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GIC
MT S CHUYN V NG DNG
TP 3 : TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
MT S PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA
LNG GIC
MT S CHUYN V NG DNG
TP 3 : TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
MT S PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA
LI NI U
Cun sch LNG GIC MT S CHUYN V NG DNG ny c bin
son vi mc ch cung cp, b sung kin thc cho hc sinh THPT v mt s bn c
quan tm n mng kin thc ny trong qu trnh hc tp v lm vic. Trong tp 3 TM
GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT; MT S PHNG PHP LNG
GIC HA ny, chng ti s trnh by cc k thut i s, gii tch v hai vn trn.
Tuy nhin, chng ti s xoy vo trng tm l PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA,
mt dng ng dng k thut kh hay trong mt s bi ton.
cc chng chnh, chng ti chia lm 3 phn :
Phn I : Nu l thuyt cng v d minh ha ngay sau , gip bn c hiu v bit
cch trnh by bi. ng thi a ra cc dng ton c bn, thng gp trong qu trnh
lm bi trn lp ca hc sinh THPT. phn ny, chng ti s trnh by mt s bi bn
c c th nm vng hn, trnh sai st.
Phn II : Trong qu trnh tham kho v tng hp ti liu, chng ti s a vo
phn ny cc dng ton kh nhm gip cho cc hc sinh bi dng, rn luyn k nng
gii LNG GIC thnh tho hn khi gp phi nhng dng ton ny.
Phn III : Chng ti s a ra li gii gi cho mt s bi, qua bn c kim
tra li p s, li gii hoc cng c th tham kho thm.
Trong qu trnh bin son, mc d chng ti c gng bng vic tham kho mt lng
rt ln cc ti liu c sn v tip thu c chn lc kin t cc bn ng nghip dn
hon thin cun sch ny, nhng kh trnh khi nhng thiu st bi tm hiu bit v kinh
nghim cn hn ch, chng ti rt mong nhn c kin ng gp qu bu ca bn c
gn xa.
Chi tit lin h ti : anhkhoavo1210@gmail.com
minh.9a1.dt@gmail.com
CC TC GI
V ANH KHOA HONG B MINH.
LI CM N
Trong qu trnh bin son, chng ti xin cm n n nhng bn cung cp ti liu tham
kho v vui lng nhn kim tra li tng phn ca bn tho hoc bn nh my, to iu
kin hon thnh cun sch ny :
-
MC LC
TP 3 : TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
MT S PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA
CHNG 8 : TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
I.
TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
HM LNG GIC ................................................................................. 1
1.
2.
3.
II.
TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
HM LNG GIC CHA THAM S ................................................ 38
BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................. 44
III.
TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
HM LNG GIC TRONG TAM GIC ............................................ 46
BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................. 53
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
CHNG 8
TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT
TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR NH NHT HM LNG GIC
I.
Cho hm s
( ) xc nh trn min
1. Mt s thc M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s nu :
{
( )
( )
K hiu :
2. Mt s thc N c gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s nu :
{
( )
( )
K hiu :
( ) lin tc trn [
Ch rng : Nu hm s
]
ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn [
] th hm s t gi tr
|
|
|
|
khi v ch khi
{
ii.
Phng trnh
c nghim
khi v ch khi
Nu hm s c dng
Gii:
a.
Ta c :
(
Hay
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi v ch khi
(
Do ,
b.
Ta chng minh c
Do ,
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi v ch khi
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
)
(
c.
Ta c :
(
(
)
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi v ch khi
(
)
Do
Bi 2: Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
|
|
(
|
(
| (
)
(
Vy
(
(
b.
Ta c :
Ta xt :
| |
Do ,
(
)
(
c.
Hm s xc nh khi v ch khi
{
Ta c :
Vy
{
Hn na,
Vy
{
iu kin:
{
{
V chu k ca
nn ta cn xt trn [
]. Do
Ta c :
(
)(
(
(
Hn na,
Suy ra
Do vy,
Tng t, ta c
Do ,
Gii:
a.
Ta c :
{
|
|
|
Do ,
{
b.
Ta c :
{
Do ,
{
c.
Ta c :
(
(
(
)
)
Do ,
{
d.
Ta c :
(
)
(
Do ,
{
Gii:
a.
Ta c :
(
)
)
Do ,
{
b.
Ta c :
(
(
Do ,
{
Bi 5: Vi
Do ,
(
)]
(
(
tn ti khi v ch khi
)
(
)
(
(
(
)
)
)
(
(
)
)
Khi ,
Vy
Ta c :
(
(
)
)
)
)
Do ,
{
Bi 7: Cho
thc
Gii: Ta c :
{
Do ,
8
khi v ch khi
. Ta chn
)
khi v ch khi
Do ,
cng du v
|
|
v |
|
|
|
|
. Khi , ta chn
BI TP T LUYN
8.1.1. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
8.1.2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
)
)
)
(
)
(
[
(
10
)
(
[
[
{
(
]
]
){
){
[
8.1.2. Ta bin i hm s cho thnh
(
)(
)(
rng, nu ta t
{
Ta s a biu thc
2.
-
11
Gii:
(
Do ,
)(
(
{
)(
(
Do ,
Ta bin i hm s
12
thnh
)(
Do ,
{
Bi 2: Cho
Gii:
Do
nhn nn
Ta c :
dng.
(
(
(
)
(
Hn na, theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c :
(
{
(
|
(
[
[
)
(
(
)|
|
(
)
)
)|
( )
(
)
)]
(
( )
13
l cc s thc tha mn
. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
Gii:
Theo bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, ta c :
)(
)]
Do ,
)
{
Bi 4: Cho
]
(H Bch Khoa H Ni 1998)
Gii:
[
)(
) (
14
)(
Do ,
Bi 5: Cho
Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s.
Gii:
Theo bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, ta c :
[ (
| ||
Hn na, do
[ (
)
| |. Ta c
)
(
)]
)]
| |)
(
Do ,
| |)
| |) khi v ch khi
Bi 6: Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
Gii:
(
15
Suy ra
Do ,
{
Bi 7: Cho cc s thc
) tha mn iu kin
)(
Gii:
Ta c :
[
(
Ta c kt qu sau :
16
[
)(
]
)
)(
Do ,
[
T , ta chn
{
17
Gii:
Ta c :
)(
)(
)(
)(
)
)[
)(
)(
)(
) ]
Do ,
Ta li c :
)(
)(
18
)
(
)[
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
) ]
Do ,
BI TP T LUYN
8.1.4. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
(
8.1.5. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
8.1.6. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
8.1.7. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
(
8.1.8. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
(
8.1.9. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
(
)(
8.1.10. Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s
(
)
)
8.1.11. Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s
8.1.12. Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s
(
(
8.1.13. Cho gc
{
)(
) tha mn
(
19
sao cho
Vi
GI GII BI TP T LUYN
8.1.4. Ta p dng
{
(
Suy ra
(
Suy ra
(
[
)
(
Suy ra
8.1.7. Ta bin i
Ta p dng
(
{
20
Suy ra
8.1.9. Ta bin i
Suy ra
(
8.1.10. Ta p dng
(
)
(
)(
)
)
Suy ra
(
|
)
(
21
)(
||
|)
)
(
8.1.13. Ta bin i
)(
||
(|
)
|)(|
(
||
)
(|
|)
| |
8.1.14. Ta bin i
(
Suy ra
Khi ,
22
)(
Do ,
8.1.15. Ta bin i
(
)
(
Ta c :
Do ,
(
Hn na, v
Bunyakovsky, ta c :
(
) nn theo bt ng thc
)(
)(
)
Tng t vy, ta c
(
)(
)(
)
23
Vy
3.
-
PHNG PHP O HM HM S
Phng php ny dng kho st mt hm s lng gic trn mt on, ta cng
c th tm c gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s trn on .
vic kho st hm s c n gin hn, ta nn lu vic i bin s bng
cch t n ph, nhng phi bit c gii hn ca n s mi. Lu rng khi t
n ph, ta nn tm min gi tr ca n ph trong khong xc nh n ph cho trc.
Tuy vic s dng phng php ny dnh cho i tng l hc sinh lp 12 v cc
hc sinh chuyn, nhng chng ti vn khuyn khch cc bn lp 10, 11 khng
chuyn tham kho thm nhm m rng kin thc.
( )
Cc bc gii chung cho loi ton kho st hm s
Tm min xc nh ca hm s.
( ).
Tnh o hm
Gii phng trnh
, tm nghim
.
Lp bng bin thin, da vo bng bin thin ta tm
.
y, chng ti c dng ch vit tt MX, ngha l min xc nh.
Bi 1: Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
(
Gii: MX:
Ta c :
)
( )
( )
(
[
24
))
( )
( )
Gii: MX:
Ta c :
]. Khi , ta xt hm s
( )
()
Do , hm s ng bin trn [
Suy ra,
[
(
].
( )
( )
( )
( )
Bi 3: Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
Gii: MX:
Ta c :
25
))
( )
( )
( )
Bi 4: Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
(
Gii:
V hm s tun hon c chu k l
[
]
MX:
nn ta ch cn kho st trn on [
( )
( )
( )
( )
26
].
( )
( )
Bi 5: Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
[
Gii: MX:
Ta c :
]
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
{
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c :
( )
( )
27
]
(H Kinh T Quc Dn 2000)
Gii:
[
]
( )
( )
( )
( )
28
])
Gii: Ta c :
( )
[
]
( )
[ ]
Khi , ta xt hm s
(
( )
( )
[ ]
Suy ra
[
( )
( )
( )
( )
]
( )
29
ng
[ ]
Khi , ta xt hm s
(
( )
( )
ng
[ ]
Suy ra
[
( )
( )
( )
( )
Nh vy, t cc gi tr, ta c :
( )
( )
Bi 8: Cho 3 s thc
tha mn
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
)(
[
()
()
30
()
( )
| |
| ( )|
Do ,
( )
( )
Bi 9: Vi
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
( )
31
Ta c :
( )
(
( )
( )
( )
)(
]. Ta xt hm s
( )
()
()
32
)
)
()
( )
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c
( )
( )
Do ,
( )
Bi 11: Cho ba s
] v tha mn iu kin
)
(H Xy Dng 2000)
Gii: V
M
] nn
Do ,
(
)
33
Tuy nhin, du
Ta xt hm s
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Da vo bng bin thin, ta c
( )
y, du
xy ra khi v ch khi
Do ,
(
{
34
|
|
) { }
L mt s hu t.
( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2006)
GI GII BI TP T LUYN
8.1.15.
a.
Ta bin i
( )
(
[
]. Ta xt hm s
t
()
(
Ta c,
)
)
( )
( )
b.
rng
| |
35
Ta bin i
( )
[
()
Ta c,
( )
( )
d.
Kt qu
( )
( )
e.
Ta bin i
(
( )
t
| |
{
Ta xt hm s
( )
]. Ta xt hm s
( )
36
Ta bin i
( )
[
]. Ta xt hm s
( )
Ta c,
( )
( )
Ta bin i
i.
( )
[
]. Ta xt hm s
()
Ta c,
( )
( )
8.1.16. Ta bin i
( )
(
( )
Ta c,
{
( )
( )
( )
( )
37
Gii: Ta c :
( )
| |
. Ta xt hm s
( )
()
()
Ta c cc trng hp sau :
. Khi hm s ( ) nghch bin trn [
( )
( )
[
)
( )
()
( )
38
( )
(
( )
Nu
Nu
( )
( )
( )
] th
] th
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Bi 2: Cho hm s
( )
( )
Tm
)
(
vi mi
Gii: Ta c :
( )
[ ] v
t
( )
Nh vy, ta a bi ton v tm
. Ta a v hm s
)
( )
vi mi
)
[ ]. Hay
[ ]
Ta xt hm s
( )
[ ]
( )
()
39
()
()
Gii: Ta c :
(
Suy ra
Ta xt cc trng hp sau
-
th
th
. Khi
40
. Khi
th
(
-
th
Ta c,
Bi 4: Cho hm s
( )
Xc nh
Gii: Ta c :
|
Do :
)|
. Suy ra min xc nh ca hm s
Mt khc, ta bin i
(
41
Khi
{
Theo yu cu bi ton, ta xt hm s
( )
( )
( )
( )
]. Khi
Bi 5: Cho hm s
( )
Tm
gi tr ln nht ca hm s l nh nht.
(HQG Tp.HCM 1997)
Khi
42
{
Theo yu cu bi ton, ta xt
(
Bi 6: Cho hm s
( )
)
[
)
(H Giao Thng Vn Ti 1992)
Gii: Ta t
th
)
()
Ta vit li thnh
()
[
)
)
( )
(
(
( )
]
)
( )
Gi tr nh nht ca ( ) l gi tr nh nht ca ( ). Ta c cc trng hp sau :
43
( )
[
( )
( )
BI TP T LUYN
8.2.1. Cho hm s
( )
Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s ln hn
vi mi
.
8.2.2. Bin lun theo , tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
( )
8.2.3. Cho hm s
( )
nh ( )
vi mi
.
8.2.4. Cho hm s
( )
(
)
Tm ( )
vi mi
.
8.2.5. Cho hm s
( )
Tm
44
gi tr ln nht ca hm s t gi tr nh nht.
. Ta xt hm s
( )
Ta c,
| |
( )
{
( )
8.2.3. Gi tr ca cn tm l
8.2.4. Ta bin i
| |
| |
| |
( )
| |
. Ta xt hm s
()
[
[
Ta xt hm s
()
Ta tm c gi tr cn tm ca
Gi tr
cn tm l :
45
(
{
)(
)(
)(
M
(
(
)]
Do ,
Vy
(
{
(
Bi 2: Cho tam gic
46
)
)
Do ,
Vy
u
Bi 3: Cho tam gic
ca biu thc
c cc gc tha mn
. Tm gi tr nh nht
)]
Mt khc,
(
Theo gi thit :
{
Do ,
(
47
Vy
nhn. t
}. Tm gi tr
Gii: Ta t
(
. Do ,
Nu
{
th
th
Tm li,
{
Do ,
48
Ta c 2 trng hp
Tm li,
nhn nn
Mt khc
)
(
(
) ( )
Do ,
Vy
49
(
Do ,
tha mn h thc
Tm gi tr nh nht ca
.
( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2006)
)
(
50
(
)
)
(
)
(
Theo nh l hm s sin, ta c
Theo nh l hm s cos, ta c
(
(
Do ,
Vy
51
)
(Theo bt ng thc Cauchy)
Do ,
Vy
52
v tam gic
. Tm gi tr nh nht
)
c cc gc tha mn iu kin
tha iu kin
( )
(
{
)
}
. Tm gi tr
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
53
Ta c,
8.3.3.
8.3.4. Ta bin i
(
)]
Ta c,
)
)
)
)
(
)]
)]
8.3.6. Ta bin i
(
)(
)(
Theo nh l hm s sin, ta c :
(
)(
)(
{
}
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
Theo nh l hm s cos v bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c :
54
Do ,
)(
M
(
)(
Tng t, ta c
{
(
Do ,
8.3.8. Ta chng minh bt ng thc sau :
Cho
l cc s nguyn dng v cc s thc
tha mn
Th
Ta i t
(
)(
p dng bt ng thc trn cho
(
)
)
(
55
) ]
[(
[(
) ]
) ]
[(
[(
) ]
) ]
[(
) ]
Do ,
8.3.9. Do
MX:
Ta c :
nn
) (
( )
56
Vi iu kin
nghim duy nht.
c MX: [
( )
. Cng t bng bin thin ca ( ) ta suy ra phng trnh c
CHNG 9
PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA GII MT
S BI TON I S
TM TT MT S K THUT THNG DNG
I.
| |
]
[
| |
] { }
[
] { }
)
(
]
[
]
[
)
(
57
{
[
{
(
[
)(
(
)
] { }
)
)
[
58
(
(
))
)(
))
)(
Gii: Ta t
{
Do
nn ta c th suy ra rng
Khi ,
)(
)(
(
Tng t vy, ta c :
)(
)(
59
)(
)(
)(
Bi 2: Cho {
)(
)(
Gii: Ta t
{
))
Khi ,
)
(
(
[
)
(
)
(
(
(
][
)
)
)
)
)]
)(
)(
)
(
)(
60
tha mn | |
|
|
[
Khi , ta t
|
]. Ta c
|
| |
|
(
)(
)(
Gii: Ta t
{
))
T gi thit, ta c :
Ta xt trng hp
- Nu
, ta c
iu ny mu thun.
-
, gi thit tng ng vi
Nu
)
(
61
( )
Mt khc, ta c :
{
Thay vo ( ), ta c c ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 5: Gi s
Chng minh rng
(
)(
)(
)(
Gii: T gi thit, ta c :
{
Ta t
{
))
Do ,
(
)(
)
(
62
).
BI TP T LUYN
9.1.1. Cho {
9.1.2. Cho
(
9.1.3. Cho
9.1.4. Cho
)(
9.1.5.
{
Chng minh rng
63
))
{
Ta c
|
)|
Tng t, ta c :
|
)|
)|
)|
(
)
)|
)|
| [
Gii: iu kin : | |
) ]
)|
. Ta t
[
]
Khi , bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
| [
64
) ]
)|
|
|
)|
|
)|
])
Khi ,
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi
{
{
Mt khc,
65
Gii: Ta t
| |
{
{
(
(
)
)
Gii: Ta c
Do , ta cn chng minh
(
Ta xt trng hp
- Nu
- Nu
66
])
)(
)(
(
(
)
)
)(
) (
)
)
Gii:
a.
Ta t
{
))
Khi ,
(
(
b.
)(
)(
)
)
)(
Tng t vy, ta c :
(
)(
)
(
) (
)
(
)
(
)(
)
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
[
67
tha mn iu kin
)
)(
)(
sao cho
{
Thay vo gi thit, ta c
Nh ta chng minh bi 2, phn II. Ta c
Nh vy,
l 3 gc ca tam gic
nhn. Ta bin i
{
Ta a bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
(
)(
)(
)
(
) (
) (
)
(
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
68
tha mn
Gii: Ta c
Ta thy
( )
(
{
( )
(
Do , ta t
{
))
Khi ,
])
Suy ra
Hay
69
Gii: Ta t
{
))
Ta c :
(
)
Khi , bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
(
(
)[
(
[
)
(
(
Du
(
)
)]
(
)
)
(
)
(
xy ra khi v ch khi
[
(
(
)
)
)(
)(
)
( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2010)
Gii: Ta t
{
))
70
)]
Khi , ta t
Ta cn chng minh
(
)
(
(
Du
)
)
xy ra khi v ch khi
. Khi tn ti
trong 4 s
tha mn
71
tha mn
])
Ta thy :
[
) ](
Do ,
(
Suy ra
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 13: Cho {
72
))
Do
Nn
Do ,
l 3 gc ca mt tam gic nhn.
Ta a bt ng thc cn chng minh thnh
tha mn
l 3 gc ca tam gic
, ta t
{
Khi , bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
73
Ta c :
)(
Do , ta c
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi
{
{
, ta c
Thay vo h thc
{
tha mn
l 3 gc ca tam gic
ta t
{
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
74
)
(
Ta c :
(
Do , ta cn chng minh
Nh vy,
(
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi
{
tha mn
75
]. Do , tn ti cc gc nhn
sao cho
{
Suy ra, gi thit tng ng vi
Nh vy,
l 3 gc ca tam gic nhn
Ta a bt ng thc cn chng minh thnh
Tng t, ta c
{
Nhn theo tng v, ta c c
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
u.
tha mn
Th
(
)(
)(
76
l cc s dng. Ta t
{
Khi ,
{
tha mn
Ta a bi ton v 3 s dng
Do , ta c th coi
l 3 cnh ca tam gic
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
(
)(
vi gc
)
(
(
Theo nh l hm s sin, ta c
(
)
)
)
Mt khc, ta c :
{
)
(
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
u, khi
Do , ta c
Bi 18: Cho
) tha mn
.
. Chng minh rng
77
{
(
) nn
Tuy nhin, do
l 3 gc ca tam gic nhn
Ta a bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
(
.
)
Ta xt hm s
( )
( )
Do , hm s ( ) ng bin. Theo bt ng thc Jensen, ta c
( )
( )
( )
Suy ra
(
u, khi
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 19: Cho
)
.
(
(
)
)(
)(
(
)
)(
(
Ta t
78
)
)
)(
(
)
)
(
)
)(
(
)
)
)(
(
)
)
(
)
)(
)
)
)(
nn ta c
Vi
l 3 gc;
Ta a bi ton tr thnh
(
)
{
l 3 cnh; l na chu vi ca tam gic
79
(
Do , ta c :
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 20: Cho
)(
u, khi
tha mn
(Poland 1999)
Gii: Vi
l 3 gc ca tam gic
, ta t
{
Khi , bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
.
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
80
u, khi
tha mn h thc
Vi
. Ta t
Ta a gi thit tr thnh
Nh vy, vi
. Ta c
{
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
y l bt ng thc c bn, do du
.
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 22: Cho
u, khi
tha mn h thc
(Iran 1997)
81
. Ta t
{
Vi
l 3 gc bt k thuc (
). Ta t
{
a gi thit tr thnh
Nh vy,
l 3 gc ca tam gic
thnh bt ng thc c bn
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
82
)(
u, khi
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
. Khi , vi
l 3 gc
{
Suy ra
(
)(
)(
)(
83
u, khi
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi tam gic
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 24: Cho
tha mn
(Ukraine 2005)
Gii: T gi thit, vi
l 3 gc ca tam gic
, ta t
{
Khi ,
Tng t, ta c :
{
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh bt ng thc c bn
Du
84
u, khi
sao cho
(USAMO, 2001)
Gii: Gi s
, khi
Gi thit tng ng vi
( )
[
(v l). Do , ta chn
( )
( )
{
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
Ta thy
(
Du
xy ra khi v ch khi
{
{
(
Tng t, ta c
85
{
Suy ra
Ta c th coi
(
Du
(
xy ra khi v ch khi
)
.
BI TP T LUYN
9.2.1. Cho | |
. Chng minh rng vi mi
(
)
(
9.2.2. Chng minh rng
9.2.3. Cho
| |
)(
)]|
[(
[
tha mn
v
(
|
. Chng minh rng
|
9.2.7. Cho
) ]
9.2.10. Cho
)
(
. Chng minh rng
tha mn
|
9.2.12. Cho
Chng minh rng
tha mn
| (
9.2.13. Cho
tha mn
|
9.2.14. Cho
tha mn | (
)
(
(
)
)|
(
vi
|
. Chng minh rng
(
)
. Chng minh rng tn ti
9.2.15. Cho
9.2.16. t
} sao cho
sao cho
87
Do ,
IV.
-
88
]( )
( )
)
[
iu kin : | |
b.
]( )
( )
[
c.
Ta c :
(
Nhn xt rng
(
nh gi tng t, ta suy ra
89
)(
Gii:
a.
Ta xt cc trng hp
, khi (
, suy ra (
nghim
- | |
. t
)(
)(
(
)
)
[
( )
{
b.
iu kin :
}
. Ta t
)( )
(
Khi , phng trnh c dng
t
90
[ ]. Suy ra
c.
iu kin :
]( )
( )
t
,
[ ]. Suy ra
Khi phng trnh c dng
[
(
( )
)[
(
(
)
)
[(
)
(
) ]
Gii:
a.
iu kin : | |
[
]( )
(
t
[ ]. Suy ra
Khi , phng trnh tng ng vi
91
Vi
( )
Vi
iu kin :
b.
}
}( )
) {
)
(
( )
c.
iu kin : | |
92
. Ta t
[(
) [(
]. Khi
) ]
(
)
) ]
) (
)(
{
(
)(
Nh vy, phng trnh cho tng ng vi
Ta xt hm s
( )
( )
(
)
Nu
th hm s ( ) ng bin. Do ,
( )
( )
Suy ra phng trnh v nghim.
Nu
th hm s ( ) ng bin. Do ,
( )
( )
Suy ra phng trnh v nghim.
], t
[
Ta xt phng trnh trn [
Khi , phng trnh tng ng vi
(
)
]( )
)
93
iu kin :
Nu
th
Nu
b.
-
] ( ). Khi ,
, ta t
( )
)
[
iu kin :
c.
) { }.
) { }( )
[ ]. Suy ra
t
Phng trnh tr thnh
Nu
th
94
( )
( )
)(
V.
-
)(
)(
95
. Ta t
{
]) ( )
( )
{
(
iu kin :
. Ta t
{
}) ( )
) {
{
( )
c.
Ta t
(
]) ( )
)
(
96
)(
)
{(
( )
)
{
) (
) (
) (
) (
)
)}
d.
. Ta t
(
])
)(
)[
(
| |
Ta t
{
)
)(
)]
. Khi
Bi 2: Vi
l cc hng s khc
Gii: Ta t
(
(
(
])
{
(
Ta xt trng hp :
(
)
)
97
{
Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh sau
(
(
(
)
)
)
[
Ta suy ra
(
)
(
(
)
)
Bi 4: Cho
sao cho
{
Gii: Vi
98
(
)
)
, ta bin i
Vi
{
Do ,
Vi
, ta li t
{
, ta suy ra
Khi , t
(
Do ,
Suy ra
Tng t, ta c :
{
Nh vy, nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh l
99
)
)
)
. Khi
Gii: Ta thy
)( )
Suy ra
{
Do ,
(
( )
, do
{
Khi , ta t
100
)
)
)) ( )
Do ,
(
(
)
( )
Nh vy
[
Bi 7: Gii h phng trnh
{
( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2008)
Gii: H phng trnh tng ng vi
(
{ (
(
)
)
)
101
{
Ta t
(
}( )
) {
Khi ,
(
Nh vy vi iu kin ( ) th nghim ca h l
)(
)
(
{
Gii: Ta c :
(
Do , ta t
{
H phng trnh tng ng vi
102
)(
(
{
Theo nh l Vite, ta c
)l nghim th (
Gii: Ta nhn xt rng nu (
) cng l nghim ca h
phng trnh v
phi cng du. Do , ta c th gi s rng
.
Cng vi
, ta t
{
Vi
Ta c :
(
l 3 gc ca tam gic
)
.
)
103
BI TP T LUYN
9.4.1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau
(
)
{
(
)
{
{
104
tha mn h thc
{
Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca
Gii: Ta t
(
])
Khi ,
(
V
Ta c :
nn
Suy ra
|
Do ,
Bi 2: Cho
thay i, tha
|
{
). Tm gi tr ln nht
|
105
Nn ta t
(
])
Khi ,
|
Nh vy,
|
{
Bi 3: Cho
tha mn h thc
{
)
(
(
106
])
)
)
Nh vy,
Bi 4: Cho
tha mn
(
Gii: Ta xt trng hp
khi , gi thit tng ng vi
Do , ta c h sau
{
Vi
, ta t
])
Suy ra
(
107
Nh vy,
{
{
, ta c
. Suy ra
Tm li,
Bi 5: Cho
vi
Khi ,
Hay
(
108
Nh vy,
{
Bi 6: Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
Gii: Ta xt trng hp
-
th
.
, ta chia t v mu cho
. Khi
)( )
Do ,
( )
( )
109
sao cho
. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
Gii: Ta thy
Do , vi
l 3 gc ca tam gic
. Ta t
Nh vy,
110
hm s
v gi tr nh nht bng
Gii: Ta t
(
Suy ra
Ta c :
|
Do ,
{
9.5.2. Vi
thay i tha mn {
[
{
BI TP T LUYN
9.5.1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s vi
(
)
]
(
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
)
. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht
9.5.5. Cho
tha mn h thc
ca biu thc
111
tha h thc
. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr
tha
(
9.5.9. Cho
9.5.11. Cho
)
( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2008)
. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
tha mn
9.5.10. Cho
GI GII BI TP T LUYN
9.5.1.
9.5.2.
9.5.3.
{
9.5.4.
{
9.5.5.
{
112
9.5.7.
{
{
[
9.5.8.
{
9.5.9.
9.5.10.
9.5.11.
113
V Giang Giai, Tuyn tp 400 bi ton lng gic, NXB i hc S Phm, 2007.
[4]
[5] L Hng c, o Thin Khi, L Bch Ngc, Phng php gii ton Lng gic
Phng php Lng Gic Ha, NXB i hc S Phm, 2006.
[6] Titu Andreescu, Zuming Feng, 103 Trigonometry Problems : From the Training of
the USA IMO team, Birkhauser, 2004.
[7]
114
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XII 2006, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2006.
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XIII 2007, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2007.
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XIV 2008, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2008.
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XV 2009, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2009.
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XVI 2010, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2010.