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Chng 2: CU TO GII PHU MT S NNG SN

Nng sn gm cc i tng sau: - Ht - C - Rau v qu: +) n l +) C, r +) Qu dng lm rau

A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Ht: - C hai h: mt l mm v hai l mm - Cn c theo thnh phn ho hc: +) Nhm giu tinh bt +) Nhm giu protein +) Nhm giu cht bo
I.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Ht c chia lm 4 phn: v ht, lp alron, ni nh v phi ht.


Cu to ht la

A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Cu to ht ng

A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


1) V ht: - Bao bc xung quanh ht, c tc dng bo v, chng li nh hng xu ca iu kin ngoi cnh, bo v phi ht. - Thnh phn v ht: cellulose v hemicellulose l ch yu.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Cn c vo c im ca v ht: v trn v ht v tru. - Sc t v ht cng khc nhau. Trn v ht cn c ru, lng,.. 2) Lp alron: - Chim 4 12% khi lng ht.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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L lp t bo trong cng ca v ht tip gip vi ni nh. Chiu dy ca lp alron ph thuc vo ging, iu kin trng trt. Lp alron tp trung nhiu cht dinh dng quan trng: protein, lipit, mui khong, vitamin, ng,..
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


V d: - Ht thc: chim 6 12 khi lng ht Gm: +) Protein: 35 - 45% +) ng: 6 - 8% +) Cht bo: 8 - 9% +) VTM v khong: 11 - 14% +) Cellulose : 7 - 10% +) Pentozan: 15 - 17%

A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Do cha nhiu cht dinh dng quan trng nn lp alron d b oxy ho v bin cht trong iu kin bo qun khng tt. 3) Ni nh: - Nm sau lp alron. y l thnh phn chim t l ln nht trong cc thnh phn cu to nn ht. V d: Ng (bp): 7275% khi lng ton ht. La m: 82%.

A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Tp trung ton b cht dinh dng ch yu ca ht. Ni nh ca ht cng ln th gi tr ca ht cng tng. +) Ht giu tinh bt th ni nh cha nhiu tinh bt: la m, ng, go. +) Ht giu du: ni nh cha nhiu du: thu du, lc,
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Ni nh l ni d tr nguyn liu h hp ca ht. - Cht lng ht c nh gi qua cht lng ni nh. V d: ht thc c ni nh trong th cht lng tt. Khi xay xt t b v vn v nt ht.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


4) Phi ht: - V tr: thng nm gc ht, c bo v bi l mm. Qua l mm phi nhn c y cht dinh dng ch yu duy tr sc sng v pht trin thnh cy khi ht ny mm.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Cu to: gm 4 phn chnh: mm phi, r phi, thn phi v t dip. Phi ht chim t 2-13% khi lng ht. Phi ht c cha nhiu cht dinh dng c gi tr cao nh protein, lipit, gluxit, vitamin, 1 s enzyme,

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN

V d 2: Phi ng: chim 10-11%, thnh phn gm: +) Protein: 20% +) Lipit: 33-45% +) ng, tro: 7,5% +) Tinh bt: 5% +) Vitamin: E
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Ngoi dinh dng cao, phi li c cu to xp, hot ng sinh l mnh nn phi d nhim m v h hng. Do ht c phi ln thng kh bo qun hn nhng ht c phi nh.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


II. Cu to gii phu mt s loi c C thng chia lm 3 phn: v, tht c, li (nu c). H thng cc loi c thng gp: sn, khoai lang, khoai ty, sn dy, dong,
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


1)

Cu to gii phu c sn

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Sn l loi c c li (tim c) ni t thn cy chy dc theo c n ui c. Cu to: v g, v ci, tht sn, li sn. So vi cc loi c khc th v c sn l loi v d phn bit v d tch nht.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


+) V g: Chim 0,5 - 3% khi lng c. Gm cc t bo c cu to t cellulose v hemicellulose, hu nh khng c tinh bt. V g l lp ngoi cng, sn si, mu nu thm, cha cc sc t c trng. C tc dng gi cho c rt bn, khng b tc ng c hc bn ngoi.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


+) V ci: Dy hn v g, chim khong 8 - 20% trng lng c. Gm cc t bo c cu to bi cellulose v tinh bt (5 - 8%). Gia cc lp v l mng li ng dn nha c, trong m c nhiu tanin, enzyme v cc sc t.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


+) Tht sn (rut c) L thnh phn chim ch yu ca c sn, bao gm cc t bo c cu to t cellulose v pentozan, bn trong l cc ht tinh bt v nguyn sinh cht. Hm lng tinh bt trong rut sn khng u. Kch thc ht tinh bt sn khong 15-80m.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Sn

cng gi th cng c nhiu x. +) Li sn: Thng nm trung tm dc theo thn c, ni t thn n ui c. Li chim t 0,3 - 1% khi lng c. Thnh phn cu to ch yu l cellulose v hemicellulose.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Bng thnh phn ho hc ca c sn
Nc Tinh bt Lipit Protein 70,25% 21,45% 0,4% 1,12%
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Cellulose ng Tro

1,10% 5,13% 0,54%

A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


2) Khoai ty: (solanum tuberosum L)

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Khoai ty c lp v ngoi l mt lp da mng bo v c v lp v trong mm, kh tch ra khi rut c. +) Gia lp v trong c c cc m t bo mm v h thng dn dch c. Cc m ny cha t tinh bt.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


+) Lp bn trong ca v tip gip vi rut c l h thng mng bao quanh to nn s phn lp gia v v rut c. Trn mt v c nhng mt c. C cng to mt c cng r. Rut c khoai ty khng c li, cha nhiu tinh bt. Rut c chim khong 80 - 92% khi lng c ti.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN

Bng: Thnh phn ho hc ca khoai ty

Thnh phn H.lng% Thnh phn H.lng % Nc 75 Cht bo 0,18- 0,2 Tinh bt 18,5 Tro 0,9 1,0 Hp cht Nit 1,1 ng 1,5 Cellulose 2,1 Cc cht 2,2 khc
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


3) Khoai lang (Batatus edulis chois)

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Khoai lang l loi c khng c li. Dc theo thn c c h thng x ni ngn c vi ui c. Cc mt trn ca c c th l r c hay mm. Cu to khoai lang gm 3 phn: v ngoi, v ci v tht c.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


+) V ngoi: mng, chim 1% trng lng c, gm nhng t bo c cha sc t, cu to ch yu l cellulose v hemicellulose. Tc dng: lm gim cc tc ng t bn ngoi, hn ch s bay hi nc ca khoai lang trong qu trnh bo qun.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


+) V ci: chim 5 - 12%, gm nhng t bo cha tinh bt, nguyn sinh cht v dch th. Hm lng tinh bt v ci t hn tht c. +) Tht c: gm cc t bo nhu m c cha: Tinh bt Hp cht cha nit
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Nc
ng Gluxit

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Khoai lang c nhiu nha, trong nha c c nhiu tanin. OXH Fe Tanin flobafen h.cht mu en V vy trong ch bin tinh bt khoai lang, sn phm thng b en do hin tng tanin b oxy ho.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


III. Cu to gii phu, c im hnh thi 1 s loi rau: 1) Ci bp: gm c thn trong v thn ngoi. Thn trong cng ngn th c gi tr cng cao.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN

Ci bp

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


2) C chua:

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Gm c v qu v tht qu. +) V qu mng, cha cc sc t, kh tch khi tht qu. +) Tht qu cng cha sc t, cha thnh phn dinh dng l ch yu.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Trong c chua c nhiu ht. Trung bnh mi qu c 50 350 ht. - Thng ngi ta thu hoch c chua khi c chua t chn nht nh.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


3) Su ho

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN

Su ho

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


- Cung l su ho nh, trn, di, phin l c rng ca khng u. - Sinh trng v pht trin: thn phnh to ging hnh cu v phn ln cht dinh dng tp trung ch yu y. - Hnh dng: hnh cu, trn di, trn dt. - Kch thc ph thuc vo ging, iu kin trng trt v thi v.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


4) Mng ty (asparagus):

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Mng trng v mng xanh

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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C gi tr dinh dng v hiu qu kinh t ln Gm c hai loi: xanh v trng Cu to: v chim 30% khi lng, tht cha cc cht khong ho tan: 7%, ng tng s : 3%, protein 0,7% v vitamin C: 11 -16 mg%
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


5) Nm n

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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L thc vt bc thp, khng c clorofil, giu cellulose. Nm n gm c 5 loi: nm rm c protein 2,66%, nm m c protein 3,98%, nm hng c protein 12%, nm bo ng, nm mo. Ngoi ra cn c da chut, hnh c, ti,
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


IV. Cu to, gii phu, c im hnh thi mt s loi tri cy: 1. Cam

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Hnh dng: hnh cu, trn di, trn dt, hnh trng,, kch thc cng rt khc nhau. - Cu to gm: +) V qu: c nhiu mu sc: vng ti, vng nht, vng , V cam dnh cht vo mi v v cam gm c hai loi: V ngoi: C cu to ch yu l cht sng ngn chn s thot hi nc.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Lp v ngoi

Lp v trong

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


V

trong: c 2 lp t bo. Lp c cha sc t (flavedo), cc ti tinh du lp mu trng v lp ci (alledo). Tri cam c nhiu mi (8-16). Mi cam cha tht qu di dng tp cam. S ht t nhiu ph thuc vo ging cam, ma v v iu kin trng trt.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


2. Da:

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


- Thuc loi qu kp, bao gm nhiu qu cm trn mt trc hoa. Kch thc, mu sc, hnh dng thay i tu theo ging v iu kin trng trt. - K t ngoi vo trong da c 3 phn: v qu, tht qu v li.

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


+) V qu: c mu sc t vng n da cam, c phn chia thnh cc mt da. Mt da to nh, nhn v nng su khc nhau tu thuc vo ging v iu kin trng trt. +) Tht qu: c mu vng nht n vng sm, chim t l ln nht so vi cc thnh phn khc. Cc cht dinh dng tp trung ch yu ti y. Hm lng x trong tht qu cng kh cao. +) Li: chy dc t cung hoa n chi ngn, nhiu x.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


3. Chui:

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


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Tu theo ging m qu chui c kch thc, hnh dng, cong khc nhau. V chui do l di pht trin thnh, v dy mng ph thuc vo iu kin trng trt v ging chui Tht qu do bu nhy pht trin thnh, thng c mu vng, cu trc cht hoc mm. Thnh phn ch yu l cc ng n, ng a, vitamin, tinh bt.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


4. Cc loi khc: - Xoi: l loi qu mt ht, c v dai, tht qu mng nc, ht chim khong 25-30% khi lng qu. - Vi, nhn, chm chm: c v ngt, ci dy mng ph thuc ging. - Na: hnh tim, v li, tht qu mu trng, mn, v ngt thm.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Na xim qu to hn, dt, v phng c gai, tht trng ng, nhiu nc, chua. - Ngoi ra cn c v sa, thanh long, l nhng loi qu cha nhiu dinh dng, n mt, c nng sut v rt ph bin Vit nam. c bit trong thi gian gn y, thanh long l loi qu xut khu c gi tr cao.
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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Hng xim Longan

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Papaya

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Siamese Custard- apple Custard apple

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Plum Strawberry

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Cashew apple Peach

Durian

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN


Polemo (grapfruit)

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A. CU TO GII PHU MT S LOI NNG SN

Thanh long (blue dragon)

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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


I.

II.

III.

IV. V. VI.

Thnh phn & c tnh chung ca khi nng sn Kh nng tan ri & t ng phn cp Mt & trng rng ca khi nng sn Tnh dn nhit & lng nhit dung Tnh hp ph, nh kh v ht m Dung trng v t trng
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


I. Thnh phn & c tnh chung ca khi nng sn:

I.1. Mt s tnh cht vt l c trng cho cc cu t ring l: - Hnh dng (ht, c, qu, rau l, nhn, x x,) - Kch thc - Mu sc - Din tch tip xc - Th tch - Khi lng - Khi lng ring - Gc ma st v gc trt
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


1.2. Thnh phn ca khi nng sn trong bo qun: - Loi nng sn m ta mun thu hoch/BQ. - Loi nng sn khc ging loi vi loi NS chnh - Cc cu t sng khc. - Cc tp cht hu c. - Khng kh tn ti cc khe h gia cc cu t trong khi nng sn. - Hi nc,
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


1.3 Bin php khc phc tnh trng khng ng nht v thnh phn khi nng sn trc v sau nhp kho: - Nhp kho loi nng sn c cng c im sinh hc. - Loi b mi tp cht, su hi v VSV trc khi a vo bo qun v nh k kim tra. - Thng gi t nhin hoc cng bc. - Nhp kho ng k thut & thc hin cc bin php chng hin tng t phn loi.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


I.4. c tnh chung ca khi nng sn: - a thnh phn - Kh nng tan ri & t ng phn cp - Mt v rng khi nng sn - Tnh dn nhit & truyn nhit - Tnh hp ph v nh cc cht kh, hi m - H hp ca nng sn trong bo qun - S t chn ca nng sn v cc bin i sinh ho khc xy ra trong khi nng sn
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


II. Kh nng tan ri & tnh t ng phn cp II.1. Tnh tan ri ca khi nng sn:

Khi nim tan ri ca NS:

Nhiu c th tp hp li thnh mt khi

ht. V tr ca chng trong qu trnh BQ hu nh khng thay i nhng c kh nng bin ng mt mc nht nh. Kh nng ny gi l tnh tan ri hay tnh lu ng.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn

Cc yu t ph thuc: Hnh dng, kch thc, ng u, trng thi bn ngoi ca nng sn. Tp cht ca khi nng sn (%). Thu phn ca nng sn. Thao tc k thut trong vn chuyn ht. Thi gian bo qun.
cao ht cht xp trong kho.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


i

lng & PP xc nh tan ri ca khi nng sn: - Gc nghing t nhin (gc tnh ti) - Gc trt: ph thuc vo mt phng, con ngi, phng php ly mu, ngha ca tan ri: - S b kim tra phm cht ca nng sn, c bit l nng sn kh.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


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D dng cha nng sn dng ri trong cc dng c ng khc. Hn ch c nhng h hi trong qu trnh bo qun. Tnh sc bn tng kho. Mang ngha trong vic ng gi hay xut nhp kho.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


TT Tn ht
1 Thc

Gc nghing TN (o)
34-45

Sai khc (o)


10

2 Ng
3 La m 4 u tng 5 Vng (m)

30-40
23-38 24-32 27-34

10
15 8 7
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


II.2. Tnh t ng phn cp Khi nim: Khi nng sn (khi ht) khi di ng th ton th cc c th chu tc ng tng hp ca iu kin ngoi cnh, c tnh vt l ca bn thn to nn s phn phi mi, lc ny cc ht c tnh cht tng t nhau s c xu hng tp trung li mt ch. Hin tng ny gi l t ng phn cp ca ht.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn

Khi ht ri t trn cao xung hnh thnh mt khi hnh chp, ht chc v tp cht nng u tp trung gia khi, ht lp, ht v v tp cht nh tp trung xung quanh khi ht. Khi ht t kho chy ra cng pht sinh t ng phn cp nh vy. Ht chc v c KLR chy ra trc, ri mi n cc ht phm cht km v tp cht nh chy ra sau.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


t ng phn cp ph thuc: - Cht lng nng sn - T l tp cht & loi tp cht ln vo. - Qu trnh vn chuyn v k thut nhp kho, xut kho. ngha:
Tnh

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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


nh

hng xu n cng tc gi gn cht lng ca khi nng sn kh, dng ht. +) Tnh ng u ca ht gim thp, nh hng n chnh xc khi ly mu kim nghim. +) Gy hi cho khi nng sn cn bo qun.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


V d: Ht lp, v, tp cht nh tp trung

li mt ch, chng d ht m v h hp mnh, s sinh nhit to iu kin cho vi sinh vt hot ng.

dng phn loi nng sn kh dng ht c cht lng tt, xu v lm sch ht.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Bin
-

php hn ch tnh t phn loi: Nhp kho nng sn c cht lng ng u, sch s v t b ln tp cht. Nhp v xut nng sn kh dng ht vo kho phi nhp nhng, thng dng cc chp nn t ng quay. Thng xuyn co, o lm gim bt hin tng t phn loi.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


III. Mt & trng rng ca khi nng sn Khi nim: - Ta c mt khi ht, gi khong khng gian m khi ht chim trn thc t l V trong : th tch ht chim l V1, khong cch gia cc ht v cc khong khng gia ht l V2. Khi : +) Mt ht T = (V1 / V) * 100% Hay T = ((V V2)/ V) *100% +) trng rng R = 100 T hay R = ((V V1)/V) * 100% - trng rng tng th mt gim.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn

Nhng yu t ph thuc: Hnh dng ca nng sn & tnh cht b mt ca nng sn. Kch thc ca nng sn ( ng u) Phng thc nhp kho, vn chuyn. cao ca khi nng sn, hnh thc kho, lng ht bo qun trong kho. Hm lng nc. Dung trng t nhin. T l tp cht & loi tp cht ln vo khi NS.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


STT
1 2 3 4

Tn nng sn
Thc (la) Ng Bt Khoai, sn kh

trng rng (%)


50-56 35-55 35-40 60-75
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


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ngha trong cng tc bo qun NS: Khng kh, hi m, nhit d dng i lu. Thng gi cng bc gii phng nhit, m v khng kh c. Xng hi thuc tr dch hi & ui c hi thuc c sau khi x l.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


IV. Tnh cht nhit ca khi ht: IV.1. Tnh dn nhit: Khi nim: Xt mt khi ht, ta thy: - t0tt khi ht > t0bng khi ht - Lng nhit to ra mi trng Q (Qhat, Qvsv, Qctrung) - Hm lng m, kh CO2

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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Ta thy c s chnh lch nhit , p sut gia mi trng trong khi nng sn v mi trng bo qun khng kh dch chuyn ra ngoi. Dn nhit thng theo 2 con ng: tip xc v i lu. i lng biu th (c trng) cho tnh dn nhit l h s dn nhit ().
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


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HSDN l lng nhit truyn qua 1m2 ca khi ht dy 1m trong 1 gi lm cho nhit gia lp trn v lp di chnh nhau 10C. n v (kcal/m.gi.0C). h = 0,1 - 0,2 (kcal/m.gi.0C). t = 200C: kk = 0,0217 (kcal/m.gi.0C). n = 0,510 (kcal/m.gi.0C).
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Yu
-

t ph thuc ca dn nhit: hng ca khi ht. Hm lng nc ca ht. Ht kh xp t chu nh hng ca mi trng. S chnh lch nhit . Cu to ht, trng thi b mt ca khi ht.
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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


-

Din tch b mt ca ht.

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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Kh

nng ng dng: - Nhc: +) Nhit thay i nh hng n sc sng ca ht, hng lot cc bin i xy ra, to iu kin thun li cho vsv hot ng.

+) Bc nng , bc nng im, kh pht hin.


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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


+) Bc nng v h hng m , nu khng pht hin sm s gy tn tht ln. +) Tch t nhit hoc tn hao khi gia nhit

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B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


u: +) Khi ht t b nh hng iu kin thi tit bn ngoi trong mt khong thi gian tng i. +) Hn ch c nhng thay i ca khi ht do t bn ngoi. +) thi gian x l nhit tch t.
-

94

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


IV.2. Nhit dung ring (kcal/kg.0C) nh ngha: L lng nhit cn thit lm tng nhit ca 1 kg ht ln 10C. Yu t ph thuc: - Hm lng nc, thnh phn ho hc. - T l thnh phn cc loi cht khc. - Nhit . - Tp cht trong khi ht.
95

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Ta thy Cn = 2Ch, do ht c hm lng nc cng cao th lng nhit dung ca chng cng ln. Nu khng lm kh nh ht trc m trc tip lm kh bng my sy th nhit ht tng cao, c th lm ht gim hoc mt sc sng. ng thi nhit lng cn cho qu trnh sy cng tng cao. V vy sau khi thu hoch xong cn phi phi ht trc, va kinh t va hiu qu, an ton cho ht nht Lm lnh ht v lm kh ht trit trc khi nhp kho l an ton.
96

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Cng

thc tnh:

xc nh lng C, ta dng cng thc sau: C0 (100 - W) + CA W C= , kcal/kg. C 100 Trong : C0: NDR vt liu (ht) tuyt i kh W: hm lng nc ca ht CA: NDR ca m, CA = 1 kcal/ kg. C C: NDR ca ht c W nht nh
97

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Q
C= , kcal/kg. m.t C: nhit dung ring ca ht Q: Nhit lng cn thit m: Khi lng vt liu (NS) t: Chnh lch nhit

98

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn ngha:


Sau khi tnh c lng nhit dung, ta tnh c lng nhit ca ht to ra trong thi gian bo qun v nhit bnh qun trong thng ca mi trng bo qun xc nh c tc lm lnh ht. V d: Ht c C = 0,45kcal/kg.0C, Q to ra khi lm lnh 2 t ht xung 10C Q = 0,45 x 2 x 100 = 90kcal.
99

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


V. Tnh hp ph cht kh v hi nc Hin tng: - Ht kh t tng W trong mi trng m, ht m t gim W trong mi trng bo qun kh. - Ht b nh hng mi ca mi trng bo qun. C khi gii phng c hoc khng gii phng c mi l.
100

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Nguyn
-

nhn: Do cu trc khng cht ca ht ng cc (khong trng gia cc cu t, h thng mao dn lin kt ni bo vi mi trng bn ngoi). Do bn cht a pha mang in ca h thng c th sng.
101

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


-

Do khi ht c rng, do hi m v kh c th b hp ph vo ht. Khi qu trnh hp ph l hp ph b mt th c th gii phng cht hp ph bng nhit v cc lc c hc. Khi qu trnh hp ph thc cht l qu trnh ho hc to thnh cc lin kt bn vng vi cc thnh phn ho hc c trong ht. Lc ny ta khng th gii phng c cht hp ph bng cc bin php thng thng.
102

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


nh hng n cht lng bo qun (li & hi) - Cho php s dng cht xng hi dit vi sinh vt, cn trng. +) Gii phng mi v l ca mi trng v thuc st trng. +) Phi kh, sy ht, - D dng hp ph mi ca mi trng v mi ca hng ho bn cnh, lm gim gi tr cm quan, gi tr dinh dng ca ng cc.

103

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Khc -

phc: V sinh kho sch s trc khi s dng bo qun ng cc. Khng bo qun chung vi cc mt hng c mi khc. Phi thng gi gii phng mi sau khi xng hi. Dng thuc xng hi gii phng hp ph.
104

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


V.1. Tnh hp ph cht kh a. Cc khi nim: - Lng cht kh c khi ht hp ph gi l dung lng hp ph. - Tc hp ph cht kh l lng cht kh m khi ht hp ph c trong mt n v thi gian. - C hai mc : hp ph b mt v hp ph su.
105

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


- Qu trnh cht kh b hp ph mt iu kin no c gii phng mt phn hoc ton b t khi ht ra mi trng xung quanh gi l qu trnh gii hp ph. b. Tc hp ph v gii hp ph ph thuc: - Tnh cht ho hc ca th kh - p sut v nhit khng kh - Kt cu ca bn thn ht v thnh phn ho hc ca ht.
106

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


c. Dung lng hp ph cht kh ph thuc: - Thi gian hp ph - Nng th tch kh ca mi trng - Tnh hot ng ca th tch kh trong mi trng. - nh hng ca nhit khng kh. - Cu to ht - Din tch b mt hp ph
107

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


V.2. Tnh ht m ca ht Tnh nng hp ph v gii hp ph bt nc ca ht c gi l tnh ht m ca ht. Tnh ht m ca ht ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc ca ht, kt cu t bo v t l keo a nc ca ht. V.3. Nc cn bng ca ht: Khi tc hp ph v gii hp ph nc trong ht bng nhau th lc hm lng nc trong ht c gi l hm lng nc cn bng.
108

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Nc cn bng ca ht ph thuc vo ging loi, thnh phn ho hc, iu kin ngoi cnh. - ngha: C quan h vi hot ng sinh l v tnh an ton ca ht khi BQ. Ngoi ra s phn b m khng ng u trong khi ht cng gy nh hng n tnh an ton ca ht khi bo qun. V d: Bng hm lng nc cn bng ca mt s nng sn 200C
109

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


S Tn nng TT sn 1
2 3 4

m tng i (%)
50 60 70 80 90

Thc
Go Ng u tng

11,4
12,0 11,9 -

12,5
13,0 13,9 7,7

13,7
14,6 15,9 9,1

15,2
16,0 16,9 11,2

17,6
18,7 19,2 16,2
110

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


VI. Dung trng v Khi lng ring Dung trng v KLR c lin quan mt thit vi nhau. Khi lng ring biu hin tnh cht c th, dung trng biu hin tnh cht qun th. VI.1. Dung trng (Bulk density) nh ngha: L trng lng tuyt i ca ht cha trong 1 n v dung tch nht nh. n v thng l g/l, kg/m3
111

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Yu -

t ph thuc: Ging loi nng sn. Kch thc, hnh dng ht nng sn. c tnh b mt. thun. Cu to v thnh phn ho hc ht NS. Hm lng nc (W thp th DT cng ln) Loi tp cht v t l tp cht ln vo.
112

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Kh

nng ng dng ( ngha) - Lm ch tiu nh gi phm cht ht. - Tuy nhin do nhn t nh hng ti chng tng i phc tp, khi kim nghim nu khng tnh ton th kh trnh khi gii thch sai, nh ng lot tt xu. V d: Ht du c W = 17,1%, DT = 672,5. Ht du c W = 14,4% th DT = 674,9
113

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


Ch

: Ngoi ra dung trng v hng ca ht cn c quan h nht nh. chn ht cng cao th ht cng chc, trng rng gim thp v dung trng tng ln. Quan h gia dung trng v hm lng nc ca ht tng i phc tp. V DT ca cc ging c s sai khc rt ln, nhn chung dung trng ca la nc thay i nhiu hn la m.
114

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


VI.2. Khi lng ring ca ht nh ngha: L khi lng ca mt th tch ht thc nht nh. n v kg/m3 Yu t ph thuc: - Cu to ht. - iu kin sinh trng pht dc ca cy.

115

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn


chn sinh l: ht c chn cng cao th cht lng dinh dng tch lu cng nhiu, ht s chc v t trng s tng cao. i vi cy h du th ngc li. ngha: - S dng chn la v x l ging. - L ch tiu nh gi phm cht ht v o chn sinh l ca ht.
116

B. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht nng sn

Ch : Trong qu trnh bo qun, c bit di iu kin t0 v cao, ht h hp mnh, tiu hao dinh dng, t trng gim thp & nh hng n cht lng ht. Dung trng v t trng c quan h vi nhau khi gia chng c s nht tr, chng c s tng gim nh nhau. Tnh quy lut ny ch th hin nhng ht c cng mt . Gia cc loi ht khc nhau th t trng ca chng khc nhau.
117

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