K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC

HV : PHM HONG ANH

1
Phn 1. Gii thiu v bin tn a bc

1.1 B nghch lu:
B nghch lu c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun in mt chiu khng i
sang dng nng lng in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay chiu.

i lng c iu khin ng ra l in p hoc dng in. Nu i lng c iu
khin ng ra l in p th b nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p, ngc li gi l b
nghch lu dng.

Ngun mt chiu cung cp cho b nghch lu p c tnh cht ngun p, v ngun mt
chiu cung cp cho b nghch lu dng c tnh cht ngun dng. Cc b nghch lu tng ng
c gi l b nghch lu p ngun p v b nghch lu dng ngun dng hoc gi tt l b
nghch lu p v b nghch lu dng.

Trong trng hp ngun in u vo v i lng ng ra khc nhau, b nghch lu
cung cp dng in xoay chiu t ngun in p mt chiu, ta gi chng l b nghch lu dng
ngun p.

B nghch lu l thnh phn ch yu trong b bin tn. ng dng ca chng kh quan
trng v tng i rng ri, ch yu nhm vo lnh vc truyn ng in ng c xoay chiu
vi chnh xc cao. Trong lnh vc tn s cao, b nghch lu c dng trong cc thit b l
cm ng trung tn, thit b hn trung tn... B nghch lu cn c dng lm ngun in xoay
chiu cho cc nhu cu trong gia nh, lm ngun in lin tc UPS, iu khin chiu sng v
cn c ng dng trong lnh vc b nhuyn cng sut phn khng.






K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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1.2 B nghch lu p a bc:
1.2.1 Khi nim:
B nghch lu p l mt b nghch lu c ngun mt chiu cung cp l ngun p v i
tng iu khin ng ra l in p. B nghch lu dng l b nghch lu c ngun mt chiu
cung cp l ngun dng v i tng iu khin ng ra l ngun dng. Trn thc t ngun
mt chiu l ngun p v i tng nghin cu l b nghch lu p.

B nghch lu p cung cp v iu khin in p xoay chiu ng ra, ngun in p mt
chiu c th l: pin in, c quy, in p mt chiu c chnh lu t in p xoay chiu c
lc phng Cc ti xoay chiu thng mang tnh cht cm khng (ng c xoay chiu, l cm
ng), dng in qua cc linh kin khng th ng ngt bng qu trnh chuyn mch t
nhin. Do , linh kin trong b nghch lu p phi c kh nng kch ng, ngt dng qua n.
Trong cc ng dng vi cng sut nh v va th c th s dng transitor BJT, MOSFET,
IGBT. Trong phm vi cng sut ln c th dng GTO, IGCT hoc SCR kt hp vi b chuyn
mch. Vi ti tng qut, mi linh kin cn mc thm mt diode i song hn ch in p
pht sinh khi kch ngt linh kin.

1.2.2 Phn loi:
B nghch lu p c nhiu loi v nhiu phng php iu khin khc nhau:
- Theo s pha in p u ra: nghch lu p mt pha, ba pha.
- Theo s cp gi tr in p gia mt u pha ti n mt im in th chun trn
mch: hai bc (two level), a bc (multilevel).

Khi nim b bin tn hai bc xut pht t in p mt u pha ti (pha A, B, C) vi im
chun (v tr ni t) trn mch DC thay i gia hai bc khc nhau (V
dc
v 0). B nghch lu
p hai bc c nhc im l to in p cung cp cho cun dy ng c dv/dt kh ln v gy
ra hin tng in p common-mode (V
NO
khc 0) rt nghim trng. B nghch lu p a bc
c pht trin gii quyt cc vn gy ra nu trn ca b nghch lu p hai bc v
thng c s dng cho cc ng dng in p co v cng sut ln.

u im ca b nghch lu p a bc l cng sut ca b nghch lu tng ln, in p t
ln cc linh kin gim xung nn cng sut tn hao do qu trnh ng ngt ca linh kin cng
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
3
gim theo; vi cng tn s ng ngt, cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao ca in p ra gim nh
hn so vi b nghch lu p hai bc.

- Theo cu hnh b nghch lu: dng Cascade, dng nghch lu cha cp diode kp
NPC.

Cc phng php iu khin b nghch lu p:
- Phng php iu rng
- Phng php iu bin
- Phng php iu ch rng xung (SH PWM )
- Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (Modified PWM)
- Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (SVPWM Carrier Based PWM)



















K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
4
Phn 2. K thut iu ch sng mang PWM

K thut iu ch sng mang PWM:
T p ti 3 pha yu cu V
tj
, c th s dng s sau xc inh V
j0
:

Theo s trn ta tnh c tn hiu iu khin cho cc cp linh kin:
V
j0
= V
jt
+ V
0
(V
0
l in p offset)
in p V
0
c th chn gi tr bt k trong gii hn V
0min
:V
0max
ca n:
V
0min
V
0
V
0max

Vi : V
0min
= nV
d
Max
V
0max
= - mV
d
Min
(ty theo cc b nghch lu m chn ch s m,n cho ph hp)
Min = min(V
t1
, V
t2
, V
t3
)
Max = max(V
t1
, V
t2
, V
t3
)
Cc trng hp c bit:
) min
) max
a Vo Vo
b Vo Vo
=

`
=
)
iu ch gin on (discontinueous PWM)

min max
)
2
Vo Vo
c Vo
+
= space vector modulation (SVPWM)
So snh tn hiu iu khin V
j0
vi sng mang V
carrier
ta tnh ton c tn hiu iu ch
danh nh
j



K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
5
Phn 3. Tnh ton v m phng Matlab
A. B bin tn a bc dng Cascade
A.1 Cu trc b nghch lu dng Cascade:
S dng cc ngun DC ring, thch hp trong trng hp s dng ngun DC c
sn, v d di dng acquy, battery. Cascade inverter gm nhiu b nghch lu p cu
mt pha ghp ni tip, cc b nghch lu p dng cu mt pha ny c cc ngun DC
ring.
Bng cch kch ng cc linh kin trong mi b nghch lu p mt pha, ba mc in p
(-U,0,U) c to thnh. S kt hp hot ng ca n b nghch lu p trn mt nhnh pha ti
s to nn n kh nng mc in p theo chiu m, n kh nng mc in p theo chiu dng v
mc in p 0. Nh vy, b nghch lu p dng Cascade gm n b nghch lu p mt pha trn
mi nhnh s to thnh b nghch lu 2n+1 bc.

B bin tn 5 bc dng H-Brige Cascade
Tn s ng ngt trong mi module ca dng mch ny c th gim i n ln v
dv
dt
cng gim i n ln. in p p t ln cc linh kin gim i 0,57 ln, cho php s
dng IJBT in p thp.
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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Ngoi dng mch gm cc b nghch lu p mt pha, mch nghch lu p a bc
cn c dng ghp t ng ra ca cc b nghch lu p ba pha. Cu trc ny cho php
gim
dv
dt
v tn s ng ngt cn
1
3
. Mch cho php s dng cc cu hnh nghch lu
p 3 pha chun. Mch nghch lu t c s cn bng in p cc ngun DC, khng
tn ti dng cn bng gia cc module. Tuy nhin cu to mch i hi s dng cc
my bin p ng ra.
B nghch lu c kho st y l b nghch lu 5 bc dng Cascade, v di
y l gin vector khng gian vi y cc trng thi redundant state ca n.

Gin vector khng gian in p ca b cascade 5 bc.
Vi cu to nh trn th in p trn mt pha c biu din nh sau:

0 1 2 3 4
( )
j d
V V = + ;j= A, B, C
0 1
i
s s , vi 1, 6 i =
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
7











Thit lp bng 1:
Bng phn tch cc tn hiu iu khin :












Mc in
p nghch
lu
0 A
v
Cc trng thi ng ngt tng ng
Trng thi ng
ngt ca cc cp
linh kin
Sj=(s1,s2,s3,s4)
2Vd (Vd,0,Vd,0) (1,0,1,0)
Vd (Vd,0,0,0);( 0,0,Vd,0) (1,0,0,0)
0 (0,0,0,0);(Vd,0 ,0,Vd);( 0,Vd,Vd,0) (0,0,0,0)
-Vd (0,0,0,Vd);(0,Vd,0,0) (0,0,0,1)
-2Vd (0,Vd,0,Vd) (0,1,0,1)
Vj0 (V10,V20,V30,V40) 1 2 3 4
- 2VdsVj0 s-Vd
(0,Vd,0,Vd)
(0,0,0,Vd)
0
d 0
d
V Vj
V


0 1
- VdsVj0 s0
(0,0,0,Vd)
(0,0,0,0)
0 0 0
0
d
Vj
V

0 sVj0 sVd
(0,0,0,0)
(Vd,0,0,0)
0
d
Vj
V

0 0 0
VdsVj0 s2Vd
(Vd,0,0,0)
(Vd,0,Vd,0)
1 0
d+ 0
d
V Vj
V

0
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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B nghch lu 3pha 5 bc dng Cascade.

A.1.1 Cc tham s

B nghch lu Cascade 7 bc s dng linh kin l tng.
in p dy ng ra V
d
= 2300 V
Cng sut ng ra S = 2MVA
in p ngun dc b nghch lu khng thay i.
Ti 3 pha cn bng vi cosu = 0.9, tn s p 50Hz. Vi gi tr xc nh ca ti, gi
nguyn tham s khi xt hot ng ca b nghch lu cc tn s v ch s iu ch
khc nhau.



K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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A.1.2 Tnh ton
Vi in p dy ti V
d
= 2300 V v ch s m = 1, ta c th xc nh in p V
dc

max ax
3
383, 33
6 6 3
t tm
dc
dc
V V
m V V
m V
= = =
td
tp
U 2300
U = = 1327,91 (V)
3 3
=
tp
tp
S
I =502,04A
3U
=
P Scos 1,8MW; = =
2 2
Q S - P 0,87 MVAr = =

2
tp
L 2
tp
P
R =2,38
3I
Q
X = 1,15
3I

= O

= O

L
X
L 0,0037 H
2 f
= ~













K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
10
A.2 Kt qu m phng:
a) fo= 50Hz, m= 0.9, fsw= 720Hz

in p offset, udk v in p pha vAO.

in p H-Bridge, p nghch lu p ti
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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Sng in p vH1, v phn tch ph FFT tng ng.


Sng in p vH2, v phn tch ph FFT tng ng.
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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p dy ti v ph FFT tng ng.


Dng ti v ph FFT tng ng.


K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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b) fo= 50Hz, fsw= 4320Hz, m=0.9











Thit lp bng 1:
Bng phn tch cc tn hiu iu khin :










Mc in
p nghch
lu
0 A
v
Cc trng thi ng ngt tng ng
Trng thi ng
ngt ca cc cp
linh kin
Sj=(s1,s2,s3,s4)
2Vd (Vd,0,Vd,0) (1,0,1,0)
Vd (Vd,0,0,0);( 0,0,Vd,0) (0,0,1,0)
0 (0,0,0,0);(Vd,0 ,0,Vd);( 0,Vd,Vd,0) (0,1,1,0)
-Vd (0,0,0,Vd);(0,Vd,0,0) (0,1,0,0)
-2Vd (0,Vd,0,Vd) (0,1,0,1)
Vj0 (V10,V20,V30,V40) 1 2 3 4
- 2VdsVj0 s-Vd
(0,Vd,0,Vd)
(0,Vd,0,0)
0 1 0
d 0
d
V Vj
V


- VdsVj0 s0
(0,Vd,0,0)
(0,Vd,Vd,0)
0 1
1 0
d
Vj
V
+

0
0 sVj0 sVd
(0,Vd,Vd,0)
(0,0,Vd,0)
0
1 0
d
Vj
V

1 0
VdsVj0 s2Vd
(0,0,Vd,0)
(Vd,0,Vd,0)
d+ 0
d
V Vj
V

0 1 0
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
14
Kt qu m phng:

in p offset, udk v in p pha vAO.


in p H-Bridge, p nghch lu p ti

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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Sng in p vH1 v phn tch ph FFT tng ng.


Sng in p vH2 v phn tch ph FFT tng ng.

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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p dy ti v ph FFT tng ng.



Dng ti v ph FFT tng ng.

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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Nhn xt:
Ging nhau :
Dng p v dng ti 2 kt qu trn tng i ging nhau.
Khc nhau :
Do tn s sng so snh th nghim b) cao hn phn a), dn n kt qu dng
sng th nghim b) c dng hnh sin mn hn. THD th nghim b) thp hn so vi th
nghim a).


















K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
18
C. B bin tn a bc dng NPC
C.1 Gii thiu:
S dng thch hp khi cc ngun DC to nn t h thng in AC. B nghch lu a bc
cha cc cp diode kp c mt mch ngun DC c phn chia thnh mt s in p nh hn
nh chui cc t in mc ni tip.
Gi s nhnh mch DC gm n ngun c ln bng nhau mc ni tip. in p pha-
ngun DC c th t c (n+1) gi tr khc nhau v t b nghch lu c gi l b
nghch lu p (n+1) bc.
V d, chn mc in th 0 cui di ngun, cc mc in p c th t c gm
(0,U,2U,3U,,nU). in p t mt pha ti thng n mt v tr bt k trn nh cp diode kp
ti im . in p pha-ngun DC t c mc in p nu trn (Ua0=U), tt c cc linh
kin b kp gia 2 diode gm n linh kin mc ni tip lin tc k nhau, phi c kch ng,
cc linh kin cn li phai c kha theo nguyn tc kch i nghch.
B nghch lu p a bc dng diode kp ci tin dng sng in p ti v gim shock
in p trn linh kin n ln. Vi b nghch lu 3 bc,
dv
dt
trn linh kin v tn s ng ct
gim i mt na. Tuy nhin vi n >3, mc chu gai p trn cc diode s khc nhau. Ngoi
ra, cn bng in p gia cc ngun DC (p trn t) tr nn kh khn.











K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
19
B nghch lu 3 bc dng NPC.

Gin vector khng gian ca b nghch lu NPC 3 bc .
C.1.1 Cc tham s

B nghch lu Cascade 7 bc s dng linh kin l tng.
in p dy ng ra V
d
= 6600 V
Cng sut ng ra S = 5 MVA
in p ngun dc b nghch lu khng thay i.
Ti 3 pha cn bng vi cosu = 0.9, tn s p 50Hz.





K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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C.1.2 Tnh ton
Vi in p dy ti V
d
= 2300 V v ch s m = 1, ta c th xc nh in p V
dc

max ax
3
6600
3
t tm
dc
dc
V V
m V V
m V
= = =
td
tp
U 6600
U = = 3810,5 (V)
3 3
=
tp
tp
S
I =437,38A
3U
=
P Scos 4, 5MW; = =
2 2
Q S - P 2,18 MVAr = =

2
tp
L 2
tp
P
R =7,84
3I
Q
X = 3,8
3I

= O

= O

L
X
L 0,012 H
2f
= ~

M hnh m phng b nghch lu NPC 3 bc (nhiu sng iu khin).

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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Kt qu m phng
a) fo= 50Hz, fsw= 900Hz, m=0.9

Dng sng xung kch ca cc cp linh kin.

p pha tm ngun vAO, p dy vAB

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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FFT p Ti VAN



FFT p Dy VAB

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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FFT p pha tm ngun vAO


















K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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b) fo= 50Hz, fsw= 900Hz, m=0.3

Dng sng xung kch ca cc cp linh kin.


p pha tm ngun vAO, p dy vAB

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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FFT p Ti VAN



FFT p Dy VAB

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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FFT p pha tm ngun vAO






K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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M hnh m phng b nghch lu NPC 3 bc (1 sng so snh).
Kt qu m phng
a) fo= 50Hz, fsw= 900Hz, m=0.9

Dng sng xung kch ca cc cp linh kin.
K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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p pha tm ngun vAO, p dy vAB


FFT p ti VAN


K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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FFT p dy VAB



FFT p pha VA0


K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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b) fo= 20Hz, fsw= 0.9, m=0.3


Dng sng xung kch ca cc cp linh kin.

p pha tm ngun vAO, p dy vAB


K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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FFT p ti VAN



FFT p dy VAB

K THUT PWM CHO B NGHCH LU A BC
HV : PHM HONG ANH
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FFT p pha VA0