Bi 23 (1 tit) Bi 27

cng nghip silicat

(1 tit) Bit thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht ca thu tinh, gm v xi mng. Bit phng php sn xut cc loi vt liu trn t nhng nguyn liu trong t nhin. Cng nghip silicat bao gm cc ngnh sn xut thu tinh, gm, xi mng t nhng hp cht t nhin ca silic v cc ho cht khc. I Thu tinh 1. Thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht ca thu tinh Thu tinh loi thng thng c dng lm ca knh, chai, l,... l hn hp ca natri silicat, canxi silicat v silic ioxit, c thnh phn gn ng vit di dng cc oxit l Na2O.CaO.6SiO2. Thu tinh loi ny c sn xut bng cch nu chy mt hn hp gm ct trng, vi v soa 1400oC :
t 6SiO2 + CaCO3 + Na2CO3 Na2O.CaO.6SiO2 + 2CO2 Thu tinh khng c cu trc tinh th m l cht v nh hnh, nn khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. Khi un nng n mm dn ri mi chy, do c th to ra nhng vt v dng c c hnh dng nh mun.
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2. Mt s loi thu tinh Ngoi loi thu tinh thng thng nu trn, cn c mt s loi thu tinh khc, vi thnh phn ho hc v cng dng khc nhau.
Khi nu thu tinh, nu thay Na2CO3 bng K2CO3 th c thu

tinh kali, c nhit ho mm v nhit nng chy cao hn. Thu tinh kali c dng lm dng c th nghim. Thu tinh cha nhiu oxit ch d nng chy v trong sut, c gi l thu tinh pha l, c dng lm lng knh, thu knh,... Thu tinh thch anh c sn xut bng cch nu chy silic ioxit tinh khit. N c nhit ho mm cao, c h s n nhit rt nh, nn khng b nt khi lm lnh t ngt. Khi cho thm oxit ca mt s kim loi, thu tinh s c mu khc nhau, do to nn cc silicat c mu. Th d, crom oxit (Cr2O3) cho thu tinh mu lc, coban oxit (CoO) cho thu tinh mu xanh nc bin. II Gm

 gm l vt liu c ch to ch yu t t st v cao lanh. Tu theo cng dng, ngi ta phn bit gm xy dng, vt liu chu la, gm k thut v gm dn dng. 1. Gch v ngi thuc loi gm xy dng. Phi liu sn xut chng gm t st loi thng v mt t ct, c nho vi nc thnh khi do, sau to hnh, sy kh v nung 900 1000oC s c gch v ngi. Sau khi nung, gch v ngi thng c mu gy nn bi oxit st trong t st. 2. Gch chu la thng c dng lt l cao, l luyn thp, l nu thu tinh v.v.... C hai loi gch chu la chnh : gch inat v gch samt. Phi liu ch to gch inat gm 93-96% SiO2, 4 7% CaO v t st ; nhit nung khong 1300 1400oC. Gch inat chu c nhit khong 1690 1720oC. Phi liu ch to gch samt gm bt samt trn vi t st v nc. Sau khi ng khun v sy kh, vt liu c nung 1300 1400oC. Bt samt l t st c nung nhit rt cao ri nghin nh. 3. Snh, s v men a) t st sau khi nung nhit khong 1200 1300oC th bin thnh snh. Snh l vt liu cng, g ku, c mu nu hoc xm. c bng v lp bo v khng thm nc, ngi ta to mt lp men mng mt ngoi ca snh. b) S l vt liu cng, xp, c mu trng, g ku. Phi liu sn xut s gm cao lanh, fenspat, thch anh v mt s oxit kim loi. s c nung hai ln, ln u 1000oC, sau trng men v trang tr, ri nung ln th hai nhit cao hn, khong 1400 1450oC. S c nhiu loi : s dn dng (hnh 3.9), s k thut. S k thut c dng ch to cc vt liu cch in, t in (hnh 3.9), buzi nh la, cc dng c th nghim (hnh 3.10).

Hnh 3.9. Mt s s dn dng

c) Men c thnh phn chnh ging s, nhng d nng chy hn. Men c ph ln b mt sn phm, sau nung ln nhit thch hp men bin thnh mt lp thu tinh che kn b mt sn phm.

Hnh 3.10. Mt s dng c bng s trong phng th nghim 1-bt s ; 2-cc s ; 3-chn s c np; 4-phu s ; 5-ci s ; 6-chy s

Lng gm Bt Trng, cc nh my s Hi Dng, ng Nai,... l nhng c s sn xut s ni ting. III xi mng 1. Thnh phn ho hc v phng php sn xut a) Xi mng thuc loi vt liu kt dnh, c dng trong xy dng. Quan trng v thng dng nht l xi mng Pooclng. l cht bt mn, mu lc xm, thnh phn chnh gm canxi silicat v canxi aluminat : Ca3SiO5 (hoc 3CaO.SiO2), Ca2SiO4 (hoc 2CaO.SiO2), Ca3(AlO3)2 (hoc 3CaO.Al2O3). b) Xi mng Pooclng c sn xut bng cch nghin nh vi, trn vi t st c nhiu SiO2 v mt t qung st bng phng php kh hoc phng php t, ri nung hn hp trong l quay (hnh 3.11) hoc l ng 1400 1600oC. Sau khi nung, thu c mt hn hp mu xm gi l clanhke. ngui, ri nghin clanhke vi mt s cht ph gia thnh bt mn, s c xi mng.

Hnh 3.11. L quay sn xut clanhke

2. Qu trnh ng cng xi mng Trong xy dng, xi mng c trn vi nc thnh khi nho, sau vi gi s bt u ng cng li. Qu trnh ng cng ca xi mng

ch yu l s kt hp ca cc hp cht c trong xi mng vi nc, to nn nhng tinh th hirat an xen vo nhau thnh khi cng v bn : 3CaO.SiO2 + 5H2O Ca2SiO4. 4H2O + Ca(OH)2 2CaO.SiO2 + 4H2O Ca2SiO4. 4H2O 3CaO.Al2O3 + 6H2O Ca3(AlO3)2. 6H2O

Hnh 3.12. Nh my xi mng Hi Phng

Hin nay, ngi ta cn sn xut cc loi xi mng c nhng tnh nng khc nhau : xi mng chu axit, xi mng chu nc bin,... nc ta c nhiu nh my xi mng ln nh nh my xi mng : Hi Phng (hnh 3.11), Hong Thch, Bm Sn, Chinfon, Hong Mai, H Tin v.v...