L THUYT V BI TAN VN TI Nguyn Minh c 1) Bi tan vn ti lun c phng n ti u: Z = cij xij min(max)

i =1 j =1 m n

Trong :

x
i =1 n j =1

ij

= b j , j = 1, n rs d = ai , i = 1, m xij 0, i, j

ij

Chng minh: bng cch t vi d = ai = b j d D thy Z 0 hay Z b chn di xij = 2) nh l: nu l lt cng vo chi ph hng 1,2m mt lng - u1 ,- u2 ,,- um v vo ct 1,2n mt lng - v1 ,- v1 ,,- vn , tc l thay th cij bi c 'ij = cij ui v j Chng minh: Ta c f ( x) = cij xij
i =1 j =1 m n

ai b j

t F ( x) = (cij ui v j )xij
i =1 j =1

F ( x) = (cij ui v j )xij
i =1 j =1

= cij xij ui xij v j xij

i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1 n j =1 i =1

= f ( x) ui ai v j bi
i =1 j =1

= f ( x) + A Vy tm min f(x) tc c ngha l tm min ca F(x)

Nhn xt1: nh nh l trn ta c th cho c 'ij = 0 cij ui v j = 0 vi mi chn xij 0 F(x)=0, khi . f ( xij ) = ui ai + v j bj ( biu thc i ngu ca bi tan i ngu ca f ( xij ) )
i =1 j =1 m n

Suy ra (( xij )) chnh l gi tr ti u ca bi tan v f (( xij )) = f D (ui , v j ) vi i = 1, m , j = 1, n

Nhn xt 2: c m+n-1 chn, nn c m+n-1 phng trnh, vi m n ui v n n v j (m+n n). Do h s c v s nghim, ch cn cho mt n no mt gi tr ty th s tnh c cc n cn li. V vy y l tin cho phng php th v sau ny.

3) Phng php th v T nhn xt trn ta tm cc ui , v j tha ui + v j = cij vi mi chn (i,j) c gi l cc th v. i vi cc lai, lng ij = ui + v j cij = (cij ui vj ) c gi l lng kim tra Nhn xt: s d i ij = ui + v j cij l v khi gii dnh rng bi ta vn ti
min , ij 0 vi cc lai l phng n ti u, cn bi tan vn ti max , ij 0 vi cc lai l phng n ti u, cn bi tan vn ti

4) nh l 3: BTVT min + Nu ij 0 lai th PACB ang xt l PAT + Nu ij 0 , th c th tm c mt PACB khc tt hn PACB hin c v f ( x) = f ( x 0 ) ij d (trong d l lng chng ta lai) y l mt kin thc quan trng ca phng php th v, n gii thch ti sao chng ta li lai phng n , v phng n tip theo s nh hn phng n c. Chng minh: a) Nu ij 0 , lai (i,j) th PA l PAT. Ta lp hai bi tan tng ng nhau (I) v (II) f ( x ) = cij xij ( I ) AX = B X 0 F ( x ) = xij = (cij ui v j ) xij ij ( II ) AX = B X 0 Gi phng n c bn hin ti l X0 , v X l mt phng n bt k
0 0 0 F ( X 0 ) = xij = ij xij + ij xij ij ( i , j ) ochon ( i , j ) o _ loai

(i,j) l chn = 0 F(X)=0 ij 0 (I,j) l lai x ij = 0

0 Vi X l phng n x ij 0 , (i.j) 0( ij 0), i, j ij

 F ( X ) = xij 0 ij F(X ) F(X 0) Vy X0 l phng n ti u ca bi tan (II) nn cng l PAT ca bi tan (I)

Nhn xt: y nh nh l 2 bi tan tng ng s dng c k thut rt hay l k thut quy khng tm li gii ca bi tan (II)

b) Nu c mt lng kim tra ij > 0 , th c th tm c mt PACB khc tt hn

0 PACB hin c v f ( x) = f ( x ) ij d .

Chng minh: Gi (r,s) l lng kim tra > 0 rs crs ur vs > 0 crs + ur + vs < 0 rs < 0 Gi G l tp hp cc chn ca X0 ( G c m+n-1) Khi s tn ti mt vng i qua (r,s) (c th chng minh dc iu ny) th nh du + vo (r,s), nh du vo k tip cho ti ht vng V Gi s vng V gm cc ( r,s ) , ( r, k ) , (l , k ), (l , s) V ( r, k ) , (l , k ) , (l , s ) l chn nn crk = ur + vk clk = ul + vk cls = ul + vs crk + cls = ur + vk + ul + vs (r,s) l lai nn rs = ur + vs crs (1)
+ +

crs = ur + vs rs crs + cls = ul + vs + ur + vs rs (2) T (1),(2) (crk + cls ) (crs + cls ) = rs > 0
V V+

Suy ra chi ph V ln hn V + mt lng l rs Tng qut ta c cij cij = rs > 0

( i , j )V ( i , j )V +

Nhn xt: Vy, cj mt n v hng bn V th chi ph ln hn V + mt lng l rs dng. Do nu chuyn bt d n v hng bn V sang V + th chi ph s gim l rs d . Vy ta c tng qut f ( x) = f ( x 0 ) ij d

T y, ta suy ra vi mt s hu hn bc nh trn ta s tm c mt PA x* L nh nht.