Chuyn Phng Trnh & H Phng Trnh

A. Cc loi phng trnh v h phng trnh c bn

I.Phng trnh bc nht
1.1 Dng : ax+b=0
1.2 Cch gii:

a 0 : phng trnh c mt nghim x =

b
a

a=0 :
+ b 0 : phng trnh v nghim
+ b = 0 : phng trnh c nghim x ty
1.3 Bi tp
Bi 1:
Gii phng trnh
x a x b x c
1 1 1
+
+
= 2( + + ) (*)
bc
ac
ab
a b c
Ly VT-VP (*) c phn tch thnh
1
1
1
(x a b c)( +
+ )=0
bc ac ab
1
1
1
Nu
+
+
0 th phng trnh c nghim l : x = a + b + c
bc ac ab
1
1
1
+
+
= 0 th phng trnh trn ng vi mi x
bc ac ab
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
a+bx a+c x c +bx
4x
=1
+
+
+
c
b
a
a+b+c

Nu

Cng 3 vo 2 v ca phng trnh ta c :

1 1 1
a+b+c x
(a + b + c x)( + + ) = 4
a b c
a+b+c
1 1 1
4
(a + b + c x)( + +
)=0
a b c a+b+c
Vy x = a + b + c

II. Phng trnh bc hai

2.1 Dng : ax 2 + bx + c = 0(a 0)
2.2 Cch gii:

a=0 : phng trnh suy bin thnh bc 1

a 0 : lp = b2 4ac
< 0 : phng trnh v nghim
= 0 : phng trnh c nghim kp x1 = x 2 =

b
2a

> 0 : phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit : x1,2 =

b
2a

Ch :
b
b +
v x1 =
th :
2a
2a
x1 < x 2 khi a > 0

Nu x1 =

x1 > x 2 khi a < 0

Nu a v c tri du th ac < 0 nn 4ac < 0 do > 0 phng trnh bc hai c 2
nghim phn bit
2.3 H thc Vi-et
b
c
i) Nu phng trnh ax 2 + bx + c = 0 c 2 nghim x1 & x 2 th x1 + x 2 = & x1x 2 =
a
a
ii) o li cho 2 s bt k , ,khi chng l nghim ca phng trnh
x 2 Sx + P = 0 vi S= + v P =
nh l 1 : Cho tam thc bc 2 f(x)=ax 2 + bx + c
i)
Nu tm c s af( ) 0 th tam thc c nghim ,cn nu af( ) < 0
th tam thc c 2 nghim phn bit
ii)
Nu tm c s , sao cho f( )f( ) 0 th tam thc c nghim ,nu
f( )f( ) < 0 th tam thc c 2 nghim phn bit
nh l 2 : phng trnh ax 2 + bx + c = 0 c nghim hu t iu kin cn v l
bit s l 1 s chnh phng
p
nh l 3 : Nu x 0 = l nghim hu t ca phng trnh ax 2 + bx + c = 0 trong
q
(p,q) = 1 th q l c ca a v p l c ca c
2.3 Bi tp
Bi 1:
Gii phng trnh
2x
x
3
+ 2
= (*)
2
3x x + 1 3x 4x + 1 2
1
Tp xc nh R \ 1,
3
x = 0 : khng l nghim
2
1
3
x 0 : (*)
+
=
1
1 2
3x 1 +
3x 4 +
x
x

1
ta quy v phng trnh bc hai 3y 2 21y + 30 = 0 gii ra ta c
x
5 13
nghim y = 2 v y = 5 t tm c nghim x =
6
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
1
1
1
1
=
+ 2
+ 2
2
x + 9x + 40 x + 11x + 30 x + 13x + 42 18

t y = 3x +

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

=
x + 4 x + 5 x + 5 x + 6 x + 6 x + 7 18
x 2 + 11x 26 = 0
Gii ra ta c nghim x = 13 v x = 2
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
(x a)(x b)
(x b)(x c)
(x a)(x c) 1
+
+
=
c(c a)(c b) a(a b)(a c) b(b a)(b c) x
Trong a, b,c l 3 s khc nhau v khc 0

(x a)(x b)
(x b)(x c)
(x a)(x c) 1
+
+
=0
c(c a)(c b) a(a b)(a c) b(b a)(b c) x

R rng ta thy a,b,c l 3 nghim phn bit ca phng trnh trn . Khi quy ng mu s
(k x 0 ) ,v tri phng trnh s l mt a thc khc 0 do phng trnh c khng
qu 3 nghim .Vy phng trnh cho c 3 nghim x1 = a,x 2 = b,x 3 = c
Bi 4:
a. Gi s x1, x 2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh x 2 ax+1=0 .Hy tnh
S7 = x17 + x 27 theo a

b. Tm a thc bc 7 c h s nguyn nhn s =

3 75
+
l nghim
5
3

a. Ta c S2 = x12 + x 2 2 = (x1 + x 2 )2 2x1x 2 = a2 2

S 4 = (x12 + x 2 2 )2 2x12 x 2 2 = (a 2 2)2 2
S3 = (x1 + x 2 )(x12 x1x 2 + x 2 2 ) = a(S2 1) = a3 3a
S7 = (x13 + x 23 )(x14 + x 2 4 ) x13 x 23 (x1 + x 2 ) = S3S 4 S1 = a7 7a5 + 14a3 7a

3
5
,x 2 = 7
5
3
Theo Vi-et x1, x 2 l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 x + 1 = 0 m ta c
3 5
S7 = x17 + x 27 = a7 7a5 + 14a3 7a = +
5 3
b. t x1 =

 15 7 105 5 + 210 3 105 34 = 0

Vy a thc cn tm l 15x 7 105x 5 + 210x 3 105x 34 = 0

III. Phng trnh bc ba

3.1 Dng ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0
3.2 Cch gii phng trnh bc ba tng qut ca Cardano
Ci ny i vi hc sinh THCS khng quan trng lm nn tc gi ch xin a link bn
no mun tm hiu th tham kho http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/cubic.pdf
hoc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_equation .
3.3 H thc Vi-et
i) Nu phng trnh bc ba ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 (a 0) c ba nghim x1, x 2 ,x 3 th :
b

x1 + x 2 + x 3 = a

x1x 2 + x 2 x 3 + x 3 x1 =
a

x1x 2 x 3 = a

ii) o li nu 3 s u, v, w tha mn u + v + w=m,uv+vw+wu=n,uvw=p th u,v, w l

nghim ca phng trnh t 3 mt 2 + nt p = 0
nh l Bezout :
Cho 1 a thc P( x) ,nu P( x) c mt nghim l th P( x) chia ht cho (x ) c
ngha l P(x) = (x ).Q(x) (bc Q(x) < P(x) l 1 )
3.4 Cc phng php chung gii phng trnh bc ba
3.4.1 Nu bit trc mt nghim x = x 0 th phn tch phng trnh
(x x 0 )(ax 2 + bx + c) = 0
c bit nu :
a + b + c + d = 0 th x 0 = 1(*)

a b + c d = 0 th x 0 = 1(**)
d
c
c
= ( )3 th x 0 = (***)
a
b
b
Sau tm a, b,c ta c th s dng php chia a thc hoc s dng s Horner hay
ng nht ha hai v tm
3.4.1 Bit mt h thc gia cc nghim th ta dng Vi-et
3.4.2 Dng hng ng thc bin i v phng trnh tch
3.5 Bi tp
Bi 1:
Gii phng trnh
x 3 + 2x 2 4x + 8 = 0 (1)
Gi s dng (***) gii ra ta c x = 2
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh

x 3 3x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (2)
Gi s dng (*) ta thy x = 1 l nghim a thc v tri suy ra (2)
(x 1)(ax 2 + bx + c) = 0 .ng nht ha 2 v ta c

(x 1)(x 2 2x 1) = 0
Sau gii ra nghim
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
12x 3 + 14x 2 17x + 6 = 0
Bit phng trnh c 2 nghim m tch bng 1

Gi s dng h thc Vi-et tm c mt nghim sau lm tng t bi trn

IV. Phng trnh bc bn

4.1 Dng : ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e = 0(a 0)
4.2 Cch gii phng trnh bc bn tng qut ca Ferrari
Ci ny i vi hc sinh THCS khng quan trng lm nn tc gi ch xin a link bn
no mun tm hiu th tham kho http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/cubic.pdf
hoc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_equation
4.3 Cc phng php chung gii phng trnh bc bn
4.3.1 Dng ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0(a 0)
Cch gii: t t = x 2 0 ,ta c at 2 + bt + c = 0
+Gii tm t 0
+Vi mi nghim t 0 > 0 ,phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit : x1 = t 0 ,x 2 = t 0
4.3.2 Dng (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = k vi a + b = c + d
Cch gii : t t = (x + a)(x + b) ta c phng trnh bc 2 theo t .Gii ra tm t ,sau
tip tc gii tm x
4.3.3 Dng (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = k
a+b
Cch gii : t t = x +
ta c phng trnh trng phng theo t
2
4.3.4 Dng ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 bx + a = 0
Cch gii :
+Xt x = 0 c l nghim ca phng trnh hay khng
+Xt x 0 chia 2 v cho x 2 phng trnh tr thnh
1
1
a(x 2 + 2 ) + b(x ) + c = 0
x
x
1
t t = x ta c phng trnh bc 2 theo t
x
4.4 Bi tp
Bi 1:
Gii phng trnh
(x + 1)(x + 6)(x + 5)(x + 2) = 252
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh

9x 4 9x 3 52x 2 9x + 9 = 0

Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
11
25

=1
2
x
(x + 5)2
iu kin x -5&x 0
t x + 5 = y 0 .Ta c x 2 = y 2 10y + 25
Thay vo phng trnh ta c
y 4 10y 3 + 39y 2 250y + 625 = 0 .Do y 0 nn ta c
25
25
(y 2 + 2 ) 10(y + ) + 39 = 0
y
y
z = 11
25
phng trnh tr thnh z 2 10z 11 = 0
y
z = 1
Nghim z = 1 loi v d thy | Z | 10
T tnh c y v x
Bi 4:
Gii phng trnh
4x 2
=5
x2 +
(x 2)2
iu kin x 2
t z = y +

2x 2 4x 2
x 2 2 4x 2
(x +
)
=5(
)
=5
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
Ta t y =
x2
y = 1
y 2 4y 5 = 0 1
y2 = 5
T ta tm c nghim x = 1 v x = 2

V. H i xng
5.1.1 H i xng loi 1:
L loi h phng trnh cha n x,y m khi ta hon v x v y th mi phng trnh ca h
khng thay i
5.1.2 Cch gii :
S = x + y
t
,bin i h cho v h vi hai n S,P
P = xy
Gii h tm S,P .
Vi mi cp (S,P) th x v y l hai nghim ca phng trnh:
x 2 Sx + P = 0( = S2 4P)

5.2.1 H i xng loi 2:

L loi h phng trnh cha n x,y m khi ta hon v x v y th phng trnh ny bin
thnh phng kia ca h
5.2.2 Cch gii:
Tr v vi v ca 2 phng trnh ca h ta c phng trnh c dng
(x y)g(x, y) = 0
T ta c hai h .Gii h ny ,trong c mt h i xng loi 1
5.3 Bi tp
Bi 1:
Gii h phng trnh
1
1
2
2
x + y + x 2 + y 2 = 49

x + y + 1 + 1 = 5

x
y
Bi 2:
Gii h phng trnh
x 3 + y 3 = 1(1)
4
4
x + y = 1(2)
T (2) ta c | x | 1 v | y | 1
Nu | x | 1 th t (1) suy ra y 0 ,tng t ta c x 0
Nu 0 < x < 1 th x 3 > x 4 ,y 3 > y 4 .V l!
Vy ch c th x = 0, y = 1 hoc x = 1, y = 0
Bi 3:
Gii h phng trnh
1
1
+ 2 = 2

y
x

1 + 2 1 = 2
y
x

VI. H ng cp bc hai
6.1 Dng :
2
2
ax + bxy + cy = d
2
2
a'x + b ' xy + c ' y = d'

6.2 Cch gii :

Xt x = 0, y = 0 c l nghim ca h khng
Vi x = 0, y = 0 khng l nghim ca h ta t x = ty t ta c mt phng trnh bc
hai theo t .Gii tm t sau ta suy ra x,y
6.3 Bi tp
Bi 1:

Gii h phng trnh

x 2 3xy + y 2 = 1
2
2
3x xy + 3y = 13

Bi 2:
Gii h phng trnh
3x 2 2xy = 160
2
2
x 3xy 2y = 8

Bi 3:
Gii h phng trnh

x 2 + 2xy 3y 2 = 0

x | x | + y | y |= 2

B. Mt s phng trnh v h phng trnh khng mu mc

Bi 1:

1
x x = 2y

y = 2z
y

1
z = 2x

z
H ny thot nhn ta thy y l h hon v vng quay nhng vi nhng cch nh gi
thng thng th ta khng th tm nghim bi ton ny c .Bi ny c gii nh sau :
t x = cot g , (0, ),

2
Ta thu c 2y = cot g tg = 2cot g2
Suy ra z = cot g4 x = cot g8
k
Ta nhn c cot g = cot g8 =
7
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c cc nghim sau

2
4
= x = cot g ,y = cot g ,z = cot g
7
7
7
7
2
2
4
8
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
3
3
6
12
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
4
4
8
16
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7

5
5
10
20
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
6
6
12
24
=
,y = cot g
,z = cot g
x = cot g
7
7
7
7
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
4x 4 2+ x
+
2 4 x + 4 2x = 4
3
3

iu kin 0 x 2
Phng trnh vit li
4

x + 4 x + 4 2x =

x + 2x 4 x + 2(2 x) 4 (2 x) + 2x
+
+
3
3
3

a+4b+4c =

S dng BT
4

a + 2b 4 b + 2c 4 c + 2a
+
+
3
3
3

Ta suy ra

x + 2x 4 x + 2(2 x) 4 (2 x) + 2x
+
+
3
3
3
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 2 x x = 1
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
4

x + 4 x + 4 2x

4x 3 + 3x = 2

Xt f(x) = 4x 3 + 3x 2
f '(x) = 12x 2 + 3 > 0 suy ra f(x) ng bin ,suy ra phng trnh c duy nht mt
nghim
1
1
t x = (t ) , t > 0
2
t
Thay vo phng trnh ta nhn c
1
t3 3 = 4
t
3
t X = t > 0 ta c
X = 2 + 5
X2 4X 1 = 0
X = 2 5(L)
T ta tnh c t sau tnh c
1
1
)
x = (3 2 + 5
3
2
2+ 5
Bi 4:
Gii phng trnh

4x 3 3x
16x 4 12x + 1
t x = cos , [0, ], ta c sin5 = cos3
1 x2 =

C. K thut t n ph quy v h i xng loi hai trong bi ton c cha

cn
Bi 1:
Gii phng trnh
x + 3(2 3x 2 )2 = 2
t y = 2 3x 2 ta thu c h i xng loi 2
y = 2 3x 2

2
x = 2 3y
n y th cng vic hon ton n gin
Bi 2:
Gii phng trnh
x3 + 1 = 2 3 2x 1

t y = 3 2x 1 ta thu c h i xng loi 2

y 3 = 2x 1
3
x = 2y 1
Nhn xt: trong nhng bi ton trn vic t n ph hon ton d dng c th quy v
h i xng loi hai ,nhng trong nhng bi ton kh hn vic t n ph do phn x
hon ton khng p dng c.Vy chng ta phi lm th no? Chng ta c th hiu r
v k thut t n ph v h i xng trong v d sau y
Bi 3:
Gii phng trnh
4x 2 + 2x + 1 + 6 = 12x

2x + 1 = ay + b vi a, b l hng s .Ta c :

2
4x 12x + ay + b + 5 = 0
2 2
2
a y + 2aby 2x + b 1 = 0
Xc nh a,b sao cho h trn l h i xng loi 2 tc l :
a = 2
a2 2ab 2 b2 1
=
=
=

4 12 a
b+5
b = 3
Vy ta t 2x + 1 = 2y + 3 0 ta thu c h i xng

2
2x 6x y + 4 = 0
2
2y 6y x + 4 = 0

(x y)(2x + 2y 5) = 0
2
2x 6x y + 4 = 0
n y th vic gii phng trnh hon ton mang tnh th tc
Bi 4:
Gii phng trnh
4x + 9
7x 2 + 7x =
28
Bi 5:
Gii phng trnh

5 x + 1 + 2x 2 + x + 3 = 1
Bi 6:
Gii phng trnh
3

25 + x 2 + 3 = 3

Bi 7:
Gii phng trnh
(x + 2) x 2 x 20 = 6x + 20