Chuyn :

BI TON KHO ST CHUYN NG CA

IN TCH TRONG IN TRNG
Phn 1: t vn
I. L do chn chuyn
Bi ton kho st chuyn ng ca in tch trong in trng l bi ton a
dng v quen thuc i vi hc sinh Trung hc ph thng. Song trong qu trnh gii
bi tp, nhiu khi hc sinh, sinh vin cn gp kh khn v phng php; ngoi ra
hiu mt cch su sc th cn nhiu vn cn c a ra xem xt, nh gi -iu
ny c ngha i vi c hc sinh ph thng, sinh vin v gio vin ging dy.
Chnh v l do trn m em chn chuyn Kho st chuyn ng ca in
tch trong in trng.
II. Mc tiu d kin chuyn t c
Chuyn c nghin cu vi mc ch: a ra phng php gii tng qut
v gii chi tit mt s bi tp trong bi ton kho st chuyn ng ca in tch
trong in trng.
Phn 2: Ni dung
I. C s l thuyt
1. in trng
a. in tch
*in tch ca mt ht l mt trong nhng thuc tnh c bn nht ca ht.
*Tnh cht:
- in tch tn ti di hai dng: in tch m v in tch dng.
- in tch c tnh cht bo ton: in tch ca mt vt hay mt h vt t c
lp lun lun c gi tr khng i.
- Tnh cht c bit ca in tch l in tch b lng t ha, ngha l in
tch trong t nhin ch tn ti di nhng lng ri rc nht nh, ch khng bin
thin lin tc.
in tch nh nht trong t nhin c gi tr nht nh, bng
19
1, 6 10

Culng,
gi l in tch nguyn t. in tch ca mt ht bao gi cng c tr s l bi ca
in tch nguyn t.
b. in trng
*in trng l mt dng vt cht bao quanh cc in tch, trong c cc lc
in tc dng ln cc in tch khc t trong n.
*Du hiu c bn nht ca in trng l n gy ra lc in. Do c th
nhn bit s tn ti ca in trng thng qua in tch th t vo n (c chu lc
tc dng hay khng).
*Vct cng in trng: in trng l mt trng vct, c c
trng bi vct cng in trng
E
r
. Vct
E
r
l mt i lng c trng cho
in trng v mt tc dng lc ca trng.
- Cng in trng do mt h in tch
1 2
, ,...,
n
q q q
gy ra ti im
M(x,y,z):
1

0
2
1
n
i
i
q
E k r
r

r
r
(1)
- Cng in trng do mt in tch im q gy ra ti im M(x,y,z):
+ Vct:
0
2
0
1
4
q
E r
r

r
r
(2)
r: l khong cch t in tch q ti M
0
r
r
: l vct n v trn phng r
r
+ ln:
2
0
1
4
q
E
r

(3)
+ n v: V/m
+ Biu din vc t
E
r
Phng: trn phng r
r
(ni t in tch q n M).
im t: ti im M (im kho st).
Vct hng ra xa nu q > 0, hng v q nu q < 0.
2. Phng php ng lc hc - Phng php ta
a. Phng php ng lc hc
H thng v tng qut ha vic vn dng cc nh lut c hc:
- Chn h quy chiu thch hp. Xc nh cc d liu v cc yu cu.
- Phn tch cc lc tc dng. Vit phng trnh nh lut II Newton.
- Chiu ln cc trc ta thit lp cc phng trnh i s.
- Tm n ca bi ton:
Nu bit cc lc, ta tnh c cc i lng ng hc (Bi ton thun).
Nu bit chuyn ng, ta tnh c cc lc tc dng (Bi ton nghch).
b. Phng php ta
- Chn h ta (thng l h ta cac) v phn tch chuyn ng phc
tp thnh cc chuyn ng thnh phn n gin hn trn cc trc ta , ngha l
chiu cht im M xung hai trc Ox v Oy c cc hnh chiu
x
M
v
y
M
.
- Kho st ring r cc chuyn ng ca
x
M
v
y
M
.
- Phi hp cc li gii ring r thnh li gii y cho chuyn ng thc.
3. nh lut bo ton nng lng
- C nng c th bin i, chuyn ha sang cc dng nng lng khc v
ngc li.
- Nng lng ch bin i thng qua tng tc gia cc vt. H kn khng
tng tc vi mi trng ngoi, c nng lng tng cng khng i.
- Pht biu nh lut: Trong mt h kn c s chuyn ha ca nng lng t
dng ny sang dng khc nhng nng lng tng cng c bo ton.
4. in th
a. in th ca in trng ti im M c xc nh bng cng ca lc in
trng lm dch chuyn mt in tch dng n v t M ra xa v cng, vi quy
c in th ti v cng bng khng
( )
M
M
A q
V
q

(4)
2
b. in th gy ra bi in tch im Q trong chn khng ti im cch Q mt
khong r
( )
0
4
r
Q
V
r

(5)
c. in th c tnh cng c: in th gy ra ti mt im bi mt h n in
tch im th bng tng i s cc in th do tng in tch gy ra ti
1
( )
n
M M i
i
V V Q

(6)
*Ch :
- Lc in trng l lc th. Tht vy, c th chng minh c cng ca lc
in trng khng ph thuc hnh dng ng i m ch ph thuc vo v tr im
u v im cui ca in tch.
- Khi in tch q di chuyn t M n N di tc dng ca lc in trng
F
r

v lc ngoi
'
F
r
m cc vn tc u, cui
0
M N
v v
. Ta c:
'
A A
- Cng thc (5) cng p dng c cho qu cu tch in q phn b u vi
cc khong cch r tha iu kin:
r a
(a: bn knh qu cu).
5. Th nng
5.1. Th nng tnh in v th nng tng tc
a. Th nng tnh in
Th nng tnh in ca mt in tch q nm ti im M trong in trng
(tnh) c xc nh bng ln cng ti a ca lc in trng khi lm q dch
chuyn t im M ra xa v cng, vi quy c rng ti v cng th nng ca ht
bng khng. Do th nng tnh in ca ht c tnh theo biu thc:
W
t M
V q
(7)
Trong
M
V
l in th ca in trng ti im M gy ra bi cc in tch
khng phi q, vi quy c rng in th ti v cng bng khng. Khi ra ti v cc
th th nng ban u c chuyn ha hon ton thnh ng nng ca ht.
b. Th nng tng tc ca h in tch
Thc ra th th nng tnh in nu c ngun gc t lc tng tc tnh in
gia in tch q vi cc in tch khc gy ra in trng. V vy th nng tnh in
cn gi l th nng tng tc gia in tch q ang xt vi cc in tch cn li ca
h.
Mt khc, khi c mt h cc in tch th mi in tch trong h u c th
nng tng tc (hoc th nng tnh in) trong in trng ca cc in tch cn li.
Tuy nhin, khng phi v th m th nng tng tc ca ton h bng tng th nng
ca tng in tch. Theo nh lut bo ton in tch th
Th nng tng tc tnh in ca ton h phi bng tng ng nng
khi c h dch chuyn ra v cng, bt k s dch chuyn l ng thi
hay ln lt tng in tch mt.
V vy trong trng hp hai in tch, mc d th nng ca mi in tch u
bng
1 2
0
4
q q
r
, nhng th nng ca c h cng ch bng
1 2
0
4
q q
r
, ch khng phi bng
hai ln lng . iu ny c th kim tra li bng php tnh cng khi cho ng
thi hai in tch ra v cng.
3
(8)
Tng t, trong trng hp h c ba in tch ging nhau nm trn ba nh
ca mt tam gic u cnh a, th th nng mi in tch bng
2
0
2
4
q
r
. Song th nng
ca c h ba in tch ch gp ri lng m thi.
Vn dng cch nh gi th nng tng tc theo (8), ngi ta tnh c:
- Th nng tng tc ca mt h in tch ri rc bng:

1
W
2
he i i
Vq (9)
Trong
i
V
k hiu in th gy ra bi cc in tch khng phi
i
q
ti ni t
i
q
- Th nng tng tc ca cc in tch Q phn b lin tc trn mt vt dn
bng
1
W
2
t
VQ (10)
Trong V l in th trn vt.
5.2. Th nng tng tc v nng lng in trng ring
a. Nghch l v th nng tng tc tnh in
Ta hy xt bi ton sau : Hai qu cu kim loi hon ton ging nhau, bn knh
R, nm cch nhau mt khong L rt ln so vi kch thc ca chng. Mt qu cu
mang mt in tch q, qu kia cha tch in. Ni hai qu cu bng mt dy dn
mnh ri ngt, kt qu l in tch q c phn i cho mi qu. Song iu ng
ni l, by gi do c hai qu cu cng tch in cng du, nn gia chng c mt
th nng tng tc dng, cn trc th nng ny cha c. Vy th nng ny
ly u ra ? l cn cha k n mt lng nhit nht nh ta ra trn dy ni
khi in lng q/2 chy t qu cu th nht sang qu cu th hai.
thot khi nghch l ny ta cn ni thm vi khi nim xung quanh nng
lng tnh in.
b. Nng lng in trng v mt nng lng in trng
S kin lc in trng thc hin cng khi lm chuyn di cc in tch t
trong n, chng t in trng c mang nng lng. T biu thc nng lng in
trng trong t in phng suy ra mt nng lng in trng bng
2
0
1
w
2
E (11)
Nh khi nim mt nng lng in trng ta c th tnh c nng lng
in trng xung quanh mt vt tch in hoc mt h in tch.
Ta tnh c nng lng in trng cho trng hp qu cu kim loi bn
knh R mang in tch Q nm c lp trong chn khng l :


2 2
0 0
W .
8 2 4 2
E
Q Q Q Q
R R C
(12)
Trong C l in dung ca mt vt dn hnh cu. Nhn tin, t biu thc (12)
ta c mt kt lun quan trng rng, khi nim in tch im ch l khi nim l
tng, thun tin khi xt in trng ti nhng im kh xa vt mang in so vi
kch thc ca n. Khi nim in tch im cng c dng khi tnh th nng
tng tc ca h in tch. Tuy nhin, n khng nhng khng th p dng c i
vi nhng im kho st nm gn vt tch in, m cn a li kt qu v l khi
4
tnh nng lng in trng. Theo (12), th nng lng in trng ca bt c in
tch im no - d ln, d nh - u bng v cng.
c. Mi quan h gia nng lng in trng ring v th nng tng tc
*Vi trng hp mt vt tch in: iu trng hp l, nu thay lng
0
4
Q
R

trong biu thc (12) bng qu cu tch in nm c lp, th nng lng in trng
ring ca qu cu tch in nm c lp ng bng th nng tng tc tnh in (10)
ca cc in tch trn qu cu.
2
0 0
1
W .
8 4 2 2
Q Q Q
VQ
R R

S trng hp ny khng phi ngu nhin, bi v v thc cht, nng lng in
trng do mt vt mang in gy ra c ngun gc t th nng tng tc gia cc
in tch trn vt . Thc vy, nu ban u vt cha tch in, th nng lng in
trng bng khng. Khi trn vt c in tch, m ta a thm in tch cng du
dq t xa v cng v, th ngoi lc phi thc hin mt cng dA. Theo nh lut bo
ton nng lng, chnh s tch ly cc cng nguyn t dA ca ngoi lc lm nn
nng lng in trng, hoc lm nn th nng tng tc gia cc in tch trn vt
. V vy trong trng hp ch c mt vt tch in, th hai nng lng ny phi l
mt. Kt lun phi ng cho vt tch in c hnh dng bt k.
*Vi trng hp h vt tch in: Ta xt nng lng in trng ca h in
tch trong trng hp n gin nht gm hai qu cu nh ta s thy rng nng lng
in trng ca h vt mang in khng phi l tng n gin cc nng lng in
trng ring ca mi vt, m n cn bao gm c nng lng tng tc gia hai qu
cu. Trong , nng lng in trng ring lun dng, cn du ca th nng
tng tc ph thuc vo du cc in tch trn cc vt. Nu hai in tch cng du,
th cc in tch y nhau. Khi cc in tch li gn nhau th cng ca ngoi lc,
hoc ng nng ban u ca cc in tch chuyn dn thnh th nng tng tc.
Ngha l th nng tng tc khi ny dng, c ln tng dn khi khong cch
gia hai in tch cng gim, khin nng lng in trng ton phn ca h cng
tng. Ngc li, nu hai in tch tri du, th t xa cc in tch ny ht nhau khin
chng dch chuyn li gn nhau, lc in trng sinh cng, khin nng lng in
trng ton phn ca h gim. chnh l l do ti sao th nng tng tc lc ny
m.
II.Bi tp
A. Bi ton kho st chuyn ng ca cc in tch trong in trng
bng phng php ta v phng php ng lc hc
1.Phng php gii
- Xc nh cc lc tc dng ln ht in, trong tt nhin c lc in :
0 e
F q E
r r
Ngoi ra cn c trng lc P mg
r
r
: i vi mt s trng hp khi khi lng
ca ht in qu nh (th d ht in t), c th b qua trng lc so vi lc in.
5
- Sau xc nh gia tc a
r
ca ht in theo phng trnh Newton
F
a
m

r
r
vi
F
r
l tng hp lc tc dng ln ht in.Trong cc bi ton thng thng, a
r
c
phng khng i.
Trng hp tng qut :
0
( , ) 0 v E
r
r
. S dng phng php ta
nghin cu chuyn ng :

'

r
0:
:
x
y
a aylamotchuyenongthangeu
a
F
a aylachuyenongthangcogiatoca
m

0x 0
0
0
. os
.sin

'

r
oy
v v c
v
v v
0
. os
.sin
x o
y y
v v c
v
v a t v

'
+

r

0
2
0
. os
sin .
2
y
x v c t
a
y t v t

'
+

Qu o :
2
2 2
0
. .
2 os
y
a
y x tg x
v c

+
Cc trng hp c bit :
0
0; 90 . Thay gi tr ca

vo cc biu thc
trn.
*Ch : Phng php ta v phng php ng lc hc c thng c
s dng trong trng hp in tch chuyn ng trong in trng u, cn vi
trng hp in trng khng u, ta s dng phng php khc.
2. Bi tp v d
a. Dng 1: in tch chuyn ng theo phng song song vi cc ng
sc in
a1. Bi tp v d
Bi 1: (Bi 16.1 - Gii ton vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Ht bi khi lng m = 0,02g mang in tch
5
5.10 q C

t st bn dng
ca mt t phng khng kh. Hai bn t c khong cch d = 5cm v hiu in th U
6

O
o
v
r
F
r
x
y
+
F
r
x
E
r
O
= 500V. Tm thi gian ht bi chuyn ng gia hai bn v vn tc ca n khi n
bn t m. B qua tc dng ca trng lc.
Gii
- Chn gc ta O ti v tr ht bi bt u chuyn ng, trc ta Ox
vung gc vi cc bn t v hng v pha bn t m. Gc thi gian lc ht bi bt
u chuyn ng.
Lc tc dng ln ht bi l lc in trng F qE
r r
,
0 q >
nn
F
r
v
E
r
cng
chiu.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca ht bi : F ma
r
r
Chiu phng trnh ln Ox : F ma
Gia tc chuyn ng :
F qE qU
a
m m md

Phng trnh ta ca ht bi (vi
0
0 v
)
2 2 4 2
1 1
1, 25.10 ( )
2 2
qU
x at t t m
md

- Khi ht bi n bn t m :
2
5.10 x d m

Thay vo phng trnh ta ta tnh c thi gian ht bi chuyn ng gia
hai bn :
3
2.10 t s

Ta c h thc lin h gia v v x :

2 4
2 2 5.10 .
qU
v ax x x
md

Khi ht bi n bn t m :
2
5.10 x d m

Ta suy ra vn tc ht bi : v = 50 m/s.
Bi 2: (Bi 1.6 - Luyn gii bi tp Vt l 11 - Lng Duyn Bnh)
Hai tm kim loi phng ging nhau Av B t song song i din nhau, cch
nhau d = 8mm, tm A tch in dng, tm B tch in m, hiu in th
240
AB
U V
T tm A pht ra mt ht in t theo hng vung gc vi tm B vi vn tc
ban u
0
v
. Ht in t y bay sang tm B theo hng vung gc nhng n im
M cch tm B 2mm th dng li v quay v tm A.
a) Tnh hiu in th
AM
U
b) Tnh vn tc ban u
0
v
ca in t.
Gi thit rng ht in t ch chu tc dng ca lc in trng ; khi lng
ht in t =
31
9.10 kg

.
Gii
a) Cng in trng trong khong khng gian gia hai tm kim loi :
4
3
240
3.10 /
8.10
AB
U
E V m
d


Hiu in th gia A v M
3
( 6.10 ) AM m

:
. 180
AM
U E AM V
7
b) Khi in t chuyn ng t A n M, lc in tc dng ln in t sinh mt
cng bng
0
.
AM AM
A q U eU


0
(q ien tch ien t) e
Theo nh l bin thin ng nng, cng A bng tng ng nng ca in
t :
2
0
W ( ) ( ) 0
2

mv
A cuoi W au
Vy :
2
0
2
AM
mv
eU

19
6
0 0 31
2 2 1,6 10 180
8.10 ( / )
9 10
AM
eU
v v m s
m
Bi 3: (Bi 4.6 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Mt ht bi nm trong mt t in phng cha tch in, c cc bn nm
ngang v cch nhau mt khong d = 1cm. Do lc cn khng kh, ht bi ri u v
ht 10s i t bn trn xung ti bn di. Ngi ta ni hai bn t in vi mt
hiu in th U = 980V, th sau mt khong
2
5 t s
ht bi t ti bn trn. Hy
xc nh thng s q/m ca ht bi. Xem rng lc cn ca khng kh t l thun vi
vn tc.
Gii
Khi ht bi ri u xung lc cn ca khng kh cn bng vi trng lc ng
thi t l thun vi vn tc ri u
01 1
1
d
F mg kv k
t

Khi chuyn ng ln lc cn cng vi trng lc phi cn bng vi lc tnh
in khi ht bi chuyn ng u.
02
Eq F mg +
Gi thit rng gn nh ngay sau khi c in trng, ht bi t vn tc
khng i
2
v
, ngha l electron cng chuyn ng u trn sut qung ng i t
bn di ln bn trn.
2 1
2
2 2 /
d
v v mm s
t

do
02 2 01
2 2 F kv F mg
Vy:
02
3 Eq F mg mg +
Suy ra:
1
3 3
3.10 /
q g gd
C kg
m E U


*C s ca gi thit: By gi ta lm mt php nh gi chng t rng gi
thit v s chuyn ng u ca ht bi trn ton b on ng i ln l ph hp
vi iu kin ca bi. Thc vy, lc u
2
v
cn rt nh, lc cn nh, lc gy ra
gia tc u tin ch l hp lc ca lc tnh in v trng lc:
. . 2
R
f E qmg mg
.
Cho n khi ht bi chuyn ng u th hp lc gy ra gia tc bng khng:
0
R
f
.
Vy trong khong thi gian tng tc c th xem gi tr trung bnh ca hp lc bng
8
R
f mg
. Suy ra gia tc trung bnh bng
a g
. Vi gia tc ny t c
2
2 / v mm s
ch cn khong thi gian t rt nh:
3
2
2 2
2
2.10
2.10
9,8
v v
t s
g a

Vy gi thit trn hon ton chp nhn c.
a2. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: (Bi 16.8 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
T phng c cc bn nm ngang, d = 1cm, U = 1000V. Mt git thy ngn
mang in tch q nm cn bng ngay gia hai bn. t nhin U gim bt 4V. Hi
sau bao lu git thy ngn ri chm bn di? Cho
2
10 / g m s .
a) Tnh hiu in th U ca t in.
b) in tch ht bi gim i 20%. Phi thay i U th no ht bi vn cn
bng.
S: a) 200V ; b) Tng thm 50V
Bi 2: (Bi 16.9 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Mt electron bay vo trong in trng ca mt t
phng theo phng song song vi cc ng sc vi
6
0
8.10 / v m s
. Tm U gia hai bn t electron
khng ti c bn i din. B qua tc dng ca trng
lc.
S: 182 U V
Bi 3: (Bi 16.10 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
T phng d = 4cm c tch in. Mt electron bt u chuyn ng t bn
m sang bn dng, ng thi mt proton cng bt u chuyn ng ngc li t
bn dng. Hi chng gp nhau cch bn dng mt khong bao nhiu? Bit
1840
p e
m m
. B qua tc dng ca trng lc.
S:

5
2,2.10 s m
Bi 4: (Bi 1.11 - Cc bi ton vt l chn lc THPT - V Thanh Khit)
Gia hai tm kim loi phng rng v hn t nm ngang, cch nhau d = 1cm,
c mt ht bi mang in, khi lng
11
5.10 m g

. Bit rng khi khng c tc

dng ca in trng do sc cn ca khng kh, ht bi ri vi vn tc khng i
bng
1
v
. t vo hai tm kim loi mt hiu in th U = 600V, ngi ta thy ht
bi ri chm i vi vn tc khng i
1
2
2
v
v .
a) Tnh in tch ht bi.
b) By gi ngi ta t hai tm kim loi thng ng, cch nhau
1
2 d cm

v ni chng vi mt ngun hiu in th U = 100V. Ht bi ni trn bt u ri t
mt v tr cch u hai tm kim loi . Do sc cn ca khng kh, ht bi ri u
vi vn tc khng i theo phng thng ng bng
1
2 v cm s
. Hi trong thi
gian bao lu ht bi p vo mt trong hai tm kim loi ? Ly
2
10 g m s .
S: a)
18
4,17.10 q C

b)
1, 2 t s
9
0
v
r
*Hng dn gii:
+ Xc nh cc lc tc dng ln ht bi khi cha c in trng v khi c
in trng, ch y c lc cn ca khng kh.
+ Xc nh iu kin ht bi ri u.
+ Da vo cc biu thc thit lp c v d kin cho tnh.
b. Dng 2: in tch chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi cc ng
sc in
b1. Bi tp v d
Bi 1: (Bi 16.2 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
T phng khng kh, hai bn t c khong
cch d = 1cm, chiu dy bn t 5 l cm, hiu in
th gia hai bn U = 91V. Mt electron bay vo t
in theo phng song song vi cc bn t vi vn
tc u
7
0
2.10 / v m s v bay ra khi t in. B
qua tc dng ca trng lc.
a) Vit phng trnh qu o ca electron.
b)Tnh di chuyn ca electron theo phng
vung gc vi cc bn khi n va ra khi t in.
c) Tnh vn tc electron khi ri t in.
d) Tnh cng ca lc in trng khi electron bay trong t.
Gii
Lc tc dng ln ht: F qE
r r
, ln F = eE trong e l ln in tch ht
electron.
V
0 q e <
nn
F
r
ngc chiu
E
r

F
r
cng chiu Oy.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca ht: F ma
r
r
0
0
eE
x
x x
y y
y
a
F ma
F eU
F ma F
a
m m md

' '

a) Phng trnh ta :
0
2 2
1 1
. .
2 2
y
x v t
eU
y a t t
md

'

Phng trnh qu o:
2 2
2 2
0 0
19
2
31 2 7 2
2
1 1
. . .
2 2 .
1 1.6.10 .91
. .
2 9,1.10 .10 .(2.10 )
2.
y
a
eU
y x x
v md v
y x
y x

b) dch chuyn:
Khi ht electron ri t:
2
5.10 x l m

di ca ht theo phng Oy:
4
50.10 5 y m mm

c) Vn tc:
10

+

+ + + + + +

v
r
F
r
E
r
O
x
Phng trnh vn tc:
0
. .
x
y y
v v
eU
v a t t
md

'

Khi ht bi ri t:
0
0
l
x v t l t
v

7
0
7
0
2.10 /
. 0, 4.10 /
x
y
v v m s
eU l
v m s
md v

'

2 2 7
2, 04.10 /
x y
v v v m s +
Gi

l gc hp bi v
r
v trc Ox khi electron ri t in:
0
0, 2
ar (0, 2) 11
y
x
v
tg
v
ctg

d) Cng ca lc in trng
Khi electron chuyn ng trong in trng, n di chuyn c mt on y
= 5mm theo chiu lc in trng. Do , cng ca lc in trng l:
18
. . .
7, 28.10
U
A F y e E y e y
d
A J

Bi 2: (Bi 16.4 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)

Hai bn A v B chiu di l c t song song vi nhau,
gia hai bn c mt in trng u. Ngi ta phng vo
in trng mt ht khi lng m mang in tch dng q
theo phng nm ngang v st vi bn A. Ht mang in ra
khi in trng ti im st mp bn B v vn tc ti hp
vi phng ngang gc
0
60 . Hy tm:
a) Phng v ln ca in trng
b) Khong cch d gia hai bn. B qua tc dng ca
trng lc.
Gii
Ta c th gii bi ton ny theo phng php ng lc hc bnh thng, tuy
nhin ta cng c th dng ng lng v ng nng gii.
a) Phng v ln ca cng in trng:
Ta thy lc in trng tc dng ln q phi hng t A sang B, do
vct cng in trng
E
r
cng hng t A sang B (in trng u
nn
E
r
c phng vung gc vi A v B).
Gi t l thi gian ht bay t A ti B. Xung ca lc in bng bin
thin ca ng lng ht trong thi gian ny :
Ta c:
0
0
. 3
l
F t qE mv
v

11
0
60
0
mv
r
t
mv
r
. F t
r

y
v
r
x
v
r
v
r
+
+
+
A
B
t
v
r
0
60
0
v
r
Vy cng in trng l:
2
3
o
mv
E
ql

b) Khong cch gia hai bn:

p dng nh l bin thin ng nng: cng ca lc in trng trong dch
chuyn ni trn bng bin thin ng nng ca ht:
( )

2 2 2
0 0
3
1 3
2
2 2
F
t
A qU qEd
l
d
W m v v mv
Ch : Bi ton trn c th gii c bng phng php ng lc hc song
chng ti la chn phng php dng ng lng v ng nng gii. Qua
cho thy vi mt bi ton cho trc c th dng nhiu cch gii khc nhau, sao cho
vic gii l ngn gn nht.
Bi 3: (Bi 4.8 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Mt chm electron c phun ra t mt si dy
t nng K v c gia tc nh mt in p V cho
n khi chui lt qua mt l nh trn mt mn chn ni
t. Hiu in p gia tc V phi bng bao nhiu
sau khi c gia tc cc electron i theo ng trn
cch u hai bn ca mt t in tr. Bn knh cc
bn t in tr l
1
R
v
2
R
, hiu in th gia chng
l
0
V
.
Gii
Gi v l vn tc sau khi gia tc th:
2
1
2
eV mv (1)
cc electron chuyn ng theo qu o trn bn knh r, lc in trng
phi ng vai tr lc hng tm
2 2
1 2
2
eE
mv mv
r R R

+
(2)
Trong E l cng in trng ti ni c bn knh
1 2
2
R R
r
+
. Thay
2
mv
theo (1) ta c:
1 2
4
eE
eV
R R

+
(3)
Mt khc, cng in trng E trong t in tr v hiu in th
0
V
gia
hai bn t in lin h vi mt in tch di
0
q
trn ng tr trong theo cc h
thc:
0 0
0 0 1 2
2 ( )
q q
E
r r r

+
v
0 2
0
0 1
ln
2
q R
V
R

Nn:
0
2
1 2
1
2
( ) ln
V
E
R
R R
R

+
(4)
12
Thay vo (3) ta c:
0
2
1
2ln
V
V
R
R

b2. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: (Bi 16.11 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
in t bay vo mt t in phng vi
7
0
3, 2.10 / v m s theo phng song
song vi cc bn. Khi ra khi t, ht b lch theo phng vung gc vi cc bn
on h = 6mm. Cc bn di l = 6cm cch nhau d = 3cm. Tnh U gia hai bn t.
S: 35V
Bi 2: (Bi 16.12 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Sau khi c tng tc bi hiu in th
0
100 U V
, mt in t bay vo chnh
gia hai bn t phng theo phng song song vi hai bn. Hai bn c chiu di
10 l cm
, khong cch
1 d cm
. Tm U gia hai bn in t khng ra c khi
t.
S: 2 U V
Bi 3: (Bi 16.13 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
in t mang nng lng
0
W 1500eV
bay vo mt t phng theo hng
song song vi hai bn. Hai bn di
5 l cm
, cch nhau
1 d cm
. Tnh U gia hai
bn in t bay khi t in theo phng hp vi cc bn mt gc
0
11
0
( 11 0, 2) tg .
S:
0
120
Bi 4: (Bi 16.14 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Electron thot ra t K, c tng tc bi
mt in trng u gia A v K ri i vo
mt t phng theo phng song song vi hai
bn nh hnh. Bit s = 6cm; d = 1,8cm; l =
15cm; b = 2,1 cm; U ca t 50V. Tnh vn
tc electron khi bt u i vo t, v hiu
in th
0
U
gia K v A. B qua tc dng ca
trng lc.
S:
7
0 0
1, 6.10 / ; 728 v m s U V
c.Dng 3: Phng chuyn ng ca
ht in tch hp vi ng sc in trng mt gc bt k
c1. Bi tp v d
Bi 1: (Bi 16.3 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Mt electron c ng nng ban u W
o
= 1500eV bay vo mt t phng theo
hng hp vi bn dng mt gc = 15
o
. Chiu di mi bn t l = 5cm. Khong
cch gia hai bn t d = 1cm. Tnh hiu in th gia hai bn t electron ri t
theo phng song song vi hai bn t.
Gii
Chn gc to O ti v tr ht electron bt u i vo t, trc to Oxy nh
hnh v, gc thi gian lc ht electron bt u i vo t.
- Lc tc dng ln ht:
E q F

, ln
qE F
13
K
A +
+

s t
b
V
0 < e q
nn F

ngc
chiu vi E

ngc chiu
Oy.
- Phng trnh ng lc
hc cho electron: a m F

.
Chiu ln cc trc to ta c:
0
x x
y y
F ma
F ma F

'

0
E
x
y
a
F e eU
a
m m md

'

+ Phng trnh vn tc:

0
0 0
x
y y
V V cos
eU
V V sin a t V sin t
md

'
+

+ Phng trnh to :

0
2 2
0 0
1 1
sin sin
2 2
y
x V cos t
eU
y V t a t V t t
md

'
+

+Phng trnh qu o:
2
2 2
0
1
tan
2
eU x
y x
md V cos

-iu kin ht bi ri t theo phng song song vi cc bn t l:

0
0
2
2 2
0
.
0 sin 0
1
tan .
2
y
t ma x
ma x t
l V cos t
x l
eU
V V t
md
y y
eU l
y l y
md V cos

' '

>

<

14
0
v
r

F
r
E
r
v
r
y
x
O

+ + + + + + + +
0
2
0
2
2 2
0
sin
1
tan .
2
t
l
t
V cos
eUl
mV cos
d
eU l
l y
md V cos

'

<

0
0
2
2 2
0
W sin 2
1
tan .
2
t
l
t
V cos
eUl
d
eU l
l y
md V cos

'

<

0
0
2
2 2
0
W sin 2
U
1
tan
2
t
l
t
V cos
d
el
eU l
l y
md V cos

'

<

0
U 150
1
tan
2
t
l
t
V cos
V
l y

'

<

0
U 150
0, 67
t
l
t
V cos
V
y cm

'

>

Kt lun: Vy electron ri t theo phng song song vi hai bn t th:

V U 150 v v tr ht electron i vo t in phi cch bn t m mt khong ln
hn 0,67cm.
Ch : Khi gii bi ton ny hc sinh thng qun iu kin : t x ma
y y <
m
ch xt hay iu kin l x v
0
y
v
. Khi li gii s khng ph hp vi thc t
v nu O cch bn m mt on nh hn 0,67cm th electron s khng th ra khi t
m s p vo bn m do hin nhin l khng tho mn iu kin t ra.
Bi 2: (Bi 16.5- Gii ton Vt l 11- Bi Quang Hn)
Mt ht nh mang in tch dng
C q
6
10 . 0 , 1

c phng theo phng thng

ng ddi vo mt in trng u c ng
sc nm ngang nh hnh v. Ti a ni ht i vo
in trng vn tc ca n l
s
m
V
a
0 , 4
;Khi ti
im B trong in trng vn tc ca n c
phng nm ngang. Cho bit khi lng ht l
g m 0 , 1
, on AB di
m L 60 , 1
v hp vi
phng ngang gc
0
30 . Hy tm:
a) Gi tr vn tc
B
V

ca ht ti im B
b) Cng in trng E
c) Khong cch BC khi ht t ti im C (C l mt im trn cng ng
sc qua A)
Gii
a) Chn h trc to Axy nh hnh v.
Lc tc dng vo ht trong in trng c
phn tch theo hai trc nh sau:
- Ax:
m
qE
a E q F
x x


- Ay:
g a P F
y y


p dng cc cng thc ng hc:
15
B
A D
C
A
v
r
B
v
r

B
A D
C
A
v
r
B
v
r

E
r
y
x
+
P
r F
r

'

gt V V
t
m
qE
t a V
A y
x x
Khi t ti B:

'

0
y
B x
V
V V
.
Suy ra:
) 1 (
mg
qE
V
V
g
V
t
A
B A

Mt khc, p dng nh l bin thin ng nng trn hai trc, ta c:
2
2
2
2
1
sin
2
cot (2)
1 sin
2
A
B
A
B
mv mgL
v Eqcos Eq
an
v mg mg
mv EqLcos

'

T (1) v (2), ta rt ra c: cot 4 3 / 6,9 /

B A
v v g m s m s
b) ln cng in trng E:
T (1), ta tnh c cng in trng:
4
3 10
A
B
v mg
E V m
v q

c) Khong cch BC:
Thi gian ht mang in i t A n B cng bng thi gian ht i t B
n C, v th khi ti C ht
c vn tc:
s
m
v v
B Cx
3 8 2
p dng nh l bin thin
ng nng theo phng Ax ta
c:
2
) 2 (
2
1
B
v m C qEA
Suy ra:
) ( 3 2 , 3 m AC
Trn phng Ax, ht
chuyn ng nhanh n u khng vn tc u, m thi gian ht i t A n C gp
hai ln ht i t A n, ta suy ra:
) ( 3 4 , 2
4
3
4
m AC DC
AC
AD
Vy:
2 2 2 2
( sin ) (2, 4 3) 4, 23( ) BC BD DC L m + +
Ch : Trong bi ny chng ta p dng nh l bin thin ng nng cho
tng chuyn ng thnh phn theo hai phng Ax v Ay.
Bi 3: (Bi 4.5 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Ht khi lng m, mang in tch q bay vo t in phng di gc so vi
mt bn v ra khi bn di gc (hnh v). Tnh ng nng ban u ca ht, bit
in trng cng E, chiu di bn t l. B qua hiu ng b ca t in.
Gii
16

y
x
, m q
+ + + + + + +

O
Chn h trc to nh hnh v.
Gi v
1
l vn tc lc ht vo, th ng nng ban u ca n bng:
2
1 1
2
1
mv W
Gi v
2
l vn tc lc ht ra khi t in, th:
+ Thnh phn vn tc vung gc vi ng sc c ln khng thay i:
2 1
v cos v cos
(2)
+ Thnh phn vn tc song song vi ng sc thay i vi gia tc:
m
qE
a
Ta c:
2 1 1
sin sin
qE
v cos v at v t
m
+ + (3)
Trong :
1
l
t
v cos

(4)
Thay
2
v
theo (2), t theo (4) vo (3) ta c:
) tan (tan
sin tan sin tan
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1

+

+ +
s co
qEl
mv
mv
qEl
s co s co
s co v
l
m
qE
v s co v
Vy ng nng ban u ca ht l:
) tan (tan 2 2
1
W
2
2
1 1
+

s co
qEl
mv
c2. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: (Bi 16.15 - Gii ton Vt l 11- Bi Quang Hn)
Electron bay vo mt t phng vi vn tc u 0
v

qua mt l nh bn
dng, hp vi bn mt gc . Cc bn c khong cch d, hiu in th U. B qua
trng lng. Hi electron c th cch bn t m khong ngn nht bao nhiu?
S:
2 2
0
sin
(1 ).
2
mv
x d
e


U
*Hng dn gii
- Phn tch chuyn ng ca electron ra lm hai chuyn ng thnh phn theo
phng ca ng sc Oy v phng vung gc vi ng sc Ox.
- Tnh gi tr y
max
-
x ma
y d x
Bi 2: (Bi 16.17 - Gii ton Vt l 11- Bi Quang Hn)
Hai bn kim loi A v B c t song song, cch nhau
khong d v c nhng in tch i nhau. ngay gia hai bn c
mt git du tch in (P). Khi hai bn v tr nm ngang th git
du c cn bng; Nu ngi ta t cho hai bn kim loi nm
nghing gc 60
0
so vi mt phng ngang nh hnh v th sau mt
lc git du s ti va chm vi bn kim loi. Tnh vn tc git du
khi va chm ni trn xy ra.
S:
gd v 2
* Hng dn gii
- Kho st trng thi cn bng ca git du khi hai bn t v
tr nm ngang.
17
P
d
0
60
- Kho st qu trnh chuyn ng ca git du khi hay bn t nghing gc
0
60 so vi phng ngang.
Bi 3: (Bi 16.18 - Gii ton Vt l 11- Bi Quang Hn)
Truyn cho mt qu cu nh c khi lng m,
mang in tch q(q>0) vn tc u 0
v

thng ng
hng ln. Qu cu nm trong in trng u nm
ngang, c cng in trng E

. B qua sc cn
ca khng kh v s ph thuc ca gia tc ri t do
vo cao. Hy vit phng trnh qu o ca qu cu
v xc nh vn tc cc tiu ca n trong qu trnh
chuyn ng.
S:
0 ) (
2
2
0
2 2
2
+ +

,
_

x v gy
qE
m
y x
qE
mg
2 2 2 2
0 min
g m E q
qE
v v
+

*Hng dn gii: Phn tch chuyn ng ca qu cu thnh hai chuyn ng

thnh phn theo phng Ox v Oy.
d. Dng 4: Chuyn ng trn ca in tch trong in trng
d1. Bi tp v d
Bi 1: (Bi 2.24 - Phn loi v phng php gii bi tp vt l 11- L Vn
Thng)
in t phi quay xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t hir vi vn tc bng bao
nhiu, nu ly bn knh qu o ca nguyn t bng 0,5.10
-10
m. Khi lng in t
l 9.1.10
-31
Kg, in tch ca n l 1,6.10
-19
C.
Gii
-Lc Cu-lng:
9
1 2
2
9 10
c
q q
F
R

-Lc hng tm:
R
mv
ma F
ht ht
2

M trong trng hp ny lc Cu-lng s ng vai tr lm lc hng tm.
Ta c :
s
m
mR
q
mR
q
mR
q q
v
R
mv
R
q q
F F
ht c
6
9 2 9
2 1
9 2
2
2 1 9
10 . 2
10 . 9 10 . 9 . 10 . 9
10 . 9
Vy vn tc ca electron l:
6
2.10 v m s
Ch : Khi mt in tch chuyn ng trn xung quanh mt in tch khc th
lc Culng s ng vai tr lm lc hp dn.
d2. Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1: (Bi 1.7- Gii ton vt l 11- Bi Quang Hn)
Electron quay quanh ht nhn nguyn t hidr theo qu o trn vi bn knh
. 10 . 5
11
m R

a) Tnh ln ca lc hng tm t ln electron.

b) Tnh vn tc v tn s chuyn ng ca electron.
18
E
r
g
r
y
x
0
v
r
O
Coi electron v ht nhn trong nguyn t hidr tng tc theo nh lut tnh
in.
S: a) N F
8
10 . 9

b)
6 6 1
2, 2.10 ; 0, 7.10 v m s n s

*Hng dn gii : Trong chuyn ng trn u:
R
v
m ma F
ht
2

2 , n:tansochuyen v Rn ong
B. Bi ton kho st chuyn ng ca cc in tch trong in trng
bng phng php s dng cc nh lut bo ton
1. Phng php gii
Khi mt in tch ca h chuyn ng trong in trng ca cc in tch cn
li, th lc in sinh cng, s lm cho ng nng ca n tng, th nng tng tc
ca in tch vi cc in tch cn li s bin i theo nh lut bo ton ng
lng.
2
1
ons
2
i i i i
Vq mv c t +
Trong m
i
l khi lng ca ht mang in tch q
i
. D du ca th nng
tng tc th no, th khi cc in tch chuyn ng di tc dng ca lc in
trng, th nng tng tc cng gim.
Trng hp ng ni l khi c h in tch c th ra ng thi, th mi in
tch khng c quyn dng ton b th nng tng tc V
i
q
i
ca n trong in
trng ca cc in tch cn li. Bi nu th th th nng tng tc ban u ca h
s c tnh sai ln hai ln gi tr thc.
1
2
2
i i i i
i
i
Vq Vq
_

,

Tic rng, do hiu ng tm l, sai lm ny i khi cng kh trnh ngay c i
vi hc sinh c nng khiu tt.
Ch : Phng php ny thng s dng gii quyt bi ton kho st
chuyn ng ca in tch trong in trng khng u.
2. Bi tp v d
Bi 1: (V d trang 201 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn
Quang Bu)
C bn ht mang in tch ging nhau, khi lng mi
ht l m, in tch mi ht l q, c gi trn bn nh ca
hnh vung (hnh v).
Hy xc nh ng nng cc i ca mi ht khi chng
c th ra ng thi.
Hy xc nh ng nng ca tng ht khi ngi ta ln
lt th tng ht mt sao cho ht tip theo c th ra khi ht
trc n i kh xa h.
Gii
Th nng tng tc ban u ca h bng:
19
A B
C D
q
q
q q
a
a
( )
2
0
0 0
1 2
W 4. 4 2
2 4 4 2
q q q q
a a
_
+ +

,
(a)
a) Khi th ng thi cc ht, do tnh i xng ca bi ton, cc ht c gia
tc nh nhau, khin cho khi ra ti v cc, ng nng ca chng nh nhau v bng:
( )
2
2
1 0
0
1 1
W 4 2
2 4 16
max
q
mv
a
+
(b)
b) Nu thot u ch c ht nh A i ra xa th ng nng cc i ca n
bng:
( )
2
2
ax
0 0
1 1 2
4 2
2 4 8 2
A m
q q q
mv q
a a a
_
+ +

,
(c)
Nu ht th hai i ra t nh C, th ng nng cc i ca n bng:
2
2
0 0
1 2
2 4 2
C ma x
q q
mv q
a a

(d)
Cn hai ht ti hai nh B v D. Gi mt ht v th ht kia, th ng nng cc
i ca n bng:
2
2
0 0
1
2 4 2 4 2
ma x
q q
mv q
a a

(e)
in tch th t c hon ton t do sau khi cc in tch khc ca h ra
xa v cng. N khng th t chuyn ng t trng thi ngh v do khng c
ng nng.
D dng thy rng tng cc ng nng (c), (d) v (e) ng bng ng nng ca
h bn in tch khi th ng thi. Cng d dng thy rng nu i th t cho hai
in tch C v B, th ng nng cc i ca chng tuy s khc i, nhng tng ng
nng ca ba in tch vn khng i.
Bi 2: (Bi 4.7-Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT- Nguyn Quang Bu )
Mt electron ang bay vi vn tc v
1
th chuyn t min
in trng c in th
1

sang min in trng c in th

2

. Hi n s chuyn ng di gc

bng bao nhiu so vi

mt phn cch, nu n ti mt di gc ti

(hnh v)
Gii
Cc mn c cc in th
1

v
2

l cc min ng th.
Chuyn ng ca cc ht tch in trong cc min l u.
K hiu vn tc chuyn ng trong min sau l v
2
, v p dng
nh lut bo ton nng lng:
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1
2 2
mv e mv e + +
Suy ra:
2 2
2 1 1 2
1
( ) ( )
2
m v v e (1)
Trong :
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
os sin v v c v +
v
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
os sin v v c v +
(2)
20

1
v
r
2
v
r
1

tm mi lin h gia cc gc bay, ta ch thm rng hnh mu thc t ca

hai min ng th phn cch nhau bng mt mt phng c th thc hin c bng
mt cp li kim loi phng song song nm rt st nhau, tch in bng nhau v tri
du. Khi in trng khong khng gian ngoi hai li bng khng, gia hai
li l u,c ng sc vung gc vi mt cc li. Nh th khi bay qua t in
phng ny thnh phn vng gc ca vn tc b thay i, cn thnh phn tip
tuyn ca vn tc (dc theo mt ng th) khng thay i:
1 2
os os v c v c
(3)
Thay (2) vo (1) v ch n iu kin (3) ta c:
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1
1
( ) ( sin sin )
2
e m v v
S dng h thc (3) mt ln na ta c:
2 2 2 2
1 2 1
1
( ) ( os tan sin )
2
e mv c
Suy ra:
1 2
2 2
1
2 ( )
tan tan 1
sin
e
mv

+
Bi 3: (Bi 4.9 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Hai vin bi vi in tch q
1
v q
2
c cc vn tc ban u v
r
ging nhau v
ln v hng. Sau khi to ra mt in trng u trong mt khong thi gian no
, th hng ca vin bi th nht quay i mt gc 60
0
, nhng ln gim i 2 ln,
hng vn tc ca vin bi th hai quay i 90
0
.
Hi vn tc ca vin bi th hai thay i bao nhiu ln? Hy xc nh gi tr
tuyt i ca thng s gia in tch v khi lng i vi vin bi th 2, nu
thng s l k
1
i vi vin bi th nht. B qua lc tng tc tnh in gia hai
vin bi.
Gii
Do in trng l u, nn lc tc dng nn mi in tch c ln v hng
khng i trong sut thi gian tn ti in trng. Trong khong thi gian cc
vin bi nhn c cc xung lng ca lc tng ng bng
1
Ft
r
v
2
F t
r
.
p dng nh l bin thin ng lng cho mi vin bi:
1 1 1 1 1
Ft Eq t mv mv
r r
r r
(1)
2 2 2 2 2
F t Eq t m v m v
r r
r r
(2)
ng thi
1
Eq t
r
//
2
Eq t
r
(hnh v), ngha l cc xung lng
hp vi hng ca ng lng ban u cc gc nh nhau
bng

, suy ra:
0
2
2 2 2
1
tan30
3
v
m v m v
v

T (1) v (2) suy ra:
0
1 1 1
3
sin60
2
Eq t mv mv
2 2
2 0
2
os30 3
m v m v
Eq t
c

21
2
m v
r
1 1
mv
r
1
Eq t
r

0
60

2
m v
r
2 2
m v
r
2
Eq t
r
Hay l:
2
1 1 2 1
1
2 2 2 1
3 4 4
2 3 3
q m q q
k
q m m m
_


,
Bi 4: (Bi 4.12 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Hai qu cu nh, c khi lng nh nhau v in tch nh nhau ang nm trn
cng mt ng thng ng cao h
1
v h
2
th c nm theo phng ngang v
cng 1 hng vi vn tc nh nhau. Qu cu 1 chm t ch cch ng thng
ng ni nm mt on l. Hi lc qu cu 2 ang cao h
2
bng bao nhiu?
B qua sc cn ca khng kh v nh hng ca in tch cm ng trn mt t.
Gii
Tuy mi in tch trong bi ton ny chuyn ng trong mt trng lc phc
tp, gm trng trng v in trng ca in tch kia, ng thi do hai in tch
y nhau v cng du, nn khong cch gia hai
in tch tng dn, in trng tc dng ln in
tch kia yu dn. Song nu xem hai in tch nh
mt h kn, th lc tng tc gia chng l ni lc,
do ta ch cn quan tm n chuyn ng ca
khi tm ca chng trong trng ngoi - trng
trng. Do hai in tch c khi lng nh nhau,
nn khi tm ca chng lun cch u c hai ht.
Vo thi im ban u, khi tm ca chng cch
mt t mt khong
( )
1 2
1
2
h h
H
+
(hnh v). Khi
mt ht chm t th cao
'
2
h ca ht kia bng hai ln khong cch t mt t ti
v tr khi tm mi ca chng.
'
2 2 1 1 2
2 2( ) 2 + h H H y h h y (1)
Trong y l khong ri ca khi tm trong khong thi gian t, l khong thi
gian cc vt i c on ng l theo phng ngang
2
2
1 1
2 2
_


,
l
y gt g
v
Thay vo (1) ta c:
2
'
2 1 2
_
+

,
l
h h h g
v
Bi 5: (Bi 4.13 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Ti cc nh ca mt a gic u gm 2010 cnh, c gn cc vin bi ging
nhau, mang in tch ging nhau. Mi cnh a gic l a. Vo mt thi im no
ngi ta th mt vin bi ra, v sau mt khong thi gian lu, ngi ta th tip
vin bi nm cnh vin bi th lc trc. Nhn thy rng khi cch a gic mt
khong ln th ng nng ca hai vin bi th chnh nhau mt lng bng K.
Hy tm in tch q ca mi vin bi.
Gii
22
2
H
1
H
l
Gi s vin bi th nht c th t nh th N. Khi v cc (sau mt
khong thi gian ln), n t c ng nng bng th nng tng tc ban u
ca n vi N-1 in tch cn li.
2 2
1
0 1 2 2 1
1 1 1 1
....
2 4

_
+ + + +

, N N
mv q
K
a a a a
Trong a
i
l khong cch t cc in tch cc nh1,2n q t ti nh
N. Ring a
1
v a
N-1
l khong cch t nh cnh n v bng a. ng nng ca ht th
hai khi n ti v cc c tnh tng t nhng thu i mt s hng ca mt in
tch cnh n, ta nh n cng c th t nh N, nhng thiu mt in tch
nh N-1.
2 2
1
0 1 2 2
1 1 1
....
2 4
N
mv q
K
a a a

_
+ + +

,
Vy:
2
1 2
0
4
q
K K K
a

Suy ra:
0
4 q Ka
3. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: (Bi 8.27 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Ba electron ban u ng yn ba nh tam gic u cnh a, sau chng chuyn
ng do lc tng tc tnh in. Tm vn tc cc i mi electron t c.
S:
2k
v e
ma

*Hng dn gii
- Tnh th nng tng tc ban u ca h ba in tch.
- Vn tc ca mi electron s t cc i khi chng chuyn ng ra xa v cc.
- Ch tnh i xng ca bi ton.
Bi 2: (Bi 4.2 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Hai vt c kch thc nh, khi lng m
1
v m
2
, mang cc in tch cng du q
1
v
q
2
nm cch nhau mt khong a trong chn khng. Hy tnh cng ca lc in
trng khi th ng thi c hai in tch cho chng t do chuyn ng. Xt trng
hp cc khi lng bng nhau v trng hp cc khi lng khc nhau.
S:
1 2
0
4
q q
A
R

*Hng dn gii: Ch s bo ton khi tm ca h.

Bi 3: (Bi 8.28 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Hai in tch + 9q v q c gi cht ti A v B trong chn khng,AB= a. Mt ht
khi lng m, in tch q chuyn ng dc theo ng AB nh hnh bn. Tm vn
tc ca m khi rt xa A,B n c th chuyn ng n B.
S:
2
8kq
v
ma

*Hng n gii: Chuyn yu cu ca bi ton v tm vn tc ca m xa v cc

m c th ti mt im C nm trn ng thng qua A,B tho iu kin khi m v
23
ti th do tc dung tng hpca lc tnh in do hai in tch gy ra n b ko v
B.
Bi 4: (Bi 4.10 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Khi hai electron cch nhau mt khong d, vn tc ca chng u c ln
bng v, nm trong cng mt mt phng v u hp vi ng ni hai electron cng
mt gc nhn ( hnh v). Hy xc nh khong cch ngn nht khi hai electron li
gn nhau.
S:
2
min 2 2 2
0
4 os
de
d
e dmv c

+
Ch : Trong bi ny v nhng bi sau ta b qua tc dng ca lc t v lc t trong
trng hp ny nh hn rt nhiu so vi lc in.
- Khi hai electron chuyn ng li gn nhau th gc hp bi vn tc ca chng v
ng ni hai electron tng dn khi chng li gn nhau nht th gc bng 90
0
.
- Ch vn tc ca ht theo phng vung gc vi ng ni hai electron bo ton.
- p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng cho mi ht.
Bi 5: (Bi 4.11 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Hai electron nm cch nhau mt khong r, ng thi vn tc ca mt ht
bng 0, vn tc ca ht kia hp vi ng ni hai in tch mt gc nhn. Hi gc
gia vn tc ca cc electron s nh th no khi chng li cch nhau mt khong
ng bng r?
S:
0
1 2
90
*Hng dn gii: Ta p dng cc nh lut bo ton ng lng, mmen ng
lng, bo ton ng nng.
Bi 6:(Bi 8.29 - Gii ton Vt l 11 - Bi Quang Hn)
Hai ht proton v ht positron ban u nm yn xen k nhau cc nh ca
mt hnh vung, sau bay ra xa nhau. Bit t s khi lng ca chng M/m=2000,
cn in tch th ging nhau. Coi rng khi bt u chuyn ng t do, cc ht
positron s bay ra xa v cc rt nhanh, sau cc proton tch xa nhau. Tnh t s
vn tc positron v proton khi bay xa nhau ra v cc.
S:
(4 2 1)
115
M
m
+

Bi 7: (Bi 4.15 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang

Bu)
C hai in tch im gn c nh ti M
v N (hnh v). Ngi ta bung ra ti A mt ht mang in tch q, th n vt qung
ng AB trong khong thi gian t. hi nu bung ra ti A ht mang in tch bng
3q, th n vt qung ng trong khong thi gian bao lu? khi lng cc ht
nh nhau.
S:
2
3
t
t
*Hng dn gii: Tm mi tng quan gia cc vn tc bng nh l bin thin
ng nng.
24
M A B N
Bi 8: (Bi 4.16 - Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT - Nguyn Quang
Bu)
Ngi ta t hai in tch cch nhau mt khong l ri th ra. Sau khong thi
gian t
o
th khong cch gia chng tng ln gp i. hi nu cc in tch c
t khong cch 3l ri th ra th sau bao lu khong cch gia chng tng gp i?
S:
0
3 3 t t
Phn 3: Kt lun
Bi tp v in trng l c s gip ngi hc hiu su cc vn l thuyt
v tnh in hc. T c th ng dng gii thch cc hin tng trong i sng
v trong k thut. Bi tp in trng chim s lng ln trong chng trnh Vt l
ph thng, c bit bi tp v in tch chuyn ng trong in trng. V vy, vic
hnh thnh phng php v k nng gii bi ton thuc dng ny l rt cn thit.
Ni dung chuyn bao gm hai phn:
+ C s l thuyt: a ra mt s khi nim, tnh cht, cc cng thc nhm
phc v cho vic gii bi tp.
+ Bi tp: chng ti a ra mt s bi tp in hnh, ph hp vi tng
dng bi ton.
Chuyn phn loi v a ra phng php gii chung cho tng dng,
gii chi tit cc bi a ra.
Chuyn c th lm ti liu tham kho cho hc sinh, sinh vin v gio vin
Trung hc ph thng.
Tuy rt c gng, nhng bi tp v in tch chuyn ng trong in
trng kh a dng v phong ph, vi thi hn v khun kh cho php, chng ti
ch a ra 15 bi ton c gii chi tit v 20 bi tp vn dng c hng dn. Rt
mong c s gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn sinh vin chuyn c
hon thin hn.
25
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Gio trnh in hc
Tc gi: V Thanh Khit - Nguyn Phc Thun NXBGD - 1992
2. Sch gio khoa Vt l 11 Nng cao
Tc gi: Nguyn Th Khi (Tng Ch bin) - Nguyn Phc Thun (Ch
bin) - Nguyn Ngc Hng - V Thanh Khit - Phm Xun Qu - Phm
nh Thit - Nguyn Trn Trc - NXBGD - 2007
3. Sch gio khoa Vt l 11
Tc gi: Lng Duyn Bnh (Tng Ch bin) - V Quang (Ch bin) -
Nguyn Xun Chi - m Trung n - Bi Quang Hn - on Duy Hinh -
NXBGD - 2009
4. Gii ton Vt l 11, tp 1
Tc gi: Bi Quang Hn - o Vn C - Phm Ngc Tin - Nguyn
Thnh Tng NXBGD 2003
5. Cc bi ton Vt l chn lc THPT, phn in hc v Quang hc
Tc gi: V Thanh Khit NXBGD 2002
6. Mt s chuyn Vt l nng cao THPT, tp 1
Tc gi: Nguyn Quang Hn(Ch bin) - Bch Thnh Cng - Nguyn
nh Dng - L Thanh Hoch - ng nh Ti NXBGD 2008
7. Luyn gii bi tp Vt l 11, phn in hc
Tc gi: Lng Duyn Bnh NXBGD 1994
8. Phn loi v phng php gii bi tp Vt l 11
Tc gi: L Vn Thng NXB H Ni 2007
26
MC LC
27