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LI NI U Trong nhng nm gn y, s xut hin ca VoIP gy nn mt s ch c bit trong lnh vc vin thng th gii, li ch m n mang li l rt ln. i vi khach hang, li ch u tin m h t c l chi ph cuc gi s r hn ng k. Cn i vi cc nh sn xut, cung cp v khai thc mng, truyn thoi qua mng Internet m ra nhng thch thc mi nhng cng ha hn kh nng li nhun ng k. y cng l mt bc t ph trong vic tin ti mt xu th mng vin thng mi. Cng ngh VoIP c rt nhiu u im nh: gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di; h tr nhiu cuc gi vi bng tn thp hn; nhiu hn v tt hn cc dch v nng cao; s dng c hiu qu nht giao thc IP Tuy nhin vn tn ti mt s nhc im v bo mt v k thut phc tp. Vi tnh trng pht trin nhanh ca cc dch v mng, di a ch IPv4 ang ngy cng cn kit, VoIP khng th pht huy ht sc mnh vn c ca n. tn dng ht nhng u im ca truyn thoi qua mng Internet ng thi gii quyt c nhc im ca c VoIP th h c v IPv4, th vic nghin cu v th nghim truyn thoi qua IPv6 c rt nhiu cng ty, t chc trn th gii ch . Vit Nam d vn cn nhiu hn ch v c s h tng v ngun lc song khng th nm ngoi xu th pht trin chung ca th gii.
MC LC
DANH MC CC T VIT TT
Vit tt VOIP TCP/IP LAN WAN PSTN SIP PBX RTP RTCP RSVP TCP UDP IPv4 IPv6 PC GSM PCM ETSI GK GW SCN ISDN
T ting anh Voice over Internet Protocol Transport control protocol / Internet protocol Local Area Network Wide Area Network Public Switched Telephone Network Session Inititation Protocol Private Branche Xchange Real Time Transport Protocol Real Time Transport control Protocol Reservation Protocol Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol Internet Protocol version 4 Internet Protocol version 6 Personnal Computer Global System for Mobie Pulse Code Modulation European Telecommunications Standards Institute Gatekeeper Gateway Switching Network Integrated Service Digital Network
Ngha ting vit Hnh thc truyn thoi qua Internet Giao thc truyn v sa li i vi Cc d liu. Mng vng cc b Mng rng Mng in thoi cng cng Giao thc khi to phin Tng i chi nhnh ring Vn chuyn thi gian thc iu khin truyn thi gian thc Giao thc gi trc ti nguyn Giao thc iu khin truyn tin D liu ngi s dng Giao thc Internet phin bn 4 Giao thc Internet phin bn 6 My tnh c nhn H thng ton cu cho in thoi di ng iu ch m xung Tiu chun vin thng chu u Cng qun l mng Cng ni mng Mng chuyn mch Mng dch v tch hp s
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 DSL OAM MGW DTMF SGW RAS QoS DRQ HTTP IETF UA ACK SDP SMTP ITU RTT OPS OSP CPL NAT ID MAC DNS ISP ARP RFC MSN DAD ICMP NS RA Digital Subcribe Line Operation And Maintenance Management Media Gateway Dual Tone Multi Frequency Singnalling Gateway Registration Admission And Status Quality of Service Data Read Queue Hypertext Tranfer Protocol Internet Engineering Task Force User Agent Acknow Ledgement Sesion Descripion Protocol Simple Mail Tranfer Protocol International Telecommunication Union Radio Teletype Operations Per Second Operator Station Test Character Per Line Network Address Translation Information Divce Media Access Control Domain Name Server Internet Service Provider Address Resolution Protocol Request For Comments Multicast Solicited Node Duplicate Address Detection Internet Control Manager ment Protocol Network services Repeat to Address ng k k thut s dng Vn hnh qun l v bo dng Cng trung gian Cng bo hiu Tnh trng ng nhp Cht lng dch v Hng c d liu Giao thc chuyn siu vn bn Nhim v k thut Internet i din ngi s dng Ghi nhn Phin bn m t giao thc Di chuyn giao thc n gin Lin on vin thng quc t My v tuyn in bo Hot ng ph Nh iu hnh trm th nghim K t trn dng Cng ngh thay th a ch Thit b thng tin mng Kim sot truy cp phng tin truyn thng H thng tn min Cung cp dch v Internet Giao thc phn gii a ch Ti liu chun cho Internet Trng cu nt D tm a ch trng lp Cha giao thc qun l Internet Mng li dch v Lp li n a ch
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IAX
DANH MC CC HNH V CHNG I GII THIU CHUNG V K THUT CHUYN MCH 1.1. Mt s khi nim c s 1.1.1. Khi nim chuyn mch Chuyn mch l mt qu trnh thc hin u ni v chuyn thng tin cho ngi s dng thng qua h tng mng vin thng. Ni cch khc, chuyn mch trong mng vin thng bao gm chc nng nh tuyn cho thng tin v chc nng chuyn tip thng tin. 1.1.2. H thng chuyn mch Qu trnh chuyn mch c thc hin ti cc nt mng, trong mng chuyn mch knh cc nt mng thng c gi l h thng chuyn mch (Tng i), trong mng chuyn mch gi thng c gi l thit b nh tuyn (B nh tuyn). Trong mt s mng c bit, phn t thc hin nhim v chuyn mch c th va ng vai tr thit b u cui va ng vai tr chuyn mch v chuyn tip thng tin. 1.1.3. Phn loi chuyn mch Cc h thng chuyn mch cu thnh mng chuyn mch, ta c hai dng mng chuyn mch c bn: Mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin, di gc truyn v x l thng tin, chuyn mch cn c th
Hnh 1.1. Xu hng hi t cng ngh mng cng cng T nhng nm 1980, PSTN chuyn hng tip cn sang phng thc truyn ti bt ng b ATM h tr a phng tin v QoS, sau chuyn hng sang cng ngh kt hp vi IP chuyn mch nhn a giao thc hin nay. Trong khi Internet a ra mt tip cn hi khc vi PSTN qua gii php trin khai kin trc phn lp dch v CoS (Class Of Service) v hng ti m bo cht lng dch v QoS thng qua m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ v phn bit dch v DiffServ, cc chin lc ca Internet theo hng tng thch vi IP, mng quang v hng ti mng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut GMPLS (Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switch). Cng ngh
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Hnh 1.2. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng 1.4.1.2. H thng chuyn mch H thng chuyn mch l thnh phn ct li ca mng vin thng c chc nng thit lp ng truyn gia cc thu bao (u cui). Ty theo v tr ca h thng chuyn mch trn mng, ngi ta chia thnh tng i chuyn tip quc t, tng i chuyn tip lin tnh v tng i ni ht hoc router bin, router li. 1.4.1.3. Thit b truyn dn Thit b truyn dn c s dng ni cc thit b u cui hay gia cc tng i vi nhau v truyn cc tn hiu mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Thit b truyn dn c phn loi thnh thit b truyn dn thu bao, ni thit b u cui vi mt tng i ni ht, v thit b truyn dn chuyn tip, ni gia cc tng i. Da vo mi trng truyn dn, thit b truyn dn c th c phn loi gm thit b truyn dn hu tuyn s dng cp kim loi, cp si quang v thit b truyn dn v tuyn s dng khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. 1.4.2. Vai tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng H thng chuyn mch (tng i, Node chuyn mch) c chc nng chnh l thit lp u ni gia thit b u cui pht vi thit b u cui thu da vo a ch mng (s thu bao). H thng chuyn mch c t cc v tr nt mng. N bao gm tp hp cc phng tin k thut thc hin vic thu, x l v phn phi cc thng tin chuyn ti t cc knh thng tin kt ni vi h thng chuyn mch. Cc chc nng c thc hin bi mt h thng chuyn mch, hay mt phn h ca n cung cp cc tnh nng dch v cho khch hng. Khi h tng
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Hnh 1.3. V tr ca tng i trong mng PSTN : Gateway Tng i quc t : Transit Exchange Tng i chuyn tip quc gia : Host Local Exchange Tng i ni ht : Remote Local Exchange Tng i xa (Tng i v tinh : Subcriber Thu bao
Mng PSTN l mng vin thng cng cng c chun ha do ITU, cng ngh nn tng l cng ngh chuyn mch knh. H thng chuyn mch c t ti cc node mng v c gi l tng i. Ty theo v tr, chc nng ca tng i m trong mng phn chia thnh cc loi: Tng i cng quc t Tng i chuyn tip vng Toll Tng i chuyn tip ni ht Tandem Tng i ni ht Local 1.4.3.2. V tr ca cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng GSM
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Hnh 1.4. V tr ca tng i trong mng GSM 1.4.3.3. V tr ca cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng NGN
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Hnh 1.5. Cu trc mng NGN Cng ngh nn tng ca NGN l chuyn mch gi, v vy cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng NGN l cc thit b nh tuyn Router. Cc khi trong tng i hin nay c phn chia thnh cc lp mng ring l, cc lp ny lin kt vi nhau qua cc giao din m tiu chun. S thng minh ca x l cuc gi c bn trong chuyn mch PSTN c tch ra t phn cng ca ma trn chuyn mch. S thng minh nm trong mt thit b tch ri gi l chuyn mch mm hay b iu khin cng phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller) hay tc nhn cuc gi (Call Agent), ng vai tr phn t iu khin trong kin trc mng mi. . c im ca NGN S dng cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch) thay th cc thit b chuyn mch phn cng (Hardware) cng knh. Cc mng ca tng dch v ring r c kt ni vi nhau thng qua s iu khin ca mt thit b tng i duy nht, thit b tng i ny da trn cng ngh Softswitch c v nh tri tim ca NGN. Mng hi t thoi v d liu, c nh v di ng. Cc loi tn hiu c truyn ti theo k thut chuyn mch gi, xu hng sp ti ang tin ln s dng mng IP vi k thut QoS nh MPLS. Mng bng thng rng cung cp a dch v: mng truyn dn quang vi cng ngh WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) hay DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing).
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Hnh 1.6. Cu trc lp mng ca NGN Cu trc NGN bao gm 5 lp chc nng: Lp truy nhp dch v (service access layer). Lp truyn ti dch v (service transport/core layer). Lp iu khin (control layer). Lp ng dng/dch v (application/service layer). Lp qun l (management layer). Lp truy nhp dch v: Bao gm cc thit b truy nhp cung cp cc kt ni vi cc thit b u cui thu bao qua h thng mng ngoi vi cp ng, hoc cp quang, hoc thng qua mi trng v tuyn (thng tin di ng, v tinh, truy nhp v tuyn c nh ). Lp truyn ti dch v: Bao gm cc nt chuyn mch (AMT+IP) v cc h thng truyn dn (SDH, WDM) thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc thu bao ca lp truy nhp di s iu khin ca thit b iu khin cuc gi thuc lp iu khin. Lp iu khin: Bao gm cc h thng iu khin ni cuc gi gia cc thu bao qua vic iu khin cc thit b chuyn mch (AMT+IP) ca lp truyn ti v cc thit b truy nhp ca lp truy nhp. Lp iu khin c chc nng kt ni cuc gi thu bao vi lp ng dng/dch v. Cc chc nng nh qun l, chm sc khch hng, tnh cc cng c tch hp trong lp iu khin.
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Hnh 1.7. Cu trc phn lp v cc thnh phn chnh trong NGN Theo hnh 2.2. ta nhn thy, cc thit b u cui kt ni n mng truy nhp (Access Network), sau kt ni n cc cng truyn thng (Media Gateway) nm bin ca mng trc. Thit b quan trng nht ca NGN l Softswitch nm tm ca mng trc (hay cn gi l mng li). Softswitch iu khin cc chc nng chuyn mch v nh tuyn qua cc giao thc. Hnh 2.3. lit k chi tit cc thnh phn NGN cng vi cc c im kt ni ca n n mng cng cng (PSTN).
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Hnh 1.8. Cc thnh phn chnh trong NGN Thit b Softswitch: L thit b u no trong mng NGN. N lm nhim v iu khin cuc gi, bo hiu v cc tnh nng to mt cuc gi trong mng NGN hoc xuyn qua nhiu mng khc (PSTN, ISDN). Softswitch cn c gi l Call Agent (v chc nng iu khin cuc gi ca n) hoc Media Gateway Controller MGC (v chc nng iu khin cng truyn thng Media Gateway). Thit b Softswitch c kh nng tng tc vi mng PSTN thng qua cc cng bo hiu (Signalling Gateway) v cng truyn thng (Media Gateway). Softswitch iu khin cuc gi thng qua cc bo hiu, c hai loi chnh: Ngang hng (peer-to-peer): Giao thc gia Softswitch v Softswitch, giao thc s dng l BICC hay SIP. iu khin truyn thng: giao tip gia Softswitch v Gateway, giao thc s dng l MGCP hay Megaco/H.248. Cng truyn thng: Nhim v ca cng truyn thng (MG-Media Gateway) l chuyn i vic truyn thng t mt nh dng truyn dn ny sang mt nh dng khc, thng thng l t dng mch (circuit) sang dng gi (packet), hoc t dng mch analog/ISDN sang dng gi. Vic chuyn i ny c iu khin bng Softswitch. MG thc hin vic m ha, gii m v nn d liu. MG cung cp phng tin truyn thng truyn ti thoi, d liu, fax v hnh nh gia mng truyn thng PSTN v mng IP. Cng truy nhp: Cng truy nhp (AG Access Gateway) l mt dng ca MG. N c kh nng giao tip vi my PC, thu bao ca mng PSTN, xDSL v giao tip vi mng gi IP qua giao tip STM. Trong NGN, cng truy nhp
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Chng 2 TNG QUAN V VoIP 2.1 Khi nim VoIP : VoIP (vit tt ca Voice over Internet Protocol ngha l truyn ging ni trn giao thc IP) l truyn ting ni ca con ngi (thoi) qua mng thng tin s dng b giao thc TCP/IP
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Hnh 2.1: m ha m thanh VoIP l mt cng ngh m cho php to cuc gi dng kt ni bng thng rng thay v dng ng dy in thoi tng t (analog). VoIP cho php thc hin cuc dng my tnh qua mng d liu nh Internet. VoIP chuyn i tn hiu thoi t in thoi tng t analog vo tn hiu s (digital) trc khi truyn qua Internet, sau chuyn i ngc li u nhn. Khi to mt cuc gi VoIP dng in thoi vi mt b iu hp, chng ta s nghe m mi gi, quay s s xy ra sau tin trnh ny. VoIP c th cng s cho php to mt cuc gi trc tip t my tnh dng loi in thoi tng ng hay dng microphone. VoIP cho php to cuc gi ng di qua mng d liu IP c sn thay v phi c truyn qua mng PSTN.
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Hnh 2.2 M hnh truyn thoi qua IP Nguyn tc ca VoIP bao gm vic s ha tn hiu ting ni, thc hin vic nn tn hiu s, chia nh cc gi nu cn v truyn gi tin ny qua mng, ti ni nhn cc gi tin ny c rp li theo ng th t ca bn tin, gii m tn hiu tng t phc hi li ting ni ban u. thc hin vic ny, in thoi IP thng c tch hp sn cc nghi thc bo hiu chun nh SIP hay H.323, kt ni ti mt tng i IP ( IP PBX ) ca doanh nghip hay ca nh cung cp dch v. in thoi IP c th dng nh mt in thoi thng thng ( ch khc l thay v ni vi mng in thoi qua ng dy th in thoi IP ni trc tip vo mng LAN qua cp Ethernet ) hoc phn mm thoi (soft-phone) ci trn my tnh. Cu trc phn lp ca h thng VoIP ph bin hin nay c m t ging nh cu trc phn lp ca m hnh TCP/IP v c biu din nh sau: H.323 RTP, RTCP, RSVP TCP, UDP
IPv4, IPv6
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Network, Access
Hnh 2.3 cu trc phn lp ca h thng VoIP 2.2 c im ca in thoi IP v mng VoIP:
Gim chi ph cuc gi: u im ni bt ca in thoi IP so vi dch v in thoi hin ti l kh nng cung cp nhng cuc gi ng di gi r vi cht lng chp nhn c.
Tch hp mng thoi, mng s liu v mng bo hiu: Trong in thoi IP, Kh nng m rng: Nu nh cc h tng i thng l nhng h thng kn,
tn hiu thoi, s liu v ngay c bo hiu u c th i trn cng mt mng IP. th rt kh thm vo nhng tnh nng th cc thit b trong mng Internet thng c kh nng thm vo nhng tnh nng mi. Chnh tnh mm do mang li cho dch v in thoi IP kh nng m rng d dng hn so vi in thoi truyn thng.
trong mng IP truyn n ch m khng cn mt s thit lp knh no. Gi tin ch cn mang a ch ca ni nhn cui cng l thng tin c th n c ch.
Qun l bng thng: Trong in thoi chuyn mch knh ti nguyn bng
thng cung cp cho mt cuc thoi l c nh, nhng trong in thoi IP vic phn chia ti nguyn cho cc cuc thoi linh hot hn nhiu.
Nhiu tnh nng dch v: Cho bit thng tin v ngi gi ti hay mt thu
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chuyn va s dng cc dch v khc nh truyn file, chia s d liu, xem hnh nh ca ngi ni chuyn bn kia. Tuy nhin cng ngh IP cng c nhng hn ch nh:
mt k thut nn tn hiu t c nhng yu cu kht khe nh: t s nn ln, tc x l ca cc b Codec (Coder and Decoder-b m ha v gii m) phi nhanh. ng thi c s h tng ca mng cng cn c nng cp ln cc cng ngh mi c tc cao hn v c c ch thc hin chc nng QoS (Quality of Service-cht lng dch v).
c rt nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau, cc dch v khc nhau cng s dng chung mt c s h tng.
) ng dng ca VoIP:
+ Internet Telephone: l thit b ging nh in thoi thng thng nhng c th kt ni vo mng my tnh ng thi c th h tr hoc khng h tr kt ni vo mng in thoi cng cng PSTN. Internet Telephone cn c kh nng truyn v nhn tn hiu m thanh trc tip t cc mng s liu. + Gateway IP PSTN: c th s dng mng VoIP vi mng in thoi cng cng PSTN th gateway IP PSTN l mt cng kt ni cho php trao i cc thng tin trn hai mng. Gateway c th trc tip hai mng ni trn hoc c th s dng kt hp vi cc PBX. Gateway IP PSTN c hai giao din chnh l: giao din vi mng PSTN v giao din vi mng Internet. + Cc ng dng m rng: Trn c s gateway IP PSTN, chng ta c th pht trin thit k gateway IP mobile c th trc tip trao i thng tin gia mng di ng vi mng Internet. Ngoi ra c th pht trin cc ng dng VoIP nh truyn hnh hi tho hay in thoi c hnh.
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Ly mu (Sampling):
Tn hiu m thanh trn mng in thoi c ph nng lng t n 10Khz. Tuy nhin, hu ht nng lng u tp trung phn thp hn trong di ny. Do tit kim bng thng trong cc h thng truyn c ghp knh theo FDM v c TDM. Cc
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Lng t ho (Quantization):
Tin trnh k tip ca s ha tn hiu tun t l biu din gi tr chnh xc cho mi mu c ly. Mi mu c th c gn cho mt gi tr s, tng ng vi bin (theo chiu cao) ca mu. Sau khi thc hin gii hn u tin i vi bin tng ng vi di mu, n lt mi mu s c so snh vi mt tp hp cc mc lng t v gn vo mt mc xp x vi n. Qui nh rng tt c cc mu trong cng khong gia hai mc lng t c xem c cng gi tr. Sau gi tr gn c dng trong h thng truyn. S phc hi hnh dng tn hiu ban u i hi thc hin theo hng ngc li.
2.4.4
M ha (Encoding):
Mi mc lng t c ch nh mt gi tr s 8 bit, kt hp 8 bit c 256 mc hay gi tr. Qui c bit u tin dng nh du gi tr m hoc dng cho mu. By bt cn li biu din cho ln; bit u tin ch na trn hay na di ca dy, bit th hai ch phn t trn hay di, bit th 3 ch phn tm trn hay di v c th tip tc. Ba bc tin trnh ny s lp li 8000 ln mi giy cho dch v knh in thoi. Dng bc th t l ty chn nn hay tit kim bng thng. Vi ty chn ny th mt knh c th mang nhiu cuc gi ng thi.
2.4.5
Mc d k thut m ha PCM 64 Kps hin hnh l phng php c chun ha, nhng c vi phng php m ha khc c s dng trong nhng ng dng c bit. Cc phng php ny thc hin m ha ting ni vi tc nh hn tc ca PCM, nh tn dng c kh nng ca h thng truyn dn s. Chc hn, cc m ha tc thp ny s b hn ch v cht lng, t bit l nhiu v mo tn s.
2.4.6
Packetizing voice:
Mi khi ging ni c s ho v c nn li, n phi c chia thnh nhng phn nh, t vo gi IP, VoIP th khng hiu qu cho nhng gi tin nh, trong khi nhng gi tin ln th to ra nhiu tr, do nh hng ca vi loi
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Cht lng nh ni chuyn trc tip Cht lng in thoi C th hiu c nhng cht lng cha tt lm Khng hiu ht t nhng hiu ca ngi ni Khng hiu c t v ca ngi ni Hnh 2.4 Cc mc nh gi cht lng thoi Tr (Delay): Tr l mt nhn t nh hng nhiu n cht lng thoi, thi gian tr ln lm gim cht lng thoi rt nhiu. Thi gian tr c phn chia thnh 2 loi l thi gian tr c nh (nh thi gian tr truyn dn) v tr bin i (nh thi gian tr do xp hng i router). Yu cu gim tr l rt cn thit trong h thng VoIP c th nng cao cht lng dch v. Trt (Jitter): Trt l s chnh lch v thi gian n ca cc gi trong mng gy ra do s chnh lch thi gian truyn dn ca cc gi thoi theo cc ng khc nhau t ngun n
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CHNG 3 KIN TRC H THNG VoIP 3.1.1 Kin trc v cc giao din ca mng VoIP : 3.1.1 Kin trc ca mng VoIP : Theo tiu chun ca t chc ETSI, cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP c th gm cc phn sau:
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3.2 -
Cc thnh phn ca mng VoIP: 3.2.1 Thit b u cui: Mt thit b u cui l mt nt trong cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP. Mt thit b u cui c th cho php mt thu bao trong mng IP thc hin mt cuc gi ti mt thu bao khc trong mng chuyn mch. Cc cuc gi s c nm di s gim st ca Gk ca thit b u cui m thu bao c ng k.
3.2.2
Mng truy nhp IP cho php thit b u cui, gateway, gatekeeper truy nhp vo mng IP thng qua c s h tng sn c. Mt vi loi giao din chun truy nhp IP c s dng trong cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP l: Truy nhp PSTN Truy nhp ISDN Truy nhp LAN Truy nhp cp, DSL Truy nhp GSM
Trn y khng phi l tt c cc giao din truy nhp IP, bi cn mt vi loi khc ang c nghin cu s dng trong mng VoIP. c im ca cc giao din ny c th gy nh hng n cht lng v tnh bo mt ca cuc gi VoIP.
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Hnh 3.1 s khi thit b u cui H.323 3.3.1 Giao thc RAS (Registration Admission and Status): Cc bn tin RAS c dng trao i gia cc u cui v cc Gatekeeper cho cc chc nng nh tm Gatekeeper, ng k, qun l bng thng Knh bo hiu RAS c ti i trong gi tin UDP mang thng ip dng trong qu trnh tm Gatekeeper v ng k. 3.3.2 Giao thc bo hiu cuc gi H225 (Q.931): H225 c dng thit lp lin kt gia cc im cui H323 ( u cui, gateway ), qua lin kt d liu thi gian thc s c truyn i. Do yu cu tin cy nn cc thng bo ca H225 s c truyn i trong gi tin TCP. 3.3.3 Giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc RTP/RTCP: RTP: L mt th tc da trn k thut IP to ra cc h tr truyn ti cc d liu yu cu thi gian thc. RTP c coi nh mt giao thc truyn t u cui n u cui (end to end) phc v truyn d liu thi gian thc nh audio v video.
RTCP:
RTCP l giao thc h tr cho RTP, gim st cht lng ca qu trnh phn phi d liu v cung cp thng tin phn hi v cht lng truyn d liu. 3.3.4 Giao thc gi trc ti nguyn (RSVP):
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Hot ng ng k vi gatekeeper:
Khi hot ng pht hin gatekeeper xy ra, tin trnh ng k bt u. Hot ng ny nh ngha mt im cui tham gia vo mt vng nh th no v cung cp cho Gatekeeper s cng v a ch ca n.
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Hnh 3.6 tin trnh thit lp cuc gi ni vng 1: Thit lp cuc gi gatekeeper lin vng: Khc vi ni vng l c s lin kt gia hai Gatekeeper trn mng thit lp cuc gi cho hai thu bao u cui.
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Hnh 3.8 tin trnh ngt kt ni lin vng 3.4 Giao thc bo hiu SIP: SIP l giao thc iu khin bo hiu thuc lp ng dng, c pht trin nh l mt chun m RFC 2543 ca IEFT. Khc vi H.323, n da trn ngun gc Web (HTTP) v c thit k kiu modul, n gin v d dng m rng vi cc ng dng thoi SIP. SIP l mt giao thc bo hiu thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin a phng tin nh: thoi IP, hi ngh v cc ng dng tng t khc lin quan n vic truyn thng tin a phng tin. 3.4.1 Cc thnh phn ca SIP:
Hnh 3.9 cu trc ca SIP Giao thc SIP gm hai thnh phn: i l trm ca ngi s dng (user agent) v my ch mng (network server). User agent l mt ng dng kt cui h thng m n bao gm c user agent client (UAC) khi to cuc gi v user agent server (UAS) n s tr li cuc gi. C UCA v UAS u c th kt thc cuc gi. 3.4.2 Cc bn tin trong giao thc SIP v phn hi:
Cc bn tin:
SVTH: Nguyn Kim Hai VT2B
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game th n s to ra mt bn tin INVITE. Bn tin ny gi yu cu v server cho php thit lp mt phin lm vic. Bn tin ny c th c gi qua cc proxy, cc UAS. Cc UAS s kim tra thng xuyn xem ngi s dng c ng li mi khng. Nu ng (ngha l phin lm vic c thit lp) th cc UAS s gi bn tin phn hi 2xx v. Cn nu li mi khng dc chp nhn th phn hi 3xx, 4xx, 5xx hay 6xx s c gi i ty theo l do t chi. Trc khi gi tn hiu phn hi cui cng ny, UAS cn gi km mt bn tin 1xx thng bo UAC tip tc gi qu trnh lin lc vi ngi c gi. ACK: bn tin ny khng nh my trm nhn c bn tin tr li bn tin INVITE. SIP thc thi qu trnh bt tay qua ba bc: Pha gi gi bn tin INVITE; Pha c gi gi bn tin ACK chp nhn yu cu; Pha gi gi bn tin ACK thng bo qu trnh bt tay hon tt v qu trnh thit lp cuc gi bt u. Cho d bn tin INVITE u tin bao gm gi tin SDP (Session Description Protocol) hay khng th bn tin ACK u tin s c SDP ca pha c gi. Cc bn tin ACK khc c gi i kt thc qu trnh bt tay v bao gm SDP cn thit lp cuc gi. BYE: c s dng kt thc mt phin lm vic c th hoc mt phin lm CANCEL: Ging nh tn gi, bn tin CANCEL c s dng hy yu cu vic tm thi. trc c gi t pha cilent. N yu cu UAS tm dng x l yu cu v to ra mt phn hi li cho yu cu . Bn tin ny s khng c tc dng i vi yu cu m UAS gi i phn hi cui cng.V vy bn tin ny s rt c ch i vi nhng yu cu m server mt nhiu thi gian phn hi. Do , bn tin CANCEL thch hp nht vi bn tin INVITE, l bn tin mt nhiu thi gian phn hi. REGISTER: Bn tin ny s dng ng k UA vi UAS. OPTIONS: Bn tin ny cho php mt UA xc nh kh nng c th ca Proxy Ngoi ra cn mt s giao thc khc na c s dng nh: INFO, NOTIFY,
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Cc phn hi:
cu. 4xx (CLIENT ERORR): thng bo yu cu cha cu trc sai hoc khng c 5xx (SERVER ERORR): thng bo server khng th p ng c yu cu c p ng server. cu trc hp l. - 6xx (GLOBAL FAILURE): thng bo yu cu khng th x l c bt c server no. 3.4.3Cc bc thit lp, duy tr v hy cuc gi: 3.4.4 ng k, khi to v xc nh v tr ngi dng. Xc nh bng thng cn thit c s dng. Xc nh s sn sng ca pha c gi, pha c gi phi gi mt bn tin phn Cuc gi c thit lp. Chnh sa cuc gi (chuyn cuc gi v duy tr). Kt thc cuc gi. Hot ng ca SIP: +) User : tn ngi dng hoc s in thoi. +) Host: tn min hoc a ch mng. Mi a ch SIP l duy nht. M t cuc gi SIP: +) Hot ng ca my ch y quyn (proxy server): Cuc gi SIP c nh tuyn qua Proxy server. 1xx ( PROVISIONAL): phn hi tm thi, cho bit nhn c yu cu , tip 2xx (SUCCESS): thng bo nhn c y , hiu v chp nhn. 3xx (REDIRECTION): thng bo cn c cc bn tin khc hon thnh yu tc qu trnh yu cu.
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Hnh 3.10 thit lp cuc gi qua Proxy server +) Hot ng ca my ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server):
Hnh 3.11 thit lp cuc gi qua Redirect Server 3.5 So snh giao thc SIP v H.323: H.323 c xy dng nhm to ra mt h thng hon chnh, khng nhng hot ng tt trong vn truyn ting ni qua mng IP m cn c kh nng k tha v tng thch tt vi cc h thng trc y So snh c th nh sau:
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CHNG 4 TNG QUAN A CH IPv6 4.1 S ra i ca IPv6: 4.1.1 S cn kit ca a ch IPv4: Nhng thp k va qua, do tc pht trin mnh m ca Internet, khng gian a ch IPv4 c s dng trn 60%. Nhng t chc qun l a ch quc t t mc tiu s dng hiu qu ln hng u. Nhng cng ngh gp phn gim nhu cu a ch IP nh NAT (cng ngh bin dch c th s dng a ch IP private), DHCP (cp a ch tm thi) c s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, hin nay nhu cu tng a ch rt ln: Nhng dng dch v mi i hi khng gian a ch IP c nh (t l a ch/khch hng l 1:1) v kt ni dng u cui u cui: dch v DSL, cung cp dch v Internet qua ng cp truyn hnh, vic pht trin cc mng gio dc, game trc
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Tng kch thc ca tm a ch: IPv6 s dng 128 bit a ch trong khi IPv4 ch
s dng 32 bit; ngha l IPv6 c ti 2128 a ch khc nhau; 3 bit u lun l 001 c dnh cho cc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu (Globally Routable Unicast GRU).
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Bo mt: IPv6 tch hp tnh bo mt vo trong kin trc ca mnh bng cch gii
thiu 2 Header m rng ty chn: Authentication Header (AH) v Encrypted Security Payload (ESP) Header. Hai Header ny c th c s dng chung hay ring h tr nhiu chc nng bo mt.
4.3 a ch IPv6:
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IPv6 (c hai chiu) IPv4 IPv4 (c hai chiu) IPv6 IPv6 (c hai chiu)
IPv4 IPv4
5.2
Thc hin: Tng i Asteriskv6 PBX 1 ci Fedora Core 10, hai tng i cn li ci trn CentOS
5. Cc my trm cu cc ti khon ci Ubuntu 8.10 hoc Windows XP2, cc trm c th dng softphone l Linphone s dng c a ch IPv6 v IPv4 hoc X-lite ch s dng a ch IPv4. Dng GW SPA3102 giao tip vi mng PSTN. S dng phn mm Wireshark bt gi tin trn mng Internet. Asteriskv6 PBX 1: C 4 ti khon: 101, 102, 103, 104. Mi ti khon c th nhn 1 trong 4 a ch sau: a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::110/64 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.111/24 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.112/24 a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::113/64 Asteriskv6 PBX 2: C 2 ti khon 202, 203. Mi ti khon c th nhn mt trong hai a ch sau: a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::114/64 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.115/24 Asteriskv6 PBX 3: C hai ti khon l 304, 305. Mi ti khon c th nhn c mt trong hai a ch sau: a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::116/64 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.117/24
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i chp nhn ngt kt ni bng bn tin 200 OK v gi bn tin BYE tip tc ti ti khon 104 ti khon 104 gi tr bn tin 200 OK chnh thc kt thc phin kt ni gia hai ti khon. + Ti khon 305 c a ch 192.168.117 Asteriskv6 PBX 3 gi sang ti khon 103 c a ch 2001:dc9::110, qu trnh nh sau: Khi ti khon 305 c a ch 192.168.117 do Asteriskv6 PBX 3 qun l gi sang ti khon 103 c a ch 2001:dc9::110 do Asteriskv6 PBX 1 qun l, th tng i Asteriskv6 PBX 3 trao i thng tin vi ti khon 305 v Asteriskv6 PBX 1 bng a ch IPv4, khng s dng port cho IPv6. Giao tip t ti khon 305 ti Asteriskv6 PBX 3 hon ton l IPv4, nhng Asteriskv6 PBX 2 trao i vi ti khon 103 bng a ch IPv6. Hai tng i trao i thng tin bng giao thc IAX 2. -
Ti khon 305 gi bn tin INVITE ti server Asteriskv6 PBX 3 yu cu thit lp Asteriskv6 PBX 3 gi bn tin 100 Trying v ti khon 103 bo rng n nhn Server Asteriskv6 PBX 3 bit ti khon 103 do Asteriskv6 PBX 1 qun l nn
phin vi ti khon 103 . Ti khon 305 s dng softphone X-lite. c bn tin INVITE v ang thit lp kt ni, gi tn hiu chung ch. trao i thng tin vi Asteriskv6 PBX 1 Asteriskv6 PBX 1 gi bn tin INVITE ti ti khon 103 yu cu thit lp phin kt ni. Cc server vn tip tc trao i thng tin bng ng Trunk s dng giao thc IAX 2. Ti khon 103 c a ch 2001:dc9::110 gi tn hiu chung ch cho Asteriskv6 PBX 1 n khi nhc my gi bn tin 200 OK v chp nhn kt ni. Cc server li trao i thng tin v Asteriskv6 PBX 3 gi thng tin 200 OK thnh cng ti ti khon 305 v thit lp lung RTP hai chiu ti Server ri c chuyn tip ti cc ti khon. V d khi 305 dp my trc, bn tin BYE c gi ti Asteriskv6 PBX 3, server gi li bn tin OK chp nhn yu cu kt thc cuc gi. V tip tc chuyn yu cu kt thc cuc gi ti Asteriskv6 PBX 1, Asteriskv6 PBX 1 gi bn tin BYE ti ti khon 103.
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do server gi ti v ang thit lp cuc gi. Sau gateway gi tn hiu chung v cho server server chuyn tip tn hiu chung v cho my c ti khon 101.
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tin 200 OK v thit lp lung RTP hai chiu ti server v c chuyn tip ti thu bao 101. Sau khi nhn c bn tin ny th lung RTP c thit lp trc c chuyn thnh hai chiu v gi bn tin ACK xc nhn i cuc gi c thit lp. V d khi thu bao PSTN dp my trc, bn tin BYE c gi i t 1111 ti server Asteriskv6 PBX 1. Sau server gi li bn tin 200 OK chp nhn ngt kt ni vi ti khon 1111. Qu trnh gi bn tin BYE tng t t server ti 101 v sau phin kt ni kt thc. Kt qu thu c trn cho thy hot ng c th ca VoIPv6, VoIPv6 hon ton c kh nng trin khai song song v thch ng vi h tng mng IPv4 hin ti. Vi nhng tnh nng vt tri ca IPv6 so vi IPv4 th vic trin khai IPv6 l hon ton cn thit c chc chn s phi din ra trong tng lai khng xa. Trn y l mt h thng c bn c th pht trin trong mng ni b ca mt cng ty hoc gia cc chi nhnh cc khu vc a k khc nhau.
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KT LUN Trn y l bi lm ca em v ti nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6. Bi lm tp trung nghin cu v giao thc truyn thoi qua mng Internet VoIPv6, trnh by v c im ca h thng VoIP, VoIPv6 nhng u im ni bt ca IPv6 so vi IPv4. V vic ng dng VoIPv6 trong tng lai l mt xu th tt yu trong vi nm ti. Vn l vi s ph bin rng khp ca cng ngh hin nay, IPv6 s tn ti song song vi h tng mng IPv4.
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Gio trnh-Bi ging : c s thoi Internet Signaling in Telecommunication Networks (2ND). Tc gi: John G. van Bosse, Fabrizio U. Devetak http://www.ebook.edu.vn/?page=1.6&view=4330 Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh in thoi trn Internet (Internet Telephony). Tc gi: Phm Vit Dng Network Protocols Handbook - Javvin Technologies Nghin cu cng ngh truyn thoi qua internet s dng giao thc TCP/IP (VoIP) - Bi xun Hnh Voice over IP Fundamentals Cisco http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn/News/PrintView.aspx?ID=17296 http://www.ptithcm.org/forum/showthread.php?t=4296
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