Toan A1

H Cng nghip Tp.
HCM
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Sunday, October 31, 2010
Ton cao cp A1 i hc 1
TO TO N CAO C N CAO C P A1 P A1 I H I H C C
PHN PH PHN PH I CHNG TRNH I CHNG TRNH
S S ti ti t t: 45 : 45
Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s
Chng 2. Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin s
Chng 3. Php tnh tch phn hm mt bin s
Chng 4. L thuyt chui
Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp A1 C1
H Cng nghip TP. HCM.
2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp (Tp 2)
NXB Gio dc.
3. Cng Khanh Ton cao cp (Tp 1, 4)
NXB HQG TP.HCM.
4. Nguyn Vit ng Ton cao cp (Tp 1)
NXB Gio dc.
5. Nguyn Tha Hp Gii tch (Tp 1)
NXB HQG H Ni.
Bin Bin so so n n: : ThS ThS. . o o n n Vng Vng Nguyn Nguyn
T T i i Slide Slide b b i i gi gi ng ng To To n n A1 A1 i i h h c c t t i i
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Chng Chng 1. 1. H H m m s s m m t t bi bi n n s s
1. Gii hn dy s
2. Gii hn hm s
3. i lng v cng b v cng ln
4. Hm s lin tc
1. GII HN DY S
1.1. Cc nh ngha v dy s thc
nh ngha 1
Mt dy s thc (gi tt l dy s) l mt nh x f t
vo cho tng ng ( )
n
f n x = .
K hiu dy s l { }, 1, 2,...
n
x n =
Trong ,
1 2
; ;...; ;...
n
x x x c gi l cc s hng v
n
x
l s hng tng qut ca dy s.
Dy s { }, ( 1)
n
n n
x x = c cho dng tng qut.
Dy s { }
n
x sau c cho di dng quy np (hi quy):
1
0
1
1
: , 2
2
n
n
n
x
x x
x
= = .
VD 1. Dy s { }
n
x c cho di dng lit k:
1 2 3
1 1 1
1; ; ;...; ;...
2 3
n
x x x x
n
= = = =
nh ngha 2
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l tng (hay gim) nu
1 n n
x x
(hay
1 n n
x x
) vi mi n

.
Mt dy s tng (hay gim) c gi l dy n iu.
Dy s
1
{ },
2
n n
n
x x
n
= l dy gim.
Dy s { }, ( 1)
n
n n
x x = khng n iu.
VD 2. Dy s
2
1
{ },
n n
x x
n
= l dy tng.
nh ngha 3
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l b chn trn nu M sao
cho ,
n
x M n

.
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l b chn di nu m sao
cho ,
n
x m n

.
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l b chn nu dy b chn trn v
b chn di.
Dy s
1
{ },
2
n n
n
x x
n
= b chn di bi s
1
2
.
Dy s { }, ( 1) sin
n
n n
x x n = b chn v:
1,
n
x n

.
Dy s
1
{ }, ( )
n
n n
x x n

= khng b chn trn v cng
khng b chn di.
nh ngha 4
S a c gi l gii hn ca dy s { }
n
x nu:
0, :
n
N n N x a < .
VD 3. Dy s
2
1
{ },
n n
x x
n
= b chn trn bi s 0.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
K hiu: lim
n
n
x a
= hay
n
x a .
Dy s { }
n
x c lim
n
n
x
= nu:
, :
n
m N n N x m < .
Dy s { }
n
x c lim
n
n
x
= nu:
, :
n
M N n N x M .
Nu dy s { }
n
x c lim
n
n
x a
= (hu hn) th ta ni
dy hi t, ngc li th ta ni dy phn k.
VD 4. Chng t rng:
2 1 2
lim
3 1 3
n
n
n
.
1.2. Cc tnh cht ca dy s hi t
nh l 1
Nu dy s hi t th gii hn ca n l duy nht.
Nu dy s hi t th dy b chn.
Nu dy s tng v b chn trn th dy hi t.
Nu dy s gim v b chn di th dy hi t.
nh l 2. Cho hai dy s hi t { }, { }
n n
x y v
lim
n
n
x a
= , lim
n
n
y b
= . Khi :
lim( ) ,
n
n
kx ka k
= ; lim( )
n n
n
x y a b
=
lim( )
n n
n
x y ab
= ; lim ; 0, 0
n
n
n
n
x a
y b
y b
= .
nh l 3
Cho hai dy s { }, { }
n n
x y tha ,
n n
x y n N .
Nu lim , lim
n n
n n
x a y b

= = th a b .
Cho ba dy s { }, { }, { }
n n n
x y z tha
n n n
x y z vi
mi n N . Nu lim lim
n n
n n
x z a

= = th lim
n
n
y a
= .
VD 5. Ta c
2
1 1 1
0 sin
1 n n n

nn:
2
1 1 1
0 lim sin lim 0
1
n n
n n n

=
.
Vy
2
1 1
lim sin 0
1
n
n n
.
nh l 4 (nh l Cantor)
Cho hai dy s { }, { }
n n
x y tha:
1 1
, [ ; ] [ ; ],
lim( ) 0.
n n n n n n
n n
x
x y x y x y n
y x
'
1

1
!
1 =
1
+

Khi , tn ti s thc duy nht [ ; ],
n n
c x y n

.
nh l 5 (nh l Bolzano Weierstrass)
nh ngha. Cho dy s { }
n
x . T , ta trch ra dy s:
1 2 3
; ; ;...; ;...
k
n n n n
x x x x
vi cc ch s
k
n

tha
1 2
... ...
k
n n n < < < <
Khi ,

k
n
x c gi l dy con trch ra t dy { }
n
x .
nh l. T mi dy s b chn, ta u c th trch ra
c mt dy con hi t.
VD 6. Cho dy s b chn { }, sin
2
n n
x x n

= .
T dy { }
n
x , ta c th trch ra hai dy con nh sau:
2
: sin
k
x k = ,
4 1
: sin(4 1)
2
k
x k

= .
Ta c:
2
0
k
x (hi t) v
4 1
1
k
x
(hi t).
Nhn xt
Do hai dy con hi t v hai gii hn khc nhau nn dy
{ }
n
x khng c gii hn duy nht. Vy dy { }
n
x phn k.
nh l 6 (Tiu chun hi t Cauchy)
nh ngha. Dy s { }
n
x c gi l dy Cauchy (hay
dy c bn) nu 0 cho trc, ta tm c N

sao cho , m n N th
m n
x x < .
nh l. Mi dy s hi t u l dy Cauchy v ngc
li, mi dy Cauchy u hi t.
VD 7. Xt s hi t ca cc dy s { }
n
x sau:
a) : ( 1)
n
n
x = ;
b)
1
sin1 sin2 sin sin
: ...
1.2 2.3 ( 1) ( 1)
n
n
k
n k
x
n n k k
=
= =

.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Mt s kt qu gii hn cn nh
1) lim ,
n
k k k
=
2)
1
lim =0 lim =
n
n n
n
x
x

; lim = lim =
n n
n n
x a x a

.
3)
1
lim 0, 0
n
n
= ;
1
lim 0, 1
n
n
= .
4) Nu 1 a < th lim 0
n
n
a
= ; 1 a th lim
n
n
a
= .
5) lim 1
n
n
a
= ( 0 a ); lim 1
n
n
n
= ;
1
lim 1
n
n
e
n
1

=

( )
.
6) Nu 1, 1 th
ln
lim lim 0
n
n n
n n
n

= = .
1.3. Mt s v d v gii hn dy s
VD 8. Tm
2
2
3 7
lim
5
n
n n
n
.
VD 9. Tm
2 4
6 3
( 1)(4 3)
lim
2
n
n n
n n n

.
VD 10. Tm
2
3 1
lim
4
n
n
n
n
n
.
VD 11. Tm
2 2 2
3
1 2 3 ...
lim
5 1
n
n
L
n n

=

.
VD 12. Tm
1
2 2
2
9 2 5
lim
1
n
n
n
n n
L
n
1

=

( )
.
VD 13. Tm
4
2
lim 1
1
n
n
L
n
1

=

( )
.
VD 14. Tm
( )
lim 3 2 1
n
L n n
= .
VD 15. Tm gii hn
( )
2 2
lim 3
n
L n n n
= ?
A. L = ; B. L = ; C.
3
2
L = ; D. 0 L = .
VD 16. Tm gii hn
( )
3 2 3
lim 1
n
L n n n
= ?
A. 0 L = ; B. L = ; C.
1
2
L = ; D.
1
2
L = .
VD 17*. Chng minh rng: lim 0, 0
!
n
n
a
a
n
= .
VD 18*. Xt s hi t v tm gii hn (nu c) ca dy:
1 0
: 1 , 3
n n
x x x
= = .
2. GII HN HM S
2.1. B tc v hm s
2.1.1. nh ngha hm s
Cho hai tp khc rng , X Y .
Hm s f (hoc nh x f ) t X vo Y l mt quy lut
m mi x X xc nh c duy nht mt y Y .
Khi :
Min xc nh (MX) ca f , k hiu
f
D , l tp X.
Min gi tr (MGT) ca f l:

( ) G y f x x X = = .
Nu ( ) f X Y = th f l ton nh (hay trn nh).
Nu f va n nh va ton nh th f l song nh.
VD 1. Cc hm s:
: f vi ( ) 2
x
y f x = = l n nh.
: [0; ) f vi
2
( ) f x x = l ton nh.
: (0; ) f vi ( ) ln f x x = l song nh.
Nu
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x x x = = th f l n nh.
Hm s ( ) y f x = c gi l hm chn nu:
( ) ( ), .
f
f x f x x D =
th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 2. Hm s
2 2 2
2( 1) 1 y x x = l hm hp ca
2
( ) 2 f x x x = v
2
( ) 1 g x x = .
2.1.2. Hm s hp
Cho hai hm s f v g tha iu kin
g f
G D .
Khi , hm s ( ) ( )( ) [ ( )] h x f g x f g x = = c gi l
hm s hp ca f v g .
Hm s ( ) y f x = c gi l hm l nu:
( ) ( ), .
f
f x f x x D =
th ca hm s l i xng qua gc ta .
Ch . ( )( ) ( )( ). f g x g f x
2.1.3. Hm s ngc
Hm s g c gi l hm s ngc ca hm s f nu:
( ),
f
x g y y G = .
K hiu l:
1
g f
= .
VD 3. Cho ( ) 2
x
f x = th:

1
2
( ) log , 0 f x x x
= .
Nhn xt

th ca hm s
1
( ) y f x
= i xng vi th ca
hm s ( ) y f x = qua ng thng y x = .
2.1.4. Hm s lng gic ngc
a) Hm s y = arcsin x
Hm s sin y x = c hm ngc trn ;
2 2
l

l
l
l
l

1
: [ 1; 1] ;
2 2
f
l

l

l
l

arcsin x y x = .
VD 4. arcsin 0 0 = ;
arcsin( 1)
2
= ;

3
arcsin
2 3
= .
b) Hm s y = arccos x
Hm s cos y x = c hm ngc trn [0; ] l

1
: [ 1; 1] [0; ] f

arccos x y x = .
VD 5. arccos 0
2
= ;
arccos( 1) = ;

3
arccos
2 6
= ;
1 2
arccos
2 3

= .
Ch . arcsin arccos , [ 1; 1].
2
x x x
=
c) Hm s y = arctan x
Hm s tan y x = c hm ngc trn ;
2 2
1

( )
l

1
: ;
2 2
f

( )

arctan x y x = .
VD 6. arctan 0 0 = ;
arctan( 1)
4
= ;
arctan 3
3
= .
Quy c. ( ) ( )
arctan , arctan .
2 2

= =
d) Hm s y = arccot x
Hm s cot y x = c hm ngc trn (0; ) l

1
: (0; ) f

cot x y arc x = .
VD 7. cot 0
2
arc

= ;

3
cot( 1)
4
arc

= ;
cot 3
6
arc

= .
Quy c. ( ) ( )
cot 0, cot . arc arc = =
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.2. Gii hn hm s
2.2.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1. Cho hm ( ) f x xc nh trong ( ; ) a b .
Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x tin n
0
[ ; ] x a b nu vi mi 0 cho trc, ta tm c s
0 sao cho khi
0
0 x x < < th ( ) f x L < .
K hiu l:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
= .
nh ngha 2 (nh ngha theo dy)
Cho ( ) f x xc nh trong ( ; ) a b . Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn
l L (hu hn) khi
0
[ ; ] x x a b nu vi bt k dy
{ }
n
x trong
0
( ; ) \ { } a b x m
0 n
x x th ( )
n
f x L .
nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x
nu vi mi 0 cho trc ta tm c s 0 M sao
cho khi x M th ( ) f x L < .
K hiu l: lim ( )
x
f x L
= .
Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x
nu vi mi 0 cho trc ta tm c s 0 m < sao
cho khi x m < th ( ) f x L < .
K hiu l: lim ( )
x
f x L
= .
nh ngha 4 (gii hn v cng)

Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L = khi
0
x x nu vi
mi s 0 M ln ty , ta tm c s 0 sao cho
khi
0
0 x x < < th ( ) f x M .
K hiu l:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
= .
Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L = khi
0
x x nu vi
mi s 0 m < ty , ta tm c s 0 sao cho khi
0
0 x x < < th ( ) f x m < .
K hiu l:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
= .
nh ngha 5 (gii hn 1 pha)

Nu ( ) f x c gii hn l L (L c th l ) khi
0
x x
(
0
x hu hn) v
0
x x th ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn phi
ti
0
x . K hiu:
0
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L

= hoc
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
= .
Nu ( ) f x c gii hn l L (L c th l ) khi
0
x x
(
0
x hu hn) v
0
x x < th ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn tri
ti
0
x . K hiu:
0
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L

= hoc
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
= .
Ch
0
0 0
lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( ) .
x x
x x x x
f x L f x f x L

= = =
2.2.2. Tnh cht
Cho
0
lim ( )
x x
f x a
= v
0
lim ( )
x x
g x b
= . Khi :
1)
0
lim[ . ( )] . ( )
x x
k f x k a k
=
2)
0
lim[ ( ) ( )]
x x
f x g x a b
=
3)
0
lim[ ( ) ( )]
x x
f x g x ab
= ; 4)
0
( )
lim ( 0)
( ) x x
f x a
b
g x b
=
5) Nu
0 0
( ) ( ), ( ; ) f x g x x x x th a b .
6) Nu
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ), ( ; ) f x h x g x x x x v

0 0
lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x
f x g x L

= = th
0
lim ( )
x x
h x L
= .
Mt s kt qu gii hn cn nh
1)
( ) 0 ( ) 0
sin ( ) tan ( )
lim lim 1
( ) ( )
x x
x x
x x

= = .
2) Nu 1, 1 th
ln
lim lim 0
x
x x
x x
x

= =
3) Nu
0 0
lim ( ) 0, lim ( )
x x x x
u x a v x b

= = th:
0
( )
lim[ ( )] .
v x b
x x
u x a
=
4)
( )
1
0
1
lim 1 lim 1
x
x
x x
x e
x

1

= =

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.2.3. Mt s v d
VD 1. Tm gii hn
0
1 3 1
lim
x
x
L
x

= .
VD 2. Tm gii hn
3
0
8 4 2
lim
x
x x
L
x

= .
VD 3. Tm gii hn
2
lim 2
x
L x x x
1
=

( )
.
VD 4. Tm gii hn
2
lim 2 1
x
L x x
1
=

( )
.
VD 6. Tm gii hn
2
1
2
1
lim
3
x
x
x
x x
L
x

( )
.
A. 9 L = ; B. 4 L = ; C. 1 L = ; D. 0 L = .
VD 5. Cho hm s 2 2
2
tan 1 , 1
( )
sin 1
, 1.
3 3
x x
f x
x
x
x
'
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1 +

Tnh (1) f ,
1
lim ( )
x
f x
v
1
lim ( )
x
f x
.
VD 7. Tm gii hn
2 3
2
2
3
lim
1
x
x
x x
L
x

( )
.
A. L = ; B.
3
L e = ; C.
2
L e = ; D. 1 L = .
VD 8*. Tm gii hn
2
1
0
cos
lim
cos 2
x
x
x
L
x
1

=

( )
.
A. L = ; B.
3
2
L e = ; C.
1
2
L e = ; D. 1 L = .
3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN
3.1. i lng v cng b
a) nh ngha
Hm s ( ) x c gi l i lng v cng b (VCB)
khi
0
x x nu
0
lim ( ) 0
x x
x
= (x
0
c th l v cng).
VD 1.
( )
3
( ) tan sin 1 x x = l VCB khi 1 x

;

2
1
( )
ln
x
x
= l VCB khi x .
b) Tnh cht ca VCB

1) Nu ( ), ( ) x x l cc VCB khi
0
x x th
( ) ( ) x x v ( ). ( ) x x l VCB khi
0
x x .

2) Nu ( ) x l VCB v ( ) x b chn trong ln cn
0
x
th ( ). ( ) x x l VCB khi
0
x x .

3)
0
lim ( ) ( ) ( )
x x
f x a f x a x
= = , trong ( ) x l
VCB khi
0
x x .
c) So snh cc VCB
nh ngha
Cho ( ), ( ) x x l cc VCB khi
0
x x ,
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
x
k
x
.
Khi :
Nu 0 k = , ta ni ( ) x l VCB cp cao hn ( ) x ,
k hiu ( ) 0( ( )) x x = .
Nu k = , ta ni ( ) x l VCB cp thp hn ( ) x .
Nu 0 k , ta ni ( ) x v ( ) x l cc VCB
cng cp.
c bit, nu 1 k = , ta ni ( ) x v ( ) x l cc VCB
tng ng, k hiu ( ) ( ) x x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 2 1 cos x l VCB cng cp vi
2
x khi 0 x v:
2
2 2
0 0
2sin
1 cos 1
2
lim lim
2
4
2
x x
x
x
x
x

= =
1

( )
.

2 2
sin 3( 1) 9( 1) x x khi 1 x .
Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x
0
1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0( ( )) 0( ( )) x x x x x x = = .
2) Nu ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) x x x x th ( ) ( ) x x .
3) Nu
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) x x x x th
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x .
4) Nu ( ) 0( ( )) x x = th ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x .
Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao
Cho ( ), ( ) x x l tng cc VCB khc cp khi
0
x x
th
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
x
x
bng gii hn t s hai VCB cp thp

nht ca t v mu.
VD 3. Tm gii hn
3
4 2
0
cos 1
lim
x
x x
L
x x
.
Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0
1) sinx x ; 2) tanx x ;
3) arcsinx x ; 4) arctanx x
5)
2
1 cos
2
x
x ; 6) 1
x
e x ;
Ch . Nu ( ) u x l VCB khi 0 x th ta c th thay x
bi ( ) u x trong 8 cng thc trn.
7) ln(1 ) x x ; 8) 1 1
n
x
x
n
.
VD 4. Tnh gii hn
2
2
0
ln(1 2 sin )
lim
sin . tan
x
x x
L
x x
= .
VD 5. Tnh
( )
2 2
3
0
sin 1 1 3 tan
lim
sin 2
x
x x x
L
x x
.
VD 6. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = tha:
2
2 4
2
3
x t t
y t t
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Khi 0 x , chn p n ng?
Ch
Quy tc VCB tng ng khng p dng c cho
hiu hoc tng ca cc VCB nu chng lm trit tiu
t hoc mu ca phn thc.
A.
2
( )
4
x
f x ; B.
2
( )
2
x
f x ;
C. ( )
2
x
f x ; D.
2
( ) 3 f x x .
VD.
2 2
0 0
2 ( 1) ( 1)
lim lim
x x x x
x x
e e e e
x x

=

2
0
( )
lim 0
x
x x
x

= = (Sai!).
3.2. i lng v cng ln
a) nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l i lng v cng ln (VCL)
khi
0
x x nu
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
= (x
0
c th l v cng).
VD 7.
3
cos 1
2 sin
x
x x
l VCL khi 0 x ;

3
2
1
cos 4 3
x x
x x

l VCL khi x .
Nhn xt. Hm s ( ) f x l VCL khi
0
x x th

1
( ) f x
l VCB khi
0
x x .
b) So snh cc VCL
nh ngha
Cho ( ), ( ) f x g x l cc VCL khi
0
x x ,
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
k
g x
= .
Khi :
Nu 0 k = , ta ni ( ) f x l VCL cp thp hn ( ) g x .
Nu k = , ta ni ( ) f x l VCL cp cao hn ( ) g x .
Nu 0 k , ta ni ( ) f x v ( ) g x l cc VCL
cng cp.
c bit, nu 1 k = , ta ni ( ) f x v ( ) g x l cc VCL
tng ng. K hiu ( ) ( ) f x g x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 8.

3
3
x
l VCL khc cp vi
3
1
2x x
khi 0 x v:
3
3 3 3 3
0 0 0
3 1 2
lim : 3 lim 3 lim
2
x x x
x x x
x x x x x

1

= = =

( )
.

3 3
2 1 2 x x x khi x .
VD 9. Tnh cc gii hn:
3
3
cos 1
lim
3 2
x
x x
A
x x
;
3 2
7 2
2 1
lim
2 sin
x
x x
B
x x
.
Quy tc ngt b VCL cp thp
Cho f(x) v g(x) l tng cc VCL khc cp khi
0
x x
th
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
g x
bng gii hn t s hai VCL cp cao nht
ca t v mu.
4. HM S LIN TC
Hm s ( ) f x lin tc ti
0
x nu
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= .
Hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn tp X nu ( ) f x lin tc ti
mi im
0
x X .
4.1. nh ngha
S
0 f
x D c gi l im c lp ca ( ) f x nu

0 0 0
0 : ( ; ) \ { } x x x x th
f
x D .
Ch . Hm ( ) f x lin tc trn on [ ; ] a b th c th l
mt ng lin nt (khng t khc) trn on .
Quy c. Hm ( ) f x lin tc ti mi im c lp ca n.
4.3. Hm s lin tc mt pha
nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc tri (phi) ti x
0
nu
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= (
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= ).
nh l
Hm s f(x) lin tc ti x
0
nu
0 0
0
lim ( ) lim ( ) ( ).
x x x x
f x f x f x

= =
4.2. nh l
Tng, hiu, tch v thng ca cc hm s lin tc ti
x
0
l hm s lin tc ti x
0
.
Hm s s cp xc nh u th lin tc .
Hm s lin tc trn mt on th t gi tr ln nht v
nh nht trn on .
VD 1. Cho hm s
2 2
3 tan sin
, 0
( )
2
, 0
x x
x
f x
x
x
'
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1

1
1+
.
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti 0 x = l:
A. 0 = ; B.
1
2
= ; C. 1 = ; D.
3
2
= .
VD 2. Cho hm s
2 2
ln(cos )
, 0
( )
arctan 2
2 3, 0
x
x
f x
x x
x
'
1
1

1
1
=
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti 0 x = l:
A.
17
12
= ; B.
17
12
= ; C.
3
2
= ; D.
3
2
= .
4.4. Phn loi im gin on

Nu hm ( ) f x khng lin tc
ti
0
x th
0
x c gi l
im gin on ca ( ) f x .
O x
y
( ) C
0
x
Nu tn ti cc gii hn:
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= ,
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
=
nhng
0
( ) f x
,
0
( ) f x
v
0
( ) f x khng ng thi bng
nhau th ta ni
0
x l im gin on loi mt.
Ngc li,
0
x l im gin on loi hai.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Chng Chng 2. 2. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh vi vi phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s
1. O HM
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) nh ngha o hm
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trong ln cn ( ; ) a b ca
0
( ; ) x a b . Gii hn:
0 0
0 0
( ) ( )
lim lim
x x
f x x f x
y
x x

=

(nu c) c gi l o hm ca ( ) y f x = ti
0
x .
K hiu l
0
( ) f x hay
0
( ) y x .
1. o hm
2. Vi phn
3. Cc nh l c bn v hm kh vi Cc tr
4. Cng thc Taylor
5. Quy tc LHospital
6. Kho st hm s
Nhn xt. Do
0
x x x = nn:
0
0
0
0
( ) ( )
( ) lim .
x x
f x f x
f x
x x

Nhn xt. Hm s ( ) f x c o hm ti x
0
khi v ch khi
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ). f x f x f x

= =
b) o hm mt pha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trong ln cn phi
0
( ; ) x b ca
0
x . Gii hn
0
0
0
( ) ( )
lim
x x
f x f x
x x
(nu c)
c gi l o hm bn phi ca ( ) y f x = ti
0
x .
K hiu l
0
( ) f x
. Tng t,
0
( ) f x
.
VD 1. Cho
3
( ) (0) f x x f = = ,
( ) (0 ) f x x f

= = .
c) o hm v cng
Nu t s
y
x
khi 0 x th ta ni ( ) y f x = c
o hm v cng ti
0
x .

Tng t, ta cng c cc khi nim o hm v cng
mt pha.
Ch

Nu ( ) f x lin tc v c o hm v cng ti
0
x th tip
tuyn ti
0
x ca th ( ) y f x = song song vi trc Oy.
1.2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm
1) o hm tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s:
( ) u v u v = ; ( ) uv u v uv = ;

2
,
k kv
k
v
v
1

=

( )
;
2
u u v uv
v
v
1

=

( )
.
2) o hm ca hm s hp ( ) [ ( )] f x y u x = :

( ) ( ). ( ) f x y u u x = hay ( ) ( ). ( ) y x y u u x = .
3) o hm hm s ngc ca ( ) y y x = :
1
( )
( )
x y
y x
=
.
o hm ca mt s hm s s cp
1)
( )
1
. x x

= ; 2)
( )
1
2
x
x
= ;

3)
( )
sin cos x x
= ; 4)
( )
cos sin x x
= ;

5)
( )
2
1
tan
cos
x
x
= 6)
( )
2
1
cot
sin
x
x
= ;

2
1 tan x = ;
7)
( )
x x
e e
= ; 8)
( )
.ln
x x
a a a
= ;

9)
( )
1
ln x
x
= ; 10)
( )
1
log
.ln
a
x
x a
= ;

11)
( )
2
1
arcsin =
1
x
x
; 12)
( )
2
1
arccos =
1
x
x
;

13)
( )
2
1
arctan
1
x
x
; 14)
( )
2
1
cot
1
arc x
x
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
1.3. o hm hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s

Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c phng trnh dng tham s
( ), ( ) x x t y y t = = . Gi s ( ) x x t = c hm s ngc
v hm s ngc ny c o hm th:
( )
( ) .
( )
t
x
t
y
y t
y x hay y
x t x
= =

VD 2. Tnh ( ) y x ca hm s cho bi
2
3
2 1
, 0
4
x t
t
y t
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
VD 3. Tnh (1)
x
y ca hm s cho bi
2
2
t
x e
y t t
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
1.4. o hm cp cao
Gi s ( ) f x c o hm ( ) f x v ( ) f x c o hm th
( )
( ) ( ) f x f x
= l o hm cp hai ca ( ) f x .
Tng t ta c:
( )
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( )
n n
f x f x

= l o hm cp n ca ( ) f x .
VD 4. Cho hm s
2
( ) sin f x x = . Tnh o hm
(6)
(0) f .
A.
(6)
(0) 32 f = ; B.
(6)
(0) 32 f = ;
C.
(6)
(0) 16 f = ; D.
(6)
(0) 0 f = .
VD 5. Tnh
( )
( )
n
f x ca hm s
1
( ) (1 )
n
f x x

= .
VD 6. Tnh
( ) n
y ca hm s
2
1
3 4
y
x x
=

.
VD 7. Tnh o hm
( )
( )
n
f x ca hm s ( ) sin f x x = .
1.5. o hm ca hm s n

Cho phng trnh ( , ) 0 F x y = (*).
Nu ( ) y y x = l hm s xc nh trong 1 khong no
sao cho khi th ( ) y x vo (*) ta c ng nht thc th
( ) y x c gi l hm s n xc nh bi (*).

o hm hai v (*) theo x , ta c . 0
x y x
F F y = .

Vy , 0.
x
x y
y
F
y F
F

( )
x
y x y = c gi l o hm ca hm s n ( ) y x .
Ch
Ta c th xem hm n ( ) y x nh hm hp ( ) u x v thc
hin o hm nh hm s hp.
VD 8. Cho hm n ( ) y x xc nh bi 0
x y
xy e e = .
Tnh ( ) y x
.
VD 9. Cho hm n ( ) y x xc nh bi:
ln 0
x
xy e y = (*). Tnh (0) y
.
2 2
ln arctan
y
x y
x
= . Tnh ( ) y x .
3 2 4
( 2) 2 0 y x y x = (*). Tnh (1) y
.
VD 12. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca
2 2
2 2
( ) : 1
x y
E
a b
= ti im
0 0
( ; ) ( ) M x y E .
Gii
Vi
0
0 y , ta c:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
F
a b
=
0
2
0
2
2
2
x
y
x
F
a
y
F
b
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+

2
0
0
2
0
( )
b x
y x
a y
= .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im
0 0
( ; ) ( ) M x y E l:
0 0 0
( )( ) y y x x x y =
2
0
0 0
2
0
( )
b x
y x x y
a y
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
b x x a y y b x a y =
0 0
2 2
1
x x y y
a b
= (*).
Vi
0
0 y = , ta c
0
x a = .
Khi , phng trnh tip tuyn l x a = tha (*).
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn l
0 0
2 2
1
x x y y
a b
= .

2. VI PHN
2.1. Vi phn cp mt
Hm s ( ) y f x = c gi l kh vi ti
0 f
x D nu
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x x f x = c th biu din di
dng:
0
( ) . 0( ) f x A x x =
vi A l hng s v 0( ) x l VCB khi 0 x .

Khi , i lng . A x c gi l vi phn ca hm s
( ) y f x = ti x
0
. K hiu
0
( ) df x hay
0
( ) dy x .
Nhn xt

0
( ) . 0( ) f x A x x =
0
( ) 0( ) f x x
A
x x

=


0
0
0
( )
( )
x
f x
A f x A
x

.

0 0
( ) ( ). df x f x x = hay ( ) ( ). df x f x x = .
Chn ( ) ( ) f x x df x x dx x = = = .

Vy ( ) ( ) . df x f x dx hay dy y dx = =
VD 1. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca
2 3
( )
x
f x x e = ti
0
1 x = .
VD 3. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca hm s
ln(arcsin )
2
x
y = .
VD 2. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca
2
arctan( 1) y x = .
2.2. Vi phn cp cao
Gi s ( ) y f x = c o hm n cp n th
1 ( )
( )
n n n n
d y d d y y dx
= =
c gi l vi phn cp n ca hm ( ) y f x = .
VD 4. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm s ln(sin ) y x = .
VD 5. Tnh vi phn cp n ca hm s
2x
y e = .
VD 6. Tnh vi phn cp 3 ca ( ) tan f x x = ti
0
4
x

= .
VD 7. Tnh vi phn cp 10 ca hm s
3
( )
x
y x x e = .
Ch
Khi x l mt hm s c lp vi y th cng thc
( ) n n n
d y y dx = khng cn ng na.
Quy tc tnh vi phn cp n

1) ( . ) .
n n
d k u k d u = ; ( )
n n n
d u v d u d v = ;
2)
0
( ) .
n
n k n k k
n
k
d uv C d ud v
=
=

vi
0 0
, d u u d v v = = .
3. CC NH L C BN V HM KH VI
CC TR CA HM S
3.1. Cc nh l

3.1.1. B Fermat
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trong ( ; ) a b v c o hm ti
0
( ; ) x a b . Nu ( ) f x t gi tr ln nht (hoc b nht)
ti
0
x trong ( ; ) a b th
0
( ) 0 f x = .

3.1.2. nh l Rolle

Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trong [ ; ] a b v kh vi trong
( ; ) a b . Nu ( ) ( ) f a f b = th ( ; ) c a b sao cho ( ) 0 f c = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
3.1.3. nh l Cauchy
Cho hai hm s ( ) f x , ( ) g x lin tc trong [ ; ] a b , kh vi
trong ( ; ) a b v ( ) 0, ( ; ) g x x a b .
Khi , ( ; ) c a b sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( )
.
( ) ( ) ( )
f b f a f c
g b g a g c

=

3.1.4. nh l Lagrange
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trong [ ; ] a b , kh vi trong
( ; ) a b . Khi , ( ; ) c a b sao cho:
( ) ( )
( ).
f b f a
f c
b a

3.2. Cc tr ca hm s

3.2.1. Hm s n iu
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trong trong ( ; ) a b .
Khi :
( ) f x c gi l tng ngt trong ( ; ) a b nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
,
1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b v
1 2
x x .
( ) f x c gi l gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
<
,
1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b v
1 2
x x .
( ) f x c gi l tng hay gim khng ngt trong ( ; ) a b
nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
hay
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
,
1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b v
1 2
x x .

( ) f x c gi l n iu trong ( ; ) a b nu
( ) f x tng ngt hay gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b .

( ) f x n iu trong ( ; ) a b v lin tc trong ( ; ] a b th
( ) f x n iu trong ( ; ] a b (trng hp khc tng t).
b) nh l 1
Cho hm s ( ) f x kh vi trong trong ( ; ) a b . Khi :
Nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b th ( ) f x tng ngt trong ( ; ) a b .
Nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b < th ( ) f x gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b .
Nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b hay ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b th
( ) f x tng khng ngt hay gim khng ngt trong ( ; ) a b .
c) nh l 2
Nu ( ) f x tng ngt trong ( ; ) a b th ( ) 0 f x trong ( ; ) a b
v khng tn ti ( ; ) ( ; ) a b sao cho ( ) 0 f x .

Nu ( ) f x gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b th ( ) 0 f x trong
( ; ) a b v khng tn ti ( ; ) ( ; ) a b sao cho ( ) 0 f x .
VD 1. Tm cc khong n iu ca
2
ln( 1) y x = .
2
2
1
( )
( 1)
x
f x
x
.
2
1
2
y
x x
=
.
3
4 x
y e

= .
3.2.2. Cc tr
a) nh ngha
Nu ( ) f x lin tc trong ( ; ) a b cha
0
x v
0
( ) ( ) f x f x < ,
0
( ; ) \ { } x a b x th ( ) f x t cc tiu ti
0
x .
Nu ( ) f x lin tc trong ( ; ) a b cha
0
x v
0
( ) ( ) f x f x ,
0
( ; ) \ { } x a b x th ( ) f x t cc i ti
0
x .
b) nh l
Cho ( ) f x c o hm n cp 2n trong ( ; ) a b cha
0
x
tha
(2 1)
0 0
( ) ... ( ) 0
n
f x f x
= = = v
(2 )
0
( ) 0
n
f x .
Nu
(2 )
0
( ) 0
n
f x th ( ) f x t cc tiu ti
0
x .
Nu
(2 )
0
( ) 0
n
f x < th ( ) f x t cc i ti
0
x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 5. Tm cc tr ca hm s
6 3
( ) 2 3 f x x x = .
Ch
Hm s c th khng t max hoc min trn X D .
3.2.3. Gi tr ln nht gi tr nh nht
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c MX D v X D .
S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca ( ) f x trn X nu:
0 0
: ( ) x X f x M = v ( ) , f x M x X .
K hiu l: max ( )
x X
M f x
= .
S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca ( ) f x trn X nu:
0 0
: ( ) x X f x m = v ( ) , f x m x X .
K hiu l: min ( )
x X
m f x
= .
Nu max ( )
x X
M f x
= v min ( )
x X
m f x
= th:
( ) , m f x M x X .
b) Phng php tm max min
Hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn on [ ; ] a b .
tm
[ ; ]
max ( )
x a b
f x
v
[ ; ]
min ( )
x a b
f x
, ta thc hin cc bc sau:

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = . Gi s c n
nghim
1
,..., [ ; ]
n
x x a b (loi cc nghim ngoi [ ; ] a b ).
Bc 2. Tnh
1
( ), ( ),..., ( ), ( )
n
f a f x f x f b .
Bc 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong cc gi tr
tnh trn l cc gi tr max, min tng ng cn tm.
VD 6. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
4 2
3
( ) 3
2
f x x x x = trn on [0; 2].
Ch
Nu bi cha cho on [ ; ] a b th ta phi tm MX
ca hm s trc khi lm bc 1.
C th i bin s ( ) t t x = v vit ( ) ( ( )) y f x g t x = = .
Gi T l min gi tr ca hm ( ) t x th:
max ( ) max ( )
x X t T
f x g t

= , min ( ) min ( )
x X t T
f x g t

= .
VD 7. Tm max, min ca
2
( ) 5 6 f x x x = .
VD 8. Tm max, min ca
2
sin 1
sin sin 1
x
y
x x
=

.
Hm s lin tc trn khong (a; b)
Cho hm ( ) y f x = lin tc trn ( ; ) a b ( , a b c th l ).
tm
( ; )
max ( )
x a b
f x
v
( ; )
min ( )
x a b
f x
, ta thc hin cc bc:

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = . Gi s c n
nghim
1
,..., [ ; ]
n
x x a b (loi cc nghim ngoi [ ; ] a b ).
Bc 2. Tnh
1
( ),..., ( )
n
f x f x v hai gii hn
1 2
lim ( ), lim ( )
x a x b
L f x L f x

= = .
Bc 3. Kt lun:
1) Nu
1 1 2
max{ ( ),..., ( )} max{ , }
n
f x f x L L th
1
( ; )
max max{ ( ),..., ( )}
n
x a b
f f x f x
= .
2) Nu
1 1 2
min{ ( ),..., ( )} min{ , }
n
f x f x L L < th
1
( ; )
min min{ ( ),..., ( )}
n
x a b
f f x f x
= .
3) Nu khng tha 1) (hoc 2)) th hm s khng t
max (hoc min).

VD 9. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
3
2
( )
1
x
f x
x
=
trn khong (1; ) .

Ch
Ta c th lp bng bin thin ca ( ) f x thay cho bc 3.
VD 10. Tm iu kin ca tham s m phng trnh
sau c nghim:
( )
2
2 1 0 m x x = .
a) nh ngha
Hm s ( ) f x c gi l hm li trong ( ; ) a b nu ( ) f x
tng trong ( ; ) a b . Khi , th ( ) y f x = c gi l
th lm trong ( ; ) a b .
Hm s ( ) f x c gi l hm lm trong ( ; ) a b nu
( ) f x gim trong ( ; ) a b . Khi , th ( ) y f x = c
gi l th li trong ( ; ) a b .
3.3. Khong li, lm ca th im un
im
0 0 0
( ; ) M x y trn th nm gia phn lm v li
c gi l im un ca th hm s ( ) y f x = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
b) nh l
Nu ( ) 0 f x (hay ( ) 0 f x < ) vi mi ( ; ) x a b th
th hm s ( ) y f x = lm (hay li) trong ( ; ) a b .
VD 11. Hm s
3 2
3 1 y x x =
lm v c th li trong ( ; 1) ;
hm
3 2
3 1 y x x = li v c
th lm trong (1; ) .
(1; 1) M l im un ca th.
Nu
0
( ) 0 f x = v ( ) f x i du khi x chuyn t tri
sang phi qua im
0
x th
0 0 0
( ; ) M x y l im un ca
th hm s ( ) y f x = .
VD 12. Xc nh tnh li, lm ca hm s:
2
8ln y x x = .
VD 13. Tm cc khong li, lm ca th hm s:
arccos y x = .
VD 14. Xc nh tnh li, lm ca hm s arctan2 y x =
v th ca hm s arctan2 y x = .
3.4. Tim cn ca th
Tim cn ng
ng cong ( ) y f x = c tim cn ng
0
x x = nu
0
lim ( ) .
x x
f x
=
Tim cn xin
ng cong ( ) y f x = c tim cn xin y ax b = nu
( )
lim , lim ( ) .
x x
f x
a f x ax b
x
l
= =
l
l

Ch
Khi 0 a = th th c tim cn ngang y b = .
VD 15. Tm tt c cc tim cn ca th hm s:
2
3
ln(1 ) x
y
x
= .
VD 16. Tm tim cn xin ca th hm s:
2 3
( 1) y x x = .
VD 17. Tm tim cn xin (ngang) ca th hm s:
2
4 5 y x x x = .
.
4. CNG THC TAYLOR
4.1. Cng thc khai trin Taylor
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn [ ; ] a b c o hm n cp
1 n trn ( ; ) a b vi
0
, ( ; ) x x a b ta c cc khai trin:
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange
( )
( 1)
1 0
0 0
0
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
! ( 1)!
k
n n
k n
k
f x
f c
f x x x x x
k n
=
=

vi ( ; ) c a b .
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano
( )
0
0 0
0
( )
( ) ( ) (( ) ).
!
k
n
k n
k
f x
f x x x O x x
k
=
=

Khai trin Maclaurin c vit li:
/ //
2
( )
(0) (0)
( ) (0) ...
1! 2!
(0)
... ( ).
!
n
n n
f f
f x f x x
f
x O x
n
=

Khai trin Maclaurin
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano ti
0
0 x = c
gi l khai trin Maclaurin.
Vy:
( )
0
(0)
( ) ( ).
!
k n
k n
k
f
f x x O x
k
=
=

VD 1. Khai trin Maclaurin ca ( ) tan f x x = n
3
x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
4.2. Cc khai trin Maclaurin cn nh
1)
2
1
1 ... 0( )
1
n n
x x x x
x
=
.
2)
2
1 ... 0( )
1! 2! !
n
x n
x x x
e x
n
= .
3)
2 3 4
ln(1 ) ... 0( )
1 2 3 4
n
x x x x
x x = .
4)
2 4 6
cos 1 ... 0( )
2! 4! 6!
n
x x x
x x = .
5)
3 5 7
sin ... 0( )
1! 3! 5! 7!
n
x x x x
x x = .
2
( 1)
6) (1 ) 1 ...
2!
( 1)...( 1)
... 0( ).
!
m
n n
m m
x mx x
m m m n
x x
n
=

VD 2. Khai trin Maclaurin ca
1
( )
1
f x
x
=
n
3
x .
Ch
Nu ( ) u x l VCB khi 0 x th ta thay x trong cc
cng thc trn bi ( ) u x .
VD 3. Khai trin Maclaurin hm
2
1
1 3
y
x
=
n
6
x .
2
ln(1 2 ) y x = n
6
x .
VD 5. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s 2
x
y = n
4
x .
sinx
y e = n
3
x .
VD 7. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s:
2
2
1
( )
1
x x
f x
x x

=

n
4
x v tnh
(4)
(0) f .
VD 8. Cho hm
3
( ) cos 2 f x x x = . Gi tr ca
(7)
(0) f l:
A.
(7)
(0) 480 f = ; B.
(7)
(0) 560 f = ;
C.
(7)
(0) 3360 f = ; D.
(7)
(0) 6720 f = .
4.3. ng dng ca cng thc Taylor
T cng thc khai trin Taylor, ta c:
( )
0
0
0
( )
( ) ( )
!
k
n
k
k
f x
f x x x
k
=

vi sai s
( 1)
1
0
( )
( ) ( )
( 1)!
n
n
n
f c
R x x x
n
, ( ; ) c a b .
Nu
( 1)
( ) , [ ; ]
n
f x M x a b
th ta c nh gi
sai s:
1
0
( )
( 1)!
n
n
M
R x x x
n
.
4.3.1. Tnh gi tr gn ng ca hm s (tham kho)
VD 9. Tnh s e chnh xc n
3
10
= .
Gii. Ta c:
2
1 ... 0( )
1! 2! !
n
x n
x x x
e x
n
=

1 1
1 1 ...
2! !
e
n
.
vi sai s ( ) , (0; 1)
( 1)!
c
n
e
R x c
n
= =

3
6
( 1)!
n
n
< =
.
Vy
1 1 1 1 1
2
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
e .
4.3.2. Tm gii hn t s ca hai VCB
a) Phn chnh ca VCB (x) khi x 0 (tham kho)
Nu ( ) x l VCB khi 0 x tha
( 1)
(0) 0
k
= v
( )
(0) 0
k
( 1, 2, ...) k = th i lng
( )
(0)
!
k
k
x
k
c
gi l phn chnh ca ( ) x . Khi ,
( )
(0)
( )
!
k
k
x x
k
.
VD 10. Xt
tan
( ) 1
x
x e = . Khi 0 x , ta c:
(0) 0 = , (0) 1 0 = phn chnh ca ( ) x l x .
Nhn xt. Khi 0 x th
tan
1
x
e x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
b) Cc v d tm gii hn
VD 11. Tm gii hn
0
2
lim
sin
x x
x
e e x
L
x x
.
Gii. Ta c:
2 3
3
1 0( )
1! 2! 3!
x
x x x
e x = ,

2 3
3
1 0( )
1! 2! 3!
x
x x x
e x
= ,

3
3
sin 0( )
3!
x
x x x = .
Vy
3 3
0 0
3 3
1
0( )
2
3
lim lim 2
sin 1
0( )
6
x x
x x
x x
e e x
L
x x
x x

= = =
.
VD 12. Tnh
0 6 3
ln(1 ) sin2 1
lim
1 1
x
x
x e x
L
x

=

.
Gii. Ta c:
6 3 3
1
1 1
6
x x ,

2 3
3
ln(1 ) 0( )
2 3
x x
x x x = ,

2 3
3
1 0( )
2 6
x
x x
e x x = ,

3 3
4
sin2 2 0( )
3
x x x x =
3
11
ln(1 ) sin2 1 11
6
x
x e x x L = .
4.3.3. Tm tim cn cong (hay xin) ca th hm s
Nu ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x x = vi ( ) g x l a thc v ( ) x l
VCB khi x th th ( ) : ( ) C y f x = c ng
tim cn cong ( ) y g x = .
VD 13. Tm tim cn xin ca ( ) C :
2 3
( 1) y x x = .
Gii. Khi x , ta c:
1
3
1
1 y x
x
1

=

( )
2 2
1 1 1
1 0
3
9
x
x
x x
1 1

=

( ) ( )

1 1 1
0
3 9
x
x x
1

=

( )
.
Vy
1
3
y x = l tim cn xin ca th ( ) C .
VD 14. Tm tim cn xin ca
3
( ) :
1
x
C y
x
=
.
Gii. Ta c:
1
2
1
1
1
y x
x
1

=

( )
. Khi x th:
2 2
1
2( 1)
8( 1) ( 1)
x x
y x O
x
x x
l
l
=
l

l
l
.
Khi x th:
1
2( 1) 2
x
y x x
x

.
Khi x th:
1
2( 1) 2
x
y x x
x

.
Vy
1
2
y x = ,
1
2
y x = l 2 tim cn xin ca ( ) C .
VD 15. Tm tim cn cong ca
4
2
2 3
( ) :
1
x x
C y
x

=
.
Gii. Ta c:
3 4
2
2
2 3
1
.
1
1
x x
y x
x

=
.
t
1
0
x
t
x
= , ta suy ra:

2 3 4
2
1
(1 2 3 ).
1
y x t t
t
=

2 3 4 2 2
(1 2 3 )(1 0( )) x t t t t =

2 2 3 3
(1 2 ( )) x t t O t =

2
2 3 3
1 2 1
1 x O
x x x
1 1

=

( ) ( )

2 2
2 1
1 1 x O x
x x
1

=

( )
.
Vy th c tim cn cong l
2
1 y x = .
Cch khc
2 2
2
4 2
1 1
1
x
y x x
x
khi x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

5. QUY TC LHOSPITAL
VD 1. Tm gii hn
2
0
2
lim
x x
x
e e
L
x

= .
nh l (quy tc LHospital)
Cho hai hm s ( ) f x , ( ) g x kh vi trong ln cn ca im
0
x v ( ) 0 g x trong ln cn ca
0
x (c th
0
( ) 0 g x = ).
Nu
0 0
lim ( ) lim ( ) 0
x x x x
f x g x

= = (hoc ) v
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
k
g x
th
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
k
g x
= .
Ch
Chiu ngc li trong nh l l khng ng.
Ta c th p dng quy tc LHospital nhiu ln.
VD 4. Tnh
0
1
lim cot
x
L x
x
1

=

( )
(dng ).
VD 5. Tm gii hn
1
1
1
lim
x
x
L x

= (dng 1
).
VD 6. Tm gii hn
1
lim ( 3 )
x
x
x
L x
= (dng
0
).
VD 3. Tm gii hn
( )
3
0
lim ln
x
L x x
= (dng 0).
A. 0 L = ; B. L = ; C.
1
2
L = ; D.
1
3
L = .
VD 2. Tm gii hn
2 2
2 2
0
sin
lim
.arctan
x
x x
L
x x
= .
6. KHO ST HM S
(Tham kho)
6.1. Kho st hm s theo tham s
Cho ng cong ( ) C xc nh bi phng trnh tham s:
( )
,
( )
x x t
t D
y y t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
(D l MX).
6.1.1. Khong bin thin ca bin t
a) Nu ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), x t T x t y t T y t t D = = th ta
ch cn kho st ( ), ( ) x t y t trong [ ; ] T .
b) Gi s vi mi t D , tn ti * t sao cho:
( *) ( ), ( *) ( ) x t x t y t y t = = . Khi , ( ) C nhn Ox lm
trc i xng.
( *) ( ), ( *) ( ) x t x t y t y t = = . Khi , ( ) C nhn Oy lm
trc i xng.
( *) ( ), ( *) ( ) x t x t y t y t = = . Khi , ( ) C nhn gc ta
(0; 0) O lm tm i xng.
c) Tng qut, gi s vi mi t D , tn ti * t sao cho:
( *) ( ), ( *) ( ) 2 x t x t y t y t b = = . Khi , ( ) C nhn
ng thng y b = lm trc i xng.
( *) ( ) 2 , ( *) ( ) x t x t a y t y t = = . Khi , ( ) C nhn
ng thng x a = lm trc i xng.
( *) ( ) 2 , ( *) ( ) 2 x t x t a y t y t b = = . Khi , ( ) C nhn
im ( ; ) I a b lm tm i xng.
6.1.2. S bin thin ca x(t), y(t)
Lp bng bin thin ca ( ), ( ) x t y t nh hm mt bin
quen thuc.
Ch
Dng
( )
( )
x
y t
y
x t
tnh h s gc ca tip tuyn.

Dng
2
3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( )]
x
x t y t x t y t
y
x t

=
tm khong li,
lm ca th.
6.1.3. Tim cn
Nu
0
lim ( )
t
x t x
= v lim ( )
t
y t
= th
0
x x = l tim
cn ng ca ( ) C .
Nu lim ( )
t
x t
= v
0
lim ( )
t
y t y
= th
0
y y = l tim
cn ngang ca ( ) C .
Nu lim ( )
t
x t
= , lim ( )
t
y t
= v:
( )
lim , lim[ ( ) ( )]
( ) t t
y t
a y t x t b
x t
= =
th y ax b = l tim cn xin ca ( ) C .
Ch
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ( ) C ti im ( , ) M x y ng
vi t trong h ta Oxy (Descartes) c dng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
y t x t y t x t y t
Y X
x t x t

=

(*).
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Gi s khi
0
t t th im ( , ) M x y tin ra v cng trn
mt nhnh v tn ca ( ) C . Khi , gii hn (nu c)
ca (*) l phng trnh tim cn ng vi
0
t t = .
VD 1. Kho st v v th ca ng cong:
2 2
2
,
( 1) 1
t t
x y
t t t
= =

.
Gii. MX \ { 1; 0; 1} D = . th khng c tnh
i xng, tun hon.
Ta c:
3 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1
( ) 2 , ( ) 0
( 1) (1 )
t t t
x t y t
t t t

= =

.
1 2 3
( ) 0 1, ( 1; 0), 0 x t t t t t t t = = < = = .
Bng bin thin:
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ( ) C ti im ( , ) M x y ng
vi t trong h ta Oxy c dng:
2 2
3 2 3 2
( 1) ( 4)
2( 3 1) 2( 3 1)
t t t t
Y X
t t t t

=

.
Cho 1, 0, 1 t t t ln lt ta c 3 tim cn
l:
3
2
Y X = , 0 Y = v
1 5
3 6
Y X = .
th
VD 2. Kho st v v th ca ng cong:
( sin ), (1 cos ) x R t t y R t = = .
Gii. MX D = . V:
(2 ) ( ) 2 , (2 ) ( ) x k t x t k R y k t y t = =
nn th i xng qua cc ng x k R = .
Ta ch cn kho st ng cong trong khong:
[0; ] [0; ] x R t .
Ta c: ( ) (1 cos ), ( ) sin x t R t y t R t = =
2
2
1
0
(1 cos )
x
y
R t
= <
.
Bng bin thin th
6.2. Kho st hm s theo ta cc
6.2.1. H ta cc
Trong mt phng chn im O c nh gi l cc v tia
Ox gi l tia cc. V tr im M ty trong mt phng
hon ton xc nh bi
( )
, , r OM Ox OM = =

.
Khi , cp ( , ) r c gi
l ta cc ca im M.
Mi lin h gia ta cc
v ta Descartes l:
cos , sin . x r y r = =
6.2.2. Phng trnh ng cong
trong ta cc
Phng trnh ng cong trong ta cc c dng:
( ). r f =
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Cho ng cong ( ) C trong ta Descartes c phng
trnh ( , ) 0 F x y = . Thay cos , sin x r y r = = vo ta
c ( cos , sin ) 0 F r r = , nu gii c r theo
th ta thu c phng trnh ca ( ) C trong ta cc.
VD 3. Trong mpOxy, xt phng trnh ng trn i qua
gc ta (0; 0) O :
2 2
( ) : 2 2 0 C x y ax by = .
Ta c:
2 2 2 2
cos sin 2 ( cos ) 2 ( sin ) 0 r r a r b r = .
Vy phng trnh ca ( ) C trong ta cc l:
2( cos sin ) r a b = .
6.2.3. Kho st v v th hm s r = r()
Ta xem ( )cos , ( )sin x r y r = = v kho st nh
trng hp theo tham s .
Trong nhiu trng hp khi bin tng dn, ta theo di
chiu bin thin ca r v th.
Gc to bi bn knh cc
v tip tuyn c xc nh
bi cng thc:
( )
( )
r
tg
r
=

.
VD 4. Kho st v v th
2 2
( ) : cos 2 C r a = .
Gii. MX: cos 2 0
4 4
k k

.
Hm cos 2 tun hon vi chu k nn ta ch kho st
trong khong
4 4

v cos 2 r a = .
Ta c:
sin 2
( ) 0 0
cos 2
a
r

= = =
.
Bng bin thin th
...
Chng Chng 3. 3. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh t t ch ch phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s
1. Tch phn bt nh
2. Tch phn xc nh
3. ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
4. Tch phn suy rng

1. TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. nh ngha
Hm s ( ) F x c gi l mt nguyn hm ca ( ) f x trn
khong ( ; ) a b nu ( ) ( ), ( ; ) F x f x x a b = .
K hiu ( ) f x dx
(c l tch phn).
Nhn xt
Nu ( ) F x l nguyn hm ca ( ) f x th ( ) F x C cng l
nguyn hm ca ( ) f x .
Tnh cht
1) . ( ) ( ) , k f x dx k f x dx k =

2) ( ) ( ) f x dx f x C =

3) ( ) ( )
d
f x dx f x
dx
=

4) [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =

.
MT S NGUYN HM CN NH
1) . , a a dx ax C =

2)
1
, 1
1
x
x dx C

3) ln
dx
x C
x
=
; 4) 2
dx
x C
x
=

5)
x x
e dx e C =
; 6)
ln
x
x
a
a dx C
a
=

7) cos sin xdx x C =
; 8) sin cos xdx x C =
9)
2
tan
cos
dx
x C
x
=
; 10)
2
cot
sin
dx
x C
x
=

11)
2 2
1
arctan
dx x
C
a a
x a
=

12)
2 2
arcsin , 0
dx x
C a
a
a x
=

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
13)
2 2
1
ln
2
dx x a
C
a x a
x a

14) ln tan
sin 2
dx x
C
x
=

15) ln tan
cos 2 4
dx x
C
x
1

( )

16)
2
2
ln
dx
x x a C
x a
=

VD 1. Tnh
2
4
dx
I
x
=
.
A.
1 2
ln
4 2
x
I C
x
; B.
1 2
ln
4 2
x
I C
x
;
C.
1 2
ln
2 2
x
I C
x
; D.
1 2
ln
2 2
x
I C
x
.
VD 2. Tnh
2
6
dx
I
x x
=

.
VD 3. Tnh
2
3 ln
dx
I
x x
=
.
VD 4. Tnh
3
( 3)
dx
I
x x
=
.
VD 5. Tnh
4
cot
2sin 3
x
I dx
x
=
.
1.2. Phng php i bin
a) nh l
Nu ( ) ( ) f x dx F x C =
vi ( ) t kh vi th:
( ( )) ( ) ( ( )) . f t t dt F t C =

VD 6. Tnh
2
tan
, 0;
2
cos cos 1
x
I dx x
x x
1

( )
.
b) Mt s dng tch phn hu t (tham kho)
Dng 1:
2
, 0.
( )
x
I dx a
ax b

=

Cch gii. Bin i
2
( )
p q
I dx
ax b
ax b
1

=

( )
.
VD 7.
2 2
4 3 2(2 1) 1
4 4 1 (2 1)
x x
dx dx
x x x

=

Dng 2:
2
, 0, 0.
x
I dx a
ax bx c

=

Cch gii. Bin i
1 2
1 p q
I dx
a x x x x
1

=

( )
,
(
1 2
, x x l nghim ca mu thc).
2
2 1
2 1
(2 1)
dx
x
x
1

=

( )
1
ln 2 1
2(2 1)
x C
x
=
.
VD 8.
2
3 2 1 3 2
2 5 2 3 5
( 1)
2
x x
dx dx
x x
x x

=
1

( )

3 2 5 1 11 1
. .
( 1)(2 5) 7 1 7 2 5
x
dx dx
x x x x
1

= =

( )

5 11
ln 1 ln 2 5
7 14
x x C = .
Dng 3:
2
, 0, 0.
x
I dx a
ax bx c

= <

Cch gii. Bin i
2 2
X p
I dx
X X
1

=

( )
.
VD 9.
2 2
(2 1) 2 2 1
4 4 5 (2 1) 4
x x
I dx dx
x x x

= =

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

1 2
2 2
2 1 2
(2 1) 4 (2 1) 4
I I
x
dx dx
x x
=

.

2
2
1
2
1 [(2 1) 4] 1
ln[(2 1) 4]
4 4
(2 1) 4
d x
I x C
x

= =

.

2
2
2 1
2 1 1 2 1
arctan
2 2 2
2 1
1
2
x
d
x
I C
x
1

1
( )

= =

( )
1

( )
.
Vy
( )
2
1 1 2 1
ln 4 4 5 arctan
4 2 2
x
I x x C
1

( )
.
Dng 4. Tch phn hm hu t bc cao
Cch gii. Bin i hm di du tch phn v cc
phn thc ti gin.
VD 10. Tnh
2
( 1)
dx
I
x x
=
.
Gii. Ta c:
2 2
1
1 ( 1)
A B C
x x x x x
=

2
2
( ) ( )
( 1)
B C x A B x A
x x

=
.
ng nht cc h s, ta c:
1, 1, 1 A B C = = = .
Vy
2
1 1 1 1 1
ln
1
x
I dx C
x x x x x
1

= =

( )
.
VD 11. Tnh
2
2
4 4
( 1)
x x
I dx
x x

=
.
Gii. Ta c:
2
2 2
4 4
1
( 1) ( 1)
x x A B C
x x
x x x

=

.
ng nht cc h s, ta c: 4, 3, 9 A B C = = = .
Vy
2
4 3 9
1
( 1)
dx dx dx
I
x x
x
=

9
4 ln 3ln 1
1
x x C
x
=
.
VD 12. Tnh
2
3
3
7 6
x
I dx
x x
1

( )
.
Gii. Ta c:
2 2
3
3 3
( 1)( 2)( 3) 7 6
x x
x x x x x

=

1 2 3
A B C
x x x
=

.
ng nht cc h s, ta c:
1 1 3
, ,
2 5 10
A B C = = = .
Vy
1 1 3
2 1 5 2 10 3
dx dx dx
I
x x x
=

1 1 3
ln 1 ln 2 ln 3
2 5 10
x x x C = .
c) Tch phn hm lng gic
(sin , cos ) . I R x x dx =

Cch gii
Nu ( sin , cos ) (sin , cos ) R x x R x x = (ngha l bc
ca sin l) th ta t cos t x = .
Nu (sin , cos ) (sin , cos ) R x x R x x = (ngha l bc
ca cosin l) th ta t sin t x = .
Nu ( sin , cos ) (sin , cos ) R x x R x x = (ngha l bc
ca sin v cosin chn) th ta t tan t x = hoc h bc.
Nu
1
(sin , cos )
sin cos
R x x
a x b x c
=

th ta t:
2
2 2
2 1
tan sin , cos
2
1 1
x t t
t x x
t t
= = =

.
VD 13. Tnh
3 2
sin 2 cos I x x dx =
.
VD 14. Tnh
2 2
sin sin2 cos
dx
I
x x x
=

.
VD 15. Tnh
4 sin 3cos 5
dx
I
x x
=

.
1.3. Phng php tch phn tng phn
a) Cng thc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u x v x dx u x v x u x v x dx =

hay . udv uv vdu =

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ch
i vi nhiu tch phn kh th ta phi i bin trc
khi ly tng phn.
VD 16. Tnh ln I x x dx =
.
VD 17. Tnh
2
x
x
I dx =
.
VD 18. Tnh
3 sin
cos
x
I x e dx =
.
VD 19. Tnh
3
cos I x dx =
.
VD 20. Tnh cos(ln ) I x dx =
.
b) Cc dng tch phn tng phn thng gp

i vi dng tch phn ( )
x
P x e dx
, ( ) P x l a thc,
th ta t:
( ), .
x
u P x dv e dx
= =

i vi dng tch phn ( )ln P x x dx
,
( ) P x l a thc, th ta t:
ln , ( ) . u x dv P x dx
= =

0 1 1
...
n n
x a x x x b
= < < < < = .

Ly im
1
[ ; ]
k k k
x x
ty ( 1, k n = ).
Lp tng tch phn:
1
1
( )( )
n
k k k
k
f x x
=
=
.
2. TCH PHN XC NH
2.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn [ ; ] a b .
Ta chia on [ ; ] a b thnh n on nh bi cc im chia
K hiu l ( ) .
b
a
I f x dx =

Gii hn hu hn (nu c)
1
max( ) 0
lim
k k
k
x x
I

= c gi
l tch phn xc nh ca ( ) f x trn on [ ; ] a b .
Tnh cht
1) . ( ) ( ) ,
b b
a a
k f x dx k f x dx k =

2) [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =

3) ( ) 0; ( ) ( )
a b a
a a b
f x dx f x dx f x dx = =

4) ( ) ( ) ( ) , [ ; ]
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx c a b =

5) ( ) 0, [ ; ] ( ) 0
b
a
f x x a b f x dx

6) ( ) ( ), [ ; ] ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x g x x a b f x dx g x dx

7) ( ) ( )
b b
a a
a b f x dx f x dx <

8) ( ) , [ ; ] m f x M x a b
( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
m b a f x dx M b a

9) Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn on [ ; ] a b th
[ ; ] : ( ) ( )( )
b
a
c a b f x dx f c b a =
.
Khi , i lng
1
( ) ( )
b
a
f c f x dx
b a
=

c gi l
gi tr trung bnh ca ( ) f x trn on [a; b].
VD 1. Tch phn
1
2 2
0 cos
dx
x x
b chn (hu hn) v

hm s
2 2
1
( )
cos
f x
x x
=
lin tc trn on [0; 1].

VD 2. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s
1
( ) f x
x
= trn [1; ] e
l
1
1 1
1 1
e
dx
e x e
=

.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz
Cho hm ( ) f x kh tch trn [ ; ] a b , vi mi [ ; ] x a b th
hm s ( ) ( )
x
a
x f t dt =
lin tc ti mi
0
[ ; ] x a b
v ( ) ( ) x f x = .
VD 3. Xt
2
0
( ) , 0
x
t
x e dt x =
.
Ta c:
2
( )
t
f t e = v
2
( ) ( )
x
x f x e = = .
2.2.1. Tch phn vi cn trn thay i
VD 4. Tm gii hn
sin
0
tan
0
0
2
lim
sin
x
x
x
t dt
L
t dt
.
VD 5. Tm gii hn
2
0
2
(arctan )
lim
1
x
x
t dt
L
x
.
Nhn xt
1) C hai phng php tnh tch phn nh 1.
2) ( ) f x lin tc v l trn [ ; ] th ( ) 0 f x dx
.
Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [ ; ] a b v ( ) F x l mt nguyn hm
ty ca ( ) f x th ( ) ( )
x
a
x f t dt =
v ( ) ( )+ F x x C =
l nguyn hm ca ( ) f x trn [ ; ] a b .
Vy ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a = =

2.2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz
3) ( ) f x lin tc v chn trn [ ; ] th:
0
( ) 2 ( ) f x dx f x dx

=

.
4) tnh ( )
b
a
f x dx
ta dng bng xt du ca ( ) f x
tch ( ) f x thnh tng ca cc hm trn mi on nh.
c bit
( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx =

nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b .
VD 6. Tnh tch phn
3
2
1
2 5
dx
I
x x
=

.
VD 7. Tnh tch phn
2
1
( 1)ln
e
x x
I dx
x
.
VD 8. Tnh tch phn
1
2 3
1
1. sin I x x dx
.
VD 9. Tnh tch phn
3
3
3
4 I x x dx
.
VD 10*. Lp cng thc quy np (truy hi) tnh:
4
0
tan , 2
n
n
I x dx n
.
VD 11*. Lp cng thc quy np (truy hi) tnh:
2
0
sin
n
n
I x dx
, 2 n .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Nhn xt. t
2
t x
= , ta c:
2
0
cos
n
n
I x dx
.
Trong :
0!! 1!! 1 = = ; 2!! 2; 3!! 3; 4!! 2.4 = = = ;
5!! 1.3.5; 6!! 2.4.6; 7!! 1.3.5.7;... = = =
S dng cng thc truy hi, ta c cng thc Walliss:
2 2
0 0
( 1)!!
,
!!
sin cos
( 1)!!
. ,
2 !!
n n
n
n
n
xd x x dx
n
n
n

'
1
1
1
1
11
= =
!
1
1
1
1
1
1+

le
chan

VD 12*. Chng minh rng:
1
0
lim 0
1
n
n
x
dx
x
=
.
VD 13*. S dng nh ngha tch phn, tnh gii hn:
1 1 2
lim 1 1 ... 1
n
n
L
n n n n
l 1
l
=

l

l ( )
l
.
VD 14*. S dng nh ngha tch phn, tnh gii hn:
1 1 1 1
lim ...
1 2 2 1 n
L
n n n n
1

=

( )
.

3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH
3.1. Tnh din tch S ca hnh phng
3.1.1. Bin hnh phng cho trong ta Descartes
a) Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tng qut
S
2 1
( ) ( )
b
a
S f x f x dx
l
=
l
l
S
2 1
( ) ( )
d
c
S g y g y dy
l
=
l
l

VD 1. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi
cc ng
2
y x = v
4
y x = .
A.
1
15
S = ; B.
2
15
S =
C.
4
15
S = ; D.
8
15
S = .
cc ng 1
x
y e = ,
2
3
x
y e = v 0 x = .
A.
1
ln 4
2
; B.
ln 4 1
2
; C.
1 ln2
2
; D.
1
ln 2
2

b) Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tham s

Hnh phng gii hn bi ng cong c phng trnh
( ), ( ) x x t y y t = = vi [ ; ] t th:
( ). ( ) . S y t x t dt

VD 4. Tnh din tch hnh elip
2 2
2 2
: 1
x y
S
a b
.
2
4 3 y x x = v trc honh.
VD 5. Tnh din tch S gii hn
bi ng cong:

2 3
( ) 1, ( ) 4 x t t y t t t = = .
O x
y
1 3
3.1.2. Din tch hnh qut cong trong ta cc
Din tch hnh qut cong S c
bin c cho trong ta cc
(xem 6. Chng 2) gii hn
bi ( ), [ ; ] r r = l:

2
1
( ) .
2
S r d

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 7. Tnh din tch hnh
qut cong S gii hn bi:

2 2
0, 3 ,
2 0.
y y x
x y x
'
1
= =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

VD 6. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi:
2cos 4 , 0;
8
r
l
l
=
l
l
.
VD 8. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi:
0, x y x = = v
2 2
2 0 x y y = .
A.
1
4 2
S

= ; B.
3 1
2 2
S

= ; C.
3
4
S

= ; D.
2
S

= .
3.2. Tnh di l ca ng cong

a) ng cong c phng trnh tng qut
Cho cung
AB c phng trnh ( ), [ ; ] y f x x a b = th:
2
1 [ ( )] .
b
AB
a
l f x dx =

VD 9. Tnh di l ca cung ln(cos ), 0;
4
y x x
l
l
=
l
l
.
b) ng cong c phng trnh tham s
Cho cung
AB c phng trnh tham s

( )
, [ ; ]
( )
x x t
t
y y t
'
1 =
1

!
1 =
1
+
th:
2 2
[ ( )] [ ( )] .
AB
l x t y t dt

VD 10. Tnh di l ca cung C c phng trnh:
2
2
1
, 0; 1
ln 1
x t
t
y t t
'
1
= 1
1
1 l
!
1 l
l 1
=
1

( ) 1
1+
.
c) ng cong c phng trnh trong ta cc
Cho cung
AB c phng trnh trong ta cc l

( ), [ ; ] r r = th:
2 2
( ) [ ( )] .
AB
l r r d

VD 11. Tnh di l ca cung:
(1 cos ), [0; ] r a = .
3.3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay
a) Vt th quay quanh Ox
Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi
( ), 0 y f x y = = , x a = , x b = quay quanh Ox l:
2
[ ( )] .
b
a
V f x dx =

VD 12. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng S gii hn bi
ln , 0, 1, y x y x x e = = = = quay xung quanh Ox .
VD 13. Tnh V do
2 2
2 2
( ) : 1
x y
E
a b
= quay quanh Ox .
b) Vt th quay quanh Oy
Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi
( ) x g y = , 0 x = , y c = v y d = quay quanh Oy l:
2
[ ( )] .
d
c
V g y dy =

Gii. Ta c:

2
2 y x x =
1 1 , 1
1 1 , 1
x y x
x y x

= <
.
VD 14. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng
S gii hn bi
2
2 , 0 y x x y = =
quay xung quanh Oy.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

1
1
3
0
0
8 8
4 1 (1 )
3 3
y dy y

= = =
.
Vy
( ) ( )
1
2 2
0
1 1 1 1 V y y dy
l
l
=
l
l

Ch . Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii
hn bi ( ) y f x = , 0 y = , x a = v x b = quay quanh
Oy cn c tnh theo cng thc:
2 ( ) (*).
b
a
V xf x dx =

VD 15. Dng cng thc (*) gii li VD 14.
3.4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay
a) Din tch mt trn xoay S do ng cong ( ) y f x = ,
a x b , quay xung quanh trc Ox l:
2
2 ( ) 1 [ ( )] .
b
a
S f x f x dx =

VD 16. Tnh din tch mt cu
2 2 2 2
x y z R = .
b) Din tch mt trn xoay S do ng cong ( ) x g x = ,
c y d , quay xung quanh trc Oy l:
2
2 ( ) 1 [ ( )] .
d
c
S g y g y dy =

VD 17. Tnh S do
2
y x = , 0 1 x xoay quanh Oy.
4. TCH PHN SUY RNG
4.1. Tch phn suy rng loi 1
4.1.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn [ ; ) a , kh tch trn
mi on [ ; ] ( ) a b a b < .
Gii hn (nu c) ca ( )
b
a
f x dx
khi b c gi
l tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca ( ) f x trn [ ; ) a .
K hiu:
( ) lim ( ) .
b
b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

Nghin cu v tch phn suy rng (ni chung) l kho
st s hi t v tnh gi tr hi t (thng l kh).
nh ngha tng t:
( ) lim ( ) ;
b b
a
a
f x dx f x dx
=

( ) lim ( ) .
b
b
a
a
f x dx f x dx

=

Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn
hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
Trng hp khc 1:

1
1
1
1
lim lim
1
b
b
b b
dx
I x
x

1

= =

( )

( )
1
1
, 1 1
lim 1
1
1
, 1.
b
b

'
1
1

1
= =
!
1
1 <
1
+

Gii Trng hp = 1:
1
1
lim lim ln
b
b
b b
dx
I x
x
1

= = =

( )
(phn k).
VD 1. Kho st s hi t ca tch phn
1
dx
I
x
.
VD 2. Tnh tch phn
0
2
(1 )
dx
I
x
.
VD 3. Tnh tch phn
2
1
dx
I
x
.
Vy: Vi 1 :
1
1
I =

(hi t).
Vi 1 : I = (phn k).
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ch
Nu tn ti lim ( ) ( )
x
F x F
= , ta dng cng thc:

( ) ( )
a
a
f x dx F x
.
Nu tn ti lim ( ) ( )
x
F x F
= , ta dng cng thc:

( ) ( )
b
b
f x dx F x
.
Tng t:
( ) ( ) f x dx F x
.
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t
a) Tiu chun 1. Nu 0 ( ) ( ), [ ; ) f x g x x a
v ( )
a
g x dx
hi t th ( )
a
f x dx
hi t.
Cc trng hp khc tng t.
VD 4. Xt s hi t ca tch phn
10
1
x
I e dx
.
b) Tiu chun 2
Nu ( )
a
f x dx
hi t th ( )
a
f x dx
hi t (ngc li
khng ng).
1
cos 3
x
I e x dx
.
c) Tiu chun 3
Cho ( ), ( ) f x g x lin tc, lun dng trn [ ; ) a
v
( )
lim
( ) x
f x
k
g x
= . Khi :
Nu 0 k < < th:
( )
a
f x dx
v ( )
a
g x dx
cng hi t hoc phn k.

Nu 0 k = v ( )
a
g x dx
hi t th ( )
a
f x dx
hi t.
Nu
( )
a
k
g x dx
'
1 =
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
+
phan ky
th ( )
a
f x dx
phn k.

2 3
1
1 2
dx
I
x x
.
Ch
Nu ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x x th
( )
a
f x dx
v ( )
a
g x dx
c cng tnh cht.

1
1 sin
dx
I
x x
.
VD 8. iu kin ca
3
1
. ln 1
dx
I
x x
hi t l:
A. 3 ; B.
3
2
; C. 2 ; D.
1
2
.
VD 9. iu kin ca
2
4
1
( 1)
2 3
x dx
I
x x
hi t?
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi 2
4.2.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn [ ; ) a b v khng xc nh
ti b, kh tch trn mi on [ ; ] ( 0) a b .
Gii hn (nu c) ca ( )
b
a
f x dx
khi 0 c gi l
tch phn suy rng loi 2 ca ( ) f x trn [ ; ) a b .
K hiu:
0
( ) lim ( ) .
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

nh ngha tng t:
0
( ) lim ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

(suy rng ti a );
0
( ) lim ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

(suy rng ti a , b ).
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn
hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
VD 10. Kho st s hi t ca
0
, 0
b
dx
I b
x
.
Gii. Trng hp = 1:
0 0 0
lim lim ln ln lim ln
b
b dx
I x b
x

1
= = = =

( )
.
Trng hp khc 1:

1
0 0 0
1
lim lim lim
1
b b
b
dx
I x dx x
x

1

= = =

( )

( )
1
1 1
0
1 , 1
lim
1
1
, 1.
b
b
'
1
1
< 1
= =
!

1
1
1
+

Vy
Vi 1 < :
1
1
b
I
(hi t).

Vi 1 : I = (phn k).
VD 11. Tnh tch phn
1
3
2
1
6
3
1 9
dx
I
x
=
.
A.
3
I

= ; B.
3
I

= ; C.
6
I

= ; D. I = .
VD 12. Tnh tch phn
3 2
1
. ln
e
dx
I
x x
=
.
VD 13. Tnh tch phn
2
2
1
dx
I
x x
=
.
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t
Cc tiu chun hi t nh tch phn suy rng loi 1.

Ch
Nu ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x x b th ( )
b
a
f x dx
v ( )
b
a
g x dx

c cng tnh cht (vi b l cn suy rng).
VD 14. Tch phn suy rng
1
0
( 1)(2 )
x dx
I
x x x

hi t khi v ch khi:
A. 1 < ; B.
1
2
< ; C.
1
2
; D. .
VD 15. Tch phn suy rng
1
2
0
1
( 1)sin
x
I dx
x x

phn k khi v ch khi:
A. 1 ; B.
1
2
; C.
1
2
; D. .
Ch
Cho
1 2
I I I = vi
1 2
, , I I I l cc tch phn suy rng
ta c:
1)
1
I v
2
I hi t I hi t.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2)
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
phan ky
hoc
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
phan ky

th I phn k.
3)
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
phan ky
hoc
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1 <
1
+
phan ky

th cha th kt lun I phn k.
VD 16.
1
2
0
1
sin
x
I dx
x x
phn k khi v ch khi:

A.
1
4
; B.
1
4
; C.
1
2
; D. .
Chng Chng 4. 4. L L thuy thuy t t chu chu i i

1. KHI NIM C BN V CHUI S
1.1. nh ngha
Cho dy s c v hn cc s hng
1 2
, ,..., ,...
n
u u u
Biu thc
Tng n s hng u tin
1 2
...
n n
S u u u = c
gi l tng ring th n ca chui s.
1 2
1
... ...
n n
n
u u u u
=
=

c gi l chui s.
Cc s
1 2
, ,..., ,...
n
u u u l cc s hng v
n
u c gi l
s hng tng qut ca chui s.
Nu dy

n
n
S
hi t n s S hu hn th ta ni
chui s hi t v c tng l S , ta ghi l
1
n
n
u S
=
=
.
Ngc li, ta ni chui s phn k.
VD 1. Xt s hi t ca chui nhn
1
n
n
aq
vi 0 a .
Gii
1 q = :
n
S na = chui phn k.
1 q :
1
1 1
. .
1 1
n n
n
q q
S u aq
q q

= =

Vi 1 q < th
1
n
aq
S
q

chui hi t.
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui s
1
1
( 1)
n
n n
.
Vi 1 q th
n
S chui phn k.
Vy
1
1
n
n
aq
hi t 1 q < .
1
1
ln 1
n
n
=
1

( )
.
1
1
n n
.
1.2. iu kin cn chui s hi t
Nu chui
1
n
n
u
hi t th lim 0
n
n
u
= ,
ngc li nu lim 0
n
n
u
th
1
n
n
u
phn k.
4
4
1
3 2
n
n
n n
.
5
4
1
1
n
n
n
.
1.3. Tnh cht
Nu
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

hi t th:
1 1 1
( )
n n n n
n n n
u v u v

= = =
=

.
Nu
1
n
n
u
hi t th:
1 1
n n
n n
u u

= =
=

.

Tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca chui s khng i
nu ta thm hoc bt i hu hn s hng.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2. CHUI S DNG
2.1. nh ngha

1
n
n
u
c gi l chui s dng nu 0,
n
u n .
Khi 0,
n
u n th chui s l dng thc s.
2.2. Cc nh l so snh

nh l 1
Cho hai chui s dng
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

tha:
0
0 ,
n n
u v n n .
1
1
.2
n
n
n
.
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha
1
1
n
n
bng cch
so snh vi
1
1
ln 1
n
n
=
1

( )
.
Nu
1
n
n
v
hi t th
1
n
n
u
hi t.
Nu
1
n
n
u
phn k th
1
n
n
v
phn k.
nh l 2
Cho hai chui s
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

tha:
0
n
u v 0
n
v vi n ln v lim
n
n
n
u
k
v
= .
Nu 0 k = th
1
n
n
u
phn k
1
n
n
v
phn k.
Nu k = th
1
n
n
u
hi t
1
n
n
v
hi t.
Nu 0 k < < th
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

cng tnh cht.
1
1
2 ( 1)
.3
n
n
n
n
n
bng cch
so snh vi
1
2
3
n
n
=
1

( )
.
Ch
Chui
1
1
n
n
hi t khi 1 v phn k khi 1 .

5
1
1
2 3 n
n
n
.
2.3. Cc tiu chun hi t
2.3.1. Tiu chun DAlembert
Cho chui s dng
1
n
n
u
v
1
lim
n
n
n
u
D
u
= .
Nu 1 D < th chui hi t.
Nu 1 D th chui phn k.
Nu 1 D = th cha th kt lun.
1
1 1
1
3
n
n
n
n
=
1

( )
.
2
1
5 ( !)
(2 )!
n
n
n
n
.
2.3.2. Tiu chun Cauchy
Cho chui s dng
1
n
n
u
v lim
n
n
n
u C
= .
Nu 1 C < th chui hi t.
Nu 1 C th chui phn k.
Nu 1 C = th cha th kt lun.
2
1
1
2
n
n
=
1

( )
.
1
3
n
n
n
n
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.3.3. Tiu chun Tch phn Maclaurin Cauchy
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc, khng m v gim trn na
khong [ ; ), k k . Khi :
( ) ( )
n k
k
f n f x dx

hoi tu hoi tu.
3 2
1
1
n n
.
3
2
1
ln
n
n n
.
3. CHUI S C DU TY
VD 1.
1
( 1)
n
n
n
,
1
1
1
2 1
( 1)
2
n
n
n
n
l cc chui an du.
3.1. Chui an du
a) nh ngha. Chui s
1
( 1)
n
n
n
u
c gi l
chui s an du nu 0,
n
u n .
b) nh l Leibnitz
Nu dy { }
n n
u
gim nghim ngt v 0

n
u th chui

1
( 1)
n
n
n
u
hi t. Khi , ta gi l chui Leibnitz.

1
( 1)
n
n
n
.
1
1
2 1
( 1)
2
n
n
n
n
.
2
( 1)
( 1)
n
n
n n
.
3.2. Chui c du ty
a) nh ngha
Chui
1
,
n n
n
u u
c gi l chui c du ty .

1
n
n
u
c gi l hi t tuyt i nu
1
n
n
u
hi t.

1
n
n
u
c gi l bn hi t nu
1
n
n
u
hi t v

1
n
n
u
phn k.
b) nh l
Nu
1
n
n
u
hi t th chui c du ty
1
n
n
u
hi t.
2
1
cos( )
n
n
n
n
.
1
1
( 1) ( 2)
3
n n
n
n

=

.
VD 5. Chui s
1
( 1)
n
n
n
l bn hi t.
4. CHUI HM
4.1. Khi nim chung v chui hm
4.1.1. Cc nh ngha
Cho dy hm
1 2
( ), ( ), ..., ( ), ...
n
u x u x u x cng xc nh
trn D . Tng hnh thc:
1 2
1
( ) ( ) ... ( ) ... ( )
n n
n
u x u x u x u x
=
=
(1)
c gi l chui hm s hay chui hm trn D .
Nu ti
0
x D , chui s
0
1
( )
n
n
u x
hi t (phn k)
th
0
x c gi l im hi t (phn k) ca chui (1).
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Tp hp cc im hi t
0
x ca chui (1) c gi l
min hi t ca chui (1).
Chui (1) c gi l hi t tuyt i ti
0
x D nu
chui
0
1
( )
n
n
u x
hi t.
Tng
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n
S x u x u x u x = c gi l
tng ring th n ca chui (1).
Trong min hi t ca chui (1), tng ( )
n
S x hi t v
mt hm s ( ) f x no .
Hm ( ) lim ( )
n
n
f x S x
= xc nh trong min hi t ca
chui (1) c gi l tng ca chui (1).
Ta vit l:
1
( ) ( )
n
n
u x f x
=
=
.
Khi , ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
R x f x S x = c gi l phn d ca
(1) v ti mi x thuc min hi t th lim ( ) 0
n
n
R x
= .
VD 1. Tm min hi t ca chui hm
1
nx
n
ne
.
Gii
Vi 0 x : lim 1
n nx x
n
ne e

= < chui hi t.
Vi 0 x : 0
nx
ne
chui phn k.
Vy min hi t ca chui hm l
( )
0; .
2
1
!
n
n
x
n
.
Gii
Vi 0 x = : Chui hi t.
Vi 0 x , ta c:
2( 1) 2 2
lim : lim 0
( 1)! ! 1
n n
n n
x x x
n n n

l
l
= =
l

l
l
chui hi t.
Vy min hi t ca chui hm l .
4.1.2. Chui hm hi t u
a) nh ngha
Chui (1) c gi l hi t u trong min D nu
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ...
n n n n m
R x u x u x u x

=
hi t u v 0 trong min D.
Ngha l:
0, ( ) : , | ( ) | .
n
N N n N x D R x = <
b) Tiu chun hi t u Weierstrass
Nu chui (1) tha mn:
( ) , ,
n n n
u x C x D C v
1
n
n
C
hi t
th chui (1) hi t u trong min D.

VD 3. Chui hm
2
1
sin
n
nx
n
hi t u trn v:
2 2
sin 1
,
nx
x
n n
v
2
1
1
n
n
hi t.
4.2. Chui ly tha
4.2.1. nh ngha
Chui hm
0
0
( )
n
n
n
a x x
vi
0
,
n
a x l cc hng s
c gi l chui ly tha.
Nhn xt
Nu t
0
x x x = th chui ly tha c dng
0
n
n
n
a x
.
Min hi t ca
0
n
n
n
a x
cha 0 x = nn khc rng.

4.2.2. B Abel
Nu chui hm
0
n
n
n
a x
hi t ti 0 x = th chui
hi t tuyt i ti mi im
( )
; x .
H qu
Nu chui hm
0
n
n
n
a x
phn k ti x = th phn k
ti mi x tha x .
4.2.3. Bn knh hi t
a) nh ngha
S 0 R
0
n
n
n
a x
hi t tuyt i trn ( ; ) R R v
phn k ti : x x R c gi l bn knh hi t.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Khong ( ; ) R R c gi l khong hi t.
Nhn xt

Nu chui hi t x th R = .
Nu chui phn k 0 x th 0 R = .
b) Phng php tm bn knh hi t
Nu tn ti
1
lim
n
n
n
a
r
a
= hoc lim
n
n
n
a r
= th:
0,
1
, 0
, 0
r
R r
r
r
'
1 =
1
1
1
1
= < <
!
1
1
1
=
1
1
+
.
Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
Bc 2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s ti x R = .
Bc 3
Nu cc chui s phn k ti x R = th kt lun:
min hi t ca chui hm l ( ; ) R R .
Bc 1. Tm bn knh hi t R, suy ra khong hi t ca
chui ly tha l: ( ; ) R R .
Nu chui s phn k ti x R = v hi t ti x R =
th kt lun: min hi t ca chui hm l [ ; ) R R .
Tng t: min hi t l ( ; ], [ ; ] R R R R .
1
n
n
x
n
.
1
( 1)
.2
n
n
n
x
n
.
2
1
1
1
n
n
n
x
n
=
1

( )
.
2
0
3 ( 2)
n n
n
x
.
4.3. S lc v chui Fourier
a) Chui lng gic
Chui hm dng:
0
1
( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
a nx b nx
(*)
c gi l chui lng gic.
Nu chui (*) hi t u trn [ ; ] n hm s ( ) f x
th cc h s ,
n n
a b c tnh theo cng thc:
1
( )cos , 0, 1, 2, ...
n
a f x nx dx n
= =
(2);
1
( )sin , 1, 2,...
n
b f x nx dx n
= =
(3).
b) nh ngha chui Fourier
Chui lng gic (*) c cc h s c tnh theo cng
thc (2), (3) c gi l chui Fourier ca hm ( ) f x .
Cc h s ,
n n
a b c gi l h s Fourier ca ( ) f x .
Mi hm ( ) f x kh tch trn [ ; ] tng ng vi chui
Fourier ca n v thng thng ta vit:
0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
2
n n
n
a
f x a nx b nx
.
VD 8. Tm chui Fourier ca hm s:
1, 0
( )
1, 0 .
x
f x
x
'
1 <
1
=
!
1
1
+

VD 9. Tm chui Fourier ca ( ) f x x = trn [ ; ] .
c) Khai trin Fourier ca hm s
nh l Dirichlet
Nu hm s ( ) f x tun hon vi chu k 2, n iu
tng khc v b chn trn [ ; ] th chui Fourier ca
n hi t ti mi im trn [ ; ] n tng l:
( ) ( )
2
f x f x

.
VD 10. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier ca hm s:
0, 0
( )
, 0 .
x
f x
x x
'
1 <
1
=
!
1
1
+

.Ht..

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H Cng nghip Tp.

bng gii hn t s hai VCB cp thp

4.4. Phn loi im gin on

Chng Chng 2. 2. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh vi vi phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s

, ta thc hin cc bc sau:

, ta thc hin cc bc:

trn khong (1; ) .

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

tnh h s gc ca tip tuyn.

; 8) sin cos xdx x C =

Chng Chng 3. 3. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh t t ch ch phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s

= < < < < = .

b chn (hu hn) v

lin tc trn on [0; 1].

Chng Chng 3. 3. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh t t ch ch phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s

Chng Chng 3. 3. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh t t ch ch phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s

AB c phng trnh ( ), [ ; ] y f x x a b = th:

AB c phng trnh tham s

AB c phng trnh trong ta cc l

= , ta dng cng thc:

= , ta dng cng thc:

cng hi t hoc phn k.

c cng tnh cht.

phn k khi v ch khi:

Chng Chng 4. 4. L L thuy thuy t t chu chu i i

hi t khi 1 v phn k khi 1 .

gim nghim ngt v 0

hi t. Khi , ta gi l chui Leibnitz.

cha 0 x = nn khc rng.

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