Xy dng h thng h tr gim st mng TCP/IP bng giao thc ICMP v SNMP

Constructing the Assisting System for Monitoring the TCP/IP Network Based on ICMP and SNMP
L Vn Sn, Trn Nguyn Hng Phc
Abstract: The application of ICMP and SNMP protocols should be researched and carried on in several important aspects in wide-scale network supervising and managing, especially the treatments of information on the operation of the network, incoincidence in fields of software and hardware equipments. The research paper focuses on studying technological solutions allowing the constructing of network topology and supervising the connections in the network system. The studying to construct TCMNETS system positively helps to supervise all the connected equipments in the network visually and allows network managers to find out connection failures in system quickly and synchronically, in order to upgrade the ability of managing modern IP networks..

st mng TCP/IP bng giao thc ICMP v SNMP nhm p ng cc yu cu quan trng, c bit i vi cc mng khng ng nht :
Hnh 1. Biu pht trin ca ISC
Triu my 250 200 150 100 50 Internet Domain Surv ey Host Count

t
Jan, 94 Jan, 95 Jan, 96 Jan, 97 Jan, 98 Jan, 99 Jan, 00 Jan, 01 Jan, 02 Jan, 03

I. T VN Vic m rng cc h thng truyn thng v ngy cng c nhiu cc my tnh kt ni vo mng TCP/IP lm cho quy m ca mng tng ln ng k. Theo Internet Systems Consortium (ISC), tc pht trin mng c th biu hin trong Hnh 1. Trong nhng nm gn y, s lng ng k kt ni tng gp i, lu lng gi tin tng gn 1000% mi nm v bc u cc thut ton phn tn, phc tp vi khi lng thng tin ln c p dng [2,3,5]. Chnh v th, vn kim sot v qun tr mng c t ra nh l mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng ca mng TCP/IP hin i [4,6]. Ni dung ch yu ca vic qun tr mng my tnh c th hin trong 5 lnh vc l cu hnh, an ton, s c, hiu nng v qun l cc ti khon [4]. ti nghin cu xy dng h thng h tr gim

1. m bo mng khng b gin on trong qu trnh gim st. 2. m bo vic khai thc ti nguyn c hiu qu cho tt c cc ngi s dng. 3. m bo an ton, tin cy v trung thc ca thng tin cung cp. Nhm p ng 3 yu cu nu trn, mt trong nhng thng tin qun tr khng th thiu c l thng tin v cu hnh thc ca mng vi cc d liu v s lng, v tr, thi im, c im thit b tham gia. Hin ti, mt s cng trnh tin hc nghin cu v a ra nhng m hnh kh thi km theo cc gii php thc hin vic qun tr mng TCP/IP nh HP Open-View Network Node Manager, IBM Tivoli for AIX, Ciscoworks Network Connectivity Monitor, [10,11,12]. Trong cc cng trnh v sn phm nu trn, vic nghin cu tp trung vo vn cung cp kh nng v bn IP,

Jan, 04

thu thp thng tin v router, subnet, xc nh kt ni router-router v router-subnet,... Mc du vn gim st mng trn c s Topology v cc kt ni IP trong cc mng ln, phn tn l rt quan trng th cha thy c nhiu cng trnh cng b. Gn y, vic gim st xy dng Topology c tin trin bng mt s cng trnh xy dng tng mng (Network Layer) nh router v cc thit b hot ng trn nn giao thc SNMP cho php truy cp vo cc thng tin trong MIB ring cho tng hng sn xut. Tuy vy, cc vn quan trng ca vic gim st mng trn nn Topology vn cn i hi phi tip tc hon thin nh : 1. i vi cc thit b hot ng tng thp hn cng cn c gim st. 2. Giao thc SNMP b qua nhng thit b qu c hoc cha tnh n nhng thit b mi s b hn ch trong vic truy cp MIB. Cn lu rng kh nng cc thit b trn tham gia vo mng l mt thc t. Mc tiu c bn ca ti ny l nghin cu m hnh, gii php k thut cho php khc phc cc yu im va nu v c th hin trong TCMNETS vi vic t ng xy dng Topology mng IP v gim st hot ng kt ni, nhm cho php gii quyt vn kim sot v qun tr mng. II. C S K THUT XY DNG V GIM ST TOPOLOGY MNG Topology mng c hiu nh l h thng cc thit b my tnh v thit b giao tip c mc ni v lm vic thng qua mi trng truyn thng. Trong h thng mng Internet/Intranet, mi mt im kt ni, thit b truyn thng s tng ng vi mt hay nhiu a ch IP, mi lin kt tng ng vi ng truyn c tr v c thng lng xc nh. Nh vy, thng tin gn lin vi a ch IP rt quan trng khi nghin cu Topology m khng phi quan tm n cc chi tit ca tng Vt l. Vic xy dng Topology mng c th thc hin qua 4 bc ch yu sau y : 1. Thu nhn thng tin v cc phn t ang c

qun l trn mng IP. 2. Phn tch v nhn bit cc thng tin cn thit. 3. Xy dng bn mng. 4. Gim st cc hot ng kt ni trn mng IP. Phng php thu thp thng tin v cc i tng ang c qun l trn mng c thc hin trn c s cc giao thc chun trong h TCP/IP nh SNMP, ICMP v k thut DNS, xc nh a ch Broadcast, Subnet, ca TCP [5,6,7]. 1. Giao thc SNMP Giao thc SNMP c thit k da trn m hnh qun tr mng Manager/Agent bao gm cc thnh phn chnh nh cc Manager, Agent, MIB, cc i tng b qun l v cc quy nh chun [1]. S qun tr mng c trnh by trong Hnh 2.
Manager Giao thc qun tr mng SNMP Agent

Management Information Base H thng qun tr

Management Information Base H thng b qun tr

Hnh 2. S qun tr da trn giao thc SNMP

Chc nng c bn ca cc thnh phn trong s c th lit k nh sau : Manager m bo chc nng giao tip gia ngi qun tr mng v h thng qun tr. H thng ny cho php ngi qun tr kim sot, phn tch d liu, khi phc li trng thi cn thit sau s c, qun l mng t mt trm hoc mt vi trm [1]. l nhng trm c giao chc nng qun tr hay cn gi ngn gn l trm qun tr. Trm qun tr thc hin chc nng gim st bng cch thu thp cc gi tr ca i tng trong cc c s d liu MIB. Trm qun tr cng c th thc hin ti mt Agent no hoc c th thay i cc thit lp cu hnh ti mt Agent bng cch thay i gi tr mt vi bin xc nh trong c s d liu MIB. Agent cung cp cc kh nng giao tip gia Manager v cc thit b vt l, cc i tng ang b qun tr [1] nh cc my ch, cc b kt ni, b nh tuyn, c gn cc Agent, p ng cc

yu cu thng tin, cc hot ng t trm qun tr. Management Information Base (MIB) hay cn gi l c s d liu MIB (CSDL MIB) l tp hp cc i tng thng tin khc nhau v mt loi thit b c qun tr [1]. Trong CSDL MIB, mi loi ti nguyn c qun tr c biu hin bi mt i tng v MIB phn nh trng thi ca chnh cc ti nguyn . Cc quy nh chun ca giao thc qun tr mng c s dng lin kt trm qun tr v cc Agent. Giao thc chnh cho php qun tr cc mng TCP/IP l SNMP vi 3 chc nng ch yu c phn nh trong Bng 1. Bng 1 Ni dung Trm qun tr thu nhn gi tr ca cc i tng ti Agent. SET Trm qun tr thit lp gi tr ca cc i tng ti Agent. TRAP Agent thng bo cho trm qun tr khi cc s kin din ra. Vic truy cp vo MIB ly cc thng tin cn thit phc v cho qu trnh xy dng Topology bao gm nhm System, nhm Interface v nhm IP. 2. Giao thc ICMP Giao thc ny l phn tch hp ca IP cho php x l cc li v kim sot cc thng bo t cc b nh tuyn v cc my tnh trn mng c kin trc TCP/IP. Giao thc c s dng trong cc trng hp truy vn hoc li ca mng. Cc truy vn thng thng cho cc trng hp thng bo cc li mng, s nghn mng, thng bo thi gian qu hn, tr gip x l s c trong qun tr mng [9]. Trong qu trnh nghin cu, cc thng bo trong Bng 2 c s dng. 3. S hn ch ca cc k thut hin hnh SNMP v ICMP l giao thc trao i d liu gia Manager v Agent v gia cc thc th IP, bng cch cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh xc nh cu hnh v nm bt cc hot ng ca mng. Cc k thut ny khng th i su vo vn cu hnh mt cch chi tit v phn nh y cc kha cnh qun Chc nng GET

tr mng my tnh c. Bng 2 TT Ni dung 1 Echo Reply/Echo Request 2 Information Request/Information Reply 3 Address Mask Request/Address Mask 4 Time stamp Request/Time stamp Reply 5 Destination Unreachable 6 Time Exceeded T , d dng nhn thy l khng th ch da vo cc k thut sn c qun tr cc mng khc nhau, c bit l khng th kho st v qun tr c tt c cc mng ang c. Gii php TCMNETS c nghin cu nhm khc phc nhng im hn ch c tnh cht k thut v cu trc va nu trn. III. M HNH XC NH TOPOLOGY V GIM ST KT NI MNG TCMNETS 1. M hnh TCMNETS v.1 TCMNETS v.1 (Topology and Connectivity Manager on Net IP) l h thng tr gip k thut cho vic xy dng Topology mng v qun tr cc kt ni trong mng IP. TCMNETS v.1 c nghin cu xy dng nhm vo phm vi ca cc mng c quy m ln, phn tn trn bnh din rng. i vi nhng mng nh vy, vic qun l theo cc phng php hin c l iu hon ton khng th thc hin mt cch chnh xc c. Cng vic qun tr mng v gim st hot ng khng th tin hnh c, nu thng tin phc v cho mc ch km chnh xc. M hnh TCMNETS c trnh by trong Hnh 3 TCMNETS v.1 bao gm 2 khi ln A v B. Khi A bao gm 2 chc nng l subfunction I v subfunction II. Subfunction I m nhn chc nng xc nh t ng Topology ti thi im kho st v subfunction II nh ngha cc lin kt ca mt mng thc t. Khi B bao gm cc phn mm qun tr thit b mng thuc SNMP v cc Agents. NTM cho php qun l tng qut v xc lp Topology mng, cn NCM qun l vic kt ni.

A
Subfunction I

NTM (Network Topology Manager) B qun tr cu hnh mng

s trng thi, cung cp thng tin trng thi,

Agents

NMA (Network Management Phn thit b SNMP Manager Application) cho kh nng giao tip gia Agents SNMP Agent SNMP Agent b ngi qun tr v Phn thit b Phn thit b Phn thit b chng trnh qun tr mng. NCM (Network Connectivity Manager) B qun tr kt ni mng Cc Agents thc hin vic tm thng tin Hnh 3. M hnh thnh phn ca TCMNETS v.1 v cc nt trn mng, gim st v bo co NTM l thnh phn truy cp thng tin cu hnh t cc b qun l vng DM v cc thng tin t cc cc thay i thng s, trng thi, cung cp thng tin Agents trong vng cc b ang c kho st, cha cho DM.
DM (ManagerDomain)
T CM N ETS

DM (ManagerDomain)

Subfunction II

cc CSDL MIB cung cp chi tit ton b cc thit b mng tham gia v ang hot ng trn mng.

Trong mi min trn mng, ngi ta c th xy dng mt b qun l min (Domain Manager) ng vai tr ht nhn ca chnh min ang kho st. Ti y, cc CSDL v cu hnh h thng vng ang kho st nh cc a ch IP, loi vng, trng thi ca thit b thuc vng, DM qun l cc Agents v cho php cc Agents ny thc hin cc tc v truy tm cc nt ln cn.

Vic lin lc v cung cp thng tin cho DM c tin hnh bng 2 cch : Polling - tng tc theo kiu hi - p gia Manager v Agent. Manager c th yu cu cc thng tin khc nhau t Agent v cc gi tr ca cc phn t thng tin. Agent p ng thng tin cho Manager bng cch ly t ngun CSDL MIB ca mnh v cc thng tin do n kho st c trn c s chng trnh kho st [8]. Report - bo co s kin. Manager ng vai tr ngi i v nghe thng tin chuyn v t Agent theo nh k hoc t xut. Bo co t xut c thc hin khi mng c s c trn thit b nt/ server hay ng truyn [8]. 2. Thut ton xc nh Topology mng
A

NMA
B

NME

APPL

NME

APPL

Vic lin lc gia NTM v DM, DM vi cc Agents c tin hnh c kt qu nh p dng cc giao thc truyn thng mng (xem Hnh 4). Tp hp cc phn mm ny bao gm NMA - h ng dng trong cng vic qun tr mng, NME - cc phn t qun tr mng, APPL - cc chng trnh ca ngi s dng u cui, COMM SOTTT - cc phn mm phc v truyn thng v OS - h iu hnh trm, nt mng hay my server.

COMM SOFT

COMM SOFT

OS
Manager

OS
Agent

Hnh 4. S lin lc gia Manager v Agent

Thut ton xc nh Topology mng hot ng trn c s tp hp cc th tc theo trnh t ch song song nh trong Hnh 5.
Bt u Cung cp thng tin cho Manager

vo CSDL MIB v cp nht DS hp thc. Cc a ch IP a vo kho st trong h thng da vo cc pht biu sau: Hu ht cc a ch IP tn ti trn mng thng c thit k theo mt khong a ch lin tc, nu tn ti a ch A.B.C.D th cng c kh nng s tn ti a ch A.B.C.(D+1) trn mng. Cc thit b trn mng vi a ch IP l A.B.C.1 thng l 1 router, s c subnet mask tng ng l 255.255.255.0 Thng thng cc thit b trn mng vi a ch IP A.B.C.129 s l 1 router vi subnet mask 25 bits l 255.255.255.128 Thng thng cc thit b trn mng vi a ch IP A.B.C.65, A.B.C.193 s l 1 router vi subnet mask 26 bits l 255.255.255.192 Thng thng cc thit b trn mng vi a ch IP A.B.C.17, A.B.C.49, A.B.C.81, A.B.C.113, A.B.C.145, A.B.C.177, A.B.C.209, A.B.C.241 s l 1 router vi Subnet mask 28 bits l 255.255.255.240 Thut ton kho st cc IP c m t nh sau:
For mi a ch IP hp l A.B.C.D Do IPs= For I=im quan st D To (im quan st D + N) Do IPs=IPs {A.B.C.I} SET_OF_TEMP_IPS=SET_OF_TEMP_IPS IPs If D {1, 17, 49, 65, 81, 113, 129, 145, 177, 193, 209, 241} Then IPs={A.B.C.X1} {A.B.C.X2} ... {A.B.C.XN} Vi A.B.C.X1, ...A.B.C.XN c cng Subnet mask vi A.B.C.D SET_OF_TEMP_IPS=SET_OF_TEMP_IPS IPs

Chuyn a ch IP theo DS

Chuyn n chu k k tip

S BS N a ch IP

Kim tra IP BS vo a ch hp l

Kt thc chu k S Thng ip

Kt ni S

Kt thc

Hnh 5. Thut ton Topology mng

Thut ton ny cho php xc nh IP ca mt mng ang qun tr vi cc thng tin c cung cp ban u. Bt u kho st vi tp SET_OF_TEMP_IPS cha cc a ch IP cho trc c th tn ti hoc khng trn mng. Nu khng tn ti (c tnh nht thi), ta b qua bng cch nh du vo danh sch (DS). DS nh du c lu theo chu k phc v cng vic qun tr v thng k. Nu c, h t ng chuyn vo DS hp thc. DS hp thc l DS c th hin trong Topology. C th s dng cu lnh PING nhn bit s tn ti ca IP. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc trng hp u cho thng tin, cho nn cn thit phi xy dng 1 th tc kim tra bao gm cc lnh xc nh chnh xc IP. IP hp thc s c lu trong SET_OF_VALID_IPS cng theo tng chu k. Vic xc nh kt ni c tin hnh nh cu lnh TRACE. Cc thit b chun nh router, switch, s c nhn bit v t ta cp nht thng tin vo CSDL MIB theo chu k. Trng hp khng tn ti kt ni c pht hin s c coi l im quan st c cho Topology mng. Nh vy, im quan st c s l vng lp tip theo sau khi thit b cui cng c nhn bit v lu

i vi cc vng kho st c cc router u h tr qun tr bi giao thc SNMP, vic kho st cc a ch IP da vo thng tin MIB ca cc router trn h thng. Trong mi router chng ta s tm thy cc cc router lin kt thng qua mc IpRouteTable ca n v a ch ca cc host c cha trong bng ARP, thut ton thc hin nh sau: xc nh cc router trong vng qun tr:
R1 = A1.B1.C1.D1...

RN = AN.BN.CN.DN Rs = {R1} {R2} ... {RN} Rv = While Rs Do R = Ri Rs Rs = Rs - {R} If R Rv and ang kt ni trn mng Then Rv = Rv {R} Rlist = Danh sch a ch IP cc router lng ging ca R Rs = Rs Rlist

qu cho thy TCMNETS v.1 l phng n k thut kh thi v cho php hot ng gim st mng c kt qu phc v cho vic qun tr mng.
Hnh 6. Giao din tng qut

Hnh 6 th hin giao din mn hnh v thng tin cu hnh tng qut ca nhm iu khin cc b. Hnh 7 cho ta thy cc tn gi thit b, a ch IP, tn vng, nhm cc b v loi thit b c mc ni ti thi im gim st mng.

xc nh IP ca cc host trong vng qun tr:

IPs= For mi a ch IP hp l A.B.C.D Rv Do If A.B.C.D ang kt ni trn mng Then SET_OF_VALID_IPS=SET_OF_VALID_IPS {A.B.C.D} IPs={A.B.C.X1} {A.B.C.X2} ... {A.B.C.XN} Vi A.B.C.X1, ...A.B.C.XN c cng Subnet mask vi A.B.C.D SET_OF_TEMP_IPS=SET_OF_TEMP_IPS IPs IPs = Danh sch IP cc host ca router A.B.C.D SET_OF_TEMP_IPS=SET_OF_TEMP_IPS IPs

TCMNETS v.1 s dng cc th tc sau y tm ra a ch sng : FAST_PING cho php gi i cc gi tin ICMP Echo Request c thi gian sng TTL<ls v cho php thc hin song song nhiu lnh PING cng mt lc ti cc IP khc nhau hin ang chy trn mng. FAST_TRACE cho php gi i cc gi tin vi nhiu TTL khc nhau trong ch song song. Nh , c th rt ngn thi gian thc hin. Ngoi ra, cc th tc DNS_TOPO, SNMP_TOPO, BROADCAST_TOPO, NEIBOR_TOPO cng c nghin cu nhm hon thin h thng TCMNETS v.1. 3. Trin khai TCMNETS v.1 gim st mng Hng lot cc th nghim c thc hin trc khi a vo trin khai gim st ti h thng mng Trung tm thng tin di ng khu vc III Nng, kt

Hnh 7. Giao din chi tit ca vic gim st

TCMNETS c th v c cc kt ni gia cc my vi nhau da vo thng tin v cc thc th IP kho st c, v c kh nng thng k lu lng cc gi tin TCP, IP, ICMP,truyn nhn trn h thng, xy dng biu h tr gim st lu lng gi tin. IV. KT LUN Thng qua vic nghin cu xy dng h thng h tr gim st mng TCP/IP bng giao thc ICMP v SNMP v thc nghim t c nhng kt qu nht nh : M hnh ha h thng xc nh Topology mng v tr gip vic gim st cc mng TCP/IP. Xy dng h thng TCMNETS v.1 nh l phn trin khai m hnh h tr gim st mng TCP/IP trn c s cc giao thc ICMP v SNMP v bc u ng dng thnh cng m hnh ny. Nh c kh nng ny, cc nh qun tr mng kim sot s thay i v cc kt ni trn mng, cho php kp thi pht hin cc s c, cc li k thut, cc on b tht c chai, Nh bit chnh xc cc v tr gy li,

cc k thut vin c th can thip kp thi, trnh nhng tn tht ln hn din ra. TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn Thc Hi, Mng my tnh v cc h thng m. NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 1997 [2] L Vn Sn, H tin hc phn tn, NXB i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh, 2002 [3] An Overview of TCP/IP Protocols and the Internet,http://www.garykessler.net/library/tcpip.html [4] Pujolle, Les Rseaux, Eyrolles, 2003 [5] L Vn Sn, Trn Nguyn Hng Phc. Nghin cu cc k thut thng bo li v k thut truy vn h thng trong mng Internet bng ICMP. Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh cc Trng i hc K thut. H Ni, S 38+39 (2002), tr. 11-16

[6] Dr. Sidnie M. Feit, SNMP a Guide to Network Management, McGraw Hill, 1995 [7] Dr Sidnie M.Feit, TCP/IP - Architecture Protocols and Implementation with IPv6 and IP security, McGraw Hill, 1995 [8] Trn Nguyn Hng Phc, ng dng giao thc ICMP and SNMP trong gim st v qun tr mng, Lun vn Thc s, 2002. [9] Ofir Akan, ICMP in scanning, 2003 [10] http://www.openview.hp.com [11] http://www-306.ibm.com/software/tivoli [12] http://www.cisco.com Ngy nhn bi: 10/07/2004

S LC TC GI L VN SN Sinh ngy 19-12-1948 ti in Bn, Qung Nam Tt nghip i hc nm 1978, Bo v Tin s nm 1997 ti trng i hc Tng hp Donesk. Hin cng tc ti Khoa Ton-Tin, Trng i hc S phm, i hc Nng Lnh vc quan tm : H iu hnh, mng my tnh, h phn tn v cc h thng ng dng m hnh ton hc E-mail education@dng.vnn.vn :

Lnh vc quan tm : H iu hnh, mng my tnh, h phn tn v cc h thng ng dng m hnh ton hc.

TRN NGUYN HNG PHC Sinh ngy 22-11-1973 ti TP. Nng. Tt nghip K s Tin hc nm 1997 ti Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, i hc K thut, i hc Nng. Bo v Thc s Cng ngh Thng tin nm 2002 ti i hc Nng. Hin ang cng tc ti Trung tm Thng tin Di ng khu vc III, TP. Nng.

E-mail : phuctnh@vms.com.vn