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CHNG 5: CC CHUYN BIN PHA KHI NHIT LUYN 5.1. KHI NIM V NHIT LUYN 5.1.1.

nh ngha a, nh ngha - Nhit luyn l phng php cng ngh nung nng kim loi v hp kim n nhit xc nh, gi nhit mt thi gian cn thit ri lm ngui vi tc thch hp lm thay i cc t chc bn trong v lm thay i tnh cht ca chng theo mun. b, c im + Kim loi v hp kim lun lun trng thi rn, hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit khng thay i; + Nhit luyn ch lm thay i t chc bn trong ca kim loi v hp kim.
B MN VT LIU K THUT
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5.1.1. nh ngha c, Phn loi cc phng php nhit luyn

* Nhit luyn
- : l phng php nung nng chi tit n nhit xc nh, gi nhit ri lm ngui chm t c t chc cn bng vi cng, bn thp nht. - Thng ho: l phng php nung nng chi tit dn trng thi hon ton l Austenit gi nhit v lm ngui trong khng kh tnh t t chc gn cn bng. Mc ch ca v thng ho l lm mm thp d gia cng ct gt v dp ngui.

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5.1.1. nh ngha - Ti: l phng php nung nng chi tit n t chc Austenit, gi nhit ri lm ngui nhanh t c t chc khng cn bng c cng cao. - Ram: l phng php nung nng chi tit sau khi ti n nhit thch hp, nh hn nhit chuyn bin pha, iu chnh cng, bn theo yu cu v kh b ng sut d bn trong chi tit. Ram l nguyn cng bt buc sau khi ti, m bo chi tit c c tnh thch hp theo yu cu lm vic

B MN VT LIU K THUT

5.1.1. nh ngha

* Ho - nhit luyn
- L phng php thay i nhit v thnh phn ho hc ca lp b mt chi tit thay i t chc v tnh cht lp b mt theo yu cu lm vic Thng thng ngi ta thng dng phng php khuch tn nguyn t vo lp b mt: cacbon, nit hoc c cacbon v nit, cc nguyn t khc nh: Si, B, Cr, Al...

* C nhit luyn
- L phng php lm thay i nhit v bin dng do thay i t chc v tnh cht ca kim loi v hp kim.

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5.1. KHI NIM V NHIT LUYN 5.1.2. Cc thng s c trng cho qu trnh nhit luyn - Nhit nung nng T0n: l nhit cao nht m qu trnh nhit luyn cn phi t ti; - Thi gian gi nhit tgn: thi gian duy tr nhit nung nng; - Tc ngui Vngui: l gim ca nhit theo thi gian, thng tnh ng cC/h,nhit luyC/s.i vi ch to c kh theo 0 a 0C /pht, 0 n 5.1.3. Tc d a, Tng cng, bn v tnh trng mi mn - Tng bn, cng ca kim loi v hp kim m vn m bo do, di nht nh cho chi tit b, Ci thin tnh cng ngh - Gim cng lm cho chng d gia cng hn
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5.1. KHI NIM V NHIT LUYN 5.1.3. S lc v bn chuyn binc bn khi nhit luyn thp + Chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit khi nung nng thp qu Ac1. lc Austenit c nng lng t do F thp nht. F + Xe Fe (C) P

+ Chuyn bin Austenit thnh Peclit khi lm ngui chm thp di Ar1 Fe (C) F + Xe P
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B MN VT LIU K THUT

5.1.3. S lc v bn chuyn binc bn khi nhit luyn thp + Chuyn bin Austenit thnh Mactenxit khi lm ngui nhanh thp xung thp hn nhit To: Fe (C) Fe (C)

+ Chuyn bin Mactenxit thnh Peclit khi lm ngui chm thp di Ar1 Fe(c) F + Xe M P

B MN VT LIU K THUT

CHNG 5: CC CHUYN BIN PHA KHI NHIT LUYN 5.2. CC CHUYN BIN KHI NUNG NNG THP 5.2.1. C s xc nh chuyn bin khi nung nngC s xc nh chuyn bin khi nung nng thp l ging trng thi Fe-C - Trong mi loi thp nhit thng c t chc Fe + Xe (Peclit) - Cc thp trc v sau cng tch c t chc phc tp hn, c thm Fe v XeII

0,8

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5.2.1. C s xc nh chuyn bin khi nung nng + Khi nung nng n Ac1, s c qu trnh chuyn bin:

[Fe + Fe3C]0,8 Fe (C)0,8


Vy khi nung nng qu Ac1 th s chuyn bin: - i vi thp cng tinh? - i vi thp trc cng tinh? - i vi thp sau cng tinh?

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B MN VT LIU K THUT

5.2.1. C s xc nh chuyn bin khi nung nng + T Ac1 Ac3, c qu trnh ho tan ca F vo . Khi nhit ln hn Ac3, t chc nhn c hon ton l . T Ac1 Accm, c qu trnh ho tan + ca XeII vo . Khi nhit ln hn Accm, t chc nhn c hon ton l . Nh vy theo ging trng thi FeC ta hon ton xc nh c cc t chc to thnh khi nung nng; Trong cc chuyn bin , chuyn bin c bn l to thnh Austenit t Peclit;
B MN VT LIU K THUT

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5.2. CC CHUYN BIN KHI NUNG NNG THP 5.2.2. Cc c im ca chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit chuyn bin a, Nhit - Chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit xy ra 7270C vi iu kin l nung nng v cng chm - Vi tc nung thc t, chuyn bin lun lun xy ra nhit ln hn7270C;

0,8

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5.2.2. Cc c im ca chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit

- Nh vy ta thy rng: tc nung cng ln (cng nhanh), chuyn bin P xy ra nhit cng cao v thi gian cng ngn.
B MN VT LIU K THUT
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5.2.2. Cc c im ca chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit b, Kch thc ht - ht Austenit nh hng rt ln n ht ca thp nhit thng do nh hng n c tnh ca n; - Chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit c c ch nh qu trnh kt tinh to mm v pht trin mm;

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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5.2.2. Cc c im ca chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit - Cc tm mm Austenit sinh ra bin gii ht gia Xe v F lc mi to thnh c kch thc rt nh, nu tip tc nung nng th ht s ln ln; Kch thc ht ph thuc vo nhit nung v thi gian gi nhit. Nhit nung cng cao, thi gian gi nhit cng di, ht cng ln

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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5.2.2. Cc c im ca chuyn bin Peclit thnh Austenit - Nhng quy lut ln ln ca ht khi nung nng cc loi thp khc nhau cng khc nhau: + Thp c bn cht ht ln; + Thp c bn cht ht nh.

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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5.2. CC CHUYN BIN KHI NUNG NNG THP 5.2.3. Cc qu trnh xy ra khi gi nhit - Giai on gi nhit l rt cn thit : + Lm ng u nhit gia b mt v li, li cng c chuyn bin nh b mt; + thi gian cn thit s to iu kin cc chuyn bin xy ra hon ton; + Lm ng u thnh phn ho hc ca Austenit. Do c to ra t F v Xe c thnh phn Cacbon rt khc nhau. Thi gian gi nhit ch nn ly va , khng nn qu di v lm cho ht qu ln, thp b gin.

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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CHNG 5: CC CHUYN BIN PHA KHI NHIT LUYN 5.3. CHUYN BIN XY RA KHI LM NGUI CHM AUSTENIT 5.3.1. Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui ng nhit - L phng php lm ngui nhanh Austenit xung di Ar1 gi nhit nhit ny ri xc nh thi gian bt u v kt thc s chuyn bin t P.

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5.3.1. Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui ng nhit

* Gian T-T-T
+ nhit cao hn 7270C: hon ton n nh; + Bn tri ch C th nht: qu ngui; + Gia hai ch C: chuyn bin ( , P, Xe); + Bn phi ch C: cc sn phm phn ho ng nhit ca ; + Di ng MS: Mactenxit + d.
B MN VT LIU K THUT
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5.3.1. Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui ng nhit Cc sn phm phn ho ng nhit ca Austenit qu ngui - Khi phn ho 7000C Peclit [F + Xe] (Xe c dng tm vi kch thc th to), c cng 10 15 HRC; - Khi phn ho 600 7000C Xoocbit [F + Xe] (Xe c dng tm vi kch thc 10-1 10-4 mm), c cng khong 20 35 HRC, k hiu l X; - Khi phn ho 500 6000C Trustit [F + Xe] (Xe dng tm rt nh mn vi kch thc,10-5mm), k hiu T. cng ca n khong 40 HRC; P, X, T u l hn hp c hc ca F v Xe trong Xe dng tm nhng vi mc nh mn khc nhau.
B MN VT LIU K THUT
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5.3.1. Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui ng nhit - Khi phn ho < 5000C Bainit [F + Xe] (Xe c dng tm vi kch thc nh mm, 10-6mm ), c cng 50 55 HRC, bao gm: + Bainit trn khi phn ho 350 5000C; + Bainit di khi phn ho 250 3500C. - Bainit c c im: + %C trong F ln hn gii hn ho tan mt cht (0,1%); + C mt t d. L chuyn bin trung gian, gia chuyn bin Peclit v chuyn bin Mactenxit

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5.3. CHUYN BIN XY RA KHI LM NGUI CHM 5.3.2. Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui lin tc

* c im ca s phn ho Austenit khi lm ngui lin tc


l: a, Vi cc tc ngui khc nhau, b qu ngui n cc nhit khc nhau v phn ho thnh cc t chc khc nhau tng ng vi cc nhit .

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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5.3.2. Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui lin tc - Lm ngui chm cng l, V1: P (P dng tm, cng thp) - Lm ngui trong khng kh tnh, V2: X - Lm ngui trong khng kh nn, V3: T - Lm ngui trong du, V4: T + M - Lm ngui trong du, V5: M
B MN VT LIU K THUT
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5.3.2. Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui lin tc b, T chc nhn c khng ng nht trn ton b tit din - B mt thng nhn c t chc c cng cao hn bn trong li. c, Khng t c t chc hon ton l Bai-nt, - C th t c t chc ny cng vi Trustit v Mactenxit. d, Nhng c im trn ch ng i vi thp Cacbon - Vi cc thp hp kim cc c im trn khng cn ph hp na.

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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CHNG 5: CC CHUYN BIN PHA KHI NHIT LUYN 5.4. CHUYN BIN MACTENXIT - Khi mgui nhanh Austenit vi tc thch hp: V Vth (Vth - Tc lm ngui ti hn)

xut hin chuyn bin: Fe (C) Fe (C) Austenit Mactenxit

- y l s chuyn bin th hnh (chuyn kiu mng tinh th)

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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5.4. CHUYN BIN MACTENXIT 5.4.1. Khi nim v Mactenxit - Mactenxit l dung dch rn xen k qu bo ho ca Cacbon trong Fe vi nng ca Cacbon nh ca Austenit, c kiu mng chnh phng tm khi v c cng cao. + Mt s c tnh ca Mactenxit: - L qu trnh chuyn mng ca Fe (tm mt) sang Fe(tm khi); - L t chc Fe qu bo ho (0,8%); - Nguyn t Cacbon ho tan trong Fe kiu xen k lm thay i kiu mng; - C mng chnh phng th tm, nn cng cao.
B MN VT LIU K THUT
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5.4. CHUYN BIN MACTENXIT 5.4.1. Cc c im ca chuyn bin Mactenxit + Chuyn bin Mactenxit ch xy ra khi lm ngui nhanh v lin tc vi vn tc : V Vth; + L chuyn bin khng khuych tn: Cacbon hu nh vn gi nguyn v tr, cn Fe chuyn di v tr to kiu mng mi l mng lp phng tm khi; + L qu trnh to ra khng ngng cc tinh th mi vi tc pht trin rt ln khong 1000 7000 m/s. Tinh th Mactenxit c dng hnh kim (hai u nhn);

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5.4.1. Cc c im ca chuyn bin Mactenxit


s f

+ Ch xy ra trong khong gia hai nhit (im) M v M ; + L chuyn bin xy ra khng hon ton (cn c d).

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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CHNG 5: CC CHUYN BIN PHA KHI NHIT LUYN 5.5. CHUYN BIN KHI NUNG NNG THP TI - RAM - Ram l ngun cng sau ti nhm iu chnh cng, theo yu cu v kh b ng sut d bn trong. 5.5.1. Tnh khng n nh ca Mactenxit v Austenit d - M v d trong thp l cc pha khng n nh c xu hng tit ht cc bon ra tr thnh P (F+ Xe). Chuyn bin xy ra nh sau: Fe (C) Fe3(C) M d
B MN VT LIU K THUT

+ Fe F + Fe F
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Xe Xe

Fe (C) Fe3(C)

5.5.1. Tnh khng n nh ca Mactenxit v Austenit d - M v chuyn bin thnh P (F+ Xe), l chuyn bin khng trc tip m phi qua t chc trung gian l Mactenxit ram. Chuyn bin xy ra nh sau: Mactenxit Mactenxit ram Austenit d Ferit + Xementit

B MN VT LIU K THUT

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5.5. CHUYN BIN KHI NUNG NNG THP TI - RAM 5.5.2. Cc chuyn bin xy ra khi Ram

* Giai on I (< 2000C)


- d cha chuyn bin; - Mactenxit chuyn bin nh sau:
2 2,4

Mactenxit Mactenxit Cacbit Fe(C)0,8 [Fe(C)0,25 0,4 + Fe Mactenxit ram

C]

+ T chc ca giai on ny l: Mactenxit ram + d + T s

c a

gim
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B MN VT LIU K THUT

5.5.2. Cc chuyn bin xy ra khi Ram

* Giai on II (200 2600C)


- Mactenxit tip tc tit Cacbon; - chuyn bin thnh Mactenxit ram:
2 2,4

Austenit d Mactenxit CacbitFe Fe (C)0,8 [Fe(C)0,15 0,2 + Mactenxit ram + T chc ca giai on ny l: Mactenxit ram;

C]

+ Gim c ng sut d, c bn gn nh Mactenxit ti; + T s

c a

gim mnh.
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B MN VT LIU K THUT

5.5.2. Cc chuyn bin xy ra khi Ram

* Giai on III (260 4000C)


- Mactenxit ngho Cacbon chuyn bin thnh Ferit; - Cacbit chuyn bin Xementit dng ht;
3

Troxtit ram

ht

Fe(C)0,15 0,2 Fe + Fe C + T chc ca2 giai on ny l:3 Troxtit ram; 2,4 ht + cng gim i r rt; Fe C Fe C + ng sut c kh b ht, tnh n hi tng ln mnh; + T s

c = 1 a
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B MN VT LIU K THUT

5.5.2. Cc chuyn bin xy ra khi Ram

* Giai on IV (> 4000C)


- Ch c thay i v hnh dng v kch thc ht ca F v Xe; - Ht Xe c dng hnh cu, ht F c dng hnh dng a cnh; - 500 6500C c hn hp F v Xe c gi l Xoobit ram c c tnh t hp tt nht, c bit l dai va p cao.; - 7000C c hn hp F v Xe, Xe kt t li thnh ht kh to c gi l Peclit ram; - cng gim (Xe), thp ch nn mm; - Qu trnh ngui ca thp sau ram khng c chuyn bin g na.
B MN VT LIU K THUT
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