Da Tieu Hao Nguyen Lieu o CA Tra

TRNG I HC THY SN
KHOA CH BIN
B MN CH BIN THY SN

L MINH TRUNG
MSSV: 43S2110 - Lp: 43CB - SG

LUN VN TT NGHIP
Chuyn ngnh: Ch bin thy sn

GVHD: TS. VN NINH

Nha Trang, thang 06 nam 2006
NGHIN CU XY DNG LI MT S NH MC
TIU HAO NGUYN LIU V XUT BIN PHP
NNG CAO CHT LNG SN PHM C TRA
FILLET NG LNH XUT KHU CNG TY C
PHN CH BIN THC PHM SNG HU
LI CM N
hon thnh n tt nghip ny ti xin by t lng bit n su sc n
gia nh, Ban gim hiu Trng i hc Thu Sn, Ban ch nhim khoa Ch bin,
Ban i din C S 2 Tp. H Ch Minh cng ton th thy c gio to mi iu
kin cho ti c hc tp v ging dy ti trong sut 4 nm qua. c bit xin
c by t lng bit n chn thnh n thy Vn Ninh - Trng khoa Ch
Bin, ngi thy tn tnh hng dn ti trong sut thi gian thc hin n ny.
Xin chn thnh cm n Ban gim c Cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm
Sng Hu, phng K thut, phng Qun l Cht lng, t KCS cng cc k s
Nguyn Vn Tn, inh Vn Thoi, cc anh ch em cng nhn trong cng ty cng
bn b, ng nghip tn tnh gip v to iu kin thun li cho ti hon
thnh n ny.
Nng trng Sng Hu, thng 6 nm 2006
Sinh vin

L Minh Trung

2
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT

BSCL: ng bng sng Cu Long.
MTHNL: nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu.
BTP: Bn thnh phm.
HAACP: Hazard analyis critical control point.
GMP: Good manufacturing practices.
SSOP: Sanitation standard operating procedure.

3

MC LC
Li cm n .1
Danh mc cc ch vit tt ..2
Mc lc ..3
M u ...5
Chng 1: Tm hiu chung v cng ty Sohafood ......................................................7
1.1.Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca cng ty..............7
1.2.C cu t chc qun l ca cng ty ...........8
1.3.Mt s mt hng sn xut ca cng ty .........14
Chng 2: Kho st nm vng qui trnh cng ngh ch bin c Tra fillet
ng lnh....................................................................................................16
2.1.Gii thiu chung v nguyn liu c Tra .......16
2.2. Phng thc thu mua nguyn liu ca nh my .27
2.3.Tiu chun nh gi nguyn liu .29
2.4.Qui trnh cng ngh ch bin c Tra fillet ng lnh ......31
2.5. Yu cu cht lng i vi sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh 50
Chng 3: Xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu...............................................53
3.1. C s l lun v nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu.....53
3.2. Xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu ...53
3.3.Nguyn nhn lm tng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu....68
3.4.Cc bin php lm gim nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu .70

4

Chng 4: Nghin cu cc dng h hng, gim cht lng sn phm v xut cc
bin php nng cao cht lng sn phm...............................................75
4.1. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm 75
4.2. Cc bin php nng cao cht lng sn phm 85
4.3. Chi ph thc hin bin php.96
4.4. Hiu qu em li .....97
Kt lun v xut kin 99
Ti liu tham kho ..101

5
LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh Thu sn nc ta c nhng bc pht
trin vt bc v tr thnh ngnh kinh t c kim ngch xut khu ng th ba trong
c nc. Bn cnh nhng mt hng mang tnh truyn thng nh: tm, mc, cua,
nghu, s Nhng nm gn y, khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL),
mt hng c Tra fillet ng lnh tr thnh mt mt hng thu sn xut khu c
nhiu nc trn th gii a chung. Tuy nhin, sn phm c Tra phi fillet ng
lnh ca Vit Nam lun ng vng trn th trng th gii, sc cnh tranh vi
cc nc khc th cc x nghip sn xut c Tra ca chng ta phi khng ngng ci
tin k thut, trang thit b my mc, nng cao trnh tay ngh cho cng nhn
cng nh tm nhiu bin php c hiu qu gim nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu
v nng cao cht lng sn phm. Xut pht t thc t ny, khoa Ch bin trng
i hc Thu sn giao cho ti thc hin n tt nghip: Nghin cu xy
dng li mt s nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu v xut bin php nng cao
cht lng sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh xut khu Cng ty C phn Ch
bin Thc phm Sng Hu. Vi mc ch gip ti nm vng quy trnh cng ngh
ch bin c Tra fillet ng lnh ng thi suy ngh tm nhng bin php nhm nng
cao cht lng sn phm, gim nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu. Mt khc y l c
hi ti cng c li kin thc hc lm hnh trang sau khi ra trng v lm vic
cc x nghip.
Ni dung ca n bao gm:
1. Tm hiu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty.
2. Kho st nm vng cng ngh sn xut c Tra fillet ng lnh cng ty.
3. Xy dng li mt s nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu trong sn xut c Tra
fillet ng lnh cng ty.
4. Nghin cu cc dng h hng, gim cht lng sn phm v xut bin
php nng cao cht lng sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh cng ty.

6
Do thi gian thc tp v kin thc c hn nn n ny khng th trnh khi
nhng sai st. Rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca qi thy c,
cc anh ch i trc cng nh ca bn b v ng nghip.
Nng trng Sng Hu, thng 6 nm 2006
Sinh vin

L Minh Trung

7
Chng 1
TM HIU CHUNG V CNG TY C PHN CH BIN
THC PHM SNG HU (Sohafood).
1.1. LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA CNG TY:
Cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm Sng Hu trc y l Nh my Ch
bin Thc phm Nng trng Sng Hu (Sohafarm) l mt n v kinh doanh trc
thuc nng trng quc doanh Sng Hu.
ph hp vi chin lc pht trin kinh doanh v ha nhp kinh t ang
pht trin ca c nc, nn Ban gim c nong trng quyt nh chuyn i Nh
my Ch bin Thc phm Sohafarm thnh Cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm
Sng Hu (Sohafood) cng ty c php thnh lp v chnh thc i vo hot ng
vo thng 11 nm 2003.
Cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm Sng Hu l doanh nghip c hch
ton c lp, do vn ca cc c ng ng gp, trong vn nh nc do nng
trng Sng Hu nm gi l 51%. Tr s chnh v hai phn xng sn xut ca
cng ty t ti nng trng Sng Hu, p 1, x Thi Hng, huyn C , thnh ph
Cn Th. Cng ty c din tch tng th l 30000 m
2
, trong din tch xy dng
nh xng, bi l 10000 m
2
, vn phng v khu tp th cho cn b cng nhn vin l
5000 m
2
, din tch d b cn li khong 15000 m
2
. Pha trc cng ty l knh o
ln ca nng trng, tu thuyn trng ti trn 100 tn c th i li d dng, pha sau
cch Quc l 91 khong 800 m, nn thun tin cho vic lu thng ng thy ln
ng b v thun tin cho vic chuyn ch nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh
phm.
Ngy nay vi nhu cu cuc sng i hi ngy cng cao v cht lng thc
phm, trong c vn m bo an ton v sinh thc phm cho ngi tiu dng
nn cng ty khng ngng hc hi kinh nghim sn xut, p dng cc tin b ca

8
khoa hc k thut, ci to nng cp mt bng nh xng, h thng qun lycht
lng, p dng chng trnh qun lycht lng theo HACCP, GMP, SSOP, ISO
9001:2000 mt cch c hiu qu, nhm to s an ton v cht lng sn phm ca
cng ty i vi cc nhaxut nhp khu cng nh i vi ngi tiu dng trong v
ngoi nc.
Hin nay cng ty c hn 1000 cng nhn lnh ngh v c trang b kin
thc v an ton v sinh thc phm, cc chng trnh qun l cht lng ang p
dng ti nh my. Nng sut hng nm ca cng ty l trn 10.000 tn thy hi sn
ng lnh cc loi.
Cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm Sng Hu l mt cng ty hin i vi
y nhng trang thit b, my mc v nhng quy trnh cng ngh tin tin.
Cng ty hi cc iu kin m bo an ton v sinh thc phm thy sn
v c qun l cht ch bng cc chng trnh qun l cht lng theo ISO
9001:2000, HACCP. Hin nay cng ty ang tin hnh xy dng v p dng tiu
chun SQF 2000. Cng ty Sohafood l mt trong s t nhng cng ty c php
xut khu trc tip vo th trng Chu u (CODE EU l: DL 151).
1.2. C CU T CHC QUN L CA CNG TY NH SAU:

Hi ng qun tr
Ban gim c
Ban kim sot
Phng
TC
HC

Phng
K
ton

Phng
Kinh
doanh

Phng
K
thut

T C
in

iu
hnh
sn
xut

T
KCS

T
Thng
k

T
Kho
TP

S 1: C cu t chc qun l ca cng ty

9
Tng s cn b - cng nhn vin: 735 ngi.
- i hc: 25 ngi
- Trung cp, cao ng: 21 ngi
- Trung hc ph thng: 85 ngi.
- Trung hc c s: 175 ngi
- Hi ng qun tr:
L c quan qun l cao nht ca cng ty gia 2 k i hi. ng u l Ch
tch hi ng qun tr. Hi ng qun tr quyt nh mi vn lin quan n mc
ch v quyn li ca cng ty.
- Ban gim c:
Chu trch nhim v mi hot ng ca nh my: qun l kinh t, b tr nhn
s.
Theo di ton b hot ng ca cng ty.
Chu trch nhim trc Hi ng qun tr v mi kt qu hot ng ca cng
ty.
Nhn v lp k hoch sn xut t u vo cho n u ra.
D on k hoch sn xut cho tng thi k.
- Phng T chc - Hnh chnh:
C nhim v qun l iu hnh cng tc t chc hnh chnh ca cng ty,
theo di, gii quyt cc ch chnh sch cho ngi lao ng.
- Phng K ton:
Thc hin ton b cng tc ti chnh, k ton, thng k, thng tin kinh t v
hch ton kinh t ca x nghip.
Kim tra, kim sot nh k tnh hnh ti chnh ca cng ty.

10
Phn tch hot ng kinh t nhm nh gi ng tnh hnh sn xut, ci tin
vic qun l kinh doanh ca nh my, nh k bo co vi Ban gim c nh my.
- Phng Kinh doanh:
Chu trch nhim v vic thu mua nguyn vt liu phc v sn xut, tiu th
sn phm, tip th cng nh k hp ng thng mi vi khch hng.
- Phng K thut:
Chu trch nhim qun l v mt cht lng v an ton v sinh thc phm
ca tt c cc sn phm do cng ty lm ra, thit k mu m bao b, lm th tc ng
k bo kim ti c quan chc nng.
- T C in:
Cung cp in nc phc v sn xut.
Vn hnh, sa cha cc my mc thit b.
- iu hnh sn xut:
iu ng v b tr cng nhn t khu ny n khu khc cho quy trnh i
ngn nht v t yu cu cht lng.
- T KCS:
Trin khai kim tra gim st vic thc hin quy trnh k thut t tip nhn
nguyn liu, s ch, ch bin n thnh phm, ng gi v xut hng.
B tr nhn vin KCS thc hin kim tra v gim st cht lng sn phm
tng cng on.
Kim tra gim st dng c ha cht, vt t lin quan n qu trnh sn xut.
Tm bin php ngn chn gim bt cc tc hi i vi cht lng sn phm
v thc hin trit vic tit kim nguyn vt liu, ha cht.

11
Nhn vin KCS:
- Thc hin theo s phn cng ca t trng v t ph KCS.
- c quyn trin khai quy trnh sn xut.
- c quyn pht cng nhn vi phm quy trnh.
- T Thng k:
- C trch nhim ghi li khi lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, qua cc
cng on cng ty bit c lng nguyn liu mua vo, lng sn phm lm ra
t xc nh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu qua cc cng on ch bin.
- Phng Qun l Cht lng:
Trng phng:
- Ch o cc hot ng c lin quan n cht lng sn phm trong nh
my.
- Theo di hot ng ca ba b phn: i HACCP, phng Vi sinh v t
KCS.
- Lp k hoch hot ng cho ba b phn trn.
- Gii quyt cc s c xy ra trong nh my c lin quan n cht lng sn
phm v b my qun l cht lng.
- Thc hin o to, nng cao trnh chuyn mn cho cn b k thut
- Nghin cu cc bin php nhm gim chi ph sn xut, ci to cng ngh
ch bin, pht trin cc mt hng mi.
- c quyn quyt nh v thay i cc vn khng ph hp trong sn
xut c lin quan n cht lng sn phm.
- c quyn b nhim thay i nhn vin ca ba b phn trn.

12
- c quyn can thip vo nhng vn v cng vic khng ph hp trong
h thng qun l cht lng ca ton nh my.
Ph phng:
- H tr cho Trng phng ch o cc hot ng c li n quan n cht
lng sn phm trong nh my.
- Gii quyt cc s c xy ra trong nh my c lin quan n cht lng sn
phm.
- Kt hp vi cc b phn c lin quan o to nng cao trnh chuyn
mn cho cn b k thut.
- Nghin cu cc bin php nng cao cht lng sn phm m bo sn
phm nh my lm ra an ton v sinh thc phm.
- c quyn quyt nh mi vic c lin quan n cht lng sn phm
trong nh my.
- i HACCP:
i trng i HACCP:
- Xem xt v kim tra ton b h s v biu mu ghi chp hng ngy.
- Gii quyt nhng h hng bo co qua biu mu v trc tip ln phng
qun l cht lng hoc nhng s c xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut.
- Lp k hoch v iu phi k hoch ca h thng qun l cht lng theo
HACCP.
- c quyn quyt nh v nhn s trong i HACCP.
- c quyn thm tra v bc b nhng vn khng ph hp theo HACCP.
- c quyn ch nh v phn cng cng vic cho cn b c lin quan.

13
- c quyn ngh v gp kin vi Ban qun c v nhng vn c
lin quan n cht lng sn phm ca nh my.
i ph i HACCP:
- Xy dng cc chng trnh qun l cht lng theo HACCP, SSOP, GMP.
- Trin khai p dng gim st thc hin HACCP, SSOP, GMP trong ton nh
my.
- Xem xt ton b h s v biu mu ghi chp hng ngy.
- Gim st vic thc hin ghi chp cc biu mu hng ngy.
- Gii quyt s c xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut c lin quan n HACCP.
- c quyn gp vi trng phng Qun l Cht lng v i trng i
HACCP v cc vn c lin quan n HACCP.
- Phng Vi sinh:
- Thc hin qun l cht lng sn phm theo s phn cngca trng
phng Qun l Cht lng.
- Kim tra cc mu t bn thnh phm n thnh phm, mu v sinh cng
nghip.
- Tham gia gii quyt cc vn pht sinh, khiu ni ca khch hng c lin
quan n lnh vc v sinh.
- Gim st vic thc hin k hoch HACCP, chng trnh SSOP, GMP v
qun l cht lng ca nh my.
- i Bo v:
- Bo v ti sn ca cng nhn, ca nh my.
- Ngn cn nhng hnh vi xu xm phm n cng nhn v ngi ang thc
hin cng v.

14
1.3. MT S MT HNG SN XUT CA CNG TY:
Sn phm chnh ca x nghip hin nay ch yu l cc mt hng thy sn
ng lnh.
Hin nay x nghip ch yu sn xut mt hng c Tra fillet ng lnh.
Cng ty kh nng cung cp cho khch hng nhng loi thy sn ti sng
theo yu cu vi cht lng cao nh: Mc, c, gh, tm, nghu, s
Th trng xut khu ca cng ty ch yu l cc nc EU, M, v cc nc
Nht, Hn Quc, Trung Quc, Hng Kng, i Loan.
Bng 1.1: Sn lng v gi tr xut khu sang cc th trng nm 2004:
TH TRNG SN LNG
(tn)
GI TR XUT KHU
(t VN)
EU 2455 92.06
M 750 27.75
HNG KNG 325 11.37
TRUNG QUC 465 16.27
I LOAN 310 11.16
MALAYSIA 425 15.72

15
Bng 1.2: Sn lng v gi tr xut khu sang cc th trng nm 2005
TH TRNG SN LNG
(tn)
GI TR XUT KHU
(t VN)
EU 2750 103.12
M 550 20.35
HNG KNG 436 15.69
TRUNG QUC 430 15.48
I LOAN 358 12.53
MALAYSIA 412 14.42
Bng 1.3: Sn lng v gi tr xut khu sang cc th trng 6 thng u nm
2006
TH TRNG SN LNG
(tn)
GI TR XUT KHU
(t VN)
EU 1270 47.62
M 310 11.80
HNG KNG 255 8.92
TRUNG QUC 210 7.56
I LOAN 162 5.67
MALAYSIA 195 7.02

16
Chng 2
KHO ST NM VNG QUY TRNH
CNG NGH CH BIN C TRA FILLET NG LNH
2.1. GII THIU V NGUYN LIU C TRA:
2.1.1. Khi qut v c Tra:

Hnh 2.1: C Tra

Hnh 2.2: C Basa

17
C Tra c nui b kh ph bin cc tnh BSCL nhng tp trung nhiu
nht hai tnh ng Thp v An Giang chim din tch trn 60% s b nui. Hai
tnh ny c xem nh hai Trung tm nui c b BSCL chim 62,76% sn
lng c nui b ca khu vc trong nhng nm gn y.
Ngoi vic nui b th c Tra nui h, nui ng qung cng chim t l
khng nh trong nhng nm gn y. V vy ngun nguyn liu c Tra kh n nh
y chnh l c s pht trin ca cc x nghip ch bin c Tra xut khu.
C Tra c tn ti ng anh l Pangasius, tn khoa hoc l Pangasius
hypopththalmus. C Tra l loi c da trn thuc b c Nheo (Siluriformes).
c im c nui, chiu di gp 4 ln chiu rng, vy lng th nht c 5 tia,
vy th 2 l vy m, vy hu mn c 39 tia.
C sng nc ngt, thng nui phn ln b v h, c nui nn c quanh
nm.
S tp trung pht trin ngh nui c b BSCL mt mt l nh s thun
li v kh hu v dng chy ca ngun nc sng Cu Long vi hai nhnh chnh l
sng Tin v sng Hu. ng thi cng c nhiu yu t thun li khc v ngun
thc n, ngun ging do t nhin cung cp v kinh nghim nui c b c tch lu
qua nhiu nm ca ngi dn a phng. Ngoi ra sn phm c Tra tm c
nhiu th trng xut khu trn th gii nn gi thu mua tng i cao v n nh
do thc y ngi dn tp trung pht trin ngh nui c Tra nhm p ng nhu
cu sn lng cho cc nh my ch bin c Tra xut khu.
Mi trng nc sng Cu Long nhn chung c thay i vo ma ma v
ma kh. Vo ma ma l, lu lng nc thng dao ng t 18800 m
3
/giy n
48700 m
3
/giy. Vn tc dng chy vo ma ma l khong 0.5 0.6 m/s, ma
kh 0.1 0.2 m/s. Do vn tc nc chy qua b t gn b s cn thp hn rt
thun li cho vic t b nui cng nghip, c th t 2 n 3 hng b ni vi nhau.

18
Nhit bin thin qua cc ma, cao nht l 31
0
C vo thng 5 v thng 10,
thp nht l 26
0
C vo thng ging. Bin chnh lch trong ngy khong 5
0
C,
nhit trn tng mt cao hn di y 2 3
0
C.
trong v pH cng thay i theo ma. Vo ma kh, trong ca nc t
40 60 cm v pH = 7.5 nhng vo ma ma trong ch 8 10 cm v pH = 7
7.5. Mc nc sng kh n nh l c im rt c li cho i sng sinh vt thu
sn ni chung v c Tra ni ring.
cng nc sng dao ng t 2 5 , ch yu c hnh thnh trn c
s mui caboncanxi v thuc dng nc t mui khong. Nhn chung sng Tin
v sng Hu nc tng i sch thong kh y (4.3 9.7 mg/l). Hm lng
kh cacbonic thp (1.7 5.2 mg/l) ngha l nm di gii hn c hi i vi c v
sinh vt nui di nc. Ngoi ra khng c cc kh c trn sng h.
Nui c b l hnh thc nui cng nghip ch ng v tp trung. Ti cc khu
vc nui c Tra hin nay m ch yu l An Giang v ng Thp, ngun nguyn
liu thc n rt phong ph.
Khu vc t gic Long Xuyn, ng Thp Mi t ai mu m thch hp
cho canh tc cc loi nng sn v l ngun cung cp ch yu nguyn liu nng sn
ch bin thc n cho c nui b (cm, tm, u, bp).
Nhiu nm trc y v c n khi nui c Tra b thun li v pht trin,
con ging cung cp nui trong b ch yu c vt t nhin t sng Cu Long. Cc
loi nui trong b u thuc nhm c a phng, sng trong sng v cc khu vc
nc ngt. a s chng thch hp vi mi trng nc chy.
Hng nm c khong t 200 500 triu c Tra ging c vt t t nhin v
ng nui, sau c ging c chuyn i bn cho ngi nui khp cc tnh Nam
B.
Hin nay Vitt Nam hon ton ch ng cho sinh sn c Tra. Trong nm
1999 cc a phng cho nhn to c 500 triu c Tra bt. Do gim hn

19
ngh vt c trn sng. Nm 1999 c nhn to mi ch cung cp c khong
80% nhu cu v c ging.
Thnh phn khi lng c Tra ni ring v ng vt thy sn ni chung bin
i theo ging loi, tui tc, c ci, thc n, khu vc sinh sng
T l cc thnh phn c Tra:
- Tht: 33 38 %.
- M c: 15 24 %.
- Xng c u vy: 27 42 %.
- Ni tng: 2,5 4 %.
- Da: 5 7,5 %.
Thng t l ny thay i theo trng lng c, nu c cng ln th t l tht
s tng nhiu hn cc thnh phn khc. T thnh phn khi lng ta xc nh c
lng nguyn liu cung cp cho mt ngy sn xut, nh mc k thut, xc nh
c gi thnh sn phm.
Thnh phn ha hc ca c Tra ph thuc vo ma v, iu kin sinh sng,
thc n, tui, ging loi S khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc ca n nh
hng rt ln n: mi v, gi tr dinh dng, cht lng sn phm, vic bo qun,
qu trnh ch bin .v.v.
Thnh phn ha hc ca ming c Tra fillet:
- Nc: 79 %.
- Protein: 17 %.
- Lipid: 3.5 %.

20
Ta thy hm lng nc v Lipid trong c Tra chim t l kh cao. Do t
chc lin kt trong c tht c lng lo nn d dng b bin dng bi tc ng c hc
ng thi c d dng b h hng do s oxy ho.
Bng 2.1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c Tra (theo danh mc sn phm thu
sn Vit Nam trn trang web: www.fistenet.gov.vn).
Thnh phn dinh dng ca c Tra (trong 100g sn phm n c)
Calo Calo t
cht bo
Tng lng
cht bo
Cht bo
bo ho
Cholesterol Natri Protein
124.52 cal 30.84 cal 3.42 g 1.64 g 25.2 mg 70.6 mg 23.42 g
2.1.2. Cc hnh thc nui c Tra ng bng sng Cu Long:
a. Hnh thc nui b:
Khu vc BSCL c th nui b quanh nm c bit l sng Tin, sng Hu
v mt s sng rch ln cng c th t b nui c Tra.

Hnh 2.3: B nui c Tra BSCL.

21
Ni t b nui phi c ngun nc ngt, sch, di do quanh nm. su
ca sng t b phi su hn chiu cao ca b khi nc thp nht t nht l 0.5m, c
dng chy thng, lu tc ca nc t 0.2 0.5 m/s. Khng t b ni nc cn,
khng chy hoc chy qu mnh, ni c hoc gip ngun nc bn. Nn t b
ni giao thng thun tin v gn nh tin vic cung cp thc n, chm sc, qun
l v tiu th khi thu hoch.
Chun b b nui: Trc khi th c phi tin hnh v sinh sch s b nui,
kim tra tu sa h thng dy neo, neo, phao v thay th cc chi tit h hng.
Th c ging: C ging phi u, mu sc ti sng, c th cn i, bi li
nhanh nhn thnh n, da c bng lng khng b vt try, khng d hnh. trnh
th phi ging c Tra c tht vng cn xc minh lai lch, ngun gc ging c.
Mt th c t 80 120 con/m
2
. C c th trong b l ging ln c khi
lng t 60 80 g/con. Trc khi th ging phi tm cho c bng nc mui
(NaCl) c nng 0.2 0.3% trong thi gian t 10 15 pht phng k sinh
trng.
Chun b chm sc b nui: Thc n t ch bin v thc n cng nghip
c s dng nui c trong b. Thnh phn nguyn liu v cch phi ch thc n
t ch bin phi theo tiu chun ngnh 28TCN 188 : 2004. Yu cu cht lng thc
n trong 2 thng u phi m bo c hm lng m 28%. Giai on tip theo
hm lng m ca thc n gim xung cn 25 26%. Trong 2 thng cui cng
trc khi thu hoch hm lng m trong thc n gim xung cn 20 22%.
Phng php cho n: Mi ngy cho n t 2 3 ln. Cho c n vo lc thy
triu ln hoc lc nc ang chy mnh. Cho n ti nhiu im trong b. Khi cho n
thc n phi a xung b t t tt c c trong b nui u c th n c thc
n. ng thi c s dng ht lng thc n a xung b khng gy lng ph v
nhim mi trng.

22
Phng v tr bnh cho c: Trong qu trnh nui phi lun gi ngun nc
sch s, b c hp v sinh, li thng thong. Thng xuyn theo di b nui nu
thy mi trng nc xu, c n km hoc xut hin bnh phi c bin php x l
kp thi.
Thu hoch: sau thi gian nui khong 7 8 thng th c t cht lng
thng phm v tu theo yu cu ca khch hng c th tin hnh thu hoch c
nui. Nu s dng thuc th y, ch phm sinh hc v ho cht phng tr bnh
cho c trong qu trnh nui th phi sau t nht 4 tun k t khi ngng s dng thuc
mi c php thu hoch c. Khng c thu hoch c khi c quan Kim tra Cht
lng v V sinh Thu sn c lnh cm thu hoch do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau.
Trc khi thu hoch 3 ngy phi ngng cho c n. Khi thu hoch c dng li bt
t t cho n ht. Nn thu hoch trong thi gian ngn trnh hao ht v tht thot
lm gim nng sut ca b nui.
u im ca phng php nui b: Tn t din tch, c pht trin nhanh
chng, mau thu hoch, c th kt hp nui cng mt s loi c khc n lm sch b
nui. Thi gian thm canh ngn, nhanh thu hi vn d dng nh bt, vn chuyn
c, c s c c tht chc hn mu p hn nu c nui ng k thut.
Nhc im: Do b nui c t trn sng nn nu chn v tr t b nui
khng thch hp th c chm ln, d b nhim thuc tr su, cc kim loi nng,
thuc khng sinh, c d nhim bnh ca c nui cc b xung quanh. C nui trong
b th thi gian nui ngn, c t vn ng nn lng m nhiu.
b. Hnh thc nui hm:
Yu cu k thut i vi ao nui: Ao nui c din tch t 500 m
2
tr ln, su
nc khong 2 3 m. C cng ch ng cp thot nc d dng, mi trng
nc ao trong qu trnh nui v phi m bo cc ch tiu sau:
- Nhit nc ao nui t 26 30
0
C.
- PH = 7 8

23
- Hm lng oxy ho tan ln hn 2mg/lt.
Cht lng ngun nc cp cho ao phi sch, khng b nhim.
Chun b ao nui: Tt cn nc dit ht c tp, c d, dn sch c quanh m
b, lp ht hang hc, p sa cha nhng ch b st l. Vt bt bn y, ri vi bt
y v mi b ao vi khi lng vi khong 7 10 kg/m
2
, phi y ao t 1 2
ngy. Cp nc vo trong ao qua li chn lc ngn nga ch hi cho c nui.
Khi nc su quy nh 2 3 m th th c ging.
Th c ging: C Tra ging nui thng phm phi t yu cu cht
lng theo quy nh ca tiu chun ngnh 28TCN 170 :2001. C u, mu sc ti
sng, c th cn i, bi li nhanh nhn thnh n, da c bng lng, khng b vt
try, khng d hnh. Cn xc minh ngun gc v lai lch ca ging c.
Mt th c nui t 15 20 con/m
2
.
C c ging th nui c chiu di 10 14 cm.
Qun l chm sc: C th s dng 2 loi thc n sau nui c Tra trong ao.
Loi th nht l thc n t ch bin c phi ch t cc nguyn liu chnh l c
tp, cm, tm, v mt s nguyn liu khc. Thnh phn nguyn liu phi cn i,
nguyn liu c xy nhuyn, trn u vi cm ri nu chn. Sau cho nguyn
liu vo my p ct thc n thnh dng si ngn hoc vin hoc nn thnh cc nh.
Loi th hai l thc n dng vin ch bin cng nghip do nh my sn xut thc n
cung cp. Cht lng thc n theo ng quy nh ca tiu chun ngnh 28 TCN 188
: 2004. Yu cu cht lng thc n ca cc giai on nui phi ph hp. Trong 2
thng u thc n phi m bo hm lng m l 28%. Giai on tip theo hm
lng m gim xung cn 25 26%. Trong 2 thng trc khi thu hoch hm
lng m ca thc n gim xung cn 20 22%.
Phng php cho n: Mi ngy cho n t 2 4 ln, sng vo lc 6 gi, 10
gi v chiu vo lc 15 gi, 18 gi. Khu phn n ca c theo kinh nghim nui v
s hng dn ca cng ty thc n.

24
Qun l ao nui: hng ngy phi ch theo di hot ng ca c, mc s
dng thc n, tnh hnh thi tit iu chnh lng thc n cho hp l v t hiu
qu. Thng xuyn kim tra quan st ao nui pht hin v x l kp thi cc hin
tng bt thng nh ao b r r nc, b b st l, ng cng h hng. Khi thy
hin tng c ni u khc bnh thng phi nhanh chng xc nh nguyn nhn
c bin php x l kp thi ng thi cho nc vo trong ao v ngng cho c n.
Thay nc cho ao nui hng ngy mi ngy khong 25 30% lng nc c trong
ao. Kt hp sc kh cho ao nui nu c iu kin.
Kim tra c: Mi thng kim tra c mt ln, khi kim tra bt ngu nhin
khong 25 30 c th xc nh trng lng, nh gi s tng trng ca c v pht
hin tnh trng bnh ca c trong ao nui c bin php x l kp thi.
Phng v tr bnh cho c: Trong khi nui tin hnh kh trng nc ao bng
cch dng vi bt ho vi nc ri tt u khp mt ao vi lng 1.5 2.0
kg/100m
3
nc ao. C th dng ch phm vi sinh x l v kh trng nc ao nui
phng bnh cho c. Thng xuyn theo di kim tra mi trng nc ao nui
m bo gi ngun nc ao trong sch. Nu thy mi trng nc xu, c km n
hoc xut hin bnh phi c bin php x l kp thi.
Thu hoch: Sau thi gian nui 8 10 thng khi c t cht lng thng
phm v tu theo yu cu ca khch hng c th tin hnh thu hoch ton b c
nui trong ao. Nu s dng thuc th y, ch phm sinh hc, ho cht tr bnh cho
c khi nui th phi sau t nht 4 tun k t khi ngng s dng mi c php thu
hoch c Tra.
C thu hoch: Trc khi thu hoch 3 ngy phi ngng cho c n, khi thu
hoch dng li bt t t cho n ht. Nn thu hoch trong thi gian ngn trnh
hao ht v tht thot lm gim nng sut v sn lng. Sau v thu hoch phi tt
cn ao lm cng tc chun b cho v nui tip theo.

25
u im ca hnh thc nui hm: Ao nui c th ch ng c ngun nc
nn c th phng bnh cho c v s ly nhim khng sinh, thuc tr su t mi
trng bn ngoi, sn lng c nui ln.
Nhc im ca hnh thc nui hm: Chi ph ban u ln, thi gian nui lu
nu chm sc c khng tt th mu sc c tht c xu dn n gim gi thnh, thit
hi kinh t
c. Hnh thc nui qung:
i vi c Tra nui qung th cc cng on th c ging, qun l chm sc
c, thu hoch c tng i ging vi c Tra nui trong b. Ci khc c bn l cch
chn v chun b qung nui.
a im t qung phi c ngun nc sch quanh nm trong sut thi gian
nui c Tra, mc nc su trung bnh l 2m. Tu v tr m chn ng 2 hoc 3 mt
nui c. Li c th bng li co thi, li b c, li inox.
Qung nui thng tn dng vng t bi bi ca cc sng c bit l sng
Tin v sng Hu.
Thit k qung nui c, dng sm mc t gia qung p ra pha ngoi
lm chn b cm ng. su gia qung khi nc xung thp nht phi m bo
2m. ng lm bng tre phi kh an li cm ng xung chn b lm sn, chn
tre cm xung t khong 0.5m m bo chc chn khi dng nc chy mnh. Bn
ngoi ng dng li thi c mt li np st vo ng bo v c v gim lu tc
nc.
Khi lm qung xong li dng lc nc rng l chn b ln ch cn nc
trong qung ta tin hnh dit c tp, m bo dit ht c tp trong qung.
u im ca hnh thc nui qung: Chi ph ban u thp, thi gian nui
ngn, nhanh thu hi vn.

26
Nhc im ca hnh thc nui qung: Do khng iu chnh c ngun
nc nn c vn c th b nhim bnh thm ch l c thuc tr su, cht khng sinh.
Ch thch hp vi vic th con ging ln.
- Nhn xt:
Nui c Tra tht c sn lng th d dng, song c c cht lng t
yu cu ch bin th i hi phi thc hin ng yu cu k thut tng khu v cc
khu lin hon vi nhau. Nui c Tra t tiu chun xut khu, tht trng thm phi
ch ti 3 yu t:
- V cch chn con ging: Chn con ging c c tht trng, cch nui c Tra
ging phi m bo k thut.
- Mi trng nc nui c v nn y phi sch s.
- Thc n c nhiu cht khng ph hp cng lm tht c c mu vng.
m bo c khng b nhim khng sinh th ngi nui c phi khng s
dng cc cht c cha khng sinh nh s dng malachitereen st trng ao nui.
Khng tn dng cc ph phm nhim sau ch bin lm thc n cho c nh m
c. Khng nn dng thc n cng nghip c nghi ng dng khng sinh nn dng
thc n ca nhng cng ty c uy tn.
Bng 2.2: Cc thng s k thut t c trong nui thng phm c Tra
(theo ti liu khuyn ng c Tra trn trang web: www.fistenet.gov.vn).
Ch tiu Trong ao h Trong ng qung Trong b
Thi gian (thng) 6 - 8 6 - 7 6 - 7
Nng sut (tn/ha) 100 - 300 200 - 400 100 - 120
C c thu hoch (kg) 1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5

27
2.2. PHNG THC THU MUA:
Cng tc thu mua nguyn liu l ht sc quan trng v cht lng nguyn
liu quyt nh trc tip n cht lng sn phm cng nh hiu qu kinh t v kh
nng cnh tranh ca sn phm trn th trng. V vy phi t chc khu thu mua
nguyn liu, nghin cu th trng bit gi c thu mua nh th no cho hp l l
vic lm v cng cn thit v quan trng. Gi c thu mua nguyn liu khng nhng
c vai tr quan trng vi sn lng m cn nh hng n c cht lng nguyn
liu. V th phi nhy bn nm bt s bin i gi c t ngt ca th trng. C
nh vy mi m bo thu mua nguyn liu vi s lng ln, m bo cht lng
tt, sn xut lin tc mang li hiu qu kinh t cao.
Cng ty thu mua nguyn liu theo 2 hnh thc l thu mua trc tip v thu
mua gin tip.
- Thu mua trc tip: Do cc thng li ch nguyn liu n bn cho cng ty.
Nguyn liu trc khi mua c nhn vin khu tip nhn kim tra, nu nguyn
liu t tiu chun th mi tip nhn v tin hnh cn thu mua.
- u im: t hao tn nhn lc v phng tin vn chuyn.
- Nhc im: Tnh cht thu mua khn g n nh cht lng nguyn liu
km do thng li bo qun khng ng k thut.
- Thu mua gin tip: X nghip c ngi n vng c nguyn liu thu
mua. Nhn vin c i mua phi c trnh nghip v, c kinh nghim, phi trung
thc xp hng, phn c, loi v nh gi ng tiu chun cht lng ca nguyn
liu.
- u im: Ch ng c ngun nguyn liu v phng php bo qun vn
chuyn v cng ty.
- Nhc im: Hao tn nhn lc v chi ph vn chuyn v x nghip.
- Hin nay x nghip ch yu l thu mua trc tip.

28
Mc d x nghip khng nm ngay trn vng c ngun nguyn liu nh cc
tnh khc. Nhng u th l x nghip xy dng ngay ti khu trung tm ca khu vc
BSCL nn chi ph thu mua vn chuyn v chi ph hao ht thp, cht lng nguyn
liu tt, gi c thu mua hp l, phng thc thanh ton tin li, nhanh chng.
cng l iu kin tt cho x nghip c ngun nguyn liu n nh, phc v cho
vic sn xut quanh nm v tng bc m rng qui m sn xut lu di.
Hin nay cc thng li vn chuyn c v x nghip bng ghe c c l cho
nc ra vo t do ko di thi gian sng ca c. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn
khng nn dng li dc ng. Nu c dng li, ni dng li phi c nc sch v
c nc chy, khng ghe phi nng, i vi vn tc nh, trnh c va p vo
thnh ghe, thng xuyn vt cc vt bn ra cho oxy ha tan vo nc.
- u im: Hiu qu vn chuyn c vi s lng ln.
- Nhc im: Thi gian vn chuyn di hn ng b.
Ngoi ra x nghip cn vn chuyn c Tra bng ng b thng dng cc
thng nha ng c cho ln xe, khi vn chuyn do xe chy lm sng snh nc ln
oxy d ha tan vo trong nc. Nu vn chuyn bng xe cn thay nc nhiu ln,
cho mt t nc vo h nhit ca nc, sc kh oxy vo nc thng
xuyn, vt b cn bn trong nc.
Nu thay nc ta dng nc sng h, khng nn dng nc ging v ao bn
v lng oxy trong chng thp.
- u im: Thi gian vn chuyn nhanh hn ng thy.
- Nhc im: khng vn chuyn c vi s lng ln.

29
2.3. TIU CHUN NH GI NGUYN LIU:

Hnh 2.4: C Tra nguyn liu
Khu nh gi nguyn liu l mt khu rt quan trng, v n quyt nh gi
c tr ca sn phm i vi tng loi nguyn liu.
- nh gi t ngun nui:
- Nguyn liu c nui vng c nhim bn hay khng, thc n c nhim
khng sinh khng, iu kin nui
- i vi nguyn liu c th ta phi xc nh ngun gc ca c nui u,
nui b hay nui trong ao, nc trong ao nh th no c b nhim khng.
- Tiu chun cm quan:
C l c nui c khai thc t cc vng nui ng tiu chun v sinh mi
trng v qui nh v kim sot vic s dng thuc khng sinh d lng thuc bo
v thc vt do c quan nh nc c thm quyn ban hnh. Tiu chun nh gi
nguyn liu th hin bng 2.3

30
Bng 2.3: Tiu chun c nguyn liu
Ch tiu Yu cu
1. Mu sc.
2. Mi.
3. Trng thi
- c trng cho tng loi.
- Mi tanh t nhin khng hi thi hay mi khc.
- C ti sng khng dp nt, khng try da, khng bnh
tt. Trng lung mi con > 1Kg.
Bng 2.4: TCVN 2005-77
Ch tiu Yu cu
1. Mu sc

2. Trng thi

3. Mi
- Ming c fillet phi trng, cho php pht hng c ng
gn mu. ng mu t nhin phi c ly ra Ch cn
mu nhng khng m hoc nu trn ming c.
-Ming fillet phi tt, n hi sn chc, bng lng t nhin
khng cn da, xng tht vanh gn gng, b mt nhn,
khng thng. Ming c fillet phi sch v khng c s hin
din ca bt k sinh vt no.
- Mi tanh t nhin ca ging khng c mi mu t nhin
ca ging, khng c mi n thi hay ln mi khc.

31
2.4.QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT C TRA FILLET NG LNH:
X nghip sn xut c tra fillet ng lnh theo quy trnh sau:
Nguyn liu
Ct tit, ngm, ra
Fillet, ngm ra, cn
Lng da, cn
Chnh hnh, kim, cn
Ra 1
Phn s b
Cn ra 2
Quay trn
Bt mu, phn c
Cn ra 3
Xp khun
Ch ng
Cp ng
Ra ng
Bao gi
Bo qun
m bng

32
Thuyt minh qui trnh:
- Nguyn liu:
c Tra nguyn liu c x nghip thu mua t tnh An Giang v cc ao trong
vng ln cn v c vn chuyn v nh my bng cc ghe c c my bm lu
thng nc.
Thao tc k thut: C khi v n nh my c kim tra cm quan li mt
ln na trc khi a vo ch bin. C t di ghe c vt c ln bng vt, vo
thng nha v a ln xe ba gc v y thng vo phng tip nhn nguyn liu.
phng tip nhn nguyn liu c c cn ngay v nhanh chng a vo khu ct
tit.
Yu cu k thut: Nguyn liu c trc khi a vo ch bin phi cn sng,
khng mang mm bnh (nm ) da c phi bng nhn khng vt try xc,c
khng b khuyt tt. Trc khi a nguyn liu vo ch bin phi ngng cho c n
t nht l 3 ngy, khi kim tra bao t c phi sch thc n. C phi c kch thc,
trng lng ch bin m bo theo yu cu. L c phi ng nht v mu sc,size
c, trng lng ch bin theo yu cu ca khch hng. L c khng c ln nhiu
c tp. Cc thao tc trong khu tip nhn nguyn liu phi nhanh chng, nh nhng
khng dng c tip nhn tc ng mnh trc tip ln c th c lm bm dp c
tht c, gy hao tn nguyn liu ch bin.
Mc ch, ngha: Cung cp nguyn liu cho nh my, to iu kin cho cc
qu trnh ch bin tip theo.
Tt c nhng tiu chun trn mi cng nhn khu vc tip nhn u phi nm
vng thc hin cho ng, trnh ch bin c khng t tiu chun cht lng.
KCS v t trng cng phi hp gim st cht ch cng on ny.

33
- Ct tit, ngm, ra:

Hnh 2.5: Ct tit c Tra
C sau khi cn xong, cng nhn chuyn ngay ln bn ct tit. Ti v tr ct
tit, cc cng nhn ct tit phi nm vng cc tiu chun v c nguyn liu, trnh
ct tit nhng con c khng t tiu chun. Khi c t tiu chun nh nu cng
on trn mi c ct tit.
Mc ch: Ly ht tit cho c tht c c trng.
Chun b: Cho nc sch vo y bn v lun c ng chy trn.
Thao tc k thut: c nm trn bn hu quay v pha trong lng, u quay
v pha tay thun, tay tri cm v pha ui (Khong 2/3 chiu di c, trnh c
ngc u, vy bi s lm rch tay), km c xung bn, tay thun cm dao chc mi
dao xung su khong 3 5 cm vo v tr di cc lp l mang, st yt hu c nh
mi dao, n li dao quanh hu ct t cun tim. Khi ct tit xong, b ngay vo
bn nc ngm c vng vy cho tit tro ra.
Yu cu k thut:
- Phi ct t cun tim.
- Ct tit xong phi ngm ngay.

34
- Lun c nc chy trn.
- Thi gian ct tit trong mt bn cng nhanh cng tt (thng khong 5 10
pht).
- Ta phi ch cho tit ra ht mi vt c ra fillet. Thi gian t lc ct tit ht
bn n khi fillet khong 5 10 pht. Trc khi fillet phi ra qua nc Clorine 50
ppm tiu dit vi sinh vt.
Tng thi gian ca cng on ny khng c qu di hay qu ngn. V nu
qu ngn th c cha cht, mu khng ra ht. Cn qu di th s xy ra hin tng t
cng rt kh fillet lm gim cht lng v tng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu.
Thng thi gian ca cng on ny l 20 pht.
Mc ch, ngha: Git cht c v x sch mu c to iu kin cho cng
on fillet c d dng hn.
- Fillet:

Hnh 2.6: Fillet c Tra
Chun b: Mi cng nhn chun b mt thau ng nc Clorine 20 ppm. Mt
dao fillet, mt tht nha.
Thao tc k thut: fillet mt 1: t c ln tht fillet, lng quay vo lng
ngi fillet, u c quay v pha tay thun. Ta fillet theo 3 ng dao sau:

35
- ng 1: Tay thun cm dao, ct mt ng st bn mang c, sau lch
mi dao vo lng (st vi u c) ly ht tht u ri xui mi dao xung dc
ng lng sao cho mi dao st vi xng sng v to vi lng c mt gc 15
0
. Ti
k lng ta lch dao qua khi k lng (thao tc ny phi kho lo trnh st tht
v tr ny). Sau , i dc ng dao xung ui.
Yu cu ng ao phi st vi xng sn, khng st tht, ch nm v pha
bn lng ca ng xng sng (nu mi dao sang bn kia ca ng xng sng
th ti v tr quanh xng sng s b st tht dn n tng nh mc tiu hao nguyn
liu).
- ng 2: Tay tri lt ming c ca ng dao fillet bng ngn ci, bn
ngn kia s trn vo xng bng km cht c, tay phi cm dao ko ng dao t
2/3 thn c ngc ln pha u, ti xng bng hi nga mi dao ln trnh gy
xng bng v cui ng dao phi tch c hai xng sn bng trn cng (st
u) tch khi ming fillet.
- ng 3: V tr tay tri vn gi ngyn, tay phi cm dao a vo v tr hai
xng sn bng va tch ra, p xng bng xung, ri ko li dao xui theo
ui mt gc 30
0
so vi xng sng, ta c ming c fillet.
Fillet mt 2: lng c quay vo lng, u quay v pha tay ngc, ngn tr
tay tri mc vo l st vy mang, cc ngn kia bp cht u c v km xung.
- ng 1: Tay thun cm dao, ct mt ng st bn mang c, sau lch
mi dao vo lng (st vi u c) ly ht tht u ri xui mi dao xung dc
ng lng sao cho mi dao st vi xng sn v to vi lng c mt gc 15
0
.
Ti k lng ta lch mi dao qua (thao tc ny phi kho lo trnh st tht v tr
ny) sau i dc ng dao xung ui.
- ng 2: Tay tri lt ming c ca ng fillet bng ngn ci, bn ngn
kia s trn vo xng bng km cht c, tay phi cm dao ko ng dao t 2/3
thn c ngc ln pha u, ti xng bng hi nga mi dao ln trnh gy

36
xng bng v cui ng dao phi tch c hai xng sn bng trn cng (st
u) tch khi ming fillet.
- ng 3: V tr tay tri vn gi nguyn, tay phi cm dao a vo v tr hai
xng sn bng va tch ra, p xng bng xung, ri ko li dao xui theo
ui mt gc 30
0
so vi xng sng, ta c ming c fillet.
Yu cu k thut:
- Ming fillet phi phng p trnh rch nt.
- Khng st tht trn xng hay st xng trn ming fillet.
- Fillet xong, ming Fillet ngm trong thau nc chun b sn vi nng
Clorine 20 ppm, vi mc ch sch mu trng tht, dit mt phn vi sinh vt.
- Thi gian ngm trong thau l 10 15 pht sau c chuyn n cn v
ra.
Mc ch, ngha: Tch ring phn tht trn c th c, loi b phn khng n
c, to iu kin cho cc cng on ch bin tip theo.
y l cng on rt quan trng n lin quan n nh mc tiu hao nguyn
liu. V vy cng on ny c kim sot rt cht ch bi KCS v t trng.
- Ra:
Thao tc k thut: Cc ming fillet c ra sch mu trong cc thau ln.
Dng tay o lin tc cho mu ra ht, khi ra sch th vt c ra chuyn sang cng
on lng da.
Yu cu k thut: Ra c bng nc sch, nhit nc ra l nhit nc
thng. Khng nn ra c bng nc lnh v nhit thp lm cho ming fillet
cng hn, m ng c thao tc ra s rt kh khn nng sut s khng cao. Nng
chlorine ca nc ra trong thau phi m bo t 30 50 ppm. Thao tc ra
ng k thut, pha nc ra xong mi tin hnh ra c. Nc ra ch c php s
dng mt ln duy nht, ra sch mu trn ming fillet.

37
Mc ch, ngha: Loi b mu trn b mt ming c v cc cht bn ln
vo t ni tng trong qu trnh fillet. Cng on ny cng loi bt mt phn vi sinh
vt trn b mt ming fillet. Tng gi tr cm quan cho ming c sau ny.
- Lng da:

Hnh 2.7: Lng da ming c Tra fillet.
Thao tc k thut:
- V sinh bn my trc ri khi ng my.
- t ming c fillet ln bn, b mt da tip xc vi bn my, y t ui n
ht ming fillet. Ming c va ly da ring cn da c my tch ra i vo mng
ng ph phm chuyn ra ngoi.
Yu cu k thut: Da khng c st li trn ming c, khng mt tht,
ming c phi phng, nhit trong phng t 18 20
0
C.
Mc ch, ngha: Lm tng gi tr cm quan cho ming c fillet. Da c khi
loi ra c tn dng sn xut mt s sn phm khc gp phn h gi thnh sn
phm, nng cao hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty. To iu hin cho vic
gt c tht pha di da c, to iu kin cho cc cng on tip theo.

38
- Chnh hnh, kim, cn:
Chnh hnh:

Hnh 2.8: Chnh hnh ming c Tra fillet lng da.
- Chun b:
+ Mi cng nhn c mt dao chuyn dng, mt tht nha, mt thau nc
Clorine 20 30 ppm, nhit < 10
0
C.
+ m bo nhit , nc lun c lm lnh bng vy. V vy nu
thi gian ra ko di, s lm nng thuc gim, nc d, m bo ta nn thay
nc 3 r/ ln.
- Thao tc k thut: Ta tin hnh chnh hnh theo bn bc:
+ Bc 1: Ta t ming c lng da ln tht, mt bng nga ln. Dng dao
ly ht phn m bng v xng.
+ Bc 2: Ta ly ht phn tht v m trn lng, ly sch ri ta chuyn
xung ly phn m pha bng.
+ Bc 3: Bc ny ta cng ly ht tht v m nhng ch n d bng
( rng ca d bng ph thuc vo yu cu ca khch hng).

39
+ Bc 4: Bc ny ta dng li dao co ht c tht sng lng, sng
dao hi nghing v pha trc khi phm tht, ch trnh lm rch sng lng.
Sau khi lm xong ta ra sch bng nc lnh chun b trn v khi m
st li s ng t li, lc ny ta kim tra m d dng. Sau dng vy bo
qun v nhit bn thnh phm ti cng on ny < 15
0
C. Khi lm xong mt r
th mang n bn kim ngay. nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu 1.35 l t, tc l
trc khi sa c mi r 3 kg sau khi chnh hnh c cn li 2,35 kg tr ln.
- Yu cu k thut:
+ Bn thnh phm sau khi chnh hnh xong phi khng cn st c tht ,
m, xng. Ming c phi nhn, phng, khng c rch nt.
+ Nhit phng chnh hnh phi di 15
0
C.
- Mc ch, ngha: Lm tng gi tr cm quan v gi tr dinh dng cho
ming fillet. Ph liu ca cng on chnh hnh ch yu l m bng, tht vn dng
sn xut mt s mt hng khc gp phn tng thu li nhun cho cng ty, gim
gi thnh sn phm.
Kim tra k sinh trng:
- Thao tc k thut: Cho bn soi k sinh trng hot ng, t ming fillet ln
trn bn soi. Dng mt kim tra s hin din ca k sinh trng, nu pht hin k
sinh trng c trn ming c th phi tch b ming c . Nhng ming fillet khng
c k sinh trng c a sang cng on x l cm quan.
- Yu cu k thut: Khng c k sinh trng hi n din trn ming fillet.
Nhng vt en, vt bm trn ming fillet u phi loi b ht trnh st k sinh
trng. Do ti nhng ch mt thng khng th nhn thy c k sinh trng.
- Mc ch, ngha: Loi tr mi nguy k sinh trng hin din trn sn
phm.

40
- Ra:
- Thao tc k thut: Cho nc vo thau ri cho vy vo lm lnh xung
nhit nh hn 10
0
C. r c vo cho ngp u nc, ri dng tay khuy nh 2
3 vng, nhit ny m ng vn cc li tch ra khi ming c. Lun lun
nhn r cho chm vo thau nc, dng tay pht m ni ln mt r ra ngoi ri nng
r ln khi mt nc ro nc, a i kim tra v cn.
- Yu cu k thut: Nhit nh hn 10
0
C, c ra 10 r thay nc mt ln.
Trong qu trnh ra nu thy m ng li dnh bm vo nhau ta gt b cho vo st
ng ph liu ri tip tc ra, thng xuyn b sung thm m bo nhit theo
yu cu.
- Mc ch, ngha: Lm sch tp cht, m v vi sinh vt cn st li.
- Phn loi s b:
Mc ch: la ra nhng ming c cn st xng, da, m, tht vt bm, vt
rch chnh sa li cho t tiu chun. ng thi phn chia lm 2 loi ln nh
thun tin trong qu trnh quay tng trng.
- Cn, Ra 2:
C sau khi phn chia s b cn mi r 5 kg ra. mc ch loi b vi
sinh vt, tp cht bm trn bn thnh phm. Tin hnh ra qua 3 thau nc nh sau:
Bng 2.5: Cc thng s k thut khi ra
Cc thng s Nng chlorine (ppm) Nhit (
0
C) Thi gian ra (giy)
Thau 1 10 < 5 5
Thau 2 5 < 5 5
Thau 3 0 < 5 5

41
Thao tc k thut: Ta ra t thau 1 n thau 3. Trong qu trnh ra ta phi
nhn chm r c v khuy o nh nhng trnh nt ming c. Khi thy nc ra ,
ta phi tin hnh thay nc.
Yu cu k thut: Phi loi sch m cn cn dnh trn ming fillet.
Mc ch, ngha: Lm sch ming fillet trc khi tin hnh x l cm
quan, loi b mt phn vi sinh vt. Cn bit khi lng c m pha dung dch
thuc quay tng trng cho ph hp.
- Quay, Trn:
Chun b dung dch quay.
- Thuc tng trng: 3%.
- Thuc nht: 0.015%.
- Mui: 0.3%.
Thao tc k thut: Cho dung dch vo my quay sau cho c vo theo t l
1:3. Thi gian quay t 7 10 pht. S vng quay: 8 vng/ pht. Nhit dung dch
quay < 5
0
C.
Yu cu k thut: Nng dung dch thuc x l cm quan phi ph hp vi
tng loi c, c c, yu cu ca khch hng. Tc ci quay phi hp l nu nhanh
qu ming fillet s b nhng nt, nu chm qu th thi gian x l lu khng t
nng sut. C sau khi x l cm quan phi c mu p, bng, kh nng gi nc
tt. Trng lng ming fillet phi ln hn trng lng trc khi quay. Hm lng
cc cht trong thuc x l cm quan phi theo tiu chun ca B Thy sn.
Mc ch, ngha: Tng gi tr cm quan cho ming fillet, mu sc ming c
ti sng hn, n hi ca c tht tt, tng gi thnh cho sn phm. Lm tng
trng lng ca ming fillet tng so vi ban u. Lm gim nh mc tiu hao
nguyn liu, tit kim c nguyn vt liu lm ra mt n v sn phm. To iu
kin thun li cho cng on bt mu phn c, phn loi c.

42
- Phn loi, phn c:

Hnh 2.9: Kim tra c c.
Thao tc k thut: C c phn phi trn cc bn phn c thnh tng cm
nh. Chun b sn cc r cha c, size, cn. Ngi cng nhn dng tay bt nhng
ming fillet, phn mu sc, trng lng theo quy nh. Ngi phn c phi thng
xuyn dng cn kim tra c m bo chnh xc theo yu cu ca khch hng hay
quy nh ca cng ty. Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng ta c th phn loi khc
nhau. Thc t ti nh my c c phn ra 3 loi (3 mu).
- Mu 1: l nhng ming c c mu trng, trng hng, trng chanh.
- Mu 2: l nhng ming c c mu hng lt, vng chanh.
- Mu 3: l nhng ming c c mu hng m, vng ngh.

a. C Tra tht trng b. C Tra tht trng chanh

43

c. C Tra tht hng

d. C Tra tht vng chanh e. C Tra tht vng ngh
Hnh 2.11: Mu sc ming c Tra fillet .
Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng ta c th phn ra nhiu c khc nhau thc
t sn xut c thng c phn theo cc c sau: 2-3, 3-4, 3-5, 4-6, 5-7, 6-8, 7-9, 8-
10 oz/ming (1oz = 28,35g) hoc 60-120, 80-120, 120-170, 170-220, 220-up
g/ming
- Yu cu k thut: Thao tc nhanh, gn trnh ming fillet nm lu trn
bn. Phn c, loi theo tiu chun ngnh 28 TCN 117 : 1998, tiu chun ca nh
my v theo yu cu ca khch hng. C phi c bt ng mu, tuyt i khng
c ln ln mu sc, sai c khng c vt qu gii hn 2%.
- Mc ch, ngha: to s ng u v cht lng v kch c ming fillet,
tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. To iu kin thun li cho nhng cng on
tip theo.

44
- Cn, ra 3:
Cn:
- Thao tc k thut: R c sau khi phn c, phn loi xong th chuyn sang
cng on cn. i vi mt hng ng block th qu trnh cn phi c ph tri cho
hp l nht. Trng lng c cn cho mi n v sn phm l khc nhau theo yu
cu ca khch hng v quy nh ca cng ty. Tu thuc vo cht lng l c, kch
c c, loi c, trng lng sn phm, th trng tiu th m ta cn ph tri khc
nhau. Dng cn kim nh chun cn cho trng lng ng vi mi n v sn
phm, sau gn th size chuyn sang cng on ra.
- Yu cu k thut: m bo trng lng cho mi n v sn phm.
- Mc ch, ngha: Cn trng lng p ng yu cu ca khch hng
tng ng vi mi n v sn phm. Nu cn thiu trng lng tnh th khch hng
khng mua sn phm cn nu d trng lng th thit hi cho cng ty. Lng
nguyn liu lm ra mt n v sn phm tng khi gi thnh sn phm tng,
kh tiu th sn phm. cn cn l c s nh gi nng sut lao ng m tr lng
cho cng nhn.
Ra 3:
- Thao tc k thut: sau khi cn xong tng r c bn thnh phm c ra
th t qua 3 bn nc ra c pha ho cht E-400 vi nng tng ng l 0.05%,
0.03%, 0.02%. Nhit nc ra nh hn hoc bng 6
0
C. Cho tng r c vo bn
ra dng tay khuy u v gt b lp bt trn b mt ra. Tn sut thay nc l c
50 r bn thnh phm thay mt ln.
- Yu cu k thut: Ra bng nc sch, nhit nc ra v nng ho
cht ca nc ra phi c kim tra thng xuyn. Tn sut thay nc ng theo
quy nh. Trnh lm mt size trn mi r c lm c b ln ln.
- Mc ch, ngha: Tng gi tr cm quan cho ming fillet. Loi b mt
phn vi sinh vt trn b mt ming fillet.

45
- Xp Khun:

Hnh 2.11: Xp khun.
Thao tc k thut:
- Cch xp IQF:
+ Dng lp PE tri u gia lng khun.
+ t ming c fillet ln, b fillet p xung, b da lng trn.
+ t ming c sao cho cc ming c ri rc nhau v chnh cho p ri tri
ln mt tm PE trnh cc ming c b dnh li vi nhau khi cp ng.
+ Sau khi tri bao PE c c xp khong trng v cng chnh c cho
phng p.
+ Phn na c cn li ta tr mt fillet ln v lng st thnh khun, mi lp c
cch nhau bi mt lp PE cho n ht c, ph mt lp PE trn cng.
+ Theo kinh nghim cc ming c c b tr u trong khun sau cho b
mt tng i bng phng v c khng dnh nhau, xen k mi lp l mt tm PE.
+ Cui cng cho th sze vo v ln lt vn tng u PE li v p xung y
khun, 4 gc ph phng u.

46
- Cch xp Block:
+ Kiu xp ny c chm thm nc nn thm PE 2 u khun.
+ Tri PE v cch xp nh xp IQP nhng n khun ta chm nc sch
vo khun khong 1 lt nc nhm lm cho khun bng phng.
+ Sau cng a th size vo v vn 2 mp PE theo chiu di ca khun.
Yu cu k thut: Xp khun theo ng yu cu ca khch hng, th trng
tiu th. Xp theo tng c loi mu sc ring bit, tuyt i khng ln ln vi
nhau. Ming fillet xp trong khun phi m bo tnh thm m. Khi xp c vo
trong khun v vn chuyn n t ng cp ng trnh ming fillet ri rt,
ln ln khng m bo v sinh, lm ln ln tha hoc thiu trng lng sn phm.
Khi xp khun khng c qun cho size i km theo.
Mc ch, ngha: To iu kin thun li cho qu trnh cp ng bng t
ng tip xc cng nh vic vn chuyn bao gi sau ny.
- Ch ng, cp ng:
Ch ng: C xp khun a i ch ng do cha s lng cho mt m
nn ta ch ng ng thi h nhit ca c xung gn 0
0
C rt ngn thi gian cp
ng. Cc khun t trn pallet v cht thnh cy.
- Nhit ch ng t
0
= 1 4
0
C.
- Thi gian ch ng khng qu 4h.
- Phng ch ng phi c v sinh sch s, thng xuyn kim tra nhit
trong kho.
- Cp ng:
Thao tc k thut: trc khi cp ng m mi phi ti n hnh kim tra t
ng xem c v sinh sch s hay khng, tuyt bm trn cc tm truyn nhit c
nhiu hay khng nu t yu cu mi tin hnh cp ng. C xp trong cc khun

47
c cc xe vn chuyn ch ti t ng tip xc. iu chnh ben thu lc cho cc
tm truyn nhit dn rng nhau ra thun tin cho vic xp cc khun vo t. sau
khi xp khun vo t xong, cc khun phi tri u trn cc tm truyn nhit, khng
ln nhau. Lng khun xp trong t phi va vi cng sut mi t ng. iu
chnh ben thu lc cho cc tm truyn nhit tip xc vi c y khun v ming
khun sau ng ca t ng li. Cho t hot ng tin hnh cp ng sn phm.
Ghi thi gian bt u cp ng trc ca t thun tin cho vic kim tra theo di
qu trnh cp ng.
Yu cu k thut:
- Nhit tm sn phm nh hn hoc bng 18
0
C .
- Nhit khng kh trong t ng nh hn - 30
0
C.
- Thi gian cp ng t nht l 3 gi.
Mc ch, ngha: nhit thp ( 18
0
C ) cc tinh th nc trong sn
phm kt tinh gn nh hon ton. Enzym b v hot, vi sinh vt hu nh khng pht
trin c, ko di thi gian bo qun cho sn phm. Cp ng to hnh dng c
nh cho sn phm, thay i trng thi thun li cho nhng cng vic tip theo nh
bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun.
- Ra ng, m bng, bao gi:
Thao tc k thut:
- i vi hng IQF: C sau thi gian cp ng ta tin hnh cho ra ng theo
tng r hoc tng mm cn trc v m bng nhanh chng (nhit nc m
bng 0 5
0
C, nng thuc nht 0.01%). Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng m ta
c th m bng 10% 40%.
+ Sn phm sau khi m bng cho vo PE, han ming li cho vo thng
carton.

48
+ Trc khi ng thng kim tra xem c ng thng, ng loi, ng size,
ngy sn xut hn s dng hay khng.
- i vi hng block: Trc khi v bao ta phi cn li xem c khi lng
cha nu cha ta m thm cho t GROSS WIGTH.

Hnh 2.12: Ghp m ti sn phm.
Yu cu k thut:
- Thao tc nhanh, nh nhng trnh lm hng block c. Khng block c
tip xc trc tip vi nc m bng lm cho nhit sn phm tng ln.
- Bao gi ng c, ng loi, ng quy cch quy nh ring ca mi khch
hng. Thng tin trn bao b phi ng theo quy nh hin hnh ca nh nc. Ni
dung ghi trn nhn v trn bao b phi ging nhau v th hin y thng tin v
sn phm.
Mc ch, ngha:
- Tch ri block c ra khi khun, to iu kin thun li cho cc cng on
tip theo nh bao gi, bo qun, vn chuyn sn phm.

49
- Bao gi to gi tr cm quan cho ngi tiu dng. Bo v sn phm trsnh
ly nhim v cc tc ng bn ngoi. Thun li cho qu trnh bo qun v vn
chuyn sn phm.
- Bo qun:
Thao tc k thut: Sn phm sau khi qua cng on bao gi c vn
chuyn vo trong kho bo qun ng cng nhanh cng tt bng cc xe chuyn dng.
Cch xp hng trong kho phi ng theo quy nh. Sn phm bo qun trong kho
xp theo tng cm ring bit, trnh s nhim cho.
Yu cu k thut: Ch nhp kho nhng sn phm t yu cu cht lng v
c ng gi hon chnh. Nhit khng kh trong kho bo qun ng phi m
bo 20 2
0
C. Kho bo qun phi c lm v sinh sch s trnh nhim bn v vi
sinh vt.
Mc ch, ngha: Duy tr nhit sn phm mc thp, nhit ny
khng c s nng chy v s kt tinh ca nc trong sn phm. Enzym b v
hot, vi sinh vt gy h hng khng cn kh nng pht trin, ko di thi gian bo
qun cho sn phm. Sn phm cha trong kho bo qun trnh c s ph hoi ca
cn trng. Ngn nga s ly nhim vi sinh vt t mi trng bn ngoi.

50
2.5. YU CU CHT LNG I VI SN PHM C TRA FI LLET
NG LNH:
2.5.1. Ch tiu cm quan ca sn phm:
Ch tiu cm quan ca sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh phi theo ng yu
cu quy nh trong bng 2.6.
Bng 2.6: Ch tiu cm quan ca sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh.
Tn ch tiu Yu cu
Mu sc c trng ca c Tra, khng c mu l. Tu cht lng nguyn liu
c nui m mu sc khc nhau.
Mi c trng ca c Tra, khng c mi l.
V c trng ca c Tra, khng c v l.
Trng thi C tht sn chc, c tnh n hi tt, vt ct nhn, khng st xng,
da, m, phn tht bng c x l sch, ming fillet phi nhn.
Tp cht Khng cho php.
Trng lng Khi lng tnh ca mi n v sn phm trn mu kim tra sau khi
r ng nhanh ro nc cho php sai khc 2%.

51
2.5.2. Ch tiu ho hc ca sn phm:
Ch tiu ho hc ca sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh phi theo ng yu cu
quy nh trong bng 2.7.
Bng 2.7: Ch tiu ho hc ca sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh.
Tn ch tiu Mc
Hm lng tng s Baz nit bay hi
tnh bng s mg trong 100g sn phm
Khng ln hn 25
Hm lng Bort tnh bng s mg trong
1kg sn phm.
Khng cho php.
D lng khng sinh tnh bng s mg
trong 1kg sn phm.
Khng cho php
D lng thuc bo v thc vt, t nh
bng s mg trong 1kg sn phm.
Khng cho php
2.5.3. Ch tiu k sinh trng:
K sinh trng c pht hin bng mt. khng cho php c s hin din ca
k sinh trng trong sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh.

52
2.5.4. Ch tiu vi sinh vt:
Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh phi theo ng yu
cu quy nh trong bng 2.6
Bng 2.8: Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh.
Tn ch tiu Mc
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, tnh bng s khun
lc trong 1g sn phm ( 37
0
C trong 24 gi).
Khng ln hn 100000
Tng s Coliform, tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g
sn phm.
Khng ln hn 20
Tng s Staphylococusaureus, tnh bng s khun
lc trong 1g sn phm.
Khng ln hn 10
Tng s E.coli, tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g
sn phm.
Khng cho php.
Tng s Salmonella, tnh bng s khun lc trong
25g sn phm
Khng cho php.
Tng s Vibriocholera, tnh bng s khun lc
trong 25g sn phm.
Khng cho php.

53
Chng 3
XY DNG NH MC TIU HAO NGUYN LIU
3.1. C S L LUN V NH MC TIU HAO NGUYN LIU:
nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu (MTHNL) l lng nguyn liu dng ln
nht cho php sn xut ra mt n v sn phm hoc hon thnh mt cng vic
no trong nhng iu kin t chc v k thut nht nh ca k k hoch ca
cng ty.
nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu ca mt n v sn phm c xc nh khi
sn phm c hon thnh v c tnh theo cng thc:
nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu l mt thng s phn nh hiu qu ca vic
sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty. Tt c cc cng ty u tm cch gim nh mc
tiu hao nguyn liu tng li nhun. nh mc ny chu nh hng ca tt c cc
cng on trong qu trnh sn xut, da vo m cng ty s nhn li ton b hot
ng ca qu trnh sn xut v qun l ca mnh xem xt nh gi v a ra nh
mc tiu hao nguyn liu tng cng on mt cch hp l nht. Cng on no
nh mc tiu hao cao th phi tm cch gim ti thiu tn tht nguyn liu t s
gim c nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu. Qua nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu,
ngi ta bit c mi cng on t l hao ht nguyn liu l bao nhiu tnh
ton khi lng v kch c nguyn liu cn phi mua v phc v sn xut.
3.2. XY DNG NH MC TIU HAO NGUYN LIU:
3.2.1. Chn phng php xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu:
C 3 phng php xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu:
- Phng php thng k: L phng php xy dng nh mc tiu hao
nguyn liu t nhng s liu thng k v nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu ca k
M = khi lng nguyn liu / khi lng thnh phm.

54
trc. Phng php ny c u im l n gin d p dng t tn km thi gian,
cho kt qu nhanh chng. Tuy nhin n cho kt qu khng chnh xc, khng khoa
hc.
- Phng php thc nghim: l phng php da vo kt qu ca cc th
nghim trong phng th nghim kt hp vi iu kin sn xut nht nh kim
tra vic tnh ton. So vi phng php thng k th phng php ny cho kt qu
chnh cc v khoa hc hn. Tuy nhin n cha tin hnh phn tch ton din cc yu
t nh hng ti nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu, cha st vi iu kin sn xut
thc t ti x nghip.
- Phng php kho st phn tch: y l phng php kt hp vic tnh
ton v kinh t v k thut sn xut ra mt n v sn phm c th sao cho ph
hp nht vi vic phn tch ton din cc yu t nh hng n nh mc tiu hao
nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut thc t ti nh my. Khi cn thit c th lm th
nghim kim chng. Qu trnh tnh nh mc ny c p dng trn ton b quy
trnh sn xut.
Phng php kho st v phn tch c u im hn so vi 2 phng php
trn do n va m bo tnh khoa hc da trn c s cc php tnh khoa hc kt
hp vi vic phn tch ton din cc yu t nh hng ti nh mc tiu hao nguyn
liu da trn qu trnh sn xut thc t. Do loi tr c nhng nhn t bt hp
l trong qu trnh xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn hao nguyn liu.
Cn c vo u nhc im ca tng phng php, da trn c im v
tnh hnh thc t ca cng ty, ti thy phng php kho st phn tch ph hp cho
vic xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu ti cng ty. Do ti chn phng
php ny tin hnh xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu cho sn phn c Tra
fillet ng lnh xut khu cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm Sng Hu.
3.2.2. Chn cch tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu:
C 2 cch tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn hao nguyn liu tng hp:

55
- Cch 1: Tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu tng hp da vo khi lng
nguyn liu a vo sn xut u quy trnh v khi lng sn phm cui cng
theo cng thc:
n
b
a
M
m
i i
i
=
=
1

Trong :
a
i
: Khi lng nguyn liu ban u ca ln kho st th i (kg).
b
i
: Khi lng sn phm cui cng ca ln kho st th i (kg).
n : S ln quan st ly s liu.
M : nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu bnh qun chung.
- Cch 2: Tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu tng hp bng cch tnh nh
mc tiu hao nguyn liu cho tng cng on, ri sau tnh nh mc tiu hao
nguyn liu cho c quy trnh theo cng thc sau:
n
b
a
I
m
i ij
ij
ij
=
=
1

[
=
I = M
m
i
i
1

Trong :
a
ij
: Khi lng nguyn liu a vo ch bin ti cng on th i v trong ln
ly mu th j (kg).
b
ij
: Khi lng bn thnh phm hnh thnh sau bc cng vic th i trong ln
ly mu th j (kg).
n: S ln ly mu.
I
i
: nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu bc cng vic th i.
M: nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu tng hp.
i j
I : nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu bnh qun ti cng on th i chi tit.
m : S cng on ly nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu.

56
Ta chn cch tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu th 2 tc l tnh nh mc
tiu hao nguyn liu bnh qun cho tng bc cng vic sau tnh nh mc tiu
hao cho c quy trnh. V nu tnh theo cch 1 th ta s khng bit c nh mc
tiu hao nguyn liu tng bc cng vic c bin php lm gim nh mc tiu
hao nguyn liu cho ph hp.
3.2.3. Chn i tng quan st:
nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: Nguyn
liu, trnh tay ngh ca cng nhn, my mc thit b.v.v..
- Nguyn liu: C Tra c nui khp cc tnh BSCL vi cc hnh thc v
ging loi khc nhau. Cng ty thu mua nguyn liu theo yu cu ca khch hng do
loi c v kch thc c nguyn liu s khc nhau. V vy vic xy dng nh
mc nguyn liu c st vi tnh hnh sn xut thc t ti cng ty ta tin hnh xy
dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu cho ba loi c Tra ( c Tra nui trong b, nui
trong hm v nui trong qung). Trong cng mt loi c th ta kho st xy dng
4 size khc nhau (250-500 g/con, 500-800 g/con, 800-1200 g/con, 1200-up g/con).
- Trnh tay ngh ca cng nhn: chn nhng cng nhn c trnh tay
ngh trung bnh v kh.
- Bc cng vic: Kho st 4 bc cng vic (fillet, lng da, chnh hnh,
quay trn, cn ph tri).
- Thi im kho st l 7gi sng (sau khi v ca khong 30 pht).
- iu kin sn xut l iu kin thc t hin c ca cng ty Sohafood.
- Cc dng c:
+ Cn ng h hiu Nhn ho loi 5kg, 10kg, 15kg vi vch chia nh
nht l 10g.
+ Thao, r, dao, tht nha.
+ Cc biu mu ghi chp tng bc cng vic.

57
3.2.4. Tin hnh xy dng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu tng cng on:
a. Cng on fillet:
Cn 3 mu nguyn liu khc nhau cho mi loi c, theo di qu trnh fillet,
cn li bn thnh phm sau fillet. Kt qu kho st nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu
khu fillet nh sau:
Bng 3.1: MTHNL khu fillet ca c Tra c size 250-500 g/con
KL nguyn liu (kg) KL BTP sau fillet (kg) MTHNL khu fillet
Ln
Hm Qung B Hm Qung B Hm Qung B
1 10.10 10.20 10.40 4.62 4.65 4.52 2.183 2.190 2.219
2 9.30 9.70 9.80 4.27 4.39 4.42 2.175 2.205 2.215
3 8.20 8.50 8.10 3.75 3.86 3.66 2.184 2.197 2.212
E
27.60 28.40 28.30 12.64 12.90 12.60 6.542 6.592 6.646
T bng trn ta tnh c:
MTHNL bnh qun khu fillet i vi c Tra n ui hm size 250-
500g/con l:
I
h
= 6.542/3 = 2.180
MTHNL bnh qun khu fillet i vi c Tra nui qung size 250-
500g/con l:
I
q
= 6.592/3 = 2.197.
MTHNL bnh qun khu fillet i vi c Tra nui b size 250-500g/con
l:
I
b
= 6.646/3 = 2.215.

58
Bng 3.2: MTHNL khu fillet ca c Tra c size 500-800 g/con.
Ln
1 15.20 14.50 15.10 7.39 7.03 7.21 2.055 2.061 2.093
2 12.50 11.90 13.60 6.07 5.76 6.49 2.059 2.067 2.097
3 10.20 9.60 10.10 4.96 4.64 4.84 2.057 2.069 2.091
E
37.90 36.00 38.80 18.49 17.43 18.54 6.171 6.197 6.281
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 6.171/3 = 2.057.
I
q
= 6.197/3 = 2.065.
I
b
= 6.281/3 = 2.093.
Bng 3.3: MTHNL khu fillet ca c Tra c size 800-1200 g/con.
Ln
1 14.70 15.50 14.20 7.21 7.58 6.91 2.030 2.045 2.054
2 13.20 12.20 13.40 6.48 5.94 6.53 2.036 2.052 2.053
3 10.60 10.90 12.10 5.22 5.32 5.90 2.032 2.046 2.050
E
38.50 38.60 39.70 18.91 18.85 19.34 6.107 6.143 6.157

59
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 6.107/3 = 2.035
I
q
= 6.143/3 = 2.048
I
b
= 6.157/3 = 2.052
Bng 3.4: MTHNL khu fillet ca c Tra c size 1200-up g/con
Ln
1 15.30 14.50 14.90 7.70 7.23 7.40 1.986 2.005 2.012
2 12.50 13.20 13.80 6.28 6.61 6.87 1.990 1.999 2.007
3 10.60 11.70 10.20 5.32 5.87 5.07 1.993 1.994 2.011
E
38.40 39.40 38.90 19.30 19.71 19.34 5.969 5.998 6.030
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 5.969/3 = 1.989
I
q
= 5.998/3 = 1.999
I
b
= 6.030/3 = 2.010
Nhn xt:
- Trong cng mt size th c Tra nui b c MTHNL cao nht tip theo l
c nui qung v thp nht l c nui hm.
- Trong cng mt loi c th c c size cng nh th MTHNL cng cao.

60
b. Cng on lng da:
Da c c tch ra khi ming c bng my lng da. Kt qu kho st
MTHNL khu lng da th hin trong bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5: MTHNL khu lng da.
nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu khu lng da
Size (g/con)
C Tra nui hm C Tra nui qung C Tra nui b
250-500 1.082 1.091 1.091
500-800 1.082 1.091 1.091
800-1200 1.082 1.091 1.091
1200-up 1.082 1.091 1.091
Nhn xt:
- C Tra nui b v nui qung c nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu cng
on lng da cao hn c Tra nui hm.
- Trong cng mt loi c Tra th MTHNL cng on lng da khng
chnh lch nhiu lm.
c. Cng on nh hnh:
Mi size cn 3 mu bn thnh phm sau lng da cho 3 loi c khc nhau,
theo di qu trnh nh hnh, cn li bn thnh phm sau nh hnh. Kt qu kho st
MTHNL khu nh hnh nh sau:

61
Bng 3.6: MTHNL khu nh hnh ca c Tra c size 250-500 g/con
KL BTP sau lng da
(kg)
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
MTHNL khu nh
hnh

Ln
1 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.60 3.47 3.43 1.388 1.440 1.457
2 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.62 3.48 3.43 1.380 1.436 1.457
3 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.60 3.47 3.44 1.388 1.440 1.453
E
15.00 15.00 15.00 10.82 10.42 10.30 4.149 4.316 4.367
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 4.149/3 = 1.383 I
q
= 4.136/3 = 1.438 I
b
= 4.367/3 = 1.456
KL BTP sau lng da
(kg)
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
MTHNL khu nh
hnh

Ln
1 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.38 4.20 4.16 1.369 1.428 1.442
2 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.37 4.25 4.14 1.372 1.411 1.449
3 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.35 4.21 4.17 1.379 1.425 1.438
E
18.00 18.00 18.00 13.10 12.66 12.47 4.120 4.264 4.329

62
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 4.120/3 = 1.373 I
q
= 4.264/3 = 1.421 I
b
= 4.329/3 = 1.443
KL BTP sau lng da
(kg)
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
MTHNL khu nh
hnh

Ln
1 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.12 4.92 4.89 1.366 1.422 1.431
2 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.14 4.92 4.87 1.361 1.422 1.437
3 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.11 4.90 4.88 1.369 1.428 1.434
E
21.00 21.00 21.00 15.37 14.74 14.64 4.096 4.272 4.302
I
h
= 4.096/3 = 1.365 I
q
= 4.272/3 = 1.424 I
b
= 4.302/3 = 1.434
Bng 3.9: MTHNL khu nh hnh ca c Tra c size 1200-up g/con
KL BTP sau lng da
(kg)
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
MTHNL khu nh
hnh

Ln
1 8.00 8.00 8.00 5.86 5.66 5.62 1.365 1.413 1.423
2 8.00 8.00 8.00 5.85 5.67 5.60 1.367 1.410 1.428
3 8.00 8.00 8.00 5.86 5.64 5.63 1.365 1.418 1.420
E
24.00 24.00 24.00 17.57 16.97 16.85 4.097 4.241 4.271

63
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 4.097/3 = 1.365 I
q
= 4.241/3 = 1.413 I
b
= 4.271/3 = 1.423
Nhn xt:
- C b c MTHNL cng on nh hnh cao hn c qung v c hm.
- i vi cng mt loi c th c c size nh hn cho MTHNL khu nh
hnh cao hn c c size ln hn nhng mc chnh lch khng ng k.
d. Cng on quay trn:
Mi size cn 3 mu bn thnh phm sau nh hnh cho 3 loi c khc nhau,
theo di qu trnh quay trn, cn li bn thnh phm sau quay trn. Kt qu kho st
MTHNL cng on quay trn nh sau:
Bng 3.10: MTHNL khu quay trn ca c Tra c size 250-500 g/con
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
KLBTP sau quay trn
(kg)
MTHNL khu quay
trn

Ln
1 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.91 5.88 5.86 0.846 0.850 0.853
2 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.93 5.89 5.86 0.843 0.848 0.853
3 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.92 5.89 5.85 0.844 0.848 0.854
E
15.00 15.00 15.00 17.76 17.66 17.57 2.533 2.543 2.560
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 2.533/3 = 0.844 I
q
= 2.543/3 = 0.847 I
b
= 2.560/3 = 0.853

64
Bng 3.11: MTHNL khu quay trn ca c Tra c size 500-800 g/con
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
KLBTP sau quay trn
(kg)
MTHNL khu quay
trn

Ln
1 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.96 6.93 6.89 0.862 0.865 0.870
2 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.97 6.92 6.86 0.860 0.867 0.874
3 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.96 6.94 6.87 0.862 0.864 0.873
E
18.00 18.00 18.00 20.89 20.79 20.62 2.584 2.596 2.617
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 2.584/3 = 0.861 I
q
= 2.596/3 = 0.865 I
b
= 2.617/3 = 0.872
Bng 3.12: MTHNL khu quay trn ca c Tra c size 800-1200g/con
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
KLBTP sau quay trn
(kg)
MTHNL khu quay
trn

Ln
1 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.12 8.08 8.05 0.862 0.866 0.869
2 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.11 8.06 8.04 0.863 0.868 0.870
3 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.13 8.09 8.05 0.861 0.865 0.869
E
21.00 21.00 21.00 24.36 24.23 24.14 2.586 2.599 2.608

65
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 2.586/3 = 0.862 I
q
= 2.599/3 = 0.866 I
b
= 2.608/3 = 0.869
Bng 3.13: MTHNL khu quay trn ca c Tra c size 1200-up g/con
KLBTP sau nh hnh
(kg)
KLBTP sau quay trn
(kg)
MTHNL khu quay
trn

Ln
1 8.00 8.00 8.00 9.23 9.15 9.10 0.866 0.874 0.879
2 8.00 8.00 8.00 9.22 9.16 9.12 0.867 0.873 0.877
3 8.00 8.00 8.00 9.24 9.13 9.10 0.865 0.876 0.879
E
24.00 24.00 24.00 27.69 27.45 27.35 2.598 2.623 2.655
T bng trn ta tnh c:
I
h
= 2.598/3 = 0.866 I
q
= 2.623/3 = 0.874 I
b
= 2.655/3 = 0.885
Nhn xt:
- C Tra nui hm c MTHNL khu quay trn nh hn c Tra nui
qung v c Tra nui b do t chc c tht ca c Tra nui hm mn mi hn c
nui qung v nui b.
- Trong cng mt loi th c c size cng nh cho MTHNL cng nh do
din tch tip xc vi dung dch ho cht nhiu hn.
e. Cn ph tri:
C c cn trng lng cho mi n v sn phm theo yu cu ca khch
hng v quy nh ca cng ty m bo trng lng tnh ca sn phm trong khong
cho php. Kt qu kho st MTHNL khu cn ph tri th hin trong bng 3.14.

66
Bng 3.14: MTHNL khu cn ph tri:
Ph tri (%) nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu
Size
(g/con)
C Tra
nui hm.
C Tra
nui
qung
C Tra
nui b
C Tra
nui hm.
C Tra
nui
qung
C Tra
nui b
250-500 14 13 12 1.14 1.13 1.12
500-800 12 11 10 1.12 1.11 1.10
800-1200 10 9 8 1.10 1.09 1.08
1200-up 10 9 8 1.10 1.09 1.08
Nhn xt:
Nu khu quay tng trng khi lng ming fillet tng cng nhiu th cn
ph tri cng cao.
C c size cng nh th lng cn ph tri cng cao do c c size nh th
MTHNL cao hn c size ln.
C Tra nui hm ph tri cao hn c nui qung v nui b do MTHNL
cng s cao hn.
Tu vo i tng khch hng m ta cn ph tri khc nhau, khch hng kh
tnh yu cu khc khe m bo trng lng tnh th cn ph tri cao nn MTHNL
s tng.
Qu trnh cn ph tri cn phi cn c vo s hao ht trng lng cc cng
on tip theo nh cp ng v bo qun ng. Nu trong qu trnh cp ng s
hao ht trng lng t th mc ph tri s gim xung. Sn phm lu kho cng t th
s hao ht khi lng t nn MTHNL s gim i.

67
f. Tnh nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu cho ton b quy trnh:
Tng hp kt qu tnh MTHNL cho sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh ti
cng ty Sohafood th hin trong bng 3.15.
Bng 3.15: MTHNL ca sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh ti cng ty
Sohafood.
Size (g/con) 250 - 500 500 - 800 800 1200 1200 - up
KLTB (g/con) 325 600 1000 1500
C Tra nui hm 3.138 2.946 2.849 2.798
C Tra nui qung 3.298 3.073 3.003 2.935

MTHNL
C Tra nui b 3.361 3.160 3.012 2.982
Nhn xt chung:
i vi sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh th MTHNL ca c Tra nui b
cao hn c Tra nui ng qung v nui trong ao hm.
C Tra nui trong b v trong ng qung c MTHNL gn nh nhau. iu
ny c th gii thch l do c im mi trng sng v cch chm sc gn ging
nhau.
i vi cng mt loi c Tra th c c kch c ln cho MTHNL nh hn c
c kch c b.
Trong tt c cc khu ch bin th khu fillet c MTHNL ln nht, khu
quay trn c MTHNL nh nht.
C Tra nguyn liu v nh my l tng i a dng v cht lng v kch
c nn vic tnh ton MTHNL trn y c th gip ta ch ng hn trong vic
iu hnh sn xut.

68
nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu m em xy dng trn th n thp hn so vi
MTHNL hin tai cng ty v cc cng ty khc nhng khng chnh lch nhiu.
Tuy nhin vi mt khi lng nguyn liu ln s gim MTHNL l ng k v
cng ty nn tin hnh thc hin nh mc va xy dng trn c th gim hn
na s tn tht nguyn liu trong qu trnh ch bin.
3.3. NGUYN NHN LM TNG NH MC TIU HAO NGUYN LIU:
Cc yu t nh nguyn liu, con ngi, my mc thit b, quy trnh cng
ngh u c nhng nh hng nht nh ti vic tng MTHNL.
3.3.1. Nguyn liu c Tra:
Loi c: C Tra c nhiu loi khc nhau, mi loi c s c t l cc thnh
phn cu tao nh tht, m, xng, da khc nhau. Do MTHNL ca c Tra sinh
sng nhng vng khc nhau th s khc nhau. Chnh v vy m c Tra nui b,
nui ng qung, nui ao hm c nh mc khc nhau.
Vng nui c: Tc dng nc lu thng, hm lng thc n cung cp cho
c, c im kh hu, iu kin sinh sng khc nhau. Tt c nhng yu t s lm
cho mc sinh trng, mu sc c tht c, t l tht, xng, m ca c Tra s khc
nhau dn n MTHNL khc nhau.
Kch c nguyn liu: Cng mt loi c nhng c c kch c nh li c
MTHNL cao hn c ln.
3.3.2. Yu t con ngi:
Trnh tay ngh ca cng nhn: L mt yu t quan trng nh hng ti
nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu. Cng nhn c tay ngh cao s thc hin nhng thao
tc k thut mt cch kho lo v nhanh nhn m khng phm phn c tht n c
ca c. Cng nhn c tay ngh km s lm vic mt cch vn v v chm chp rt
d mt phn tht n c ca c lm tng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu lm
gim hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty.

69
Gii tnh: Gii tnh cng nhn cng nh hng nhiu tI MTHNL. Cng
nhn khu fillet th nhng cng nhn nam s lm tt hn cng nhn n c v nng
sut lao ng cng nh yu cu k thut ca ming c sau fillet. Ngc li khu
nh hnh th cng nhn n s lm nhanh v kho hn rt nhiu so vi cng nhn
nam do MTHNL.
tui: Cng nhn c tui tc qu cao hay qu thp s nh hng trc tip
n vic lm tng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu v nu tui qu cao hay qu thp
th thao tc s khng chun xc v sc kho khng p ng tt cho yu cu ca
cng vic. Nhng cng nhn c tui va phi sc kho nhanh nhn v
chnh xc trong tng thao tc k thut s lm tng nng sut lao ng v lm gim
MTHNL.
thc chp hnh cng vic: Do cng ty tr lng cho cng nhn theo sn
phm nn ngi cng nhn thng chy theo nng sut lm c nhiu sn
phm nn h lm cu th, khng m bo yu cu k thut dn ti tng MTHNL.
Thi im sn xut: nhng thi im khc nhau trong ca sn xut th
MTHNL cng s khc nhau. u mi ca sn xut th MTHNL s cao do cng
nhn mi bt sn xut ch nh mi khi ng. Sau th nng sut s tng v
MTHNL s gim dn v cng nhn bt nhp vi cng vic. V gn cui ca sn
xut th MTHNL li tng ln v lc ny cng nhn thm mt v gp v nn cu
th trong cng vic dn n tng nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu. Ngoi ra th vo
cc thi im trc v sau khi n cm MTHNL cng tng v cng nhn qu no
hay qu i u nh hng n tinh thn v thao tc lm vic ca h.
Kh nng sp xp cng vic: Gim c, ban iu hnh, KCS tuy khng trc
tip lm ra sn phm nhng h l nhng ngi trc tip ch o, phn cng gim
st, iu hnh sn xut m bo qu trnh sn xut c lin tc v t cc yu cu
k thut ra. Nu qu trnh iu hnh khng hp l th dn n vic ng bn
thnh phm trn dy chuyn s lm tng MTHNL. KCS ra cc thao tc k

70
thut khng hp l, gim st cng nhn khng cht ch cng s dn n vic tng
MTHNL.
Tm l, s kho: Khi cng nhn lm vic trong tnh trng tm l khng n
nh, sc kho khng m bo th cc thao tc s thiu chnh xc dn n tng
MTHNL.
3.3.3. My mc, thit b dng c ch bin:
Trong sut qu trnh ch bin c Tra fillet ng lnh c rt nhiu my mc
thit b, dng c c s dng phc v cho qu trnh sn xut. Nu cc my mc
thit b, dng c phc v sn xut khng tt, hot ng thiu chnh xc, thng h
hng hoc gp cc s c th s lm tng MTHNL.
in nc phc v sn xut: y l 2 yu t khng th thiu bt k qu
trnh sn xut no. Trong qu trnh sn xut nu thiu in v th mi hot ng sn
xut phi ngng li dn n tnh trng ng bn thnh phm trn dy chuyn lm
gim cht lng sn phm v lm tng MTHNL.
3.3.4. Quy trnh sn xut:
Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut khng hp l dn n nhiu cng on khng
cn thit lm gim cht lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm lm tng MTHNL. V
vy phi xy dng quy trnh sn xut khoa hc v hp l nhm lm gim nh mc
tiu hao nguyn liu.
3.4. CC BIN PHP LM GIM NH MC TIU HAO NGUYN LIU
CHO SN PHM C TRA FILLET NG LNH:
Trong 3 thng thc tp ti cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm Sng Hu
ti thy rng vic tnh MTHNL cho sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh c ngha
v cng quan trng i vi cng ty. Do ph i quan tm ti vic xy dng
MTHNL v qun l vic thc hin MTHNL. Phi a ra nh mc mi, xy
dng nh mc mi thp hn, st vi tnh hnh thc t sn xut ca cng ty. p
dng nh mc vo sn xut t rt ra kinh nghim chnh sa cho hp l.

71
Qua qu trnh xy dng MTHNL cho sn phm c Tra fillet ng lnh ti
cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm Sng Hu. Ti xin xut mt s bin php
lm gim MTHNL nh sau:
3.4.1. V nguyn liu c Tra:
Nguyn liu c Tra v nh my c cung cp t 2 ngun ch yu l t nng
trng Sng Hu, ngun th hai l t cc tnh An Giang v ng Thp. Do c
im c Tra sinh sng ti nhng vng c iu kin khc nhau th s pht trin cng
rt khc nhau, dn n thi gian nui, cht lng c tht, c gy hay c bo, t l
m nhiu hay t khc nhau. C Tra nui trong hm th khong thi gian t th ging
cho n khi thu hoch di hn c nuui trong b v nui trong ng qung vi iu
kin trng lng c thu hoch nh nhau. Hm lng m trong c tht c bit l
phn bng ca c Tra nui hm t hn c Tra nui trong ng qung v trong b.
C Tra nui trong b v trong ng qung do mt nui dy c nn c t
hot ng, ngun thc n cng nghip l ch yu nn c nhiu m hn. Thnh phn
phn trm khi lng xng v ni tng cng nhiu hn.
gim MTHNL ta nn chn mua c Tra nguyn liu l c Tra nui trong
ao hm hoc nui trong ng qung. Hn na c Tra nui hm ng k thut th
mu sc c tht vn p v kh nng nhim khng sinh hay thuc tr su l rt thp.
C cng nh th t l xng v da cng ln hn c ln. i vi nguyn liu
c Tra cng vy, trong cng mt loi c, c cng nh th MTHNL s cng ln.
MTHNL ca c Tra loi nh bao gi cng hn hn c c kch c ln.
gim MTHNL ta chn c c kch thc trung bnh v ln. Do c c
kch thc ln thao tc ch bin cng d dng hn loi c nh c bit l cng
on fillet v nh hnh. C nh fillet thng hay st tht, rch tht, st xng lm
tng MTHNL. Do phi bit kt hp hai vn MTHNL v yu cu ca
khch hng nh th no la chn nguyn liu ch bin mt cch hp l nht.

72
Bin php thu mua c cng trc tip nh hng ti MTHNL. Nu c khng
ngng cho n trong 3 ngy trc khi ch bin lm trng lng nguyn liu tng
nhng khi lng sn phm ch bin ra khng ln hn c khng cho n. Hn na
nu trong bao t c c cha thc n th d gy ly nhim vi sinh vt vo sn phm
trong qu trnh ch bin. Phng php vn chuyn v thu mua nguyn liu cng nh
hng n MTHNL. Nu ta cha c trong ghe thng thy vi mt qu dy th
c vng vy nhiu trc tip tc ng ln c th c lm c b xy xt dn n tng
MTHNL.
Khi vn chuyn c t ghe vo ni tip nhn nguyn liu ca phn xng nu
khng cn thn c b bm dp c tht, khi ch bin phi loi b phn tht bm do
lm tng MTHNL. V vy phi c bin php thu mua vn chuyn c ng k
thut v hiu qu trnh cc kh nng lm tng MTHNL.
3.4.2. V yu t con ngi:
Trnh tay ngh ca cng nhn cng nh hng n MTHNL. Khu fillet
i hi thao tc nhanh gn, dt khot v chnh xc v th khu ny nn chn nhng
cng nhn nam c tay ngh kh, thc chp hnh cc yu cu k thut tt th chc
chn s gim c MTHNL cng on ny. Khu lng da do my lm nhng
thao tc t ming c vo li dao lng nh th no khng st da, phm tht, rch
tht u nh hng n MTHNL. MTHNL cng on ny thp v n nh
th nn chn nhng cng nhn n c sc kho lm vic cn thn. Khu to hnh yu
cu thao tc nhanh, nh nhng, cn thn. Nu cu th s lm phm tht dn n tng
MTHNL. gim MTHNL cng on ny nn chn nhng cng nhn n c
tay ngh kh c tnh cn thn trong cng vic.
Ban gim c, ban iu hnh, t KCS phi b tr, sp xp cng vic mt
cch hp l m bo cng vic thng sut trnh hng ng ti cc khu trn
dy chuyn sn xut. gim MTHNL th KCS phi nghin cu cc tao tc k
thut trong qu trnh sn xut lm th no cho hp l nht m bo cc yu cu k
thut ng thi gim MTHNL v rt ngn c thi gian ch bin.

73
Ban iu hnh v KCS phi thng xuyn bi dng thm kin thc v khoa
hc cng ngh mi.
Lao ng nh my ch yu l thao tc th cng. V vy nhng yu t nh
hng n sc khe v iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn u gin tip nh hng
ti MTHNL ca nh my. Do phi quan tm ti sc kho ngi lao ng, mi
trng lm vic phi c nhit ph hp, t th lm vic thoi mi.
3.4.3. i vi my mc, thit b v dng c sn xut:
Trong qu trnh ch bin c rt nhiu cng on sn xut cn phi s dng
my mc thit b. Do my mc thit b cng nh hng trc tip ti MTHNL.
cng on lng da th nu li dao lng khng sc s lm tng MTHNL, st da,
b mt lng khng p.
Trong khu quay tng trn nn chn nhng my quay hin i. KCS nh
gi cht lng l c sau s a ra nhng thng s lm vic nh tc quay, thi
gian quay cho my hot ng.
Trong cng on cp ng vic la chn phng php ng no cng nh
hng trc tip n MTHNL. Nu ta cp ng bng t ng bng chuyn th thi
gian cp ng nhanh nhng mc hao ht trng lng ln nn MTHNL tng.
Nu cp ng bng t ng tip xc th thi gian cp ng lu nhng mc hao
ht trng lng thp. gim MTHNL khi cp ng th ta phi x tuyt sau mi
ln chy t, y khun v ming khun phi tip xc vi cc tm lc tng kh
nng truyn nhit cho sn phm. ng thi gi nhit n nh di 40
0
C.
Trong qu trnh bo qun ng cch xp sn phmv nhit khng kh
trong kho duy tr n nh theo tiu chun th mc hao ht trng lng s gim.
Kt cu kho bo qun ng phi cch m, cch nhit vi mi trng bn ngoi,
nhng yu t s lm gim MTHNL.

74
3.4.4. Phng php qun l:
gim s hao ht nguyn liu trong qu trnh ch bin do nhn t con
ngi cng ty a ra quyt nh thng cho nhng ai lm vt nh mc v pht
nhng ngi lm rt nh mc. Hng nm cng ty t chc cc cuc thi tay ngh cho
cng nhn nhm nng cao tay ngh cho cng nhn.
B tr cng nhn lm vic cc khu cho ph hp vi trnh tay ngh, gii
tnh, tui tc tng cng kim tra gim st vo cc thi im m cng nhn c
nhiu kh nng lm tng MTHNL nh: vo cc thi im u, cui ca sn xut,
trc v sau khi n cm.
Thng xuyn m cc lp o to v kin thc v tay ngh cho cn b cng
nhn trong cng ty nng cao thc lm vic v trnh tay ngh cho cng nhn.

75
Chng 4
NGHIN CU CC DNG H HNG, GIM CHT
LNG SN PHM V XUT CC BIN PHP NNG
CAO CHT LNG SN PHM
4.1. CC NHN T NH HNG TI CHT LNG SN PHM:
i vi mt hng thy sn ng lnh xut khu th t khu ch bin cho n
tay ngi tiu dng phi tri qua mt qu trnh tng i di: nghin cu th trng,
thit k sn phm, tin hnh sn xut, bo qun. Trong sut qu trnh c rt
nhiu yu t nh hng ti cht lng sn phm. c nhng bin php hu hiu
nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm th trc ht phi nghin cu s nh hng
ca cc nhn t n cht lng sn phm.
4.1.1. nh hng ca nguyn liu n cht lng sn phm:
Nguyn liu ban u l cht liu to nn sn phm, sn phm c tt hay
khng mt phn l do nguyn liu. i vi sn phm thy sn ng lnh th nguyn
liu l nhn t quyt nh cht lng sn phm. Do c im ca sn phm thy sn
ng lnh l phi gi gn v bo qun cc c tnh t nhin ca nguyn liu ti t
khi nh bt n a vo sn xut. V th vic bo qun nguyn liu, bn thnh
phm lm sao gi nguyn liu, bn thnh phm cng ti cng tt. Mt khc vic
cung cp nguyn liu phi m bo ng tin v s lng. Nu s lng
nguyn liu cung cp vt qu nng sut sn xut ca nh my th s dn n tnh
trng ng nguyn liu, phi bo qun mt thi gian mi em ch bin lm cho
nguyn liu b bin i, km cht lng dn n s km cht lng ca sn phm
cui cng. Ngc li nu nguyn liu v qu t th khng s lng ln hng
th cng phi tr ng bn thnh phm n khi tip tc ch bin th cht lng bn
thnh phm gim i rt nhiu v c th xy ra s bin mu lm h loi sn phm.
Tm li gia nguyn liu v thnh phm c lin quan mt thit vi nhau,
cht lng nguyn liu c vai tr hnh thnh nn cht lng sn phm. nng cao

76
cht lng sn phm cn quan tm ngay t khu nguyn liu ban u, c th phi c
nhng bin php thu mua tt, m bo qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun nguyn liu
trc khi a vo sn xut nhm gi gn nhng c tnh t nhin ca nguyn liu.
m bo cht lng nguyn liu chng ta cn hiu c bn cht ca
nguyn liu v nhng nhn t lm nh hng n cht lng ca nguyn liu.
Nhng nhn t lm nh hng ti cht lng ca nguyn liu:
- Bn thn ca nguyn liu:
- Cu trc c tht ca ng vt thy sn lng lo, thnh phn cu to c cha
nhiu nc v hm lng cht ngm ra cng nhiu, l mi trng thun li cho vi
sinh vt pht trin.
- Sau khi cht th c tht c tr nn cng rt kh cho qu trnh ch bin nh
fillet v nh hnh.
- Trong iu kin sng bnh thng trn c tn ti mt lng ln vi sinh
vt v vy sau khi cht c khng cn sc khng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht
trin gy thi ra nguyn liu c.
- Ma v ca nguyn liu:
- Ngun nguyn liu lun bin i theo ma. Ma v ca nguyn liu ph
thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin thi tit do cht lng v s lng ca c nguyn
liu khng n nh.
- Cng tc vn chuyn nguyn liu sau khi nh bt v nh my:
- Cng tc vn chuyn nguyn liu v nh my cng nh hng ti cht
lng nguyn liu. Do c im ca quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c Tra fillet ng
lnh l nguyn liu c khi v nh my l phi cn sng v vy trong qu trnh vn
chuyn bng ghe c v nh my phi trnh s va p ca c vi thnh ghe lm xy
xt, rch da lm gim cht lng nguyn liu, trnh cho ghe i qua nhng ni c
ngun nc b nhim lm cht c hay gy ly nhim cho c nguyn liu.
- Tm li cht lng nguyn liu l yu t v cng quan trng c vai tr
quyt nh vic hnh thnh nn cht lng sn phm. i vi ngnh ch bin thy
sn th vai tr ca nguyn liu cng tr nn quan trng hn v vy nng cao cht

77
lng sn phm th x nghip cn phi c nhng tc ng ngay t khu u tin
ny.
4.1.2. nh hng ca qu trnh sn xut n cht lng sn phm:
Trong ch bin thy sn cht lng nguyn liu ban u c mt vai tr quan
trng trong vic hnh thnh nn cht lng sn phm, nhng nu nguyn liu ban
u c ti tt m trong qu trnh ch bin cc cng an thc hin khng ng k
thut, phng php bo qun khng tt th nguyn liu tt cht lng cao cng
khng th cho ra sn phm cht lng cao c. Do qu trnh sn xut cng l
mt nhn t nh hng khng nh ti cht lng sn phm.
- Quy trnh sn xut:
T nguyn liu ban u to ra mt sn phm cui cng th phi tri qua
mt quy trnh sn xut gm nhiu cng an, mi cng on u c nhng yu t
k thut tc ng ln, nu khng m bo tt cc yu t k thut s lm nh
hng ti cht lng ca sn phm to ra. Mt khc sn xut ra mt sn phm c
cht lng cao th khng th duy tr mt quy trnh sn xut lc hu, li thi, m phi
lun ci tin i mi cng ngh sn xut kp thi p ng cc yu cu v k thut
ng thi gp phn lm tng nng sut lao ng, lm gim gi thnh sn phm.
- Tip nhn nguyn liu:
iu kin v sinh khu tip nhn khng c m bo nh: nn cn d, c
nhiu rui nhng s lm ly nhim vo nguyn liu. Khu tip nhn nguyn liu
khng din tch dn n tnh trng ng nguyn liu lm c cht v n s lm
gim cht lng sn phm v tng nh mc nguyn liu bi v c sau khi cht c
tht cng lm cho vic fillet v nh hnh tr nn kh khn v d xt tht.
- Ct tit, fillet v lng da:
cng an ny th dao ct tit, fillet v lng da khng sc, b r st v
khng c v sinh sch s lm st tht c hoc lm ly nhim bn vo nguyn liu
c.
Cc dng c tip xc vi nguyn liu nh: r, st, mt bn ch bin khng
c v sinh sch s cng lm nhim bn cho bn thnh phm.

78
Nc ngm ra c sau phi l khng pha chlorine, hoc pha khng ng nng
cng lm nh hng ti cht lng sn phm.
Thao tc ca cng nhn khng ng k thut lm rch tht c, st tht, st
xng, ly khng ht d bng s lm tng MTHNL.
Chnh v nhng nguyn nhn trn lm cho bn thnh phm ly nhim vi sinh
vt, nu khng c bin php ngn nga kp thi th chng s pht trin nhanh chng
gy h hng cho bn thnh phm.
- nh hnh:
Dao, tht, thau, r dng nh hnh khng v sinh sch s, b phai mu,
nc ra c khng lnh hoc nc bn m khng thay nc mi s lm nh
hng rt nhiu n cht lng sn phm.
Tay ngh ca cng nhn khng cao thao tc khng chun xc, lm st c tht
, st m, st xng trn ming tht fillet s lm gim cht lng ca sn phm
cui cng.
- Quay tng trng:
My quay khng v sinh sch s lm nhim bn n bn thnh phm.
Dung dch thuc tng trng pha khng ng nng quy nh, tc quay
qu nhanh hay qu chm, thi gian quay di hay ngn s lm ming c qu mn hay
qu cng nh hng ti cht lng sn phm.
- Bt mu, phn c v ln khun:
Dng c chuyn dng nh: Cn, r, mt bn khng v sinh sch s lm ly
nhim n bn thnh phm.
Tay ngh cng nhn khng cao s dn n tnh trng rt c, ln mu, ln loi
lm gim hiu qu kinh t ca vic sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.
Khun, khay khng v sinh sch s th cc cht bn c bit l ten di y
khun ny s rt ln khun khc trong lc xp chng ln nhau ch cp ng lm
sn phm cui cng c th b nhim kim loi.

79
- Cp ng:
Cc yu t nh: iu kin v sinh t ng, nhit t ng khng m bo,
thao tc k thut khng ng, thi gian h nhit qu lu, nhit tm sn phm
cha t m ly hng ra u lm nh hng ti cht lng ca sn phm.
- M bng, bao gi v bo qun:
Nhit nc m bng, nhit phng bao gi khng lnh, cc ti PE b
nhim bn, v sinh khu vc bao gi cha m bo, thao tc khng nh nhng lm
gy c. u nh hng ti cht lng ca sn phm.
- My mc, thit b v nh xng:
My mc thit b l mt yu t quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut, n nh
hng rt ln n cht lng sn phm. H thng my mc ca nh my hin nay
hot ng tng i tt, tuy nhin x nghip ch mi c 2 t ng tip xc v mt
bng chuyn IQF m lng hng sn xut l kh ln nn bn thnh phm phi ch
ng kh lu, lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Do thit b cp ng cha
p ng c cng sut ca nh my nn cc thit b ny thng phi chy lin
tc ht m ny n m khc lm nng sut v tui th ca cc thit b gim xc lm
cht lng sn phm khng m bo.
Bn cnh my mc thit b th c s h tng nh xng cng nh hng n
cht lng sn phm. Do nh xng ca cng ty mi xy dng mi v xng c th
va c sa cha nn ni chung v nh xng th khng gy nh hng xu n
cht lng sn phm.
- Qu trnh phc v sn xut:
- Tnh hnh cung cp nc: Nc l mt trong cc yu t khng th thiu
i vi qu trnh sn xut ca x nghip. X nghip khng th tin hnh sn xut
hoc sn xut tt c nu khng c hoc khng nc cho sn xut. Mt khc,
nc cn phi m bo cc tiu chun v sinh, trong, snhHin nay x
nghip dng h thng nc ging khoan ri lng, lc, kh trng nn vic cung cp
nc x nghip hin nay l tng i tt v m bo cc tiu chun v sinh.

80
- Tnh hnh cung cp nc : Trong qu trnh sn xut th nc rt cn
thit gi gn v bo qun bn thnh phm, hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
m bo cht lng cho sn phm. Hin nay cng ty c 2 ci vy m bo
cung cp y nc cho qu trnh sn xut.
- Tnh hnh cung cp in: i vi x nghip ch bin thy sn vn cung
cp in cng l vn rt cn thit. Qu trnh ch bin t khu nguyn liu n
thnh phm u cn c in chiu sng, chy my iu ha nhit , chy
my lng da, my quay tng trng, chy t ng, bng chuyn, chy cc dn lnh
trong kho bo qun Hin nay cng ty ang s dng mng in li quc gia nn
i khi b mt in do x nghip cn trang b my pht in vi cng sut ln
cung cp in khi c s c mt in lm cho qu trnh sn xut c lin tc
m bo khng nh hng ti cht lng sn phm.
- Cng tc kim tra cht lng sn phm: qun l tt cht lng sn
phm phi lun tng cng, cng c cng tc kim tra cht lng sn phm. Cng
tc kim tra cht lng sn phm l mt cng tc v cng quan trng, l nhim v
khng phi ca ring t KCS m l nhim v chung ca ton th cn b cng nhn
trong x nghip, cng tc ny pht hin ra nhng sai lch k thut trong qu trnh
sn xut lm nh hng ti cht lng sn phm, ngn chn vic sn xut ra nhng
sn phm khng t cht lng.
Hin nay x nghip, vic sn xut ra nhng sn phm t cht lng tr
thnh nhim v v trch nhim ca mi ngi. T KCS c nhim v kim tra cht
lng t khu nguyn liu n tt c cc cng an sn xut, cc thng s k thut
ca my mc, thit b v kim tra cht lng ca sn phm cui cng. KCS c
quyn nh ch hot ng ca cc cng on sn xut khng t yu cu k thut,
pht nhng cng nhn lm sai hay khng trang b bo h lao ng nh quy nh.
Khng cho xut xng nhng sn phm khng t yu cu cht lng m bo
uy tn ca x nghip i vi khch hng.

81
- Cng tc v sinh:
V sinh trong x nghip ch bin thy sn l mt cng tc ht sc quan trng
v d x nghip c c trang b my mc mi, nh xng xy dng ng tiu
chun nhng khi sn xut khng lm tt cng tc v sinh th khng th sn xut
ra nhng sn phm c cht lng cao tiu chun v sinh.
Nhn chung vn v sinh ca x nghip thc hin tng i tt, nhng vn
cn nhng mt thiu st nh:
- Trong khu vc tip nhn, fillet v nh hnh cn nhiu rui nhng m
khng c bin php tiu dit mt cch hu hiu, ch cho cng nhn dng cn xt
lm chng bay t ni ny sang ni khc trong xmg m thi.
- Vn cn mt s vi nc trong xng vn hnh bng tay m tay ca cng
nhn lm c Tra th lun dnh nhiu m c do rt d v khng m bo v sinh.
- H nhng ng xy dng vi din tch nh, chiu rng khng qu bc chn
ngi do rt nhiu cng nhn khng li qua h nhng ng.
- thc chp hnh cc quy phm v sinh ca cng nhn cha cao nh:
khng ra tay trc khi vo phn xng sn xut, thng lm ri bn thnh phm
m khng ra li bng nc chlorine m chung vi bn thnh phm sch. kt
thc mi t hng khng dn bn sch s, khng thay nc ra mi ng tn sut
quy nh.
- Tc ng ca ngi lao ng:
Trong mi hat ng ca x hi th con ngi lun gi vai tr quan trng.
Trong hot ng sn xut th vai tr ca con ngi cng ng vai tr quan trng
hn, d rng my mc thit b c hin i n u, nguyn liu cht lng tt n
u m con ngi khng c thc, khng c trnh , khng kh nng lm
vic th lm sao c th lm ra nhng sn phm t cht lng cao cho c. Do
nng cao cht lng sn phm th x nghip rt cn nhng k s, cng nhn c
thc, c tay ngh cao, trnh , c u c sng to, linh hot v khn kho trong
tng cng vic, trong tng s c xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut

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Cng ty ang tr lng cho cng nhn theo nng sut lao ng do to
c s hng say, sing nng lm vic ca cng nhn, tuy nhin n cng dn n
tnh trng mt s cng nhn v mi chy theo nng sut m cu th trong cng vic,
khng v sinh dng c sch s, khng thay nc ng tn sut, thao tc k thut
khng ng lm tng MTHNL.
4.1.3. nh hng ca cc yu t bo qun n cht lng sn phm:
iu kin kho tr ng lm nh hng ti cht lng sn phm:
- Cu trc tng v trn khng m bo:
Khi bo qun sn phm trong kho lnh th yu t cn thit nht l kho lnh
phi c nhit bo qun n nh, lnh t lm nh hng n cht lng sn
phm. Do cu trc ca tng, trn v nn kho phi c lp cch nhit, cch m tt
trnh lm hao ph lnh dn n tnh trng nhit kho thiu lnh lm tan bng,
h hng sn phm.
- Nn kho:
Nn kho cng nh hng n sn phm bo qun trong kho. Khi kho lnh
c xy dng trc tip trn mt t, v nhit ca kho lnh hn nhiu so vi
nhit ca t do sao mt thi gian s c hin tng to di nn kho. Hin
tng ny cn gi l hin tng ci nn do bng. Khi hin tng ny xy ra s lm
nt tng kho lnh.
- Ca kho:
Khi ca kho khng kn s to iu kin cho khng kh xmnhp vo kho.
Khi n khng nhng lm tng hm nhit m cn lm tng hm m ca kho. Hm
m ny s ngng t li thnh bng tuyt trn bt k b mt dn lnh no khi lm
hn ch kh nng sinh lnh ca cc dn lnh lm nhit kho khng lnh, gy
bin i xu cho sn phm.
- Cch sp xp hng trong kho tr ng:
Khi nhp hng vo kho tr ng phi tun th theo nhng nguyn tt nht
nh, lm sao m bo rng khng kh lnh lu thng c qua tt c cc b mt

83
ca cc thng sn phm cha trong kho. Tuy nhin v lng hng trong kho qu
nhiu nn i khi nguyn tc ny khng c m bo tt lm.
Khong cch gia sn phm vi:
Sn kho: 10 15cm
Tng kho: 20 30cm
Trn kho: 40 50cm
Dn lnh: 1.5 2m
Qut gi: 30cm.
- Nhng bin i ca sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun lm gim
cht lng sn phm:
S kt tinh li ca nc : Cc tinh th nc trong cu trc thc phm
nm sen k vi cc cht tan v vy chng c nhit nng chy ph thuc vo s
lin h vi cc cht tan. Nhng tinh th nh chu s nh hng nhiu ca cht tan
nn c nhit nng chy thp hn. Chnh v vy nhit bo qun tng d t cng
c nhng tinh th nc nng chy, khi nhit gim xung chng s kt tinh li
vi xu hng khuch tn lin kt vi nhng tinh th khng nng chy. Hin tng
ny xy ra lin tc lm cho s lng cc tinh th nh gim dn kch thc cc tinh
th cn li tng dn theo thi gian. Chng gin n th tch lm tng mc h hng
cu trc lin kt cc t bo ca sn phm. Khi lm tan bng s tng t l nc t do,
lm tng mc hao ph trng lng, hao ph cht tan ca sn phm, gim tnh n hi
gim rn chc ca cu trc c tht c lm gim mi v c trng ca sn phm.
S thng hoa ca nc : Cc tinh th nc thng hoa do s chnh lch
p sut hi nc gia lp khng kh b mt vi khng kh trong mi trng xung
quanh. Khi nc thng hoa s to ra cc cu trc rng xp trong sn phm,
khng kh d xm nhp vo gy oxy ha sn phm. Nc thng hoa cng gy
nn s bin tnh cht tan v s gim trng lng, mi v c trng ca sn phm.
S bin i protein: Protein ca sn phm thy sn thng xuyn bin i
trong qu trnh lm lnh v tr ng. Tc bin tnh protein ny ty thuc ch yu
vo nhit . nhit di im ng bng mt cht v d -2
0
C tc khc xy ra

84
nhng bin i nghim trng. Tc bin tnh protein s chm li nu bo qun
nhit cng thp.
S bin i cht bo v sc t: S bin i ch yu l do s oxy ha cht
bo v cc sc t. Nu nhit cng tng th s oxy xy ra cng nhanh chng.
S chy lnh: Trong qu trnh bo qun do s thng hoa ca nc nn
sn phm dn dn b mt nc nhiu b mt tr nn kh c v xp. Dn dn lp
xp ny n xu vo trong lm sn phm nh, xp v kh. Sn phm s kh nc
dn trong kho tr ng ngay c trong iu kin kho tt. iu ny lm sn phm b
hao tn trng lng t nhin. Mt nc cng lm tng s bin tnh protein v tng
s oxy ha cht bo. Ngay c khi bao b kn hon ton cng khng trnh khi s
mt nc.
4.1.4. Cc yu t mi trng nh hng ti cht lng sn phm:
- Nhit :
Nhit l yu t quan trng c dng bo qun sn phm v yu cu
quan trng nht l nhit phi lnh v n nh.
Nguyn liu t khi nh bt n khi a vo quy trnh ch bin th lun chu
nh hng ca nhit . y l nhn t nh hng trc tip n hot ng ca vi
sinh vt nn n nh hng n qu trnh thi ra. Trong phm vi nhit nht nh
nu nhit tng th vi sinh vt hot ng mnh, tc thi ra nhanh tuy nhin
khi nhit ln qu cao th vi sinh vt b c ch, tc thi ra chm li. Vi sinh
vt hot ng mnh 25 35
0
C nn nhit ny tc thi ra rt nhanh.
V vy trong qu trnh ch bin cn bo qun bn thnh phm nhit
thp. Khi nhit di 15
0
C th tc thi ra gim, nhit 0 5
0
C tc thi
ra rt chm. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta p dng cc phng php bo qun
nhm h nhit xung thp m bo cht lng sn phm.
- m:
Khi m khng kh tng ln th mc bay hi nc ca thc phm gim
nhng hot ng ca vi sinh vt li tng ln. V vy trong qu trnh ch bin chng

85
ta phi iu chnh m cho thch hp khng lm nh hng ti cht lng sn
phm sau ny.
- Vi sinh vt:
Vi sinh vt l mt trong nhng nhn t nh hng rt ln ti cht lng sn
phm. N l ngun gc gy ra cc hin tng h hng ca sn phm. hn ch
cc h hng do vi sinh vt gy ra chng ta cn c cc bin php nh h thp nhit
c ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt, lun c ch v sinh ngn chn vi
sinh vt t bn ngoi vo sn phm.
Tm li cht lng sn phm chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t t khu
nguyn liu ban u qua qu trnh ch bin n khu ng gi, bo qun thnh
phm, chng ta phi ra cc bin php hu hiu nhm nng cao cht lng sn
phm.
4.2. XUT BIN PHP NNG CAO CHT LNG SN PHM:
i vi ty ch bin thu sn th vn cht lng sn phm l vn c
quan tm u tin, v n l nhn t quyt nh s thnh bi ca cng ty. Ch khi no
x nghip sn xut ra sn phm c cht lng cao mi thu ht c khch hng, to
c uy tn trn th trng trong v ngoi nc, t em li hiu qu kinh doanh
cho cng ty. Chnh v l khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm l xu
hng tt yu trong vic m rng sn xut, l iu kin cn thit nng cao hiu
qu sn xut kinh doanh, tng nng xut lao ng em li li nhun cho cng ty.
Nhn chung cht lng sn phm ca cng ty Sohafood tng i tt v p
ng c yu cu ca khch hng trong nc v quc t. Cc mt hng ca cng ty
xut sang c cc nc nh: c, H Lan, Hng Kng, B, Thy S, Nga,
Canada Nhng khng v th m cng ty khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn
phm, cng ty phi lm sao sn phm ca mnh c chp nhn cc nc c
yu cu khc khe hn. Mun lm c iu cng ty phi n lc tm cc bin
php hu hiu lm cho cc sn phm do cng ty mnh lm ra ngy cng hon
thin hn. nng cao cht lng sn phm ta khng ch quan tm n mt yu t

86
hay mt phng din no m ta phi quan tm thc hin tt tt c cc yu t: k
thut, t chc, qun l.
Hin nay cng ty ang p dng ch ng trnh qun l cht lng theo
HACCP v ang phn u t chng trnh qun l cht lng theo SQF.
Chng trnh ny gip cho cng ty qun l tt hn, sn phm c khch hng
tin cy hn.
4.2.1. V mt k thut:
- m bo cht lng ban u ca nguyn liu:
Cht lng ban u ca nguyn liu l mt yu t rt quan trng, n quyt
nh vic hnh thnh cht lng sn phm. Nguyn liu ban u tt, cht lng cao
mi sn xut ra sn phm c cht lng cao. c im chung ca nguyn liu thy
sn l mau n thi v khi nguyn liu v nh my cht lng nguyn liu khng
c ti tt nh khi con ti sng do nh my ch mua nguyn liu c cn
sng khi v n nh my.
- Thc hin ng quy trnh sn xut:
m bo mt qu trnh sn xut c thc hin tt th chng ta phi tun
th theo cc GMP ca chng trnh HACCP ra.
Khi tip nhn nguyn liu:
- Tip nhn nguyn liu l khu u tin ca qu trnh ch bin nn phi cn
ch :
+ Nhit trong phng tip nhn l 18 20
0
C.
+ iu kin v sinh: thng xuyn c ra nn nh, tng, bn vi dung dch
chlorine nng 500 1000ppm mi c th tiu dit vi sinh vt trn b mt cc
dng c . Ngoi ra cn phi thng xuyn v sinh sch s cc thit b cha ng,
vn chuyn nguyn liu v bn thnh phm ra vo nh: r, st, thng mui c
bng cch dng vi nc c p lc phun sch tp cht sau cho ra li bng
clorine c nng cao.

87
+ Cn c bin php tiu dit rui nhng v chng l tc nhn gy ly nhim
vi sinh vt vo nguyn liu.
+ ng kn cc ca ra vo ngn chn ng vt gy hi.
+ Cm n ung, ht thuc v khc nh trong khu tip nhn nguyn liu.
+ Khi tip nhn nguyn liu i hi cn b thu mua c tay ngh cao c kh
nng nh gi mt cch tng i chnh xc v cht l ng cng nh kch c
nguyn liu v n ca nhng con c cht khi cn thit.
+ Nguyn liu c nhn v ng trong nhng dng c chuyn dng
c v sinh sch s, trnh lm xy xt c nguyn liu.
Ct tit, x mu, fillet v lng da:
- C sau khi ct tit xong c ngm trong bun nc c pha chlorine x
mu.
- Cc ming c fillet xong c ngm ra trong cc thau nc chlorine. Cc
thau phi c v sinh sch s.
- Trnh lm ri rt c xung sn.
- Cc li dao lng da phi c v sinh sch s v mi sc trnh dao r
st.
- Cc kt ng ph liu phi t ng ni qui nh v thng xuyn c
chuyn ra ngoi khi y kt.
Chnh hnh:
- Bn, dao, tht dng chnh hnh ming c fillet phi c v sinh sch s
bng dung dch nc chlorine. Bn ch bin phi chuyn dng, c rnh thot nc
trnh nc ng trn bn m lm ly nhim vo bn thnh phm.
- Ph liu trn bn chnh hnh phi thng xuyn c chuyn ra ngoi trnh
ly nhim vo bn thnh phm.

88
- Nc ra c chnh hnh phi lnh t 0 5
0
C. Khi nc ra c c mu
hng nht th phi thay nc khc.
Quay tng trng v bt mu, phn c:
- My quay tng trng phi c v sinh sch s trc khi cho c vo quay.
- Thuc quay tng trng phi c pha ch vi nng ng yu cu k
thut v ng trong dng c chuyn dng.
- Kim tra chnh xc ca cn kim tra c cho chnh xc.
- Cc r dng khu ny cng phi chuyn dng v c lm v sinh sch
s.
Cp ng:
- Trong qu trnh cp ng ch s dng t cng sut v thi gian ng
cng nhanh cng tt.
- Trc khi cp ng, t phi c v sinh sch s bng vi nc c p lc
ra tri cc mng bng tuyt bm trn cc tm lc.
- Nu cho sn phm chy bng chuyn th phi v sinh bng chuyn tht k
trc khi ln c phi chy ly . n khi no t 45
0
C mi ln c.
- Sau cp ng nhit tm sn phm phi t 18
0
C hoc thp hn.
Bao gi v bo qun:
- Bao b phi trong cc kho ring bit sch s thong mt, c t trn
cc ballet, khng tip xc vi nn nh.
- Phng bao gi phi sch s, hp v sinh.
- Trn bao b phi ghi y cc ni dung: tn sn phm, ngy sn xut, hn
s dng, iu kin bo qun, m s l, m cng ty

89
- sau khi ng gi xong th chuyn sang kho bo qun ngay m bo khng
xy ra tnh trng c mn sau m bng lm gim cht lng ca c..
- Kho bo qun phi cch nhit tt v trang b my lnh cng sut m
bo nhit kho lun duy tr -20
0
C hoc thp hn.
- Trong kho sn phm c xp theo tng l ri ng bit, hng xp theo
nguyn tc vo trc ra trc, phi m bo cho dng kh lnh lu thng qua b
mt sn phm. Hn ch m ca kho trnh tn tht nhit.
4.2.2. Quy trnh lm v sinh v kim sot v sinh:
- Nc cung cp cho ch bin v sn xut nc :
- Nc s dng trong ch bin, lm v sinh cc b mt tip xc trc tip vi
sn phm, v sinh tay v dng trong sn xut nc , phi l nc sch theo qui
nh ca B Y t.
- Hin nay cng ty ang s dng ngun nc ging khoang sau c x
l lng, lc v kh trng trc khi a vo sn xut. Cht lng nc sau x l
phi p ng yu cu ca B Y t.
- Khng c s ni cho gia cc ng cung cp nc qua x l vi cc
ng ng cha qua x l.
- H thng bm, ng ng, b cha, h thng x l phi thng xuyn
c lm v sinh.
- H nc v ng ng c xc ra v v sinh nh k 3 thng mt ln,
thit b lc th mi thng mt ln.
- Phi thng xuyn kim tra du nhn ca h thng bm xem c lm
nhim ngun nc ch bin, v kim tra d lng chlorine vi nc trong phn
xng ch bin vo u ca sn xut, d lng chlorine cho php trong khong 0,5
1ppm.

90
- B mt tip xc vi sn phm:
- Cc b mt tip xc vi sn phm phi m bo duy tr iu kin v sinh
sch trc khi bt u vo sn xut.
- Tt c cc dng c ch bin, bn, dao, khun, v cc b mt tip xc vi
sn phm ca cc thit b u lm bng inox, b mt nhn d lm v sinh.
- Dng c cha ng nh: r, tht, thau u lm bng nha khng to mi,
loan mu v cc cht c nh hng n an ton v sinh thc phm.
V sinh sau ca sn xut:
i vi dng c cha ng nh khun, tht, r:
- Dn ht hng cn tn ng trong cc dng c cha.
- Ra sch bng nc sch.
- Dng bn chi v x phng c ra.
- Ra li bng nc sch.
- Ngm trong bn nc c pha chlorine nng 200ppm trong 15 pht, sau
ra li bng nc sch.
- p dng c ln gi theo quy nh.
V sinh, kh trng gng tay, ym:
- Ra sch bng nc sch.
- Dng bn chi v x phng c ra k c cc k ngn tay.
- Ra ht x phng bng nc sch.
- Nhng trong dung dch chlorine 200ppm.

91
V sinh bn, thng cha v phng tin vn chuyn nguyn liu, bn
thnh phm:
- Ra sch tp cht bng vi nc sch.
- Dng bn chi v dung dch x phng ch sch cc cht bn cn bm trn
b mt.
- Ra li bng nc sch.
- Di dung dch chlorine 200ppm ln b mt v 10 pht sau ra li
bng nc sch
V sinh trc ca sn xut:
V sinh trc ca sn xut cng ging nh v sinh sau ca sn xut nhng
khng dng x phng.
Ngoi ra i vi cc b mt tip xc vi sn phm cn c lm v sinh vo
gi gii lao.
Ngn nga s nhim cho:
- Dy chuyn sn xut c b tr hp l bng cch phn lung ring nguyn
liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm, vt liu bao gi v ph thi trong qu trnh ch
bin hn ch n mc thp nht kh nng c th gy nhim cho cho sn phm.
- Cc sn phm khc nhau c ch bin cc phn xng khc nhau, c
tng ngn cch.
- Cc h thng dn nc thi phi thng xuyn lm v sinh sch s khng
to ni n no cho cc ng vt gy hi.
- Cng nhn trc khi vo phn xng phi ra tay v kh trng ng quy
nh.
- Thng gi trong cc phng ch bin phi m bo cho cc dng kh sch
chuyn t ni c yu cu v sinh cao sang ni c yu cu v sinh thp hn.

92
- Ngn nga s ngng t hi nc t h thng iu ha khng kh c th lm
nhim bn sn phm.
- Khng sn phm hoc cc dng c cha ng sn phm tip xc trc
tip vi sn nh.
- Khng s dng phng tin vn chuyn sn phm thy sn vn chuyn
cc sn phm khc c th ly nhim vo sn phm thy sn. Nu s dng vn
chuyn sn phm khc th phi lm v sinh cn thn trc khi s dng tr li.
- Phn lung vn chuyn nguyn liu, ph liu, bn thnh phm v thnh
phm.
V sinh cng nhn:
- Cng nhn tham gia ch bin phi m bo v sinh sch s trc, trong v
sau ca sn xut.
- Cng ty phi trang b y cc phng tin ra kh trng tay v khn lau
tay, nn b tr ti:
+ Li i ca cng nhn vo khu vc ch bin.
+ Trong phng ch bin.
+ Cnh nh v sinh.
- Cc thit b ny cn phi:
+ Trang b vi nc khng vn hnh bng tay.
+ Cung cp nc sch.
+ Lun c x phng ra tay.
+ C thau nc pha chlorine nhng tay.
- B kh trng ng c b tr ti ca ra vo khu vc ch bin, bt buc mi
ngi ra vo phi li qua st trng ng.

93
- Nh v sinh b tr gn nhng cch ly hon ton vi khu vc ch bin.
- Tt c cng nhn tham gia sn xut phi ra tay:
+ Trc khi vo khu vc sn xut.
+ Sau khi i v sinh.
+ Sau khi tay tip xc vi vt bn.
- Cng nhn tham gia ch bin phi:
+ Mc bo h v i ng ng quy nh.
+ i m bo h che kn tc.
+ eo khu trang che kn ming v mi.
+ eo bao tay ng quy nh.
- Cng nhn phi c o to v tm quan trng ca vic gi v sinh v
thc hin cc qui phm v sinh.
- KCS gim st vic v sinh hng ngy ca cng nhn trc v trong khi sn
xut.
- KCS kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc phng tin v sinh v kh
trng mi ngy mt ln xem c y cc phng tin nu trn khng, c c gi
gn, bo dng v hot ng tt hay khng. Nu c thiu hoc h hng th kp thi
bo co b sung sa cha.
S dng v bo qun ho cht:
- S dng bo qun cc ho cht hp l, khng thc phm, bao b, cc b
mt tip xc vi sn phm b ly nhim bi cc ho cht gy hi: cht ty ra, kh
trng, thuc dit cn trng v ng vt gy hi.
- Tt c cc ho cht u phi dn nhn bn ngoi dng c cha n.

94
- Ch s dng cht ty ra, cht kh trng ph hp vi mc ch s dng,
s cho php ca b Y t.
- Cht ty ra v kh trng phi c ng trong thng kn, bo qun ring
bit trong kho thng thong.
- Cc cht dng dit cn trng v cc loi gm nhm phi c bo qun
nghim ngt, tuyt i khng cho ly nhim vo sn phm.
- Ho cht ht hn, km cht lng tuyt i khng c a vo s dng.
Sc kho cng nhn:
Kim tra sc kho cng nhn nhm m bo cng nhn khng l ngun ly
nhim vo thc phm, bao b v cc b mt tip xc vi sn phm.
- Cng nhn c khm sc kho trc khi tuyn dng v nh k hng nm,
do s Y t khm
- Cng nhn c bnh truyn nhim hoc mc cc bnh c th ly nhim cho
sn phm th khng c lm vic nhng cng on sn xut m c th ly nhim
trc tip hay gin tip n sn phm.
- Cng nhn b t tay, b thng phi c bng ngay bng cc loi bng
khng thm nc.
- Cng ty phi trang b y thuc c thng ti mi phn xng, trong
t nht phi c:
+ Bng cun khng thm nc.
+ Thuc st trng.
+ Bng v bng dnh.
Ngn nga cc cht bn ri vo sn phm:
Cn xy dng mt chng trnh bo tr thng xuyn h thng qut gi,
thng gi cho phn xng nhm ngn nga v hn ch s ngng t ca hi nc

95
trong cc khu vc sn xut v bo qun. Hi nc ngng t c th lm nhim bn
vo sn phm, b nt tip xc vi sn phm v bao b.
KCS cn kim tra s ngng t ca hi nc trn trn v kim tra s hot
ng ca h thng qut gi c hot ng tt hay khng.
Trn nh cn c bo dng v lm v sinh thng k m bo rng
khng c mng nhn v tch t bi bn.
4.2.3. Ci to mt bng, trang thit b my mc:
Cng ty cn phi m rng thm khu vc tip nhn nguyn liu v phng ct
tit.
Lp t thm cc t ng dng c nhn trong phng thay bo h.
Lp thm cc vi nc trong phn xng ch bin vn hnh bng van p.
Nn lp thm 2 t ng tip xc v mt bng chuyn na mi gii quyt ht
lng hng trong ngy.
4.2.4. Cng tc t chc v qun l:
T chc cc phng ban ng trch nhim v chc nng ca tng phng. Cc
b phn ca phng ban phi c trnh hiu bit v th hin ng vai tr chc nng
ca mnh.
Ban qun c phi nm vng k thut t khu nguyn liu cho n khu
thnh phm.
Phi to iu kin cho mi ngi pht huy ht kh nng ca mnh hon
thnh cng vic nhanh v c hiu qu.
Phi to cho mi ngi c tnh thi ua trong cng vic.
Trong phn xng nn thnh lp cc t, v c ch khen thng cho cc t
lm tt cng nh c hnh thc k lut thch ng i vi nhng t hoc nhng cng
nhn lm sai tri.

96
Nn t chc cc cuc thi tay ngh mi ngi c dp thi ua, hc tp ln
nhau.
Phi b tr s lng cng nhn cng nh KCS tng phn xng mt cch
hp l, ng ngi ng vic.
Cn b lnh o cng ty, t chc Cng on phi lun quan tm n ngi
lao ng, phi to c nim tin cho mi ngi yn tm lm vic.
C ch lng bng hp l m bo i sng cho ngi lao ng,
ngun nguyn liu trong cng ty phi n nh trnh tnh trnh phi cho cng nhn
ngh y qu nhiu.
Cn ch n vic o to i ng cn b k thut, cng nhn c tay ngh
cao bng cch m cc lp hc tp nng cao trnh tay ngh v s hiu bit v cc
chng trnh qun l cht lng.
Ngoi ra cng ty cn nng cao thc trch nhim ca cng nhn:
- Phi lun gi gn v sinh thn th, to c thi quen lm v sinh trc khi
vo xng v tinh thn hng say sng to trong lao ng.
- Phi tuyt i tun th cc yu cu k thut ca quy trnh sn xut.
4.3. CHI PH THC HIN BIN PHP:
Cn c vo iu kin con ngi, vt t, c s h tng, trang thit b my
mc ca cng ty hin nay th cng ty cn phi trang b thm 2 t ng tip xc
(mi t c nng sut l 1000kg/m) v mt bng chuyn IQF trnh tnh trng
hng phi mui li qu lu.
Chi ph lp t l:
Gi thnh ca 2 t ng tip xc nng xut 1000kg/m l: 2 x 880 triu =
1,76 t
Gi thnh mt bng chuyn IQF l 2,85 t

97
Tng gi thnh l: 1,76 + 2,85 = 4,61 t.
Thu sut l 5% = 4,61 x 5% = 0,2305 t
Tng chi ph lp t l: 4,61 + 0,2305 = 4,8405 t.

Hnh 2.13: Bng chuyn IQF
4.4. HIU QU EM LI:
Nu lp t thm 2 t ng v 1 bng chuyn IQF nh trn th mi ngy x
nghip s gii quyt c thm khong 15 tn hng na m khng phi tn chi ph,
din tch, dng c cha cho vic tr ng ch n ngy hm sau mi cp ng.
Mt khc v mt cht lng th r rng l vic lp t thm cc thit b trn
ci thin rt nhiu cht lng ca sn phm cui cng. Bi v nu khng thit
b cp ng nh hin nay th cng ty phi mui hng li trong khong 10 gi mi
cp ng v sau 10 gi phi tin hnh cp ng hng mui, ng thi li phi
mui hng mi ang chy trn dy chuyn. Nh vy hu nh l c no cng phi
tr ng v mui li sau gn 10 gi mi cp ng m vic lm ny dn n s bin
i mu ca c rt nhiu c lc c mu 1 li tr thnh c mu 2 sau khi tri qua thi
gian tr ng lu nh th. Bn cnh vic c b bin mu n cn bin i nhiu v c
cu v thnh phn dinh dng ca sn phm.
Trn y l mt s bin php nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm c Tra
fillet ng lnh ni ring v thu sn ng lnh ni chung. Tuy cha phi l gii

98
php ti u nht nhng nu p dng bin php ny mt cch ng b vi tinh thn
thc trch nhim cao ca mi ngi trong cng ty th n s gp phn ng k vo
vic ci tin nng cao cht lng sn phm.

99
KT LUN V XUT KIN.
Qua 3 thng thc tp ti cng ty C phn Ch bin Thc phm Sng Hu,
c tip cn vi thc t sn xut, em thy vn lm gim nh mc tiu hao
nguyn liu v nng cao cht lng sn phm l nhng vn v cng quan trng
i vi mi cng ty ch bin thy sn xut khu. Tnh hnh xut khu cc mt hng
thu sn sang th trng cc nc trn th gii ang ngy mt i hi cng cao v
cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm cng vi s cnh tranh gay gt gia cc
doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc i hi cc doanh nghip ch bin thu sn ca
Vit Nam phi khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm p ng c cc
yu cu ca khch hang. ng thi phi tm cc bin php lm gim n mc ti
thiu nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu c th gim gi thnh sn phm, tng hiu
qu sn xut kinh doanh cho cng ty.
Cng ty Sohafood c iu kin v nh xng, trang thit b my mc tng
i hin i, i ng cng nhn lnh ngh, c nhng k s trnh v kinh
nghim thc hin nhng vn quan trng trn. Tuy nhin bn cnh vn
cn c nhng cng nhn tay ngh km, nhng cn b cha tm huyt vi cng ty
nn hin nay nhng vn cng ty vn cha c thc hin tht tt. Sau 3
thng thc tp tai cng ty ti xin c xut vi cng ty mt s kin nh sau:
- Cn o to k hn na tay ngh cho nhng cng nhn mi vo lm v
nhng cng nhn tay ngh km.
- KCS cc cng on cn phi gim st cht ch hn na thao tc k thut,
thc lm vic, v sinh ca cng nhn trong nh my. Nn thc hin pht nhng
cng nhn lm sai mt cch nghim khc khng nn ch nhc nh sun m khng
pht t cng nhn khng s m tip tc lm sai.
- Cn lp t thm 2 t ng tip xc v mt bng chuy IQF na gii
quyt ht lng bn thnh phm trong ngy m khng phi mui li lm gim cht
lng sn phm.

100
- Cn sa cha cc kho 50 tn v kho 300 tn phn xng 1 khc phc
tnh trng nhit kho tng ln khng lnh lm h hng sn phm nh s c xy
ra vo thng 4 va qua.
- Nn lp t thm my pht in mi cng sut phc v sn xut thay
cho my pht in c va xy ra s c ngy 28/04/2006.
- Khn trng khc phc tnh trng nt tng kho lnh phn xng 2.
- Khng nn gi mm ca t ng tip xc vo bng chuyn IQF ng
hng block.
Trn y l mt s kin ca ti xut vi cng ty hy vng Ban gim c
cng ty v phng K thut nghin cu b sung cho hon chnh hn na v thc
hin cng ty Sohafood ngy cng pht trin nhiu hn na.

101
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Trn c Ba - Nguyn Vn Ti (1990), cng ngh lnh thu sn, NXB i
hc Quc gia - Tp.H Ch Minh.
2. Nguyn Trng Cn (1998), c s thit k dy chuyn cng ngh, NXB Nng
Nghip - Tp. H Ch Minh.
3. ng Vn Hp - Minh Phng, phn tch kim nghim sn phm thu sn.
4. L Vn Hong, c, tht & cng nghip ch Bin, NXB Khoa hc - K thut.
5. Minh Phng, V sinh thc phm.
6. T Quang Ngc - Nguyn Quc Vit, c ti cht lng V nhng bin
i cht lng.
7. Mai nh Yn (1992), a danh cc loi c nc ngt Nam B, NXB Khoa
hc - k thut.
8. TT Kim Tra Cht Lng V Sinh Thc Phm (1996), cc tiu chun v
cht lng v an ton v sinh thc phm, NXB Nng Nghip - H Ni.
9. Ti liu ca cng ty Sohafood.

Da Tieu Hao Nguyen Lieu o CA Tra

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