CHUYN : AXIT TC DNG VI MUI 1/ Phn loi axit Gm 3 loi axit tc dng vi mui.

a/ Axit loi 1: - Thng gp l HCl, H2SO4long, HBr,.. - Phn ng xy ra theo c ch trao i. b/ Axit loi 2: - L cc axit c tnh oxi ho mnh: HNO3, H2SO4c. - Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh. c/ Axit loi 3: - L cc axit c tnh kh. - Thng gp l HCl, HI, H2S. - Phn ng xy ra theo c ch phn ng oxi ho kh. 2/ Cng thc phn ng. a/ Cng thc 1: Mui + Axit ---> Mui mi + Axit mi. iu kin: Sn phm phi c: - Kt ta. - Hoc c cht bay hi(kh). - Hoc cht in li yu hn. c bit: Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi k t Pb tr v sau khng phn ng vi axit loi 1. V d: Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (k) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ---> BaSO4(r) + 2HCl b/ Cng thc 2: Mui + Axit loi 2 ---> Mui + H2O + sn phm kh. iu kin: - Mui phi c tnh kh. - Mui sinh ra sau phn ng th nguyn t kim loi trong mui phi c ho tr cao nht. Ch : C 2 nhm mui em phn ng. - Vi cc mui: CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl- . + iu kin: Kim loi trong mui phi l kim loi a ho tr v ho tr ca kim loi trong mui trc phi ng khng cao nht. - Vi cc mui: SO32-, S2-, S2-. + Phn ng lun xy ra theo cng thc trn vi tt c cc kim loi. c/ Cng thc 3: Thng gp vi cc mui st(III). Phn ng xy ra theo quy tc 2.(l phn ng oxi ho kh) 2FeCl3 + H2S ---> 2FeCl2 + S(r) + 2HCl. Ch : Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo Na2CO3 (hoc K2CO3) th c cc PTHH sau: Giai on 1 Ch c phn ng. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl ( 1 )

x (mol) x mol x mol Giai on 2 Ch c phn ng NaHCO3 + HCl d + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) NaCl x x x mol Hoc ch c mt phn ng khi s mol HCl = 2 ln s mol Na2CO3. Na2CO3 + 2HCl CO2 ( 3 ) 2NaCl + H2O + i vi K2CO3 cng tng t. Hng gii: xt t l s mol vit PTHH xy ra n HCl t T = n Na 2 CO3 - Nu T 1 th ch c phn ng (1) v c th d Na2CO3. - Nu T 2 th ch c phn ng (3) v c th d HCl. - Nu 1 < T < 2 th c c 2 phn ng (1) v (2) trn hoc c th vit nh sau. t x l s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng ( 1 ) Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl ( 1 ) x (mol) x mol x mol Na2CO3 + 2HCl + CO2 ( 2 ) ! 2NaCl + H2O Tnh s mol ca Na2CO3 (hoc HCl) tham gia phn ng(2!)da vo bi ra v qua phn ng(1). Th d: Cho t t dung dch cha x(mol) HCl vo y (mol) Na 2CO3 (hoc K2CO3). Hy bin lun v cho bit cc trng hp c th xy ra vit PTHH , cho bit cht to thnh, cht cn d sau phn ng: TH 1: x < y C PTHH: Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl x x x x mol - Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: s mol NaHCO3 = NaCl = x (mol) - Cht cn d l Na2CO3 (y x) mol TH 2: x = y C PTHH : Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl x x x x mol - Dung dch sau phn ng thu c l: NaHCO3 ; NaCl - C 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht. TH 3: y < x < 2y C 2 PTHH: Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl y y y y mol sau phn ng (1) dung dch HCl cn d (x y) mol nn tip tc c phn ng NaHCO3 + HCl + H2O + CO2 NaCl (x y) (x y) (x y) (x y) - Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c x(mol) NaCl v (2y x)mol NaHCO 3 cn d TH 4: x = 2y C PTHH: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

y 2y 2y y mol - Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl, c 2 cht tham gia phn ng u ht. TH 5: x > 2y C PTHH: Na2CO3 + 2HCl + CO2 2NaCl + H2O y 2y 2y y mol - Dung dch thu c sau phn ng l: c 2y (mol) NaCl v cn d (x 2y) mol HCl. Bi tp 5: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 (hoc KHCO3 v K2CO3) th c cc PTHH sau: t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3. Giai on 1: Ch c Mui trung ho tham gia phn ng. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl ( 1 ) x (mol) x mol x mol Giai on 2: Ch c phn ng NaHCO3 + HCl d + H2O + CO2 ( 2 ) NaCl (x + y) (x + y) (x + y) mol i vi K2CO3 v KHCO3 cng tng t. Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo hn hp mui gm Na2CO3; K2CO3; NaHCO3 th c cc PTHH sau: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol ca Na2CO3; NaHCO3 v K2CO3. Giai on 1: Ch c Na2CO3 v K2CO3 phn ng. Na2CO3 + HCl + NaCl ( 1 ) NaHCO3 x (mol) x x x K2CO3 + HCl + KCl ( 2 ) KHCO3 z (mol) z z z Giai on 2: c cc phn ng NaHCO3 + HCl d NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( 3 ) (x + y) (x + y) (x + y) mol KHCO3 + HCl d KCl + H2O + CO2 ( 4 ) z (mol) z z mol Bi tp: Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaAlO2 th c cc PTHH sau. NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl ( 1 ) Al(OH)3 + 3HCl d + 3H2O ( 2 ) AlCl3 NaAlO2 + 4HCl + NaCl + 2H2O ( 3 ) AlCl3 Bi tp p dng: Bi 1: Ho tan Na2CO3 vo V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 1,5M th thu c mt dung dch A v 7,84 lit kh B (ktc). C cn dung dch A thu c 48,45g mui khan. a/ Tnh V(ml) hn hp dung dch axit dng? b/ Tnh khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan.

Hng dn: Gi s phi dng V(lit) dung dch gm HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 1,5M. Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 0,25V 0,5V 0,5V 0,25V (mol) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ---> Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 1,5V 1,5V 1,5V 1,5V (mol) Theo bi ra ta c: S mol CO2 = 0,25V + 1,5V = 7,84 : 22,4 = 0,35 (mol) (I) Khi lng mui thu c: 58,5.0,5V + 142.1,5V = 48,45 (g) (II) V = 0,2 (l) = 200ml. S mol Na2CO3 = s mol CO2 = 0,35 mol Vy khi lng Na2CO3 b ho tan: m Na2CO3 = 0,35 . 106 = 37,1g. Bi 2: a/ Cho 13,8 gam (A) l mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim vo 110ml dung dch HCl 2M. Sau phn ng thy cn axit trong dung dch thu c v th tch kh thot ra V1 vt qu 2016ml. Vit phng trnh phn ng, tm (A) v tnh V1 (ktc). b/ Ho tan 13,8g (A) trn vo nc. Va khuy va thm tng git dung dch HCl 1M cho ti 180ml dung dch axit, thu c V2 lit kh. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh V2 (ktc). Hng dn: a/ M2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2MCl + H2O + CO2 Theo PTHH ta c: S mol M2CO3 = s mol CO2 > 2,016 : 22,4 = 0,09 mol ---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 < 13,8 : 0,09 = 153,33 (I) Mt khc: S mol M2CO3 phn ng = 1/2 s mol HCl < 1/2. 0,11.2 = 0,11 mol ---> Khi lng mol M2CO3 = 13,8 : 0,11 = 125,45 (II) T (I, II) --> 125,45 < M2CO3 < 153,33 ---> 32,5 < M < 46,5 v M l kim loi kim ---> M l Kali (K) Vy s mol CO2 = s mol K2CO3 = 13,8 : 138 = 0,1 mol ---> VCO 2 = 2,24 (lit) b/ Gii tng t: ---> V2 = 1,792 (lit) Bi 3: Ho tan CaCO3 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm axit HCl v axit H2SO4 th thu c dung dch A v 5,6 lit kh B (ktc), c cn dung dch A th thu c 32,7g mui khan. a/ Tnh nng mol/l mi axit trong hn hp dung dch ban u. b/ Tnh khi lng CaCO3 dng. Bi 4: Cho 4,2g mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II. Ho tan vo dung dch HCl d, th c kh thot ra. Ton b lng kh c hp th vo 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,46M thu c 8,274g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui v kim loi ho tr II. p s: - TH1 khi Ba(OH)2 d, th cng thc ca mui l: CaCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Ca. - TH2 khi Ba(OH)2 thiu, th cng thc ca mui l MgCO3 v kim loi ho tr II l Mg.

Bi 5: Cho 1,16g mui cacbonat ca kim loi R tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,448 lit hn hp G gm 2 kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 22,5. Xc nh cng thc mui (bit th tch cc kh o ktc). Hng dn: Hn hp G gm c kh CO2 v kh cn li l kh X. C dhh G/ H 2 = 22,5 --> MTB ca hh G = 22,5 . 2 = 45 M MCO 2 = 44 < 45 ---> Mkh X > 45. nhn thy trong cc kh ch c NO2 v SO2 c khi lng phn t ln hn 45. Trong trng hp ny kh X ch c th l NO2. t a, b ln lt l s mol ca CO2 v NO2. Ta c h nhh G = a + b = 0,02 a = 0,01 44a + 46b MTB hh G = = 45 b = 0,01 a+b PTHH: R2(CO3)n + (4m 2n)HNO3 ---> 2R(NO3)m + (2m 2n)NO2 + nCO2 + (2m n)H2O. 2MR + 60n 2m 2n 1,16g 0,01 mol 2m 2n 2 M R + 60n Theo PTHH ta c: = ----> MR = 116m 146n 0,01 1,16 Lp bng: iu kin 1 n m 4 n 1 2 2 3 3 m 3 2 3 3 4 MR 56 Ch c cp nghim n = 2, m = 3 --> MR = 56 l ph hp. Vy R l Fe CTHH: FeCO3 Bi 6: Cho 5,22g mui cacbonat ca kim loi M tc dng ht vi HNO3, thu c 0,336 lit kh NO v V lit CO2. Xc nh cng thc mui v tnh V. (bit th tch cc kh c o ktc) p s: Gii tng t bi 3 ---> CTHH l FeCO3 Bi 7: Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,672 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol mi mui trong hn hp. Bi gii Cc PTHH xy ra: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O (1) MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O (2) 0,672 T (1) v (2) nhh = nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,03 (mol) Gi x l thnh phn % s mol ca CaCO3 trong hn hp th (1 - x) l thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO3. 2,84 x = 0,67 Ta c M 2 mui = 100x + 84(1 - x) = 0,03

 % s mol CaCO3 = 67% ; % s mol MgCO3 = 100 - 67 = 33%. Bi 8: Ho tan 174 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim vo dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra c hp th ti thiu bi 500 ml dung dch KOH 3M. a/ Xc nh kim loi kim. b/ Xc nh % s mol mi mui trong hn hp ban u. Bi gii cc PTHH xy ra: M2CO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + CO2 + H2O (1) M2SO3 + 2HCl 2MCl + SO2 + H2O (2) Ton b kh CO2 v SO2 hp th mt lng ti thiu KOH sn phm l mui axit. CO2 + KOH KHCO3 (3) SO2 + KOH KHSO3 (4) T (1), (2), (3) v (4) 500.3 suy ra: n 2 mui = n 2 kh = nKOH = = 1,5 (mol) 1000 174 M 2 mui = = 116 (g/mol) 2M + 60 < M < 2M + 80 1,5 18 < M < 28, v M l kim loi kim, vy M = 23 l Na. 106 + 126 b/ Nhn thy M 2 mui = = 116 (g/mol). 2 % n 2 3 n 2 3 = 50%.
Na CO = Na SO