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Collosion Detection) l: -CSMA/CA trnh xung t (CSMA/CD pht hin xung t) v s dng ACK xc nhn thay v ty s dng mi trng truyn khi c xung t xy ra. Vic s dng ACK rt n gin, khi mt thit b khng dy gi gi tin, u nhn s p li bng ACK nu nh gi tin c nhn ng v y . Nu u gi khng nhn c ACK th n xem nh l c xung t xy ra v truyn li gi tin. -CSMA/CA pht ra nhiu d liu iu khin trn WLAN, lm cho chi ph chim n xp x 50% bng thng sn c ca WLAN. Chi ph ny cng vi cc chi ph ca cc giao thc khc nh RTS/CTS (c dng trnh xung t) l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho bng thng thc s ch t xp x 5.0 5.5 Mbps i vi mt mng 802.11b (tc l thuyt l 11 Mbps). Mc d CSMA/CD cng pht sinh chi ph, nhng n ch chim khong 30% bng thng ca mng. Khi mt mng Ethernet bt u nghn th CSMA/CD chim bng thng ln n 70%, trong khi mng khng dy lc b nghn vn cn 50-55% bng thng truyn d liu. -Giao thc CSMA/CA trnh kh nng xung t ga cc trm dng chung ng truyn (sng v tuyn) bng cch s dng random back off time (khong thi gian bt k phi i trc khi c th ginh quyn s dng ng truyn) nu b cm bin vt l hay logic ca my trm pht hin ng truyn bn. Khong thi gian ngay sau khi ng truyn bn l khong thi gian d xy ra xung t nht, c bit l trong mi trng c nhiu ngi s dng. Ti thi im ny, cc my trm phi i cho ng truyn rnh v s c truyn d liu ti cng mt thi im. Mt khi ng truyn rnh, random back of time s tr hon vic truyn d liu ca trm, hn ch ti a kh nng xy ra xung t gia cc trm.
Power-Save Poll (PS Poll) Contention-Free End (CF End) CF End + CF Ack Cc frames d liu Mi loi frames trn u s dng cc trng khc nhau trong nh dng frame chung ca WLAN. WLAN h tr tt c cc giao thc t layer 3 7 (IP, IPX, NetBEUI, AppleTalk, RIP, DNS, FTP, ). im khc bit chnh gia WLAN v Ethernet l WLAN frames c ci t lp con MAC ca Data Link Layer (Data Link layer bao gm 2 lp con l LLC v MAC) v ton b Physical layer. Cc giao thc lp trn n gin ch c xem nh l phn d liu ca WLAN frames. iu ha xung t (collision handling) V mi trng v tuyn l mi trng dng chung nn WLAN phi c cch ngn chn hin tng xung t ging nh trong mng LAN c dy. iu khc bit ch l trong mng khng dy khng c cch no my gi c th pht hin c c s xung t xy ra. Vic pht hin xung t l iu khng th lm c trong mng khng dy. V l do ny, WLAN s dng giao thc CSMA/CA (Carier sense multiple access/ collision avoidance) trnh xung t. CSMA/CA cng tng t nh CSMA/CD c dng trong LAN. im khc bit ln nht gia CSMA/CA v CSMA/CD l CSMA/CA trnh xung t (CSMA/CD pht hin xung t) v s dng ACK xc nhn thay v ty s dng mi trng truyn khi c xung t xy ra. Vic s dng ACK rt n gin, khi mt thit b khng dy gi gi tin, u nhn s p li bng ACK nu nh gi tin c nhn ng v y . Nu u gi khng nhn c ACK th n xem nh l c xung t xy ra v truyn li gi tin. CSMA/CA pht ra nhiu d liu iu khin trn WLAN, lm cho chi ph chim n xp x 50% bng thng sn c ca WLAN. Chi ph ny cng vi cc chi ph ca cc giao thc khc nh RTS/CTS (c dng trnh xung t) l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho bng thng thc s ch t xp x 5.0 5.5 Mbps i vi mt mng 802.11b (tc l thuyt l 11 Mbps). Mc d CSMA/CD cng pht sinh chi ph, nhng n ch chim khong 30% bng thng ca mng. Khi mt mng Ethernet bt u nghn th CSMA/CD chim bng thng ln n 70%, trong khi mng khng dy lc b nghn vn cn 50-55% bng thng truyn d liu. Giao thc CSMA/CA trnh kh nng xung t ga cc trm dng chung ng truyn (sng v tuyn) bng cch s dng random back off time (khong thi gian bt k phi i trc khi c th ginh quyn s dng ng truyn) nu b cm bin vt l hay logic ca my trm pht hin ng truyn bn. Khong thi gian ngay sau khi ng truyn bn l khong thi gian d xy ra xung t nht, c bit l trong mi trng c nhiu ngi s dng. Ti thi im ny, cc my trm phi i cho ng truyn rnh v s c truyn d liu ti cng mt thi im. Mt khi ng truyn rnh, random back of time s tr hon vic truyn d liu ca trm, hn ch ti a kh nng xy ra xung t gia cc trm.
Phn mnh (Fragmentation) Vic phn mnh cc gi lm tng chi ph (overhead) v gim hiu qu s dng (gim bng thng) khi khng c li xy ra, tuy nhin n s gim c thi gian phi truyn li gi khi c li xy ra. Cc gi c kch thc ln c nhiu kh nng s gp xung t khi truyn trn mng, v th chng ta cn phi c phng php khc phc bng cch chia nh (phn mnh) gi. Vic phn mnh ny cng c chun 802.11 h tr. Bng cch gim chiu di ca gi, kh nng gp xung t khi truyn trn mng s gim hn. C mt iu cn phi cn nhc gia vic c c t l gi b li thp (bng cch s dng gi c kch thc nh) v vic tng chi ph v phi thc hin phn mnh. R rng, nu khng dng phn mnh, s khng tn chi ph, nhng lc t l gi b li s cao hn. Mi frame u c header ring v yu cu ACK khi n c gi i. V th, vic tnh ton mc phn mnh cng gn lin vi vic tnh ton tng chi ph gn lin vi mi gi khi c truyn. Cc my trm khng bao gi phn mnh cc frames multicast v broadcast m ch phn mnh unicast frame. Nhm mc ch hn ch nhng chi ph khng cn thit. Vic xc nh mc phn mnh ti u t c bng thng ti a trn mng 802.11 l mt phn quan trng trong cng vic ca cc qun tr vin mng khng dy. Hy ghi nh l frame c kch thc 1518 l frame ln nht c th truyn trn mng khng dy m khng b phn mnh. C mt cch s dng phn mnh tng bng thng ca mng trong trng hp mng c nhiu li l qun l t s li gi (packet error rate) trn mng v iu chnh mc phn mnh mt cch th cng. Trn thc t, bn nn gim st mng nhiu ln vo mt ngy tiu biu no xem xt iu g nh hng ln vic phn mnh vo nhng thi im khc nhau. Mt phng php khc l cu hnh ngng phn mnh (fragmentation threshold). Nu mng ca bn c t s li gi cao (s cc gi b hng), bn nn tng ngng phn mnh trn my trm hay trn Access Point (AP) (ty thuc vo u cho php vic iu chnh ny). Hy bt u vi gi tr cao nht v gim t t khch thc ngng phn mnh cho n khi thy c s ci thin v hiu nng. Nu vic phn mnh c s dng, bn s cm nhn c s thay i (tt hoc xu) v n lm tng chi ph (overhead). i khi iu ny l c th chp nhn c t c bng thng cao hn bng cch gim t l li gi nh cng gim c vic truyn li (do cc gi b hng). T ng chuyn i tc (Dynamic Rate Switching DRS) L phng php iu chnh tc trn cc client cho ph hp. Vic iu chnh tc xy ra khi khong cch gia client v Access Point (AP) c tng ln hay lc mc nhiu cng trm trng. Hiu bit vn ny l mt iu quan trng i vi Admin c th hoch nh bng thng s dng, kch thc bao ph ca AP, cng sut pht ra ca AP v client, v quan trng nht l bo mt. Cc h thng tri ph hin i c thit k ch chuyn n mt tc xc nh trc, v d, 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps. Khi khong cch gia AP v client gia tng th mnh ca tn hiu cng gim n mt im m tc hin ti
khng th duy tr c na. Lc bn truyn tn hiu s gim tc truyn n mc tc thp hn k tip sau n. V d, t 11Mbps s xung 5.5Mbps; 2Mbps s xung 1Mbps. Mng WLAN s khng bao gi gim trc tip t 11Mbps xung 10Mbps nh bn tng v 10Mbps khng phi l mc c nh ngha trc. Phng php chuyn dch tc ny c gi l ARS (Adaptive (or automatic) Rate Shifting) hay DRS (Dynamic Rate Shifting) ty thuc vo nh sn xut. C FHSS v DSSS u ci t c th h tr DRS. Cc chun nh 802.11, 802.11b, HomeRF, v OpenAir u yu cu h tr DRS. Chc nng phi hp phn phi ( Distributed Co-ordination Function = DCF) DCF l mt phng php truy cp c ch r trong chun 802.11 cho php tt c cc client trong WLAN u tranh ginh quyn truy cp ng truyn dng chung l sng v tuyn RF (Radio Frequency) s dng giao thc CSMA/CA. Trong trng hp ny, mi trng truyn l mt phn ca bng tn sng v tuyn m WLAN s dng truy d liu. Tp dch v c s (BSS), tp dch v m rng (ESS) v tp dch v c s c lp (IBSS) u c th s dng ch DCF. AP trong trng hp ny hot ng tng t nh HUB trong mi trng Ethernet truyn d liu ca chng (DCF l ch trong AP gi d liu). Chc nng phi hp im (Point Co-ordination Function = PCF) PCF l ch truyn cho php cc frames trn WLAN c truyn mt cch t do (khng cn phi u tranh ginh ly quyn truy cp nh trong ch DCF) bng cch s dng c ch bu c. im thun li ca PCF l n bo m mt tr xc nh trc, v th cc ng dng i hi cht lng dch v nh m thanh, hnh nh c th s dng ch ny. Khi s dng PCF, AP thc hin vic bu c. V l do ny m mng Ad-hoc khng th s dng ch PCF, bi v mng Ad-hoc khng c AP thc hin vic bu c. Tin trnh PCF Trc tin, cc client phi thng bo vi AP l n c kh nng tr li trong qu trnh bu c. Sau , AP s hi (bu c) tng client xem chng c d liu cn truyn hay khng. Thng qua qu trnh bu c, PCF s pht sinh mt lng chi ph (overhead) kh ln vo mng WLAN. C mt khuyn co l khi s dng ch PCF, bn ch nn 1 AP vo mi knh khng trng lp (knh 1, 6, 11) trnh gim hiu nng s dng v nhiu ng knh. DCF c th s dng m khng cn PCF nhng PCF khng th s dng nu thiu DCF. Chng ta s gii thch vic 2 ch ny cng tn ti nh th no trong phn sau. DCF c th m rng c v n c thit k da trn vic u tranh, trong khi PCF gii hn kh nng m rng bi v n pht sinh nhiu chi ph cho cc frames bu chn. Interframe Spacing nghe c v l 1 iu khng cn bit i vi cc admin, tuy nhin, nu bn khng hiu cc kiu Interframe Spacing th bn khng th hiu c nguyn l ca giao thc RTS/CTS (gip bn trong vic gii quyt vn ) v cc ch PCF, DCF (c cu hnh th cng trn AP). C RTS/CTS v
PCF/DCF u c s dng trong qu trnh truyn thng trong WLAN. Trc ht, chng ta nh ngha cc loi Interframe Spacing (IFS), sau chng ta s gii thch mi loi lm vic nh th no trong WLAN. Nh chng ta bit, cc trm trong WLAN u c ng b vi nhau v thi gian (s dng beacon). Interframe Spacing l mt thut ng dng cp n vic chun ha cc khong thi gian c s dng trong WLAN. Bn loi Interframe Spacing C 3 loi IFS chnh: SIFS, DIFS, PIFS, EIFS. Mi kiu c cc trm s dng gi cc kiu messages no trn mng hay qun l cc khong thi gian trong cc trm u tranh ginh quyn truy cp. IFS | DSSS | FHSS | Diffused Infrared SIFS | 10 uS | 28 uS | 7 uS PIFS | 30 uS | 78 uS | 15 uS DIFS | 50 uS | 128 uS | 23 uS n v ca Interframe Spacing s dng l Microseconds v n c s dng tr hon vic truy cp ng truyn ca mt trm no hay c dng cung cp cc mc u tin khc nhau. Trong mt mng khng dy, mi th u c ng b, cc trm v AP s dng cc khong thi gian chun (Spaces) thc hin cc tc v khc nhau. Cc trm u bit cc khong thi gian ny v s dng chng mt cch thch hp. Mt tp cc khong thi gian chun c nh ngha cho FHSS, DSSS v Infrared (hng ngoi) nh trn nu. Bng cch s dng cc khong thi gian ny, mi trm u bit khi no v liu chng c c php thc hin mt hnh ng no trn mng hay khng. Short Interframe Space (SIFS) L Interframe Space c nh v ngn nht. SIFS l khong thi gian trc v sau khi cc loi messages sau c gi i (y khng phi l danh sch y ): RTS: Request to Send frame, c cc trm gi ginh quyn s dng ng truyn CTS: Clear to Send frame, c s dng bi AP hi p li RTS frame ca my trm, iu ny m bo tt c cc trm khc tm dng vic truyn ca mnh li nhng cho trm gi RTS. ACK: Acknowledgement frame, c s dng thng bo cho trm gi rng d liu c nhn dng c c. SIFS cung cp mc u tin cao nht trn mt mng WLAN. L do SIFS c mc u tin cao nht l cc trm thng xuyn lng nghe ng truyn (carrier senses) i cho ng truyn ri. Mt khi ng truyn ri, mi trm phi i mt khong thi gian (spacing) trc khi thc hin vic truyn. Khong thi gian mt trm phi i c xc nh bi vic m trm mun thc hin. Mi vic trn mng khng dy u c xp vo mt loi Interfram space no . Cc tc v c u tin cao ri vo SIFS. Nu mt trm ch phi i mt khong thi gian ngn sau khi ng truyn ri thc hin vic truyn th n s c u tin cao hn cc trm phi i mt khong thi gian di hn. SIFS c s dng cho cc cng vic i hi mt khong thi gian rt ngn c ngha l cn u tin cao hon
thnh cng vic. Point Co-ordination Function Interframe Space (PIFS) PIFS l interframe c nh nhng khng phi l ngn nht hay di nht, v th, n c u tin cao hn DIFS nhng thp hn SIFS. Access Point (AP) s dng PIFS ch khi mng ang trong ch PCF (Point Co-ordination Function). PIFS c khong thi gian ngn hn DIFS, v th, AP s lun lun chim quyn iu khin ng truyn trc khi cc trm bt u u tranh ginh quyn truy cp trong ch DCF. PCF ch lm vic vi DCF, n khng phi l mt ch hot ng c lp, v th, mt khi AP kt thc vic bu chn, cc trm khc c th tip tc u tranh ginh quyn truy cp ng truyn trong ch DCF. Distributed Co-ordinate Function Interframe Space (DIFS) DIFS l interframe c nh v di nht, n c s dng mc nh cc trm (tng thch vi chun 802.11) ang trong ch DCF. Mi trm trn mng s dng ch DCF u phi i cho n khi DIFS tri qua trc khi bt k mt trm no c th u tranh ginh quyn truy cp. Tt c cc trm hot ng da trn ch DCF s dng DIFS truyn cc frame d liu v frame iu khin. Khong thi gian DIFS ny lm cho vic truyn cc frame s c u tin thp hn cc frame trong ch PCF. Thay v tt c cc trm u cho rng ng truyn ang ri v ty bt u vic truyn frame ng thi ngay sau khi khong thi gian DIFS va kt thc (iu ny s gy nn xung t), mi trm u s dng 1 thut ton gi l Random Back-Off Algorithm xc nh phi i thm bao lu trc khi bt u vic truyn d liu ca n. Khong thi gian ngay sau DIFS c gi l Contention Period (CP). Tt c cc trm trong ch DCF u s dng thut ton Random Back-Off trong sut CP. Trong sut tin trnh Random Back-Off, mi trm s chn mt s ngu nhin v nhn n vi Slot Time (s gii thch phn sau) c c khong thi gian cn phi i thm.Cc trm s m li nhng Slot Time ny theo tng Slot Time mt, sau mi ln m li u thc hin vic kim tra xem knh truyn c ri khng (c gi l Clear Channel Assessment = CCA). Bt c khi no c mt trm no c khong thi gian Random Back-Off kt thc trc, trm s thc hin CCA, nu ng truyn ri th n s bt u truyn d liu. Mt khi c trm bt u truyn d liu, tt c cc trm khc s nhn thy ng truyn bn. Chng s ghi nh li khong thi gian Random Back-Off cn li cn phi i. Khong thi gian cn li ny s c s dng trong CP tip theo thay v phi chn mt s ngu nhin khc. Tin trnh ny m bo cho vic truy cp ng truyn mt cch cng bng gia cc trm. Mt khi Random Back-Off tri qua (kt thc), trm truyn s gi d liu ca n v trm nhn s hi p li mt frame ACK nu n nhn thnh cng. Ton b qu trnh ny s c lp li. C th ni l cc trm s chn cc s ngu nhin khc
nhau nn iu ny s hn ch hu ht cc xung t xy ra. Tuy nhin, mt iu quan trng cn nh l xung t c th xy ra trn mng WLAN, nhng n khng th c pht hin trc tip c. Vic xung t c cho l xy ra khi trm truyn khng c frame ACK t trm nhn Slot Time L thi gian c lp trnh sn tng t nh SIFS, PIFS, DIFS. Slot Time c s dng tng t nh kim giy ng h. Mt trm khng dy s m tng Slot Time tng t nh ng h m tng giy. Nhng Slot Time ny c xc nh ty thuc vo cng ngh WLAN c s dng: FHSS Slot Time = 50 uS DSSS Slot Time = 20 uS Infrared Slot Time = 8 uS Ch : PIFS = SIFS + 1 Slot Time DIFS = PIFS + 1 Slot Time Cng cn lu l FHSS c Slot Time, DIFS, PIFS, SIFS ln hn ng k so vi DSSS. M thi gian cng ln th chi ph (overhead) cng ln nn s gim bng thng. Qu trnh truyn thng Hy nh li tin trnh PIFS bi trc, dng nh l AP lun lun c c quyn iu khin ng truyn v AP khng cn phi i cho DIFS tri qua, nhng cc trm li phi i cho DIFS tri qua mi bt u u tranh ginh quyn truy cp. iu ny s l s tht nu ta khng dng mt c ch c gi l SupperFrame. Mt supperframe l mt khong thi gian bao gm 3 phn: 1. Beacon 2. Contention Free Period (CFP) 3. Contention Period (CP) Mc ch ca supperframe l cho php s tn ti ha bnh v cng bng gia cc trm hot ng trong ch DCF v PCF, cho php cung cp QoS cho mt s trm cn thit (s dng PCF). Hy nh, PIFS v supperframe ch xut hin khi: 1. Mng ang trong ch PCF 2. AP c cu hnh thc hin bu c 3. Cc trm c cu hnh thng bo cho AP rng chng c th chp nhn vic bu c. Nu cc iu kin trn c tha mn, qu trnh hot ng s nh sau: 1. AP qung b Beacon 2. Trong sut khong thi CFP, AP thc hin vic bu chn xem c trm no cn gi d liu khng 3. Nu mt trm no cn gi d liu, n s gi mt frame n AP xem nh l mt li hi p vi vic bu chn ca AP 4. Nu my trm khng cn gi d liu, n s gi li mt null frame cho AP. 5. Qu trnh bu chn tip tc cho n ht CFP
6. Khi CFP kt thc, CP s bt u, AP s khng cn thc hin vic bu chn na. Trong sut khong thi gian CP, cc trm s dng ch DCF s u tranh ginh ng truyn, AP cng s dng ch DCF. 7. Khi CP kt thc th supperframe cng kt thc. Qu trnh bt u li vi CFP tip theo. Hy tng tng vic dng CFP cng ging nh s dng mt chnh sch truy cp c iu khin, cn vic dng CP ging nh s dng chnh sch truy cp ngu nhin. Trong sut CFP, AP iu khin hon ton cc hot ng ca mng, trong khi , trong CP, cc trm ty v ngu nhin ginh c quyn iu khin ng truyn. AP trong ch PCF, khng phi i DIFS kt thc, m ch i PIFS kt thc. V PIFS ngn hn DIFS nn AP s ginh c quyn iu khin trc tt c cc trm ang trong ch DCF. V AP c c ng truyn v bt u truyn cc bu chn trong sut CFP, cc trm s dng DCF nhn thy ng truyn ang bn nn phi i. Sau khi CFP kt thc, CP bt u, trong sut CP, tt c cc trm s dng ch DCF c th u tranh ginh ng truyn, AP cng chuyn sang ch DCF. Tin trnh hot ng ca WLAN trong DCF kh n gin, c th m t nh sau: 1. Cc trm i cho n khi DIFS kt thc 2. Trong sut CP (ngay sau khi DIFS kt thc), cc trm tnh ton thi gian Random Back-Off da trn mt s ngu nhin nhn vi Slot Time. 3. Cc trm m li (tng Slot Time) khong thi gian Random Back-Off ca chng, thc hin kim tra ng truyn (CCA) sau mi Slot Time. Trm no c khong thi gian Random Back-Off ngn nht s ginh c ng truyn trc tin. 4. Trm s bt u gi d liu. 5. Trm nhn nhn c d liu v i 1 khong SIFS trc khi p li frame ACK cho trm truyn. 6. Trm truyn nhn c ACK v tin trnh bt u li t u vi mt DIFS mi. Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) C 2 c ch pht hin sng mang c s dng trn WLAN. C ch u tin l pht hin sng mang vt l (Physical Carrier Sense). Physical Carrier Sense hot ng bng cch kim tra mnh ca tn hiu (c gi l Received Signal Strength Indicator = RSSI ) trn tn hiu sng mang xem c client no ang truyn hay khng. C ch th 2 l pht hin sng mang o (Virtual Carrier Sense). Virtual Carrier Sense hot ng bng cch s dng mt trng c gi l Network Allocation Vector (NAV hot ng nh l mt timer trn client). Nu mt client mun qung b nh s dng mng ca n, n s gi mt frame n client ch, frame ny s thit lp trng NAV trn tt c cc client ang lng nghe dc ng i ca n, sang mt gi tr thi gian cn thit client c th hon thnh vic truyn v nhn li ACK. Bng cch ny, bt c mt client no cng c th
ginh quyn s dng ng truyn trong mt khong thi gian no . Virtual Carrier Sense c ci t trong giao thc RTS/CTS. Giao thc RTS/CTS l mt m rng ca giao thc CSMA/CA. L mt nh qun tr WLAN, bn c th tn dng u im ca giao thc ny gii quyt cc vn nh Hidden Node. S dng RTS/CTS cho php cc client qung b nh truyn d liu ca chng. Bn c th thy l RTS/CTS s gy nn mt lng chi ph (overhead) ng k cho mng. V l do ny m mc nh trn WLAN th RTS/CTS c tt. Nu bn nhn thy mt lng ln xung t xy ra trn WLAN ca bn (c du hiu tr cao v bng thng thp) th vic s dng RTS/CTS c th tht s lm tng dng d liu trn mng bng cch gim s xung t. Vic s dng RTS/CTS khng nn lm mt cch cu th, n phi c cu hnh sau khi bn tm hiu cn thn v xung t mng, bng thng mng, tr, Mt s nh sn xut khng cho php cc administrator nhng thit lp RTS/CTS trn client tr khi h c c mt m c bit t nh sn xut. Theo mc nh, cc administrator khng c php truy cp vo cc tnh nng trn phn mm driver ca client. Thng thng, vic c c mt m ny khng phi l iu d dng. Cc nh sn xut yu cu cc administrator phi tri qua 1-2 ngy hi tho v sn phm trc khi h cho php administrator in vo cc giy t cn thit c c password. Cu hnh RTS/CTS C 3 thit lp v RTS/CTS trn cc AP: + On + Off + On with Threshold Khi RTS/CTS c bt ln, mi gi truyn qua mng khng dy s c thng bo qung b cho cc node ga node truyn v node nhn trc khi thc hin truyn thc s, to ra mt lng ln overhead v lm gim bng thng ng k. Thng thng, RTS/CTS ch c s dng trong vic chn on li mng v ch khi cc gi rt ln truyn qua mt mng b nghn (rt him). Tuy nhin, tnh nng On with Threshold cho php administrator iu khin gi no (c kch thc xc nh c gi l ngng (Threshold) ) l c thng bo qung b bi client truyn. V nghn thng xy ra vi cc gi c kch thc ln hn l cc gi nh, bn c th thit lp ngng RTS/CTS kch hot ch khi mt node no truyn gi c kch thc vt qa kch thc xc nh. Thit lp ny cho php bn ty bin cu hnh RTS/CTS cho thch hp vi lung lu thng d liu ca mng v ti u bng thng trn WLAN ng thi ngn chn cc vn nh Hidden Node. Modulation Modulation (iu ch) l chc nng ca lp vy l, l qu trnh trong b thu/pht sng v tuyn chun b cc tn hiu s cho card mng (Network Interface
Card = NIC) truyn thng qua sng v tuyn. Modulation l qu trnh thm d liu vo sng mang bng cch thay i bin , tn s hay pha ca sng mang theo mt cch c iu khin. Vic bit nhiu loi modulation c s dng trong WLAN l mt iu hu ch khi bn ang c gng xy dng mt mng tng thch vi nhau theo tng b phn nh. Hnh trn hin th chi tit v modulation v loi m tri ph c s dng vi mng WLAN FHSS v DSSS trong bng tn 2.4 GHz ISM. Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK), Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK), v Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) l cc loi modulation c s dng bi cc sn phm 802.11 v 802.11b trn th trng hin nay. Barker Code v Complimentary Code Keying (CCK) l cc loi m tri ph c s dng bi mng 802.11 v 802.11b WLAN. tc truyn cao hn ( nh khi h thng s dng DRS) ch nh s dng cc k thut modulation khc t c tc truyn cao. V d, cc thit b WLAN tng thch 802.11a v 802.11g ch nh s dng Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) cho php tc ln n 54Mbps, l mt s ci thin ng k so vi 11Mbps trong chun 802.11b. Hnh di cho thy cc kiu modulation c s dng cho mng 802.11g. Chun 802.11g cung cp tnh tng thch ngc bng cch h tr m CCK v thm ch h tr c Packet Binary Convolution Coding (PBCC) nh l mt ty chn. C Bluetooth v HomeRF u s dng cng ngh FHSS, cng ngh ny s dng k thut modulation GFSK trong bng tn 2.4GHz ISM. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) l mt k thut truyn thng chia cc knh truyn thng thnh mt s cc bng tn bng nhau v cch u nhau. Mt sng mang ph (sub-carrier) s mang mt phn thng tin ngi dng v c truyn trong mi bng tn. Mi sub-carrier l trc giao (Orthogonal) vi nhau (hay c lp vi nhau) hon ton khc vi k thut Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) thng c s dng.