Chng 1:

Trong thc te ta thng s dung en mang li ien thoai, giao thong (ac biet la ng hang khong), mang may tnh. Chung gi mot v tr rat quan trong trong cuoc song. Viec nghien cu va phat trien ky thuat luon c chu trong, nham giai quyet cac cong viectrong nhng lnh vc nay mot cach linh hoat, v du nh giam chi ph it1 ton kem thi gianva con nhieu hieu qua. e giai quyet nhng ton hao o, viec nghien cu phai da tren nganh toan hoc o la ly thuyet o th (GRAPH THEORY ) hay noi mot cach chung ly thuyet o th la mot cong cu toan hoc xay dng mo hnh cho cac van e tren. Nh ta a biet mot mang ien thoai, mang may tnh hay mot mang thong tin noi chung thng co mot cau truc chung o la cac iem lien he vi nhau. e mo hnh s lien he nay, trong toan hoc ly thuyet o th se bieu dien bi mot o th, trong o nh cua o th la iem thong tin, canh cua o th la s lien he cuaac iem thong tin, so c gan tren canh cua o th va bieu dien khoang cach hay chi ph cac nut thong tin. e hieu c cac qui tac giam c thi gian va chi ph tren cac ng dung thc te cung nh ly thuyet th e tai nay la tm hieu cac giai thuat tm ngi ngan nhatbang ly thuyet va thc te, roi mo phong tren moi trng o hoa cua windows. Noi dung a ra nhng giai thuat tm ng i ngan nhat gia hai nh nguon (X) va nh ch (Y) nao o va dung cac giai thuat o e mo phong tren moi trng o hoa windows.

M AU

I/ Gii thieu ve GRAPH (o th) :

1. nh ngha : o th la tap hp cac nh, cac canh va s lien he gia hai tap hp nay co trat t. K hieu o th G(V,E). E: Tap hp cac canh. V: Tap hp cac nh. L: La quan he gia E va V. V du: Cho o th G(V,E,I) nh sau: V={A,B,C,D} E={e,f,g,h} I={(AeB), (AfD), (BhD), (BgC)} o th c bieu dien nh sau:

e A f h

g C

2. phan loai o th: a/ o th vo hng va o th hu hng: o th vo hng : Khong phan biet canh noi t nh A en nh B va t nh B en nh A. Ngha o dai chieu AB bang chieu ngc lai BA.

V du o th nh hnh ve:

B e A f D o th hu hng: Phan biet canh noi t nh A en nh B va t nh B en nh A la khac nhau. B e A f D h g C h g C

b/ o th co trong so: La o th moi canh c gan mot so. c/ o th ay u: La o th co moi cap nh eu co ung mot canh noi chung. d/ o th lien thong: La o th ma moi cap nh eu co ng noi. e/ ng i: ng i gia hai nh la mot chuoi canh noi tiep nhau noi hai nh o. f/ Chu trnh: La mot ng i khep kn. 3. Cay: cay la o th lien thong khong co chu trnh. Moi cap nh trong cay co duy nhat mot ng noi. o th lien thong co v nh va co v 1 canh la mot cay. Cay phu cua mot o th lien thong la o th con co cung so nh vi o th cha no va la mot cay. 4. Bieu dien cua o th: Cho o th G(V,E). Co hai cach bieu dien o th trong bo nh tuy theo o th ay hay tha. o la bieu dien bang ma tran va danh sach. a/ Danh sach ke: Danh sach ke la mot danh sach lien ket, moi phan t cua danh sach ke la mot danh sach cha cac nh ma no noi ti. Cach bieu dien nay thch hp vi o th tha. b/ Ma tran ke: Gom mot mang cap nxn. Cha tat ca cac nh cung nh chieu dai cua cac canh. Cach bieu dien, moi phan t a[i,j]= TRUE (hoac 1) tc co canh noi t i en j ngc lai a[i,j] = FALSE (hoac 0) neu khong co canh noi t i en j. Cach bieu dien nay thch hp cho o th ay. V du: cho o th. B g C

e A f D Co ma tran ke la: h

A A B C 0 1 0

B 1 0 1

C 0 1 0

D 1 1 0

D 1 1 0 0 5. Chon cau truc d lieu cho o th: T viec phan tch tren ta nhan thay rang bai toan cho mot o th la mot mang may tnh ma cac nh cua o th tr thanh cac may tnh tren mang, cac canh tren o th tr thanh ng truyen noi gia cac may tnh tren mang, cac con so c gan tren o th tr thanh lu lng ng truyen gia cac may tnh trong mang. Ngoai ra ta cung thay rang t mot nh bat ky noi ti cac nh con lai la hu han, so ng noi rat t. Nhng v trong e tai ta ch mo phong cho mot mang bang o th nen tuy theo giai thuat ma ta co the qui nh cho o th la o th hu hng hay vo hng. Va ta chon cau truc d lieu cho o th la ma tran ke va ma tran co trong so.