x l chy vo ng thot nc cng cng. Trong qu trnh x l, h thng to mt lng bn do cht rn lng ng v xc vi sinh vt. Bn c gom vo b cha bn tch nc, phn nc c tun hon v b iu ha x l li, phn bn c xe ht hm cu chuyn ch n ni quy nh v lm nguyn liu ch bin phn hu c. Cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin bng phng php sinh hc khng gy nhim th cp do thc hin trong h kn, bo m mi trng sch xung quanh khu vc x l.
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1.2 x l nc thi ch u mi nng sn Th c

Nc thi
Song chn rc
Hm bm
My sn rc
B iu ha My thi kh My p bn DD polymer
B USBF
DD javen
B kh trng
B nn bn
Ngn thot nc
Cn kh
Sng
Thuyt minh quy trnh x l Trm x l nc thi: Cng ngh: an Mch. Cng sut: 1.500 m3/ngy. Nc thi ca khu vc c thot tp trung vo hm bm sau i qua h thng x l s cho ra nc sch i ra ngn thot nc v thot ra rch. Nc thi t cc khu vc bun bn trong ch theo mng li thot nc chy n trm x l. Ti y nc thi c tip nhn chy vo b thu gom qua song chn rc loi b s b cc tp cht c kch thc ln nh bao ni lng, v hp, cc vn ph phm to. Rc tch t pha trc song chn rc s c ko ln nh k nh h thng rng rc, sau o c thu gom li v a ln thng rc tp trung ca ch.
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Nc thi chy vo b thu gom nhm tp trung lng nc v n nh dng chy. Trong hm bm b tr hai bm nc thi ln song chn rc t ng. Song chn rc t ng c nhim v tip tc loi b cc cn bn c kch thc nh m r chn rc khng gi li c, trnh gy nh hng n cc cng trnh n v pha sau. Nc thi sau khi qua song chn rc chy xung b iu ha. B iu ha c nhim v cn bng lu lng v nng . Ti y khng kh c cp vo nhm khuy trn nc thi v to iu kin hiu kh trnh s phn hy k kh gy mi hi. Cht dinh dng l NPK cung cp dng cht cho VSV hot ng v pht trin to iu kin thch hp cho cc qu trnh x l sinh hc sau . Trong b iu ha c hai bm nhng chm bm nc ln b USBF Trong b USBF, khng kh c cp nh hai my thi kh hot ng lun phin 24/24h. Vi sinh trong b USBF c b sung nh k mi tun t bn tun hon ti b lng. Cc vi sinh vt ny s phn hy cc cht hu c thnh sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O lm gim nng bn trong nc thi. Sau qu trnh s l sinh hc, nc thi qua b lng ng lng bn trong nc thi. Trong b lng ng, nc di chuyn t trong ng trung tm xung y b sau di chuyn ngc t di ln chy vo mng thu nc trn sang b kh trng. Qu trnh phn ng xy ra trong ng trung tm ca b lng to ra bng cn c kch thc ln nn d lng xung y b. y b cu to hnh chp thu gom cc cn lng. Cn lng phi c x ra mi ngy vo b thu bn bng cch x van bn cnh bn b lng ng, thi gian x bn ph thuc vo lng bn nhiu hay t, c th theo di nc x cho n khi khng cn c hay hi trong l c, thong thng thi gian x bn t 5-10 pht. Nc thi tip tc t chy n b kh trng. Ti y dung dch Javen c chm vo nh h thng bm nh lng. Javen l cht oxy ha mnh s oxy ha mng t bo sinh vt gy bnh v git cht chng. T b cha, nc thi t chy n ngn thot nc ri c x ra rch.
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B kh trng l cng trnh x l cui cng trong h thng x l nc thi. Sau khi qua b kh trng, nc thi t tiu chun nc thi vo ngun loi B theo TCVN5945-1995 v c th x vo ngun tip nhn. Phn bn lng b thu bn c a ti b nn bn. B nn bn lm gim m v th tch ca bn, nc sau khi tch bn quay ngc li b iu ha.Bn sau khi qua b nn bn s c bm n my p bn, y bn c lm kh hn ri c vn chuyn ra bi thi. Lng nc t my p bn c a v b iu ha. 2.X l nc thi sn xut 2.1 X l nc thi cng nghip bia Nc thi SX bia
Cn rc
B gom
Chn lp
Thp gii nhit
B iu ha
NaOH
My thi kh B UASB
B aerotank
Nc d
Bn tun hon
B lng
B nn bn
B kh trng
Bn d
chlorine
Bn i x l
t QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT gi tr C ct B
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M t cng ngh trm x l nc thi Bia H ng: Nc thi t tt c cc khu vc ca xng sn xut bia hi, c tch ring vi nc ma theo h thng thot nc bn tp trung v b gom TK-101 ca trm x l nc thi (khng cn ngn lng ct v ton b h thng thu gom ca nh my c cc h ga trc khi chy v b thu gom ca trm) vi lu lng trung bnh 7,5m3/h. Trc khi vo my bm cp1 (P-01), nc thi c dn qua song chn rc loi b cn rc c kch thc ln hn 0,2mm ra khi dng thi bng phng php th cng. T b gom, nc thi c hai bm P-01 (chy lun phin) bm ln thp gii nhit TK-102 c nhim v gim nhit . Ti thp gii nhit nc t chy vo b iu ha nh chnh lch cao , b iu ha c nhim v iu ha lu lng v cc thnh phn (SS, BOD, COD) ca nc thi. trong b iu ha c b tr mt h thng sc kh, nhm to s xo trn nc thi trnh hin tng lng cn v phn hy k kh trong b ny, to mi trng ng nht cho dng thi trc khi qua cc bc x l tip theo, ng thi dung dch NaOH cng c chm vo y nng pH ca nc thi. Ti b iu ha c hai bm P-02 (chy lun phin) bm sang b UASB (TK-103) bt u qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh. Trong b UASB TK-103, nc thi c phn b u trn din tch y b v i t di ln qua lp m bn l lng, khi qua lp bn ny, hn hp bn (vi sinh vt) ym kh trong b s hp ph cht hu c (BOD, COD) ha tan trong nc thi, ng thi phn hy v chuyn ha chng thnh kh biogas bay ln (khong 70-80% l kh methane v 20-30% l cacbonic v cc kh khc). Kh biogas sinh ra c thu hi v t ti u t kh, nc sau x l dng ln theo mng thu chy sang b Aerotank (TK-104). Trong b Aerotank (TK-104), qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh din ra nh vo lng oxy ha tan trong nc nh cc a phn phi kh bt mn, mt lng oxy thch hp c cung cp cho bn hot tnh phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Hu ht cc cht nhim hu c c s dng duy tr s sng ca vi sinh khun, v vy ch c mt lng nh bn hot tnh c sinh ra. T b Aerotank, nc thi t chy vo b lng ( TK-105), y c b tr ng phn phi trung tm bng vt liu Inox v s din ra qu tnh tch bn hot tnh v nc thi qua s l sinh hc, lng bn hot tnh phn ln c bm bn
44
bm tun hon tr li b hiu kh Aerotank (TK-104) lng d cn li c bm bn bm n b nn bn (TK - 07). Nc sau khi lng tip tc chy vo b kh trng (TK-106) tiu dit hon ton cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cn st li trong nc thi. Ti y, nc thi s c tip xc vi ha cht chlorine theo dng chy ziczac nhm to thi gian tip xc gia nc thi v ha cht kh trng, sau nc t chy ra h thng nc thi chung ca thnh ph bo m nc sau x l lun t tiu chun x thi Loi B theo QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT, Gi tr C ct B trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn. V cng tc x l bn v cn rc: b lng (TK-105), phn ln bn hot tnh sau khi lng c bm bn tun hon tr v b Aerotank duy tr chc nng sinh hc v gi nng bn mc n nh. Lng bn sinh hc d c bm bn d bm v b nn bn TK-107, vi thi gian lu thch hp bn c nn t nng 1% ln 2-2,5%, sau c chuyn i chn lp theo quy nh. Nc d t b nn bn c thu gom v b iu ho tip tc qu trnh x l. 2.2 X l nc thi cng nghip dt S h thng x l nc thi vi cng sut 200m3/ngy m cho cng ty c phn dt len Thy Bnh
45

Nc thi
Cn rc
B gom Thp gii nhit B iu ha

Nc d Bn d Bn d
Chn lp
HCl
B aerotank Lng lamen Phn ng
My thi kh
Sn phi bn
Trung gian Bn i x l
B kh trng QCVN13 : 2008/BTNMT gi tr C ct B
Cholorine
M t cng ngh h thng x l nc thi nh my Dt len Thy Bnh: Nc thi t khu vc dt nhum ca Nh my, c tch ring vi nc ma theo h thng thot nc bn tp trung v b gom TK-101 ca trm x l nc thi vi lu lng trung bnh 6,25m3/h. Trc khi vo my bm cp 1 (P-01), nc thi c dn qua song chn rc v r thu rc loi b cn rc c kch thc ln hn 10 - 2mm ra khi dng thi. Sau , nc thi c bm P-01 bm nc thi ln thp gii nhit TK-102 nhm h nhit . Sau nc t chy vo iu ha TK-103 c nhim v iu ha lu lng v cc thnh phn (SS, BOD, COD) ca nc thi. B iu ha to mi trng ng nht cho dng thi trc khi qua cc bc x l tip theo, ng thi dung dch HCl cng c chm vo b h pH ca nc thi.
46
Nc thi t b iu ha s c bm cp 2 (P-02) bm sang b Aerotank (TK-104) trong b TK-104, qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh din ra nh vo lng oxy ha tan trong nc, mt lng oxy thch hp c cung cp cho bn hot tnh phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Hu ht cc cht nhim hu c c s dng duy tr s sng ca vi sinh khun, v vy ch c mt lng nh bn hot tnh c sinh ra.T b Aerotank, nc thi t chy vo b lng bn hot tnh (TK-105), sau t chy vo b phn ng (TK-106) y s chm ha cht tr lng PAC, c my khuy trn u nc vi ha cht n din ra qu trnh phn ng tnh mu v lng cn SS v chm mt lng ha cht Chlorine nhm tiu dit vi khun gy hi. Sau lng nc trong s t chy sang b trung gian (TK-107) thi gian cho s to bng cn, ri c bm qua h thng lc p lc nhm loi b ht hon ton. Bo m nc sau x l lun t quy chun x thi theo QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT gi tr C v ct B trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn. V cng tc x l bn v cn rc: b lng (TK-106), phn ln bn hot tnh sau khi lng c bm bn tun hon tr v b Aerotank duy tr chc nng sinh hc v gi nng bn mc n nh. Lng bn sinh hc d c bm bn d bm v sn phi bn TK-108, sau c chuyn i chn lp theo quy nh.Nc d t sn phi bn c thu gom v chy v trm b iu ha tip tc qu trnh x l. 2.3 S h thng x l nc thi ca n v: Cng ty c phn Ch bin hng xut khu Cu Tre (TP HCM).
47

NC THI
SCR
NGN TIP NHN
B IU HA
B LNG T 1
B SINH HC HIU KH
B NN BN
HT BN B LNG T 2 NH K
DD CLO KH TRNG B TIP XC
NGUN TIP NHN
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Phng php kh trng nc thi Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc thi t cc phn xng theo mng li thot nc ring qua song chn rc c dn n ngn tip nhn, ti y c b tr bm nhng chm. Song chn rc c nhim v gi li v loi b rc v cc tp cht v c c kch thc ln nh bao ni lng, giy, vi vn, si,...nhm trnh gy h hi bm hoc tc nghn cc cng trnh pha sau. Rc s c vt nh k sau thu gom li v a n h cha rc . Nc sau khi qua song chn rc t chy vo b iu ha. B iu ha c tc dng iu ha lu lng v nng nc thi, trnh hin tng qu ti vo cc gi cao im, do gip h thng x l lm vic n nh ng thi gim kch thc cc cng trnh n v tip sau. Trong b iu ha c b tr h thng thi kh. Tc dng ca h thng ny l xo trn nc thi ng thi cung cp oxy nhm gim mt phn BOD. T b iu ha nc thi tip tc c bm vo b lng ri vo b x l sinh hc hiu kh. Trong b sinh ny cc cht hu c ha tan v khng ha tan chuyn ha thnh bng bn sinh hc - qun th vi sinh vt hiu kh - c kh nng lng di tc dng ca trng lc. Nc thi chy lin tc vo b sinh hc trong kh c a vo cng xo trn vi bn hot tnh, cung cp oxy cho vi sinh phn hy cht hu c. Di iu kin nh th, vi sinh sinh trng tng sinh khi v kt thnh bng bn. Sau khi lu nc thi gian cn thit nc trong b sinh hc hiu kh tip tc chy qua b lng. B lng c nhim v lng v tch bn hot tnh ra khi nc thi. Bn sau khi lng c hm lng SS = 8000 mg/L, mt phn s tun hon tr li b sinh hc (2575% lu lng) bo m nng vi sinh trong b iu kin phn hy nhanh cc cht hu c, ng thi n nh nng MLSS = 2000 mg/L. m bn hot tnh dao ng trong khong 98.5 - 99.5%. Lu lng bn d Qw thi ra mi ngy c bm vo b nn bn Nc thi tip tc c a qua b tip xc vi cht kh trng clo. Ngoi mc ch kh trng, clo cn c th s dng gim mi.
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B nn bn tip nhn bn d t b lng. Nhim v ca b nn bn lm gim th tch bn t m trn 99% xung 95-96%. Lng bn nn sau c ly nh k v ch ni qui nh hoc c th dng lm phn bn cho cy xanh. M t h thng thit b kh trng: Thit b dng kh trng nc thi bng clorua vi thng c mt hay hai thng ha trn, hai thng dung dch v mt thng nh lng. Thng ha trn lm nhim v trn clorua vi vi nc nhn c dung dch clorua vi dng sa c nng 2,5% , sau khi qua thng nh lng dung dch clorua vi dn n mng trn trc khi qua b tip xc. Dung tch hu ch ca thng dung dch c th xc nh theo cng thc: W = a.Q/1000.b.n Trong Q- lu lng trung bnh ca nc cn kh trng m3/ngy abliu lng clo hot tnh nng dung dch clorua vi, ly khng ln hn 25%
n- s ln ha trn clorua vi trong ngy, ly trong khong 2-6 ln ph thuc vo cng sut ca trm Dung tch thng ha trn ly khng qu 50% dung tch thng dung dch i vi cc trm x l cng sut trung bnh, thng dng cc thit b trn c hc trn clorua vi. trnh n mn do clo, cc cnh v trc ca thit b trn c hc nn lm bng g. Tt c cc thng u c np y. Hm lng clo cn thit kh trng cho nc sau lng, 3-15mg/L.. Thi gian tip xc loi b vi sinh khong 20-40 pht. Nc thi sau khi qua b tip xc clo t tiu chun x ra ngun loi B. 2.4 X l nc thi nh my thy sn
50
THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH Nc thi t cc phn xng sn xut theo mng li thot nc ring dn n b lng ct c t m su di t, y s gi li ct v cc cht rn l lng c kch thc ln m bo s hot ng n nh ca cc cng trnh x l tip theo. Trc khi vo b lng ct, nc thi c dn qua thit b lc rc th nhm loi b cc cht rn c kch thc ln nh: giy, g, nilng, l cy ra khi nc thi. Nc thi ra khi b lng ct s n hm tip nhn ri bm qua my
51
sng rc loi b cc cht rn c kch thc ln hn 1mm. Sau nc t chy xung b iu ha. Ti b iu ha, my khuy trn chm s ha trn ng u nc thi trn ton din tch b, ngn nga hin tng lng cn b sinh ra mi kh chu, ng thi c chc nng iu ha lu lng v nng nc thi u vo. Nc thi c bm t b iu ha vo b UASB. Ti b UASB, cc vi sinh vt k kh s phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi thnh cc cht v c dng n gin v kh Biogas (CO2, CH4, H2S, NH3), theo phn ng sau : Cht hu c + Vi sinh vt k kh mi + Sau b UASB nc thi c dn qua cm b anoxic v aerotank. B anoxic kt hp aerotank c la chn x l tng hp: kh BOD, nitrat ha, kh NH 4+ v kh NO3- thnh N2, kh phospho. Vi vic la chn b bn hot tnh x l kt hp an xen gia qu trnh x l thiu kh, hiu kh s tn dng c lng cacbon khi kh BOD, do khng phi cp thm lng cacbon t ngoi vo khi cn kh NO3-, tit kim c 50% lng oxy khi nitrat ha kh NH4+ do tn dng c lng oxy t qu trnh kh NO3-. Nc sau cm b anoxic aerotank t chy vo b lng. Bn c gi li y b lng. Mt phn c tun hon li b anoxic, mt phn c a n b cha bn. Tip theo, nc trong chy qua b trung gian c bm ln b lc p lc gm cc lp vt liu: si , ct thch anh v than hot tnh loi b cc hp cht hu c ha tan, cc nguyn t dng vt, nhng cht kh hoc khng phn gii sinh hc. Nc c bm t b trung gian qua lp vt liu lc ca b lc p lc. Cn l lng c gi li trn lp vt liu lc. nc i ra khi b lc p lc i vo b nano dng kh tch phn du v cn cn st li trong nc thi. Vi sinh c loi ra khi nc ti b ny. y l cng ngh kh trng khng dng ha cht. Nc sau khi qua b nano dng kh t yu cu x thi vo ngun tip nhn theo quy nh hin hnh ca php lut. --> CO2 + CH4 + H2S + Sinh khi
52
Bn b cha bn c c bm qua my p bn bng ti loi b nc, gim khi tch bn. Bn kh c c quan chc nng thu gom v x l nh k. Ti b cha bn, khng kh c cp vo b trnh mi hi sinh ra do s phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c. 2.5. X l nc thi khu cng nghip Tn Bnh Khu cng nghip Tn Bnh s dng cng ngh SBR trong x l nc thi. Qu trnh x l ch yu l x l sinh hc. vi cng sut x l 4000 m3/ngy m.
Nc thi sn xut v sinh hot t cc n v trong KCN Lc rc th rc X l
H thu tp trung
My lc rc tinh
rc
X l
B tuyn ni - tch du m
Vng du
Thng thu du X l
NaOH, H2SO4
B iu ha
My thi kh
B SBR
B cha bn
My p bn
Chlorine Loi A (QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT)
B kh trng
H cha nc sau x l
Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi KCN Tn Bnh Nc thi t cc nh my trong khu cng nghip c tp trung v dn qua mng lng ct kt hp t song chn rc th. Rc c kch thc ln c tch ra, ct lng xung y mng v c ly ln theo nh k. Nc thi tip tc chy v h thu.
53
Ti h thu, nc thi c bm t ng bm qua my lc rc tinh. Ti my lc rc tinh, rc c kch thc nh c tch ra trc khi vo b tch du. Ti b tch du, du m c trong nc thi c gt b ra khi nc thi v c thu v thng cha du m v em i x l. Tip n nc thi t chy qua b iu ho, ti y nc thi c iu ha v lu lng, nh 2 my khuy trn chm v c iu chnh pH nc thi cho thch hp bng dung dch H2SO4 v dung dch NaOH trc khi i vo b phn ng. SBR l mt dng ca b Aerotank. Khi xy dng b SBR nc thi ch cn i qua song chn, b lng ct v tch du m nu cn, ri np thng vo b. u im l kh c cc hp cht cha nit, photpho khi vn hnh ng cc quy trnh hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh. B SBR hot ng theo 5 pha: Pha lm y ( fill ): thi gian bm nc vo ko di t 1-3 gi. Dng nc thi c a vo b trong sut thi gian din ra pha lm y. Trong b phn ng hot ng theo m ni tip nhau, tu theo mc tiu x l, hm lng BOD u vo, qu trnh lm y c th thay i linh hot: lm y tnh, lm y ha trn, lm y sc kh. Pha phn ng, thi kh ( React ): To phn ng sinh ha gia nc thi v bn hot tnh bng sc kh hay lm thong b mt cp oxy vo nc v khuy trn u hn hp. Thi gian lm thong ph thuc vo cht lng nc thi, thng khong 2 gi. Trong pha phn ng, qu trnh nitrat ha c th thc hin, chuyn Nit t dng N-NH3 sang N-NO22- v nhanh chng chuyn sang dng N-NO3-. Pha lng (settle): Lng trong nc. Qu trnh din ra trong mi trng tnh, hiu qu thy lc ca b t 100%. Thi gian lng trong v c c bn thng kt thc sm hn 2 gi. Pha rt nc ( draw): Khong 0.5 gi. Pha ch : Ch i np m mi, thi gian ch i ph thuc vo thi gian vn hnh 4 quy trnh trn v vo s lng b, th t np nc ngun vo b.
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X bn d l mt giai on quan trng khng thuc 5 giai on c bn trn, nhng n cng nh hng ln n nng sut ca h. Lu lng v tn sut x bn c xc nh bi nng sut yu cu, cng ging nh h hot ng lin tc thng thng. Trong h hot ng gin on, vic x bn thng c thc hin giai on lng hoc giai on tho nc trong. c im duy nht l b SBR khng cn tun hon bn hot ho. Hai qu trnh lm thong v lng u din ra ngay trong mt b, cho nn khng c s mt mt bn hot tnh giai on phn ng v khng phi tun hon bn hot tnh t b lng gi nng . Ti b kh trng nc thi c chm dung dch NaOCl vi liu lng nht nh tit trng nc trc khi x ra h sinh hc. Nc thi sau qu trnh x l t ct A QCVN24:2009/BTNMT c php x thi ra mi trng.
V.TNH HNH NG DNG QU TRNH KH TRNG TRONG X L NC THI HIN NAY
VII. Ti liu tham kho
55

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Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Hoc c th dng phng trnh phn ly: Cl2 + H2O

Khi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau:

2HOCl 2H+ + 2OCl

Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Hnh 3: Biu so snh nng phn ly HOCl v OCl- theo pH

Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Hnh 2: th th hin lng clo d theo qu trnh s dng clo kh trng

Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi Cc yu t nh hng Nng chlorine.

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi -

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

pH = 8 th HOCl chim 25% cn OCl- chim 75%

0,6 0,8 1,2 2,4 4,8 12,0 24,0

Phng php kh trng nc thi C ch hot ng

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Phng php kh trng nc thi 2) Ban lng

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi h = (V2/2g)

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi

GVHD: THS. LM VNH SN

Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Qm ax : lu lng ln nht, m3/h.

t: Thi gian tip xc, h vi t 30 Trong :

30: thi gian tip xc theo quy nh, pht.

Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Ghi ch: a: trn mg/L H2S b: cho 1 mg/L BOD kh i

Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Phng php kh trng nc thi

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Phng php kh trng nc thi Tng vn tc lng ca cc ht l lng;