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L lp t bo trong cng ca v ht tip gip vi ni nh. Chiu dy ca lp alron ph thuc vo ging, iu kin trng trt. Lp alron tp trung nhiu cht dinh dng quan trng: protein, lipit, mui khong, vitamin, ng,..
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Tp trung ton b cht dinh dng ch yu ca ht. Ni nh ca ht cng ln th gi tr ca ht cng tng. +) Ht giu tinh bt th ni nh cha nhiu tinh bt: la m, ng, go. +) Ht giu du: ni nh cha nhiu du: thu du, lc,
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Cu to: gm 4 phn chnh: mm phi, r phi, thn phi v t dip. Phi ht chim t 2-13% khi lng ht. Phi ht c cha nhiu cht dinh dng c gi tr cao nh protein, lipit, gluxit, vitamin, 1 s enzyme,
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V d 2: Phi ng: chim 10-11%, thnh phn gm: +) Protein: 20% +) Lipit: 33-45% +) ng, tro: 7,5% +) Tinh bt: 5% +) Vitamin: E
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Ngoi dinh dng cao, phi li c cu to xp, hot ng sinh l mnh nn phi d nhim m v h hng. Do ht c phi ln thng kh bo qun hn nhng ht c phi nh.
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Cu to gii phu c sn
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Sn l loi c c li (tim c) ni t thn cy chy dc theo c n ui c. Cu to: v g, v ci, tht sn, li sn. So vi cc loi c khc th v c sn l loi v d phn bit v d tch nht.
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cng gi th cng c nhiu x. +) Li sn: Thng nm trung tm dc theo thn c, ni t thn n ui c. Li chim t 0,3 - 1% khi lng c. Thnh phn cu to ch yu l cellulose v hemicellulose.
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Cellulose ng Tro
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Khoai ty c lp v ngoi l mt lp da mng bo v c v lp v trong mm, kh tch ra khi rut c. +) Gia lp v trong c c cc m t bo mm v h thng dn dch c. Cc m ny cha t tinh bt.
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Thnh phn H.lng% Thnh phn H.lng % Nc 75 Cht bo 0,18- 0,2 Tinh bt 18,5 Tro 0,9 1,0 Hp cht Nit 1,1 ng 1,5 Cellulose 2,1 Cc cht 2,2 khc
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Khoai lang l loi c khng c li. Dc theo thn c c h thng x ni ngn c vi ui c. Cc mt trn ca c c th l r c hay mm. Cu to khoai lang gm 3 phn: v ngoi, v ci v tht c.
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Khoai lang c nhiu nha, trong nha c c nhiu tanin. OXH Fe Tanin flobafen h.cht mu en V vy trong ch bin tinh bt khoai lang, sn phm thng b en do hin tng tanin b oxy ho.
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Ci bp
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Su ho
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C gi tr dinh dng v hiu qu kinh t ln Gm c hai loi: xanh v trng Cu to: v chim 30% khi lng, tht cha cc cht khong ho tan: 7%, ng tng s : 3%, protein 0,7% v vitamin C: 11 -16 mg%
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L thc vt bc thp, khng c clorofil, giu cellulose. Nm n gm c 5 loi: nm rm c protein 2,66%, nm m c protein 3,98%, nm hng c protein 12%, nm bo ng, nm mo. Ngoi ra cn c da chut, hnh c, ti,
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Lp v trong
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trong: c 2 lp t bo. Lp c cha sc t (flavedo), cc ti tinh du lp mu trng v lp ci (alledo). Tri cam c nhiu mi (8-16). Mi cam cha tht qu di dng tp cam. S ht t nhiu ph thuc vo ging cam, ma v v iu kin trng trt.
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Tu theo ging m qu chui c kch thc, hnh dng, cong khc nhau. V chui do l di pht trin thnh, v dy mng ph thuc vo iu kin trng trt v ging chui Tht qu do bu nhy pht trin thnh, thng c mu vng, cu trc cht hoc mm. Thnh phn ch yu l cc ng n, ng a, vitamin, tinh bt.
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Durian
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II.
III.
IV. V. VI.
Thnh phn & c tnh chung ca khi nng sn Kh nng tan ri & t ng phn cp Mt & trng rng ca khi nng sn Tnh dn nhit & lng nhit dung Tnh hp ph, nh kh v ht m Dung trng v t trng
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I.1. Mt s tnh cht vt l c trng cho cc cu t ring l: - Hnh dng (ht, c, qu, rau l, nhn, x x,) - Kch thc - Mu sc - Din tch tip xc - Th tch - Khi lng - Khi lng ring - Gc ma st v gc trt
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ht. V tr ca chng trong qu trnh BQ hu nh khng thay i nhng c kh nng bin ng mt mc nht nh. Kh nng ny gi l tnh tan ri hay tnh lu ng.
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Cc yu t ph thuc: Hnh dng, kch thc, ng u, trng thi bn ngoi ca nng sn. Tp cht ca khi nng sn (%). Thu phn ca nng sn. Thao tc k thut trong vn chuyn ht. Thi gian bo qun.
cao ht cht xp trong kho.
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lng & PP xc nh tan ri ca khi nng sn: - Gc nghing t nhin (gc tnh ti) - Gc trt: ph thuc vo mt phng, con ngi, phng php ly mu, ngha ca tan ri: - S b kim tra phm cht ca nng sn, c bit l nng sn kh.
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D dng cha nng sn dng ri trong cc dng c ng khc. Hn ch c nhng h hi trong qu trnh bo qun. Tnh sc bn tng kho. Mang ngha trong vic ng gi hay xut nhp kho.
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Gc nghing TN (o)
34-45
2 Ng
3 La m 4 u tng 5 Vng (m)
30-40
23-38 24-32 27-34
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15 8 7
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Khi ht ri t trn cao xung hnh thnh mt khi hnh chp, ht chc v tp cht nng u tp trung gia khi, ht lp, ht v v tp cht nh tp trung xung quanh khi ht. Khi ht t kho chy ra cng pht sinh t ng phn cp nh vy. Ht chc v c KLR chy ra trc, ri mi n cc ht phm cht km v tp cht nh chy ra sau.
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hng xu n cng tc gi gn cht lng ca khi nng sn kh, dng ht. +) Tnh ng u ca ht gim thp, nh hng n chnh xc khi ly mu kim nghim. +) Gy hi cho khi nng sn cn bo qun.
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li mt ch, chng d ht m v h hp mnh, s sinh nhit to iu kin cho vi sinh vt hot ng.
dng phn loi nng sn kh dng ht c cht lng tt, xu v lm sch ht.
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php hn ch tnh t phn loi: Nhp kho nng sn c cht lng ng u, sch s v t b ln tp cht. Nhp v xut nng sn kh dng ht vo kho phi nhp nhng, thng dng cc chp nn t ng quay. Thng xuyn co, o lm gim bt hin tng t phn loi.
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Nhng yu t ph thuc: Hnh dng ca nng sn & tnh cht b mt ca nng sn. Kch thc ca nng sn ( ng u) Phng thc nhp kho, vn chuyn. cao ca khi nng sn, hnh thc kho, lng ht bo qun trong kho. Hm lng nc. Dung trng t nhin. T l tp cht & loi tp cht ln vo khi NS.
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Tn nng sn
Thc (la) Ng Bt Khoai, sn kh
ngha trong cng tc bo qun NS: Khng kh, hi m, nhit d dng i lu. Thng gi cng bc gii phng nhit, m v khng kh c. Xng hi thuc tr dch hi & ui c hi thuc c sau khi x l.
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HSDN l lng nhit truyn qua 1m2 ca khi ht dy 1m trong 1 gi lm cho nhit gia lp trn v lp di chnh nhau 10C. n v (kcal/m.gi.0C). h = 0,1 - 0,2 (kcal/m.gi.0C). t = 200C: kk = 0,0217 (kcal/m.gi.0C). n = 0,510 (kcal/m.gi.0C).
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t ph thuc ca dn nhit: hng ca khi ht. Hm lng nc ca ht. Ht kh xp t chu nh hng ca mi trng. S chnh lch nhit . Cu to ht, trng thi b mt ca khi ht.
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nng ng dng: - Nhc: +) Nhit thay i nh hng n sc sng ca ht, hng lot cc bin i xy ra, to iu kin thun li cho vsv hot ng.
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thc tnh:
xc nh lng C, ta dng cng thc sau: C0 (100 - W) + CA W C= , kcal/kg. C 100 Trong : C0: NDR vt liu (ht) tuyt i kh W: hm lng nc ca ht CA: NDR ca m, CA = 1 kcal/ kg. C C: NDR ca ht c W nht nh
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nhn: Do cu trc khng cht ca ht ng cc (khong trng gia cc cu t, h thng mao dn lin kt ni bo vi mi trng bn ngoi). Do bn cht a pha mang in ca h thng c th sng.
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Do khi ht c rng, do hi m v kh c th b hp ph vo ht. Khi qu trnh hp ph l hp ph b mt th c th gii phng cht hp ph bng nhit v cc lc c hc. Khi qu trnh hp ph thc cht l qu trnh ho hc to thnh cc lin kt bn vng vi cc thnh phn ho hc c trong ht. Lc ny ta khng th gii phng c cht hp ph bng cc bin php thng thng.
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phc: V sinh kho sch s trc khi s dng bo qun ng cc. Khng bo qun chung vi cc mt hng c mi khc. Phi thng gi gii phng mi sau khi xng hi. Dng thuc xng hi gii phng hp ph.
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m tng i (%)
50 60 70 80 90
Thc
Go Ng u tng
11,4
12,0 11,9 -
12,5
13,0 13,9 7,7
13,7
14,6 15,9 9,1
15,2
16,0 16,9 11,2
17,6
18,7 19,2 16,2
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t ph thuc: Ging loi nng sn. Kch thc, hnh dng ht nng sn. c tnh b mt. thun. Cu to v thnh phn ho hc ht NS. Hm lng nc (W thp th DT cng ln) Loi tp cht v t l tp cht ln vo.
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nng ng dng ( ngha) - Lm ch tiu nh gi phm cht ht. - Tuy nhin do nhn t nh hng ti chng tng i phc tp, khi kim nghim nu khng tnh ton th kh trnh khi gii thch sai, nh ng lot tt xu. V d: Ht du c W = 17,1%, DT = 672,5. Ht du c W = 14,4% th DT = 674,9
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: Ngoi ra dung trng v hng ca ht cn c quan h nht nh. chn ht cng cao th ht cng chc, trng rng gim thp v dung trng tng ln. Quan h gia dung trng v hm lng nc ca ht tng i phc tp. V DT ca cc ging c s sai khc rt ln, nhn chung dung trng ca la nc thay i nhiu hn la m.
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Ch : Trong qu trnh bo qun, c bit di iu kin t0 v cao, ht h hp mnh, tiu hao dinh dng, t trng gim thp & nh hng n cht lng ht. Dung trng v t trng c quan h vi nhau khi gia chng c s nht tr, chng c s tng gim nh nhau. Tnh quy lut ny ch th hin nhng ht c cng mt . Gia cc loi ht khc nhau th t trng ca chng khc nhau.
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