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im khc nhau gia CSMA/CA(Carier sense multiple access/ collision avoidance) v CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with

Collosion Detection) l: -CSMA/CA trnh xung t (CSMA/CD pht hin xung t) v s dng ACK xc nhn thay v ty s dng mi trng truyn khi c xung t xy ra. Vic s dng ACK rt n gin, khi mt thit b khng dy gi gi tin, u nhn s p li bng ACK nu nh gi tin c nhn ng v y . Nu u gi khng nhn c ACK th n xem nh l c xung t xy ra v truyn li gi tin. -CSMA/CA pht ra nhiu d liu iu khin trn WLAN, lm cho chi ph chim n xp x 50% bng thng sn c ca WLAN. Chi ph ny cng vi cc chi ph ca cc giao thc khc nh RTS/CTS (c dng trnh xung t) l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho bng thng thc s ch t xp x 5.0 5.5 Mbps i vi mt mng 802.11b (tc l thuyt l 11 Mbps). Mc d CSMA/CD cng pht sinh chi ph, nhng n ch chim khong 30% bng thng ca mng. Khi mt mng Ethernet bt u nghn th CSMA/CD chim bng thng ln n 70%, trong khi mng khng dy lc b nghn vn cn 50-55% bng thng truyn d liu. -Giao thc CSMA/CA trnh kh nng xung t ga cc trm dng chung ng truyn (sng v tuyn) bng cch s dng random back off time (khong thi gian bt k phi i trc khi c th ginh quyn s dng ng truyn) nu b cm bin vt l hay logic ca my trm pht hin ng truyn bn. Khong thi gian ngay sau khi ng truyn bn l khong thi gian d xy ra xung t nht, c bit l trong mi trng c nhiu ngi s dng. Ti thi im ny, cc my trm phi i cho ng truyn rnh v s c truyn d liu ti cng mt thi im. Mt khi ng truyn rnh, random back of time s tr hon vic truyn d liu ca trm, hn ch ti a kh nng xy ra xung t gia cc trm.

Tham khao ve 802.11


hiu qu trnh giao tip gia cc client trong WLAN din ra nh th no th chng ta nn xem qua cc khi nim, cc tham s c th cu hnh c trn cc thit b v lm th no cu hnh cc tham s ny. WLAN frames vs Ethernet frames Khi cc client tham gia vo mng th n s giao tip vi cc thit b khc bng cch gi cc frames (layer 2), iu ny cng tng t nh trong mng Ethernet. Nhng cc frames ny hon ton khc vi cc frames c dng trong Ethernet, cc frames ca WLAN mang nhiu thng tin hn cc frames Ethernet thng thng. Mt iu cn nh l c nhiu kiu frames trong mng Ethernet(frame relay, ppp, hdlc, atm ), nhng ch c mt kiu trong mng WLAN. Cng tng t nh trong mng WLAN, mt khi chn kiu ca frames th n s c dng trong sut qu trnh truyn d liu trong mng. Mt iu tng t vi Ethernet l kch thc ti a ca phn d liu (payload) ca c 2 l ging nhau (1500 Bytes). Kch thc frame ti a ca Ethernet l 1514 bytes, trong khi ca 802.11 l 1518 bytes Cc frames WLAN c phn loi da trn mt kiu nh dng chung ca WLAN frames (nh ni trn) C 3 loi frames trong WLAN Cc frames qun l: Association request frame Association response frame Reassociation request frame Reassociation response frame Probe request frame Probe response frame Beacon frame ATIM frame Disassociation frame Authentication frame Deauthentication frame Cc frames iu khin Request to send (RTS) Clear to send (CTS) Acknowledgement (ACK)

Power-Save Poll (PS Poll) Contention-Free End (CF End) CF End + CF Ack Cc frames d liu Mi loi frames trn u s dng cc trng khc nhau trong nh dng frame chung ca WLAN. WLAN h tr tt c cc giao thc t layer 3 7 (IP, IPX, NetBEUI, AppleTalk, RIP, DNS, FTP, ). im khc bit chnh gia WLAN v Ethernet l WLAN frames c ci t lp con MAC ca Data Link Layer (Data Link layer bao gm 2 lp con l LLC v MAC) v ton b Physical layer. Cc giao thc lp trn n gin ch c xem nh l phn d liu ca WLAN frames. iu ha xung t (collision handling) V mi trng v tuyn l mi trng dng chung nn WLAN phi c cch ngn chn hin tng xung t ging nh trong mng LAN c dy. iu khc bit ch l trong mng khng dy khng c cch no my gi c th pht hin c c s xung t xy ra. Vic pht hin xung t l iu khng th lm c trong mng khng dy. V l do ny, WLAN s dng giao thc CSMA/CA (Carier sense multiple access/ collision avoidance) trnh xung t. CSMA/CA cng tng t nh CSMA/CD c dng trong LAN. im khc bit ln nht gia CSMA/CA v CSMA/CD l CSMA/CA trnh xung t (CSMA/CD pht hin xung t) v s dng ACK xc nhn thay v ty s dng mi trng truyn khi c xung t xy ra. Vic s dng ACK rt n gin, khi mt thit b khng dy gi gi tin, u nhn s p li bng ACK nu nh gi tin c nhn ng v y . Nu u gi khng nhn c ACK th n xem nh l c xung t xy ra v truyn li gi tin. CSMA/CA pht ra nhiu d liu iu khin trn WLAN, lm cho chi ph chim n xp x 50% bng thng sn c ca WLAN. Chi ph ny cng vi cc chi ph ca cc giao thc khc nh RTS/CTS (c dng trnh xung t) l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho bng thng thc s ch t xp x 5.0 5.5 Mbps i vi mt mng 802.11b (tc l thuyt l 11 Mbps). Mc d CSMA/CD cng pht sinh chi ph, nhng n ch chim khong 30% bng thng ca mng. Khi mt mng Ethernet bt u nghn th CSMA/CD chim bng thng ln n 70%, trong khi mng khng dy lc b nghn vn cn 50-55% bng thng truyn d liu. Giao thc CSMA/CA trnh kh nng xung t ga cc trm dng chung ng truyn (sng v tuyn) bng cch s dng random back off time (khong thi gian bt k phi i trc khi c th ginh quyn s dng ng truyn) nu b cm bin vt l hay logic ca my trm pht hin ng truyn bn. Khong thi gian ngay sau khi ng truyn bn l khong thi gian d xy ra xung t nht, c bit l trong mi trng c nhiu ngi s dng. Ti thi im ny, cc my trm phi i cho ng truyn rnh v s c truyn d liu ti cng mt thi im. Mt khi ng truyn rnh, random back of time s tr hon vic truyn d liu ca trm, hn ch ti a kh nng xy ra xung t gia cc trm.

Phn mnh (Fragmentation) Vic phn mnh cc gi lm tng chi ph (overhead) v gim hiu qu s dng (gim bng thng) khi khng c li xy ra, tuy nhin n s gim c thi gian phi truyn li gi khi c li xy ra. Cc gi c kch thc ln c nhiu kh nng s gp xung t khi truyn trn mng, v th chng ta cn phi c phng php khc phc bng cch chia nh (phn mnh) gi. Vic phn mnh ny cng c chun 802.11 h tr. Bng cch gim chiu di ca gi, kh nng gp xung t khi truyn trn mng s gim hn. C mt iu cn phi cn nhc gia vic c c t l gi b li thp (bng cch s dng gi c kch thc nh) v vic tng chi ph v phi thc hin phn mnh. R rng, nu khng dng phn mnh, s khng tn chi ph, nhng lc t l gi b li s cao hn. Mi frame u c header ring v yu cu ACK khi n c gi i. V th, vic tnh ton mc phn mnh cng gn lin vi vic tnh ton tng chi ph gn lin vi mi gi khi c truyn. Cc my trm khng bao gi phn mnh cc frames multicast v broadcast m ch phn mnh unicast frame. Nhm mc ch hn ch nhng chi ph khng cn thit. Vic xc nh mc phn mnh ti u t c bng thng ti a trn mng 802.11 l mt phn quan trng trong cng vic ca cc qun tr vin mng khng dy. Hy ghi nh l frame c kch thc 1518 l frame ln nht c th truyn trn mng khng dy m khng b phn mnh. C mt cch s dng phn mnh tng bng thng ca mng trong trng hp mng c nhiu li l qun l t s li gi (packet error rate) trn mng v iu chnh mc phn mnh mt cch th cng. Trn thc t, bn nn gim st mng nhiu ln vo mt ngy tiu biu no xem xt iu g nh hng ln vic phn mnh vo nhng thi im khc nhau. Mt phng php khc l cu hnh ngng phn mnh (fragmentation threshold). Nu mng ca bn c t s li gi cao (s cc gi b hng), bn nn tng ngng phn mnh trn my trm hay trn Access Point (AP) (ty thuc vo u cho php vic iu chnh ny). Hy bt u vi gi tr cao nht v gim t t khch thc ngng phn mnh cho n khi thy c s ci thin v hiu nng. Nu vic phn mnh c s dng, bn s cm nhn c s thay i (tt hoc xu) v n lm tng chi ph (overhead). i khi iu ny l c th chp nhn c t c bng thng cao hn bng cch gim t l li gi nh cng gim c vic truyn li (do cc gi b hng). T ng chuyn i tc (Dynamic Rate Switching DRS) L phng php iu chnh tc trn cc client cho ph hp. Vic iu chnh tc xy ra khi khong cch gia client v Access Point (AP) c tng ln hay lc mc nhiu cng trm trng. Hiu bit vn ny l mt iu quan trng i vi Admin c th hoch nh bng thng s dng, kch thc bao ph ca AP, cng sut pht ra ca AP v client, v quan trng nht l bo mt. Cc h thng tri ph hin i c thit k ch chuyn n mt tc xc nh trc, v d, 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps. Khi khong cch gia AP v client gia tng th mnh ca tn hiu cng gim n mt im m tc hin ti

khng th duy tr c na. Lc bn truyn tn hiu s gim tc truyn n mc tc thp hn k tip sau n. V d, t 11Mbps s xung 5.5Mbps; 2Mbps s xung 1Mbps. Mng WLAN s khng bao gi gim trc tip t 11Mbps xung 10Mbps nh bn tng v 10Mbps khng phi l mc c nh ngha trc. Phng php chuyn dch tc ny c gi l ARS (Adaptive (or automatic) Rate Shifting) hay DRS (Dynamic Rate Shifting) ty thuc vo nh sn xut. C FHSS v DSSS u ci t c th h tr DRS. Cc chun nh 802.11, 802.11b, HomeRF, v OpenAir u yu cu h tr DRS. Chc nng phi hp phn phi ( Distributed Co-ordination Function = DCF) DCF l mt phng php truy cp c ch r trong chun 802.11 cho php tt c cc client trong WLAN u tranh ginh quyn truy cp ng truyn dng chung l sng v tuyn RF (Radio Frequency) s dng giao thc CSMA/CA. Trong trng hp ny, mi trng truyn l mt phn ca bng tn sng v tuyn m WLAN s dng truy d liu. Tp dch v c s (BSS), tp dch v m rng (ESS) v tp dch v c s c lp (IBSS) u c th s dng ch DCF. AP trong trng hp ny hot ng tng t nh HUB trong mi trng Ethernet truyn d liu ca chng (DCF l ch trong AP gi d liu). Chc nng phi hp im (Point Co-ordination Function = PCF) PCF l ch truyn cho php cc frames trn WLAN c truyn mt cch t do (khng cn phi u tranh ginh ly quyn truy cp nh trong ch DCF) bng cch s dng c ch bu c. im thun li ca PCF l n bo m mt tr xc nh trc, v th cc ng dng i hi cht lng dch v nh m thanh, hnh nh c th s dng ch ny. Khi s dng PCF, AP thc hin vic bu c. V l do ny m mng Ad-hoc khng th s dng ch PCF, bi v mng Ad-hoc khng c AP thc hin vic bu c. Tin trnh PCF Trc tin, cc client phi thng bo vi AP l n c kh nng tr li trong qu trnh bu c. Sau , AP s hi (bu c) tng client xem chng c d liu cn truyn hay khng. Thng qua qu trnh bu c, PCF s pht sinh mt lng chi ph (overhead) kh ln vo mng WLAN. C mt khuyn co l khi s dng ch PCF, bn ch nn 1 AP vo mi knh khng trng lp (knh 1, 6, 11) trnh gim hiu nng s dng v nhiu ng knh. DCF c th s dng m khng cn PCF nhng PCF khng th s dng nu thiu DCF. Chng ta s gii thch vic 2 ch ny cng tn ti nh th no trong phn sau. DCF c th m rng c v n c thit k da trn vic u tranh, trong khi PCF gii hn kh nng m rng bi v n pht sinh nhiu chi ph cho cc frames bu chn. Interframe Spacing nghe c v l 1 iu khng cn bit i vi cc admin, tuy nhin, nu bn khng hiu cc kiu Interframe Spacing th bn khng th hiu c nguyn l ca giao thc RTS/CTS (gip bn trong vic gii quyt vn ) v cc ch PCF, DCF (c cu hnh th cng trn AP). C RTS/CTS v

PCF/DCF u c s dng trong qu trnh truyn thng trong WLAN. Trc ht, chng ta nh ngha cc loi Interframe Spacing (IFS), sau chng ta s gii thch mi loi lm vic nh th no trong WLAN. Nh chng ta bit, cc trm trong WLAN u c ng b vi nhau v thi gian (s dng beacon). Interframe Spacing l mt thut ng dng cp n vic chun ha cc khong thi gian c s dng trong WLAN. Bn loi Interframe Spacing C 3 loi IFS chnh: SIFS, DIFS, PIFS, EIFS. Mi kiu c cc trm s dng gi cc kiu messages no trn mng hay qun l cc khong thi gian trong cc trm u tranh ginh quyn truy cp. IFS | DSSS | FHSS | Diffused Infrared SIFS | 10 uS | 28 uS | 7 uS PIFS | 30 uS | 78 uS | 15 uS DIFS | 50 uS | 128 uS | 23 uS n v ca Interframe Spacing s dng l Microseconds v n c s dng tr hon vic truy cp ng truyn ca mt trm no hay c dng cung cp cc mc u tin khc nhau. Trong mt mng khng dy, mi th u c ng b, cc trm v AP s dng cc khong thi gian chun (Spaces) thc hin cc tc v khc nhau. Cc trm u bit cc khong thi gian ny v s dng chng mt cch thch hp. Mt tp cc khong thi gian chun c nh ngha cho FHSS, DSSS v Infrared (hng ngoi) nh trn nu. Bng cch s dng cc khong thi gian ny, mi trm u bit khi no v liu chng c c php thc hin mt hnh ng no trn mng hay khng. Short Interframe Space (SIFS) L Interframe Space c nh v ngn nht. SIFS l khong thi gian trc v sau khi cc loi messages sau c gi i (y khng phi l danh sch y ): RTS: Request to Send frame, c cc trm gi ginh quyn s dng ng truyn CTS: Clear to Send frame, c s dng bi AP hi p li RTS frame ca my trm, iu ny m bo tt c cc trm khc tm dng vic truyn ca mnh li nhng cho trm gi RTS. ACK: Acknowledgement frame, c s dng thng bo cho trm gi rng d liu c nhn dng c c. SIFS cung cp mc u tin cao nht trn mt mng WLAN. L do SIFS c mc u tin cao nht l cc trm thng xuyn lng nghe ng truyn (carrier senses) i cho ng truyn ri. Mt khi ng truyn ri, mi trm phi i mt khong thi gian (spacing) trc khi thc hin vic truyn. Khong thi gian mt trm phi i c xc nh bi vic m trm mun thc hin. Mi vic trn mng khng dy u c xp vo mt loi Interfram space no . Cc tc v c u tin cao ri vo SIFS. Nu mt trm ch phi i mt khong thi gian ngn sau khi ng truyn ri thc hin vic truyn th n s c u tin cao hn cc trm phi i mt khong thi gian di hn. SIFS c s dng cho cc cng vic i hi mt khong thi gian rt ngn c ngha l cn u tin cao hon

thnh cng vic. Point Co-ordination Function Interframe Space (PIFS) PIFS l interframe c nh nhng khng phi l ngn nht hay di nht, v th, n c u tin cao hn DIFS nhng thp hn SIFS. Access Point (AP) s dng PIFS ch khi mng ang trong ch PCF (Point Co-ordination Function). PIFS c khong thi gian ngn hn DIFS, v th, AP s lun lun chim quyn iu khin ng truyn trc khi cc trm bt u u tranh ginh quyn truy cp trong ch DCF. PCF ch lm vic vi DCF, n khng phi l mt ch hot ng c lp, v th, mt khi AP kt thc vic bu chn, cc trm khc c th tip tc u tranh ginh quyn truy cp ng truyn trong ch DCF. Distributed Co-ordinate Function Interframe Space (DIFS) DIFS l interframe c nh v di nht, n c s dng mc nh cc trm (tng thch vi chun 802.11) ang trong ch DCF. Mi trm trn mng s dng ch DCF u phi i cho n khi DIFS tri qua trc khi bt k mt trm no c th u tranh ginh quyn truy cp. Tt c cc trm hot ng da trn ch DCF s dng DIFS truyn cc frame d liu v frame iu khin. Khong thi gian DIFS ny lm cho vic truyn cc frame s c u tin thp hn cc frame trong ch PCF. Thay v tt c cc trm u cho rng ng truyn ang ri v ty bt u vic truyn frame ng thi ngay sau khi khong thi gian DIFS va kt thc (iu ny s gy nn xung t), mi trm u s dng 1 thut ton gi l Random Back-Off Algorithm xc nh phi i thm bao lu trc khi bt u vic truyn d liu ca n. Khong thi gian ngay sau DIFS c gi l Contention Period (CP). Tt c cc trm trong ch DCF u s dng thut ton Random Back-Off trong sut CP. Trong sut tin trnh Random Back-Off, mi trm s chn mt s ngu nhin v nhn n vi Slot Time (s gii thch phn sau) c c khong thi gian cn phi i thm.Cc trm s m li nhng Slot Time ny theo tng Slot Time mt, sau mi ln m li u thc hin vic kim tra xem knh truyn c ri khng (c gi l Clear Channel Assessment = CCA). Bt c khi no c mt trm no c khong thi gian Random Back-Off kt thc trc, trm s thc hin CCA, nu ng truyn ri th n s bt u truyn d liu. Mt khi c trm bt u truyn d liu, tt c cc trm khc s nhn thy ng truyn bn. Chng s ghi nh li khong thi gian Random Back-Off cn li cn phi i. Khong thi gian cn li ny s c s dng trong CP tip theo thay v phi chn mt s ngu nhin khc. Tin trnh ny m bo cho vic truy cp ng truyn mt cch cng bng gia cc trm. Mt khi Random Back-Off tri qua (kt thc), trm truyn s gi d liu ca n v trm nhn s hi p li mt frame ACK nu n nhn thnh cng. Ton b qu trnh ny s c lp li. C th ni l cc trm s chn cc s ngu nhin khc

nhau nn iu ny s hn ch hu ht cc xung t xy ra. Tuy nhin, mt iu quan trng cn nh l xung t c th xy ra trn mng WLAN, nhng n khng th c pht hin trc tip c. Vic xung t c cho l xy ra khi trm truyn khng c frame ACK t trm nhn Slot Time L thi gian c lp trnh sn tng t nh SIFS, PIFS, DIFS. Slot Time c s dng tng t nh kim giy ng h. Mt trm khng dy s m tng Slot Time tng t nh ng h m tng giy. Nhng Slot Time ny c xc nh ty thuc vo cng ngh WLAN c s dng: FHSS Slot Time = 50 uS DSSS Slot Time = 20 uS Infrared Slot Time = 8 uS Ch : PIFS = SIFS + 1 Slot Time DIFS = PIFS + 1 Slot Time Cng cn lu l FHSS c Slot Time, DIFS, PIFS, SIFS ln hn ng k so vi DSSS. M thi gian cng ln th chi ph (overhead) cng ln nn s gim bng thng. Qu trnh truyn thng Hy nh li tin trnh PIFS bi trc, dng nh l AP lun lun c c quyn iu khin ng truyn v AP khng cn phi i cho DIFS tri qua, nhng cc trm li phi i cho DIFS tri qua mi bt u u tranh ginh quyn truy cp. iu ny s l s tht nu ta khng dng mt c ch c gi l SupperFrame. Mt supperframe l mt khong thi gian bao gm 3 phn: 1. Beacon 2. Contention Free Period (CFP) 3. Contention Period (CP) Mc ch ca supperframe l cho php s tn ti ha bnh v cng bng gia cc trm hot ng trong ch DCF v PCF, cho php cung cp QoS cho mt s trm cn thit (s dng PCF). Hy nh, PIFS v supperframe ch xut hin khi: 1. Mng ang trong ch PCF 2. AP c cu hnh thc hin bu c 3. Cc trm c cu hnh thng bo cho AP rng chng c th chp nhn vic bu c. Nu cc iu kin trn c tha mn, qu trnh hot ng s nh sau: 1. AP qung b Beacon 2. Trong sut khong thi CFP, AP thc hin vic bu chn xem c trm no cn gi d liu khng 3. Nu mt trm no cn gi d liu, n s gi mt frame n AP xem nh l mt li hi p vi vic bu chn ca AP 4. Nu my trm khng cn gi d liu, n s gi li mt null frame cho AP. 5. Qu trnh bu chn tip tc cho n ht CFP

6. Khi CFP kt thc, CP s bt u, AP s khng cn thc hin vic bu chn na. Trong sut khong thi gian CP, cc trm s dng ch DCF s u tranh ginh ng truyn, AP cng s dng ch DCF. 7. Khi CP kt thc th supperframe cng kt thc. Qu trnh bt u li vi CFP tip theo. Hy tng tng vic dng CFP cng ging nh s dng mt chnh sch truy cp c iu khin, cn vic dng CP ging nh s dng chnh sch truy cp ngu nhin. Trong sut CFP, AP iu khin hon ton cc hot ng ca mng, trong khi , trong CP, cc trm ty v ngu nhin ginh c quyn iu khin ng truyn. AP trong ch PCF, khng phi i DIFS kt thc, m ch i PIFS kt thc. V PIFS ngn hn DIFS nn AP s ginh c quyn iu khin trc tt c cc trm ang trong ch DCF. V AP c c ng truyn v bt u truyn cc bu chn trong sut CFP, cc trm s dng DCF nhn thy ng truyn ang bn nn phi i. Sau khi CFP kt thc, CP bt u, trong sut CP, tt c cc trm s dng ch DCF c th u tranh ginh ng truyn, AP cng chuyn sang ch DCF. Tin trnh hot ng ca WLAN trong DCF kh n gin, c th m t nh sau: 1. Cc trm i cho n khi DIFS kt thc 2. Trong sut CP (ngay sau khi DIFS kt thc), cc trm tnh ton thi gian Random Back-Off da trn mt s ngu nhin nhn vi Slot Time. 3. Cc trm m li (tng Slot Time) khong thi gian Random Back-Off ca chng, thc hin kim tra ng truyn (CCA) sau mi Slot Time. Trm no c khong thi gian Random Back-Off ngn nht s ginh c ng truyn trc tin. 4. Trm s bt u gi d liu. 5. Trm nhn nhn c d liu v i 1 khong SIFS trc khi p li frame ACK cho trm truyn. 6. Trm truyn nhn c ACK v tin trnh bt u li t u vi mt DIFS mi. Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) C 2 c ch pht hin sng mang c s dng trn WLAN. C ch u tin l pht hin sng mang vt l (Physical Carrier Sense). Physical Carrier Sense hot ng bng cch kim tra mnh ca tn hiu (c gi l Received Signal Strength Indicator = RSSI ) trn tn hiu sng mang xem c client no ang truyn hay khng. C ch th 2 l pht hin sng mang o (Virtual Carrier Sense). Virtual Carrier Sense hot ng bng cch s dng mt trng c gi l Network Allocation Vector (NAV hot ng nh l mt timer trn client). Nu mt client mun qung b nh s dng mng ca n, n s gi mt frame n client ch, frame ny s thit lp trng NAV trn tt c cc client ang lng nghe dc ng i ca n, sang mt gi tr thi gian cn thit client c th hon thnh vic truyn v nhn li ACK. Bng cch ny, bt c mt client no cng c th

ginh quyn s dng ng truyn trong mt khong thi gian no . Virtual Carrier Sense c ci t trong giao thc RTS/CTS. Giao thc RTS/CTS l mt m rng ca giao thc CSMA/CA. L mt nh qun tr WLAN, bn c th tn dng u im ca giao thc ny gii quyt cc vn nh Hidden Node. S dng RTS/CTS cho php cc client qung b nh truyn d liu ca chng. Bn c th thy l RTS/CTS s gy nn mt lng chi ph (overhead) ng k cho mng. V l do ny m mc nh trn WLAN th RTS/CTS c tt. Nu bn nhn thy mt lng ln xung t xy ra trn WLAN ca bn (c du hiu tr cao v bng thng thp) th vic s dng RTS/CTS c th tht s lm tng dng d liu trn mng bng cch gim s xung t. Vic s dng RTS/CTS khng nn lm mt cch cu th, n phi c cu hnh sau khi bn tm hiu cn thn v xung t mng, bng thng mng, tr, Mt s nh sn xut khng cho php cc administrator nhng thit lp RTS/CTS trn client tr khi h c c mt m c bit t nh sn xut. Theo mc nh, cc administrator khng c php truy cp vo cc tnh nng trn phn mm driver ca client. Thng thng, vic c c mt m ny khng phi l iu d dng. Cc nh sn xut yu cu cc administrator phi tri qua 1-2 ngy hi tho v sn phm trc khi h cho php administrator in vo cc giy t cn thit c c password. Cu hnh RTS/CTS C 3 thit lp v RTS/CTS trn cc AP: + On + Off + On with Threshold Khi RTS/CTS c bt ln, mi gi truyn qua mng khng dy s c thng bo qung b cho cc node ga node truyn v node nhn trc khi thc hin truyn thc s, to ra mt lng ln overhead v lm gim bng thng ng k. Thng thng, RTS/CTS ch c s dng trong vic chn on li mng v ch khi cc gi rt ln truyn qua mt mng b nghn (rt him). Tuy nhin, tnh nng On with Threshold cho php administrator iu khin gi no (c kch thc xc nh c gi l ngng (Threshold) ) l c thng bo qung b bi client truyn. V nghn thng xy ra vi cc gi c kch thc ln hn l cc gi nh, bn c th thit lp ngng RTS/CTS kch hot ch khi mt node no truyn gi c kch thc vt qa kch thc xc nh. Thit lp ny cho php bn ty bin cu hnh RTS/CTS cho thch hp vi lung lu thng d liu ca mng v ti u bng thng trn WLAN ng thi ngn chn cc vn nh Hidden Node. Modulation Modulation (iu ch) l chc nng ca lp vy l, l qu trnh trong b thu/pht sng v tuyn chun b cc tn hiu s cho card mng (Network Interface

Card = NIC) truyn thng qua sng v tuyn. Modulation l qu trnh thm d liu vo sng mang bng cch thay i bin , tn s hay pha ca sng mang theo mt cch c iu khin. Vic bit nhiu loi modulation c s dng trong WLAN l mt iu hu ch khi bn ang c gng xy dng mt mng tng thch vi nhau theo tng b phn nh. Hnh trn hin th chi tit v modulation v loi m tri ph c s dng vi mng WLAN FHSS v DSSS trong bng tn 2.4 GHz ISM. Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK), Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK), v Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) l cc loi modulation c s dng bi cc sn phm 802.11 v 802.11b trn th trng hin nay. Barker Code v Complimentary Code Keying (CCK) l cc loi m tri ph c s dng bi mng 802.11 v 802.11b WLAN. tc truyn cao hn ( nh khi h thng s dng DRS) ch nh s dng cc k thut modulation khc t c tc truyn cao. V d, cc thit b WLAN tng thch 802.11a v 802.11g ch nh s dng Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) cho php tc ln n 54Mbps, l mt s ci thin ng k so vi 11Mbps trong chun 802.11b. Hnh di cho thy cc kiu modulation c s dng cho mng 802.11g. Chun 802.11g cung cp tnh tng thch ngc bng cch h tr m CCK v thm ch h tr c Packet Binary Convolution Coding (PBCC) nh l mt ty chn. C Bluetooth v HomeRF u s dng cng ngh FHSS, cng ngh ny s dng k thut modulation GFSK trong bng tn 2.4GHz ISM. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) l mt k thut truyn thng chia cc knh truyn thng thnh mt s cc bng tn bng nhau v cch u nhau. Mt sng mang ph (sub-carrier) s mang mt phn thng tin ngi dng v c truyn trong mi bng tn. Mi sub-carrier l trc giao (Orthogonal) vi nhau (hay c lp vi nhau) hon ton khc vi k thut Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) thng c s dng.

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