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KHO ST MT S C TNH HA HC T
VN TRNG TIU TI HUYN PH QUC
TNH KIN GIANG
Lun vn tt nghip
Ngnh: KHOA HC T
Cn Th, 2009
TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP V SINH HC NG DNG
B MN KHOA HC T V QUN L T AI
TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP V SINH HC NG DNG
B MN KHOA HC T V QUN L T AI
ii
TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP V SINH HC NG DNG
B MN KHOA HC T V QUN L T AI
iii
LI CAM OAN
&
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ca bn thn. Cc s liu,
kt qu trnh by trong lun vn ny l trung thc v cha tng c cng b trc
y.
Tc gi lun vn
iv
TIU S C NHN
&
H v tn : NGUYN HNG GIANG
Sinh ngy: 15/10/1986
Ni sinh: X Tam Phc, huyn Chu Thnh, Tnh Bn Tre.
Tn cha: NGUYN HNG NA
Tn m: HUNH TH SNG
Tt nghip Ph Thng Trung Hc ti Trng Trung Hc Ph Thng
Nguyn nh Chiu, huyn Th X, tnh Bn Tre nm 2004.
Trng tuyn vo ngnh Khoa Hc t, Khoa Nng Nghip Trng i
Hc Cn Th Trng i Hc Cn Th nm 2005.
LI CM T
&
Qua thi gian 4 nm hc tp, rn luyn v tin hnh ti. Lun vn tt nghip
ca em n nay hon thnh. t c kt qu nh hm nay, tt c l nh vo
cng n ca qu thy c trng i Hc Cn Th, c bit l qu thy c Khoa Nng
Nghipv Sinh Hc ng Dng, tn tnh truyn t nhng kin thc qu bu trong
sut thi giang hc ti trng i Hc. y s l nhng vn sng v cng quan trng,
l hnh trang tri thc gip em vng bc trong qu trnh cng tc v sau.
Em xin chn thnh gi li cm n n:
Qu thy c B mn Khoa Hc t v Qun L t ai, trng i Hc Cn
Th, nhng ngi trc tip ging dy v hng dn em trong trong sut thi gian
hc tp v rn luyn ti b mn.
Em xin chn thnh by t lng bit n su sc n c V Th Gng tn tnh
ch bo em trong sut thi gian thc hin ti cng nh thi gian hc tp ti khoa.
K s Phm Nguyn Minh Trung hng dn nhit tnh, cng nh ng gp
nhiu kin ti c hon thin hn.
Ch V Th Thu Trn, thy H Gia Xng cng tt c cc anh ch cn b phng l,
ha v sinh hc t B mn Khoa Hc t v Qun L t ai tn tnh gip v
to iu kin cho em hon thnh tt lun vn tt nghip.
C c vn hc tp Nguyn M Hoa ng vin em trong sut qu trnh hc tp
v lm lun vn tt nghip.
Con xin cm n gia nh ngun ng vin quan trng gip con hc tp v vn
ln trong cuc sng.
Cc bn lp Khoa Hc t 31 ng vin gip ti trong qu trnh hc tp v
thc hin lun vn.
Xin chc tt c qu Thy, C, Anh, Ch trong B mn Khoa Hc t & Qun L
t ai v cc bn lun thnh cng trong cuc sng.
Nguyn Hng Giang
vi
TM LC
Ph Quc c xem l vng trng im trng tiu ng bng sng Cu
Long vi din tch v sn lng lun ng v tr hng u khu vc. Tuy nhin,
nhng nm gn y nng sut tiu Ph Quc st gim ng k, c u hiu cho thy
do t ai b suy thoi nh hng n nng sut cy tiu. ti thc hin nhm
nh gi tng quan v ph nhiu t v hiu qu vic s dng phn hu c ca
nng dn trn t trng tiu Ph Quc.
Sau khi iu tra v kho st, chn ra 60 vn tiu ba x: Ca Dng, Ca
Cn v Bi Thm ca huyn Ph Quc theo bn tui cy tiu: di nm nm, t
5-10 nm, t 10-15 nm v t 15 nm tr ln, chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm c s dng
phn hu c v nhm t s dng phn hu c. Tin hnh khoan ly ngu nhin
mi vn theo hai tng t 0-20 cm v 20-40 cm v phn tch cc ch tiu pH, EC,
cht hu c, CEC, K, Ca, Mg, Na trao i v bo ha base c hai tng t,
ring m hu dng (NH4-, NO3-), ln hu dng, enzyme catalase ch phn tch
tng 0-20 cm.
Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng cc dng cht trong t y rt
ngho c bit l cht hu c, K+, Ca2+ trao i, CEC rt thp. Ring ch c trng
hp ln d tiu l mc cao. Cha thy hiu qu ci thin ph nhiu t so vi
vn t bn phn hu c, ch c hm lng Ca2+ trao i t c bn phn hu c l
cao hn t t bn phn hu c. Tuy nhin, i vi cy tiu th vic nng dn bn
phn hu c vi lng cao hn cho thy lm tng nng sut cy tiu.
Nh vy, c th nh gi tng quan l t trng tiu Ph Quc rt ngho
cht hu c v cc dng cht cn thit i vi cy trng, canh tc nh vy s
khng mang li hiu qu kinh t, v lu di lm cho t bc mu v mt kh nng
sn xut.
vii
Tn hnh
Trang
31
viii
Tn bng
Trang
14
15
19
26
28
30
ix
MC LC
Xc nhn ca B mn Khoa hc t v QL ....................................................... i
Xc nhn ca Cn b hng dn ............................................................................. ii
Chng nhn bo co tt nghip ca hi ng ......................................................... iii
Li cam oan ......................................................................................................... iv
Tiu s c nhn ........................................................................................................v
Li cm t .............................................................................................................. vi
Tm lc .............................................................................................................. vii
Danh sch hnh................................................................................................... viii
Danh sch bng .................................................................................................... ix
Mc lc ...................................................................................................................x
M U .................................................................................................................1
CHNG 1 LC KHO TI LIU .................................................................. 2
1.1 C IM T NHIN VNG NGHIN CU ........................................... 2
1.1.1 iu kin t nhin v ti nguyn .................................................................... 2
1.1.1.1 V tr a l .................................................................................................. 2
1.1.1.2 a hnh ...................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1.3 Kh hu ....................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1.4 Ti nguyn t v ti nguyn nc .............................................................. 4
1.1.2 Hin trng canh tc cy tiu ti Huyn Ph Quc-Tnh Kin Giang ............... 6
1.2 CC C TNH HA HC T ................................................................ 7
1.2.1 pH t ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.2 EC .................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 CEC ............................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4 bo ha base ............................................................................................. 8
1.2.5 Cht hu c trong t ..................................................................................... 9
1.3 DINH DNG TRONG T ..................................................................... 10
1.3.1 m (N) ....................................................................................................... 10
1.3.2 Ln (P) ......................................................................................................... 10
1.3.3 Kali (K)........................................................................................................ 11
x
xi
xii
M U
Trong nhng nm gn y Vit Nam vn ln chim v tr s mt th gii
v xut khu h tiu, th trng xut khu hn 80 nc v lnh th, mi nm ng
gp hng trm triu USD vo kim ngch xut khu c nc. Vi lch s hn 100
nm trng tiu, Ph Quc c xem l ni cung cp tiu cht lng v gi tr kinh
t cao nht c nc. Tuy nhin gi tiu lun bin ng, lm cho ngi dn Ph
Quc lun lo s khng dm u t nhiu vo cy tiu dn n nng sut v din tch
cy tiu ngy mt gim i. Bn cnh , cng c du hiu cho thy nng sut tiu
gim i v iu kin t ai y b suy thoi do canh tc khng hp l lm
cho t ngy cng ngho kit dinh dng. Theo nhng s liu nghin cu gn y
ca Dng Minh Vin v ctv. (2007) v phn hu c vi sinh b bn ma thc hin
x Dng ng huyn Ph Quc th t y rt ngho dinh dng, khng th
cung cp y mt s dng cht cn thit cho cy trng. Vn t ra l phi
xc nh ph nhiu t v pht hin nhng dng cht thiu ht nh hng n
cy tiu tm hng khc phc nhm ci thin nng sut cy tiu, duy tr v nng
cao ph nhiu t. Xut pht t , ti Kho st mt s c tnh ha hc
t vn trng tiu ti huyn Ph Quc tnh Kin Giang c tin hnh nhm
nh gi s b mt s c t nh hng n nng sut cy tiu v hiu qu vic s
dng phn hu c ca nng dn trn t trng tiu Ph Quc. T , nh hng
nhng nghin cu tip theo c th a ra nhng bin php canh tc hp l gip
hn ch s suy thoi t, nng cao nng sut cy tiu v hiu qu kinh t cho ngh
trng cy tiu cng nh cc cy trng khc Ph Quc.
Vng Nam o c din tch khong 16.700 ha, bao gm nhiu ni thp xen
k cc di t tng i bng v thp dn theo hng t ng-Bc xung Ty-Nam
vi dc di 150. Trong mi vng xen k vi cc dy ni l cc trng bng rng
khong 400-500 ha, hin ang c s dng hoc c kh nng s dng cho sn xut
nng nghip.
1.1.1.3 Kh hu
Ph Quc nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma mang tnh cht xch o,
nhng b chi phi mnh bi cc quy lut ca bin nn n ha hn so vi cc huyn
t lin. Nhit cao u trong nm (trung bnh 27,1 0C), thng 4 nng nht (nhit
trung bnh 28,3 0C) v thng 1 thp nht (nhit trung bnh 25,5 0C). Nng nhiu
(trung bnh 2.445 gi/ nm; 6,7 gi/ngy) (Ngun: nin gim thng k huyn Ph
Quc).
Ma l ngun sinh thy duy nht nn c ngha cc k quan trng i vi
sn xut v i sng ca o. Lng ma bnh qun hng nm khong 3.037mm
(khu vc Bc o c th t 4000 mm/nm) v phn b theo ma r rt. y l iu
kin thun li lm cho h sinh thi rng y thm phong ph v cng l iu kin
thun li cho sn xut nng nghip. Tuy nhin, do lng ma ln, cng vi a hnh
dc nn nc tp trung nhanh, ca sng rch hp v li b bi lp nn nc rt
khng kp gy ra tnh trng ngp l. L thng xut hin vo thng 8, thi gian
duy tr l t ba n nm ngy, i khi do nh hng ca thy triu l thot chm
lm cho thi gian ngp l lu hn.
1.1.1.4 Ti nguyn t v ti nguyn nc
Ph Quc l hn o c hnh thnh do hin tng nng ln ca lp v tri
t cch y hng triu nm. Nhng qu trnh ha hc v vt l xy ra lin tc, do
nh hng ca cc yu t trong thin nhin, cc loi b ph hy (phong ha) bin
thnh mu cht hay cn gi l t ci v sau cng vi thc vt, vi sinh vt to
thnh cc loi t. Bao quanh l bin nn mt s vng ven bin b nc mn xm
nhp v lu ngy hnh thnh nn loi t l t mn s vt v hu c, v cc khong
c hnh thnh ti ch. t Ph Quc hnh thnh v pht trin trn ct kt (sa
thch) c thnh phn c gii nh, nhiu ct, ngho st, ngho cht dinh dng, v
thnh phn ct kt ch yu ch l thch anh (oxit silic). V phong ha feralic c
thnh phn oxt st v oxt nhm tng ng nhau, khong vt st ch yu l
caolinit v haloizit ( nh Thun v Nguyn Vy, 1977). t Ph Quc gm c
by loi t chnh:
Din tch ln nht l loi t feralic vng xm trn sa thch vi 20.587 ha,
chim 35,47% tng din tch t nhin, phn b rng khp trn o, din tch
tng i ln cc x Dng T, Hm Ninh, An Thi v Ca Cn.
t sialic feralic xm trn sa thch c din tch 10.097 ha, chim 17,4% tng
din tch t nhin, phn b ch yu pha Bc o thuc Bi Thm, Gnh
Du.
t feralic vng trn sa thch c din tch l 2.86 ha chim 4,89% tng
din tch t nhin, ch yu thuc hai x Ca Dng v Ca Cn.
4
t feralic tr si :din tch 7.097 ha chim 12,23% tng din tch t nhin,
phn b ri rc Bc v Nam o k c cc hn nh.
t ct vng chim 17,42% tng din tch vi 10.107 ha, phn b dc theo
b bin pha Ty v mt phn nh pha ng Bc.
Mt din tch nh ven cc sng, rch ca o l t ph sa glay chua vi
khong 774 ha. Loi t cui cng l t mn s vt v hu c vi din tch
rt nh khong 458 ha. Phn cn li l din tch ni chim 10,47% tng
din tch t nhin.
cn), ma ny nhng vng t cao tiu thng thiu nc cht hng lat.
Cy nc: hu ht vn tiu u s dng cy nc cht. Trc y nc ny c ly
t cc cy g qu trong rng nh: cam xe, c chc, king kinghin nay cc vn
tiu trng mi u s dng nc ximng.
Chm sc: hu ht cc vn tiu u dn sch c, but v ct ta cn thn. Mt s
nh vn c trng xen trong vn tiu cc lai rau nh c, t, khoai mn to
cho b r n cn, t su bnh v t ngp ng trc kia nng dn thng gnh t xy
thu, do tiu thng thiu dinh dng v d b dch bnh. Hin nay do thay vo
bng cng tc bn phn chung, phn hu c v vun gc.
V su bnh: cng tc phng bnh cha c b con ch nhiu, nn dch bnh
thng xuyn xy ra. Mc d c tp hun nhng nng dn cng hay ty tin s
dng thuc bo v thc vt khng tun th theo nguyn tc, t c mt s su
bnh gy hi ng k cho cy tiu hng nm.
Nng sut v sn lng: do tp qun canh tc theo c truyn v nng dn cha
ng dng nhiu k thut trong canh tc nn nng sut khng cao, bnh qun 3,7 t/ha,
sn lng lng hng nm khong 1.500 tn.
(Theo L Th Thanh Kiu, Trm Khuyn nng huyn Ph Quc, ngun:
http://thvm.vn/News/Dac-san-Mieng-Ngon/Dac-san/Mien-Nam/Hat-tieu-Phu-quocdac-san-cua-dia-phuong/Show-7203/).
1.2 CC C TNH HA HC T
1.2.1 pH t
c nh ngha: pH = -log[H+] l i lng hin th hot tnh ca ion H+
trong mi trng t. Tu theo gi tr ca pH, n phn ng mc ra tri ca cc
cation kim v kim th do hin din cc ion st, nhm trong t. Theo thang nh
gi pH= 3-4 t rt chua; pH= 4-5 chua mnh; pH= 5-6 chua va; pH= 6-7 chua
nh; pH= 7 trung tnh; pH= 7-8 kim nh; pH= 8-9 kim trung bnh; pH= 9-10 kim
mnh; pH= 10-11 kim rt mnh (Brady, 1990). Theo Ng ngc Hng (2005) th
pH t bin ng trong khong t 3-11 ty theo loi t. pH t l ch tiu quan
trng trong vic nh gi nh hng trc tip hay gin tip n s pht trin ca cy
trng, vi sinh vt t, vn tc cc phn ng ho hc v sinh ho trong mi trng
t (Trn Kim Tnh, 2003).
1.2.2 EC
EC (electrical conductivity) l dn in ca dung dch t biu th trc
tip hay gin tip n nng mui ho tan trong t. Khng ch c t mn mi c
phc tp. i vi cy trng ln c vai tr quan trng trong vic tao nng lng bin
dng, hin din trong cc men iu khin cc phn ng ha hc trong vic kt hp
cc nguyn t khc to nn cu trc thc vt. Ln cn tm thy trong cc nucleic
acid cc cu trc DNA v RNA mang v vn chuyn thng tin di truyn iu
khin cc hot ng sng, trong cc chc nng ny quan trng nht l sn xut
protein v cc vitamin thit yu (Khasawneh v ctv., 1985).
Trong t ln tng s chia lm hai dng l hu c v v c (khong). T l
ny ph thuc vo s hnh thnh v iu kin t, ln hu c thng chim khong
t 20-80% ln tng s. Hm lng ln khong gia tng theo su phu din t,
trong khi hm lng cht hu c cao nht tng mt (Tisdale v Nelsson, 1975).
Hm lng ln hu dng trong t rt thp, trn t phn ln b cm gi do
phn ng vi Fe, Al v cc hydroxite ca chng to ra nhng cht kt ta m cy
trng khng s dng c. hu dng ca ln ph thuc vo pH t (ti ho t
5,5-7,0), t iu kin oxy ha b c nh nhiu hn t iu kin kh (Nguyn
Xun C, 1992; Th Thanh Ren, 1999).
Theo L Vn Cn (1978) s c nh ln xy ra rt nhanh nng ln thp
v ty thuc vo c tnh ca t. Nhn chung kh nng hp ph ca ln rt cao, c
khong 80% lng ln a vo c hp ph nng a vo thp di 100 ppm.
cc nng a vo cao trn 100 ppm, tuy kh nng hp ph vn mc cao
nhng t cng ch c kh nng hp ph di 70% lng ln a vo. Khi nng
dung dch l 300 ppm th t ch c kh nng hp ph khong 40% lng ln a
vo. Nng ln a vo cng ln th s khc bit ny cng th hin r hn
(Nguyn Xun C, 2001). Theo Garrison (1989) trong t giu Ca th ln c kt
ta thnh dng Dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) v chuyn dn sang dng
Octacalcium phosphate (Ca 8H2(PO4)6.5H2O) v dn chuyn sang dng
hydroyapatipe Ca 10(OH)2(PO4)6.
1.3.3 Kali (K)
Kali l nguyn t a lng rt quan trng i vi s sinh trng ca cy
trng sau m v ln. Kali l cht duy tr p sut thm thu ca t bo. Trong cy
kali gi nhiu vai tr sinh l quan trng l cht hot ha enzyme tham gia tng hp
protein, vn chuyn carbohydrate, kim sot tnh thm v pH ca mng t bo
(Evans v Wildes, 1971). Ngoi ra kali cn c vai tr iu ha s bc thot hi
nc ca cy thng qua c ch ng m kh khu, ng ha nitrate, lm tng tc
ngm nc ca nguyn sinh cht, gip cy chu hn, chu rt hn (Humble v Hsiao,
1970).
Theo Th Thanh Ren (2003) hm lng kali trung bnh l 1,2% v
thng tn ti 4 dng chnh l: kali trong dung dch t, kali trao i, kali khng
11
trao i v khong kali. Kali trao i v kali trong dung dch t l dng hu dng
i vi cy, chim t l rt nh (1-2%) ca kali tng s. Kali khng hu dng gm
kali khng trao i v khong kali chim 80-98%). Hm lng kali tng s trong
t ty thuc vo thnh phn khong ca mu cht v mc phong ha ca cc
khong cha kali trong qu trnh hnh thnh t. t c cha cc loi mica, trng
khong cha hm lng kali tng s cao. t ct cha ch yu l thch anh trong
thnh phn khong nn c hm lng kali tng s v hm lng kali hu dng thp
(Ng Ngc Hng v ctv., 2004).
Nhng nghin cu ca Nguyn Bo V (1998) cho thy rng sau nhiu nm
canh tc thng khng bn hay bn khng lng kali b cy trng ly i. Trong
khi lng kali trao i trong t khng cung cp cho cy trng nn kali
gia hai phin st c phng thch ra dng d hu dng hn, t tr nn thiu kali,
khi bn kali vo dn n s hp thu mnh b p vo nhng v tr trn gy nn
s c nh kali. Trn t ph sa v ng bng c kh nng hp th kali rt cao sau
khi c bn (Dobermann v ctv.,1995).
S thiu ht kali c th phc hi qua mt ch bn phn hp l phn KCl
hoc K2SO4, tuy nhin t ph sa mn, mn hoc t vi th cung cp kali vo
t i khi khng hiu qu hoc chm phc hi. Phn chung l loi phn giu kali
cho nn t c bn phn chung th phn kali th hin hiu lc s khng r (L
Vn Cn, 1978).
1.3.4 Calcium (Ca)
Calcium rt cn thit cho s tng trng ca cy trng, hm lng trong cy
thay i khong 0,1-0,5% trng lng kh, ty thuc vo iu kin sinh trng,
loi cy trng v c quan ca cy (Ng Ngc Hng v ctv., 2004).
Theo Ng Ngc Hng v ctv. (2004) nng Ca ca b mt tri t vo
khong 3,64%, hm lng Ca thay theo loi t: t ct c hm lng rt thp, t
kim c cacbonate calci t do c hm lng Ca bin ng t 0,7-1,5%, cc loi t
phong ha mnh cha Ca t hn vo khong t 0,1-0,3%. Ca hin din trong t
di dng khong nguyn sinh nh anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), pyroxenes (augite) v
amphiboles (hornblende), cc cht biotite, epdote, apatite v borosilicate. Calcite
(CaCO3) thng l ngun gc ch yu ca Ca trong cc loi t. Dolomit cng c
th hin din cng vi calcite.Ca trong t c th b mt i do thot thy, c cc
vi sinh vt hp thu, c hp thu xung quanh cc phn t st hoc ti kt ta di
dng hp cht Ca th sinh.
12
13
P2O5
K2O
CaO
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
5,0
2,5
6,0
7,0
Nc phn chung
2,5
0,6
3,6
0,6
3,0
0,3
0,3
0,9
9,0
1,2
0,6
1,2
Rc ri
6,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
Phn hu c
14
nhng cht kch thch sinh trng nh: auxin, heteroauxin, cc loi vitamin nh B,
C (V Hu Ym, 1995; L Vn Khoa v ctv., 1996)
Thnh phn: theo L Vn Cn (1978) trong phn chung ti c nhng cht ging
nh ca l cy: xenlul, hemixenlul, lignin, nhiu loi acid hu c, ng v mt
t pentoza, cht protein v hp cht bo..
Bng 1.2 Thnh phn ha hc mt s loi phn chung (tnh theo %)
Cc loi phn chung (c n rm r)
Cc cht
Tru B
Nga La
Heo
D Cu
Nc
77,30
71,30
72,40
64,60
CHC
20,30
25,40
25,00
31,80
Nts
0,45
0,58
0,65
0,83
Nprotein
0,28
0,35
Namoniac
0,14
0,19
0,20
P2O5
0,23
0,28
0,19
0,23
K2O
0,5
0,63
0,60
0,67
CaO
0,4
0,21
0,18
0,33
MgO
0,11
0,14
0,09
0,18
SO3
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,15
Cl
0,10
0,04
0,17
0,17
SiO2
0,85
0,77
0,08
1,47
R 2 O3
0,05
0,11
0,07
0,24
Ngun: L vn Cn (1978)
15
16
17
18
Phn hu c
Ur
Super ln
Chlorua kali
(kg/gc)
(g/gc)
(g/gc)
(g/gc)
Nm th nht
10-15
150
250
100
Nm th hai
15
200
300
120
15-20
400
300
250
Nm th ba tr i
Ngun: Lu c Nim (2001)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Tng 0-20 cm
K+ trao i, meq/100g(1)
0,089
( 0,04)
0,122
( 0,12)
Na + trao i, meq/100g(2)
0,057
( 0,04)
0,069
( 0,03)
0,795
( 0,57)
0,835
( 0,62)
0,294
( 0,19)
0,336
( 0,21)
CEC, meq/100g(4)
3,30
( 1,36)
3,34
( 1,36)
39,37
(5)
5,03
pH, H2O
EC, S/cm(6)
91,98
(7)
2,23
CHC, %
( 0,41)
( 96,10)
( 0,74)
42,87 ( 19,78)
4,98
( 0,39)
98,15
( 89,2)
2,46
( 0,74)
( 63,98)
4,83
( 1,95)
(2)
7,32
( 7,91)
Ch s ca enzyme catalase
0,969
( 0,173)
(8)
P d tiu, mgP/kg
+
(9)
NH4 , mg/kg
NO3 , mg/kg
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
( 16,39)
Tng 20-40 cm
53,90
P d tiu ( phng php Olsen): bng 3.1 cho thy hm lng P d tiu l
mc rt cao theo thang nh gi. iu ny cng ng vi nghin cu ca Dng
Minh Vin v ctv. (2007) trn t trng tiu ti Ph Quc. Gii thch cho trng
hp ny l kh nng bn qu nhiu phn ln ca mt s nng dn lm gia tng ng
k nng ln trong t (kt qu iu tra cho thy a s nng dn bn P cao hn
khuyn co rt nhiu, trong khi N v K th cn thp hn khuyn co). Kt qu phn
tch c mt s vn hm lng P d tiu ln hn 200 mgP/kg, vic hm lng P d
tiu trong t cao trong khi cc dng cht khc vn cn thp c th dn n mt
cn bng dinh dng trong t, y cng c th l nguyn nhn lm cho nng sut
cy tiu khng cao.
m d tiu (NH4+ v NO3-): kt qu phn tch bng 3.1 cho thy NH4+
trong t rt thp (4,83 mg/kg), hm lng NO3- mc thp (7,32 mg/kg) theo cc
thang nh gi tng ng, m dng NO3- chim u th hn. So vi nghin cu ca
Nguyn Th Kim Hng (2008) trn t lip vn trng chm chm ti Bn Tre,
hm lng NO3- gn 100 mg/kg cho thy hm lng m NO3- t lip trng tiu
Ph Quc l rt thp.
3.1.1.2 i vi tng t 20-40 cm
Kt qu bng 3.1 cho thy cc c tnh ha hc tng 20-40 cm khng sai
khc nhiu so vi tng 0-20 cm. Khng thy khc bit ngha gia hai tng t,
nhng theo thang nh gi th phn trm base bo ha tng t 20-40 cm mc
trung bnh. Mt im cng cn ch na l c bn cation trao i tng t 20-40
cm u c khuynh hng cao hn tng mt trong khi CEC th khng thay i, iu
ny cho thy tng t mt cng c du hiu ca s ra tri cht dinh dng. Do
, cn phi ch n bin php ti tiu, s xi mn, ra tri v i vi loi t c
hm lng st v cht hu c thp nh vy kh c th lu gi c cc cation base.
3.1.2 Hot ng ca enzyme catalase
Kt qu phn tch enzyme catalase trong 32 mu t cho thy ch s enzyme
bin ng trong khong t 0,7 n 1,3 v khng c khc bit ngha gia hai nhm
t c s dng phn hu c v t s dng phn hu c. Bng 3.1 cho thy ch s
trung bnh ca enzyme catalase trong t l 0,969, theo nghin cu ca L Th
Thanh Chi (2008) trn loi t xm bc mu Mc Ha-Long An th trong iu
kin ch bn phn v c theo khuyn co ch s enzyme catalase l 4,21 v khi bn
phn hu c th ch s ny ln ti 12,97. T , cho thy hot ng ca
enzyme catalase a im kho st l rt thp (thp hn loi t c xem l bc
mu). Nguyn nhn, hm lng cht hu c trong t thp, s dng phn bn nng
dc nhiu lm nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Catalase l mt enzyme
ni bo c tng hp t cc vi sinh vt ho kh, c tc dng loi b c cht trong
27
Tng 0-20 cm
<5
5-10
>15
<5
5-10
0,085
0,090
0,093
0,101
0,119
0,157
0,108
0,067
0,056
0,057
0,060
0,045
0,065
0,075
0,076
0,077
Ca2+ trao i,
meq/100g
0,791ab
0,645b
0,966a
0,766ab
0,709AB
0,852AB
1,207A
0,483B
Mg2+ trao i,
meq/100g
0,362
0,220
0,275
0,251
0,327
0,323
0,402
0,301
CEC,
meq/100g
3,30
3,21
3,42
3,00
3,17
3,42
3,58
3,61
Base bo
ha, %
40,02
35,11
42,87
42,49
41,90AB
40,95AB
53,23A
27,04B
pH (H2O)
5,09
4,95
5,01
5,14
5,04
4,92
5,06
4,88
112,6a
63,6b
80,8ab
68,8ab
107,9
96,3
86,3
143,7
CHC, %
2,27
2,19
2,28
1,95
2,52
2,54
2,24
2,41
P d tiu,
mgP/kg
53,72
62,99
56,63
33,25
NH4+, mg/kg
4,65
4,57
5,48
4,77
NO3-, mg/kg
9,45a
6,80ab
5,15b
5,65ab
K+ trao i,
meq/100g
Na + trao i,
meq/100g
EC, (S/cm)
10-15
Tng 20-40 cm
28
10-15
>15
Tng 0-20 cm
Tng 20-40 cm
Ch tiu
t bn phn
hu c
C bn
phn hu c
t bn phn
hu c
K+ trao i, meq/100g
0,088
0,090
0,092
0,135
Na + trao i, meq/100g
0,050
0,058
0,073
0,071
0,597(*)
0,860(*)
0,910
0,850
0,266
0,303
0,290
0,367
CEC, meq/100g
3,05
3,36
3,41
3,36
Base bo ha, %
35,05
41,00
40,80
44,88
pH (H2O)
4,98
5,06
4,93
5,03
EC, (S/cm)
70,6
94,1
82,44
109,0
CHC, %
2,48
2,14
2,45
2,45
75.32
44,34
NH4+, mg/kg
4,82
4,85
NO3-, mg/kg
5,56
7,98
P d tiu, mgP/kg
C bn phn
hu c
(*) khc bit v mt thng k (T-TEST) mc ngha 5%, cn li l khng khc bit mc 5%
2,5
2,0
1,5
0,84b
1,0
0,5
0,0
t bn phn hu c
c phn hu c
Loi t
31
32
34
MENGEL, K., E.A KIRKBY. 1987. Principles of plant nitrition. International potash
institute bern, Switzerland.
NG NGC HNG, TH THANH REN, V TH GNG, NGUYN M HOA.
2004. Gio trnh ph nhiu t. Khoa Nng Nghip & sinh hc ng dng. i hc
Cn Th.
NG NGC HNG. 2005. Bi ging Ho- L Ph nhiu t ng dng. T sch i hc
Cn Th.
NGUYN AN DNG. 2004. Trng tiu. Trung tm khuyn nng Bnh Phc. Nh xut
b Nng Nghip. Thnh Ph H Ch Minh.
NGUYN BO V. 1998. Tuyn tp vai tr ca Sulfur, Potassium v Magnesium trong
sn xut trng trt. Hi tho khoa hc ti Thnh Ph H Ch Minh.
NGUYN M HOA. 1998. Ha hc t. Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh Hc ng Dng.
Trng i hc Cn Th.
NGUYN TH NG v NGUYN TH HNG. 1999. Gio trnh t. Nh xut bn
Nng Nghip H Ni.
NGUYN TH KIM HNG. 2008. nh hng ca mt s tnh cht ha l trn t lip
vn trng cy chm chm tai huyn Ch Lch-Bn Tre. Lun vn tt nghip i
hc chuyn ngnh Qun l t ai. Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh Hc ng Dng.
Trng i hc Cn Th.
NGUYN TH THY, LNG BCH LOAN v TRNH CNG T. 1997. Vai tr ca
phn bn trong vic nng cao nng sut cy trng v n nh ph nhiu t vng Ty
Nguyn. Hi tho v qun l dinh dng v nc cho cy trng trn t dc Min
Nam Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh.
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xut bn Nng Nghip. H Ni.
NGUYN XUN C. 1992. Thnh phn v ng thi photpho t ph sa trng la
thuc tnh Thi Bnh. Tp ch khoa hc t s 2.
NGUYN XUN C. 2001. c tnh cht mn v kh nng hp th phtpho ca t la
nc ng bng sng Hng.Tp ch khoa hc t s 15.
SIMS, J.L., F.J. WELLS and D.L. TACKETT. 1967. Predicting nitrogen availability to
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STEVENSON, F.J. 1982. Humus chemistry-genes is composition reation. John Wiley anh
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Autralia center for International Agricultural Research Lanberra.
35
36
PH CHNG
Thang nh gi hm lng K+ trao i trong t, meq/100g t (Kyuma, 1976)
K trao i (meq/100g t)
nh gi
< 0,125
Rt thp
0,126-0,250
Thp
0,251-0,650
Trung bnh
0,651-1,300
Kh
>1,301
Giu
nh gi
<0,1
Rt thp
0,1-0,3
Thp
0,3-0,7
Trung bnh
0,7-2,0
Cao
>2,0
Rt cao
nh gi
<5
Thp
5-10
Trung bnh
>10
Cao
Thang nh gi hm lng Mg trao i theo E.S. Marx.J.Hart & R.G Steven (1999)
meqMg2+/100g t
nh gi
<0.5
Thp
0,5-1,5
Trung bnh
>1,5
Cao
nh gi
<5
Rt thp
5-15
Thp
15-25
Trung bnh
25-40
Cao
>40
Rt cao
nh gi
<20
Rt thp
21-40
Thp
41-60
Trung bnh
61-80
Cao
81-100
Rt cao
chua ca t
<5,0
Thp (low)
6,0-7,5
Ti ho (optimal)
>7,5
Cao (high)
nh hng n cy trng
<0,4
0,4-0,8
0,81-1,20
1,21-1,60
1,61-3,20
Ch mt s cy trng mi chu ng c
>3,3
Ch mt vi loi cy trng
nh gi
<1,0
Rt ngho
1,1-3,0
Ngho
3,1-5,0
Trung bnh
5,1-8,0
Kh
>8,1
Giu
nh gi
<10
Thp
10-20
Trung bnh
20-40
Cao
>40
Rt cao
nh gi
<15
Rt thp
5-15
Thp
15-25
Trung bnh
25-35
Kh cao
35-50
Cao
>50
Rt cao
nh gi
<4
Ngho
4-8
Trung bnh
>8
Giu