Cng nh mt bn thit k cng trnh phc tho cc chi tit cn thc thi v cch thc cc chi tit gn kt vi nhau,

cu trc chui cung ng cng ty bn cng phi th hin c cu trc ca tng quy trnh v tc ng tng h gia cc quy trnh ny. t c hiu qu tt, bn cn phi dng cc thut ng gin n, chnh xc v khng qu tru tng. Th thch u tin l phi thng nht c nh ngha chui cung ng l g?. Vic ny khng n gin, do c rt nhiu thut ng tng t, lin quan n nhau cng m ch v chui cung ng: chui cu, mng li cung, mng li/cung cu, chui gi tr. Nhiu thut ng trong s ny c v nh ni v cng mt th, nhng thc t khng phi nh vy. Kh c th ni thut ng chui cung ng c thnh hnh t khi no, v cn kh hn tm ra cu tr li thng nht ton cu cho cu hi: thc s Chui Cung ng l gi? Kinh nghim lm vic vi cc khch hng ca chng ti cho thy, nhiu cng ty khng th thng nht c nh ngha v Chui Cung ng. Thm ch ngay c khi mt cng ty c nh ngha thng nht, khch hng v nh cung cp ca h li hiu khi nim ny mt cch khc nhau. Vic bt ng trong nht thc s dn n bt ng trong thc thi quy trnh, v thng dn n hiu sai mong mun ca i tc. Vn ny tr nn ni cm vo nhng nm 90 ca th k 20, khi cc ch lin quan n m rng hoch nh v trin khai hot ng ra ngoi bin gii mi cng ty tr thnh mi quan tm chnh ca nhiu nhm lnh o. Trc kia, phn ln n lc ci thin quy trnh hot ng u tp trung vo ci thin hiu qu hot ng ca cc quy trnh trong ni b cng ty. Nay, cng ngh mi, xu th thu ngoi, xu th thch ng ha ha chui cung ng cho ph hp vi cc khch hng quan trng, yu cu chui cung ng phi pht trin ra ngoi gii hn ca bn bc tng cng ty. R rng cn c mt tp hp nh ngha chun. Vo nhng nm gia ca thp k 90 ca th k 20, PRTM[1] pht trin mt m hnh tham chiu quy trnh, bao gm cc nh ngha v cc ch s o lng hiu qu hot ng chnh ca chui cung ng. Nh vy, khch hng ca chng ti c s dng thnh qu ca s bng n khoa hc qun tr chui cung ng. Mt l do khc khin chng ti pht trin m hnh tham chiu quy trnh chui cung ng l, chng ti nhn thc c gi tr cc m

hnh tham chiu c pht trin bi PACE[2] trc , m nhiu cng ty p dng nhm tng tc kh nng tung ra th trng cc sn phm mi hn, tt hn. M hnh chng ti xc nh chui cung ng bao gm bn quy trnh: hoch nh, mua hng, sn xut v phn phi. t ch tiu v qun l hiu qu hot ng, chng ti nh ra bng cc ch tiu nh gi cho tng quy trnh v cho hiu qu ca tng th chui cung ng. Chng ti nh ngha phm vi ca chui cung ng bao gm cc mi tng tc t nh cung cp ca nh cung cp n khch hng ca khch hng mt mng li cc t chc, cng ty kt ni vi nhau bi cc dng chy hng ha, thng tin v ti chnh, c to ra p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng cui. Chng ti mun m bo cc chui cung ng c th c m t mt cch trung thc, thng nht, ti cu trc t c li th cnh tranh, c th o lng, qun l, kim tra v tinh chnh cho ph hp vi mc ch c th. Nhn thy nhu cu v mt chun thng nht gia cc ngnh, vo nm 1995 PRTM phi hp lm vic vi AMR, mt hng nghin cu c lp chuyn cung cp cc phn tch trung thc trong lnh vc cng ngh phn mm cng ty. PRTM v AMR cng nhau lp ra Hi ng Chui Cung ng (the Supply-Chain Council SCC), ban u vi 69 cng ty thnh vin. Trong vng hn mt nm, ba t chc ny (PRTM, AMR v SCC), pht trin mt tiu chun gi l M Hnh Tham Chiu Hot ng Chui Cung ng[3] (SCOR). M hnh ny nh ra cc thc hnh tt nht, cc thc o hiu qu hot ng v cc yu cu chc nng ca cc phn mm cho tng quy trnh ct li ca chui cung ng, quy trnh con (subprocess) v cc hot ng[4]. M hnh SCOR cung cp cu trc nn tng, thut ng chun gip cc cng ty thng nht nhiu cng c qun l, nh ti thit quy trnh kinh doanh, lp chun so snh, v phn tch thc hnh tt nht. Cc cng c ca SCOR to kh nng cho cng ty pht trin v qun l cu trc chui cung ng hiu qu. S dng phng php thit k t trn xung di ca m hnh SCOR, cng ty c th nhanh chng hiu c cu trc v hiu qu hot ng hin thi chui cung ng ca mnh. Cng ty cng c th so snh cu trc ca mnh vi cc cng ty khc, pht hin nhng ci tin da trn cc thc hnh tt nht, v thit k cu trc chui

cung ng tng lai cho mnh. T khi ra i nm 1996, n nay c 700 cng ty p dng m hnh SCOR. Nm 1996, Hi ng Chui Cung ng (SCC) tr thnh t chc phi li nhun v m hnh SCOR c chuyn giao cho h. T lc thnh lp, SCC ngy cng pht trin rng khp thnh cc hip hi Chu u, Nht, c/New Zealand, ng Nam , v Nam Phi, v tt nhin l c khu vc Bc M. Cc thnh vin ngy cng pht trin, m rng m hnh. Quy trnh Thu Hi c thm vo nm 2001. Cc thc hnh tt v cc bng tiu ch nh gi c cp nht theo nh k. Chng ti hy vng m hnh s tip tc pht trin theo nhng tin b trong ngnh khoa hc qun tr chui cung ng (xem Hnh 2-6 v hai cp cao nht ca m hnh SCOR v Ph lc C v danh sch y ca cc bng tiu ch nh gi cp 2 v 3). M hnh SCOR l m hnh tng quan, a ra hng dn khung pht trin cu trc chui cung ng. Bn cnh SCOR, cn c cc m hnh b sung khc c pht trin tng thch vi tng tnh hnh c th ca cc ngnh cng nghip v chi tit n mc ng dng chng hn nh yu cu chun v d liu. Hai m hnh c p dng rng ri trong nhng nm gn y l m hnh Hoch nh, D Bo v B Sung Cng Tc (CPFR) v RosettaNet. CPFR tp trung vo lnh vc hng tiu dng ng gi v bn l. M hnh ny c khi xng vo nm 1997 nh n lc hp tc ca 30 cng ty, v c iu hnh bi Vin Hp Tc Tiu Chun Thng Mi[5]. Chun CPFR c to bi cc khi nim quy trnh chi tit, cc thnh t d liu yu cu, v b tiu ch o lng quan h gia khch hng v nh cung cp. Mc tiu ca CPFR l tng cng quan h i tc gia nh bn l v nh cung cp thng qua chia s thng tin.

Hnh thnh nm 1998, RosettaNet cngxoocxiom do cc cng ty trong lnh vc in t v vin thng xy dng, v c iu hnh bi Hi ng M Tiu Chun[6] mt t chc tiu chun thng mi hng u. RosettaNet pht trin cc chun kinh doanh trn mng Internet thng nht v quy trnh thng qua cc nh ngha d liu chun gi l cc Quy Trnh Tng Tc vi i Tc (partner-interface processes -PIPs).

c dng rng ri trong lnh vc cng ngh, PIPs h tr trao i thng tin trc tuyn t ng gia cc cng ty, v h tr nhiu giao dch, bao gm qun tr tn kho, qun l n hng, v chuyn hng vo lu kho. Chng ti s tp chung ni v m hnh SCOR trong chng ny v, theo hiu bit ca chng ti, SCOR l m hnh tham chiu chui cung ng tng quan c p dng rng ri nht. Thc t, SCOR c p dng nhng t chc chui cung ng ln nht th gii, nh B Quc Phng M (xem thm h s trng hp B Quc Phng M phn sau). Vi cu trc v phng php lun cht ch ca mnh, m hnh SCOR gip cng vic thit k chui cung ng, tng chng cc k kh khn phc tp, tr thnh bnh thng. Tng t nh mt d n xy dng, m hnh SCOR cung cp mt b cc cng c gip cng ty xy dng bn v thit k chui cung ng. Ba cp cao nht ca m hnh SCOR M hnh SCOR bao gm bn cp t khi qut n chi tit. Ba cp ban u quy trnh, quy trnh con, cc hot ng c m t trong m hnh. Cc quy trnh hot ng c th, hay cp th 4, c din gii chi tit bng biu dng chy cng vic, thng c chuyn bit ha ty theo chin lc v yu cu c th ca tng cng ty. V th cp 4 khng c bao gm trong ti liu xut bn chnh thc ca m hnh SCOR. Bt u t cp 1 v kt thc l cp 3, ni dung ca SCOR c th dng chuyn chin lc kinh doanh ca cng ty thnh cu trc chui cung ng phc v cho cc mc tiu kinh doanh c th. Trnh t s dng cc cp khc nhau ca SCOR s ph thuc vo xut pht im v yu cu kinh doanh c th. Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu cc li ch trong hot ng v kinh doanh t c t vic cu trc chui cung ng bng m hnh SCOR.

M hnh SCOR cp 1 cp 1, cng ty cn xc nh r s ph hp ca cc quy trnh kinh doanh vi cu trc kinh doanh (cc n v kinh doanh, cc vng, v.v) v vi cc i tc chui

cung ng. T tinh chnh cc mc tiu chin lc ca chui cung ng nhng u tin kinh doanh m chui cung ng phi h tr c lc. Cp 1 tp trung vo nm quy trnh chui cung ng chnh (hoch nh(plan), mua hng (source), sn xut(make), phn phi (delivery) v thu hi(return)[7]). Khi s dng cc quy trnh ny, s tng thch gia quy trnh v cc b phn ca t chc[8] c thit lp, nh thy c cc quy trnh no cn phi c chun ha trong ton b t chc. Cc la chn cp 1 s quyt nh chi ph ca h thng cng ngh thng tin, bi cc quy trnh xuyn sut cc b phn ca cng ty thng lin quan n nhiu ng dng, v i km vi n l cc chi ph trin khai thc hin v bo tr. Hn na, cc quyt nh cp 1 s ch ra cho cng ty liu c th ng dng c nhng thc hnh tt nht no. V d nh liu quy trnh mua hng c cn c chun ha gia hai hay nhiu n v kinh doanh hay khng? Nu mc tiu l gom hng mua chung ca nhiu n v kinh doanh to sc mnh m phn vi cc nh cung cp, th quy trnh mua hng cn c chun ha. Mt khi cc quy trnh kinh doanh v cc b phn ca t chc c thng nht, bc quan trng tip theo l nh ra cc ch tiu hot ng cho tng mng ca cc quy trnh thit yu. M hnh SCOR cung cp bng o lng, cho php xc nh v qun tr hiu qu hot ng chui cung ng ton cng ty. Cc b ch s o lng c miu t chi tit Chng 5. Bc ny l mt trong nhng bc quan trng nht, v cng kh nht, trong cc cng vic lin quan thit k chui cung ng, bi v n cn s ng thun trong ni b v cc mc tiu v u tin. Cc mc tiu v u tin s c la chn da trn chin lc chui cung ng, nh tho lun Chng 1. Khch hng ca chng ti, mt cng ty i u trong ngnh in t tiu dng, c c cu t chc hp nht, qun l tp trung. Cng ty ny ang mt dn th phn vo tay cc i th cnh tranh c chnh sch kinh doanh tp trung vo cc phn khc th trng c th. H nhn thy rng cnh tranh hiu qu, vic cn thit l phi chuyn i thnh nhiu n v kinh doanh theo tng th trng khc nhau.

Sau khi cc n v kinh doanh c hnh thnh, ban lnh o xem xt li tm nhn chin lc cng vi cc yu cu cho chui cung ng ca tng n v. Trc khi ti thit t chc, th cc quy trnh chui cung ng (hoch nh, mua hng, sn xut, phn phi v thu hi), cc h thng cng ngh thng tin h tr v c s h tng k thut c chia s gia cc n v. Trc , cng ty p dng cc chnh sch nh hn ch thu sn xut ngoi vi cc sn phm ang giai on cui vng i sn phm[9], v hn ch s a dng sn phm theo yu cu ca khch hng kim sot chi ph v lm tng linh hot ca tn kho. Quyt nh chnh sch no nn gi chnh sch no cn thay i l rt quan trng trong vic to ra cc ranh gii chin lc mi cho thit k chui cung ng. to ra cc ranh gii mi ny, tng n v kinh doanh t pht trin chin lc kinh doanh v mc ch hiu qu hot ng ca mnh, sau tng hp li thnh nhng nh hng cho chui cung ng ca n v. Do vai tr quan trng ca nguyn vt liu (chim ti 85% ca chi ph sn phm), cht lng sn phm, v thi gian tung sn phm ra th trng, cng ty quyt nh dng chung cc quy trnh hoch nh, mua hng, sn xut, phn phi v thu hi, h tng c s k thut, nhng li thay i cc chnh sch v tn kho cho tng n v kinh doanh p ng cc yu cu dch v c th ca tng th trng. M hnh SCOR cp 2 cp 2, cng ty cn tinh chnh la chn v cc quy trnh chui cung ng ca mnh v xc nh lm th no quy trnh tng thch vi h tng c s k thut (bao gm nh xng, my mc, trang thit b cc a im v h thng cng ngh thng tin). Cp 2, hay cp cu hnh (configuration level), h tr pht trin v nh gi cc la chn cp cao ( m hnh SCOR cp 1) cho cu trc quy trnh chui cung ng, bng vic la chn gia v cho hoch nh, mua hng, sn xut, phn phi v thu hi. iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic la chn cc quy trnh con[10] tng ng, hay cn gi l ccdanh mc quy trnh, da trn chin lc chui cung ng. Vic la chn danh mc quy trnh s nh hng n thit k mc 3 bi tng hng mc yu cu cc hot ng c th rt khc bit.

Khi cc danh mc quy trnh c la chn, chng s c dng m t cc cu hnh chui cung ng. Vic m t c thc hin di hnh thc mt bn ch ra ch no l khch hng, nh cung cp, kho bi, nh my, v ni tip nhn n hng, v s dng danh mc quy trnh din gii cc dng chy hng ha v thng tin chnh. V bn cht, iu ny ging nh ta chn t danh sch cc quy trnh ra nhng loi ph hp ri dng n vo ng ch cn thit. Khi c cu hnh, bn c th pht trin v th nghim cc la chn tng lai (to be options). Tuy nhin, hy cn trng v phn tch SCOR cp 2 c th ch ra rng khng th ti u c tt c la chn tng lai ca bn do cc hn ch ang tn ti, nh ch ph vn ti qu cao. Ni cch khc, bn c th khng th kim tra th tt c cc la chn mong mun trong mt thi gian ngn, m cn phi c mt l trnh chuyn i dn v cu hnh mong i. Mt trong s cc khch hng ca chng ti l mt cng ty hng khng quc t gp kh khn trong vic qun l mt mng li phc hp cc mi quan h gia bn hng, logistics v hot ng sn xut; cc nh thu ph; mt khch hng chnh, mt nh sn xut my bay. Cng ty ny lc by gi l nh thu chnh trong mt chng trnh v my bay thng mi. m bo chuyn cc b phn ca my bay n a im lp rp cui v th theo yu cu khch hng, cn c s phi hp gia cc dng chy v nguyn vt liu, thng tin v ti chnh vi cc nh thu ph ba chu lc.

Cc nh cung cp tham gia vo chng trnh ngy cng giao hng tr. V khi cng ty yu cu thay i lch trnh sn xut, th h phi lin h vi cc nh cung cp trc khi c th xc nhn ngy giao hng cho khch hng. Qu trnh ny mt n vi tun. V vy, cng ty gp kh khn trong vic duy tr uy tn vi khch hng chnh ca mnh. Cng ty quyt nh dng m hnh SCOR tm hiu vn k hn.

Nhm d n ca cng ty s dng m hnh SCOR vch ra s mi quan h gia qun l n hng, thu mua, phn phi vn ti, hoch nh chui cung ng, v ti chnh, cng nh tt c cc giao dch chnh vi cc nh thu ph. Mi hot ng c gn vi mt danh mc cc quy trnh ca m hnh SCOR cp 2. Ln u tin cng ty c th nhn thy r chui cung ng nhnh, cng nh thy c hot ng no m trch bi cng ty, bi khch hng v nh thu ph. Thm vo , vic dng cc nh ngha danh mc quy trnh chun, gip mi thnh t quy trnh c hiu ging nhau trn mi quy trnh. Cc c hi lm gin n chui cung ng hin ln rt r rng. V d, cc cc dy lp rp ph c chuyn qua nhiu kho ni b trc khi ti dy chuyn lp rp cui cng. N gy ra s chm tr ng k trong khi khng thc s mang li gi tr g thm cho sn phm. Bn quy trnh cp 2 ch ra nguyn nhn ca vic ny. Mi sn phm c chuyn n mt kho chung kt hp li. Khi vo kho chung, quyn s hu c chuyn giao t nh my ni b sang chng trnh sn xut my bay. Nhm nghin cu pht hin ra rng nu thay i quy trnh v h thng thng tin h tr mt cch tng ng, c th cho php mt vi sn phm c chuyn trc tip n im tp kt cui ngay bn cnh dy truyn lp rp cui cng, gip rt ngn thi gian giao hng xung vi tun. Th v l bn quy trnh SCOR buc cng ty phi xem xt li mt lun im tn ti rt lu: dch v khch hng t hn mong mun l do quy trnh x l n hng. Trong quy trnh ny cc n hng c t ng chuyn t khch hng ti mt h thng, sau c nhp th cng vo mt h thng khc x l ti chnh, trc khi lin lc vi cc nh cung cp. Tuy nhin, nhm d n phn tch v ch ra rng d vic nhp li s liu mt cch th cng lm pht sinh chi ph v to nguy c nhm ln sai st, nhng vic qun l cc nh thu ph mi l vn nghim trng hn. Vi quy trnh hin ti, vic trao i v k hoch yu cu vi cc nh thu ph l mt phn ca quy trnh t hng chnh thc, trong cc nh cung cp xc nhn s lng v ngy giao hng. Tuy nhin thay i t pha nh cung cp nh giao hng tr so vi k

hoch, thay i v khi lng n hng t nh thu chnh, li c thc hin mt cch khng chnh thc. Nhm d n vch ra cc thay i chnh gm vai tr mi ca b phn thu mua, xem xt li hoch nh hng thng ca nh thu ph (nhm iu chnh li k hoch c ng thun trc), v cc quy tc gip hng dn thay i lch trnh sn xut ca nh thu ph. Sau nhiu thng n lc, cng ty mang li kt qu n tng: giao hng ng hn bi nh cung cp tng hn 20%, thi gian xc nhn n hng gim r rt. Ngy nay cng ty c th xc nhn n hng trong vng 2 n 3 ngy, thay bng 2 n 3 tun nh trc kia. Cng ty dn ly li c lng tin ca khch hng.