Bài tập - Chuyên đề hóa phân tích

I.
OLYMPIC HA HC VIT NAM

OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN VIT NAM 2005 (Bng A):
Ion Fe(SCN)2+ c mu nng bng hoc ln hn 10-5M. Hng s in li ca n l 10-2.
1. Mt dung dch cha vt Fe3+. Thm vo dung dch ny mt dung dch KSCN 10-2M (coi th tch
khng i). Xc nh nng ti thiu ca Fe3+ dung dch xut hin mu .
2. Mt dung dch cha Ag+ 10-2M v Fe3+ 10-4M. Thm dung dch SCN- vo to kt ta AgCN (coi
th tch khng i). Xc nh nng Ag+ cn li trong dung dch khi xut hin mu . Bit
TAgSCN = 10-12
3. Thm 20cm3 dung dch AgNO3 5.10-2M vo 10cm3 dung dch NaCl khng bit nng . Lng
d Ag+ c chun bng dung dch KSCN vi s c mt ca Fe3+. im tng ng (khi
bt u xut hin mu ) c quan st thy khi thm 6cm3 dung dch KSCN 10-1M. Tnh nng
ca dung dch NaCl.
BI GII:
Fe3+
Co x
1.
SCN10-2 x
Fe(SCN)2+
x = 10-5
Nng cn bng:
10 5
Ta c:
= 10 2
3+
2
5
Fe (10 10 )
3+
[Fe ] = 10-5M Co = 2.10-5M
2.
Khi xut hin mu th: [Fe(SCN)2+] = 10-5M. Vy nng Fe3+ cn li l: 9.10-5M
Ta c:
10 5
= 10 2
5
SCN 9.10
SCN = 1,1.10 3 M Ag + = 9,1.10 10 M

3
n(Ag+) = n(AgCl) + n(AgSCN)
20.10-3.5.10-2 = 10.10-3C + 6.10-3.10-1 C = 4.10-2M
K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA NM 2002 (BNG A)
Dung dch X gm Na2S 0,010M, KI 0,060M, Na2SO4 0,050M.
(a) Tnh pH ca dung dch X.
(b) Thm dn Pb(NO3)2 vo dung dch X cho n nng 0,090M th thu c kt ta A v dung
dch B.
i
Cho bit thnh phn ho hc ca kt ta A v dung dch B.
ii
Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch B (khng k s thu phn ca cc ion, coi th tch
dung dch khng thay i khi thm Pb(NO3)2).
iii
Nhn bit cc cht c trong kt ta A bng phng php ho hc, vit cc phng trnh
phn ng (nu c).
BI GII:
a) Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2S 2 Na+ + S20,01
0,01
+
KI K + I0,06
0,06
Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO420,05
0,05
+ H2O HS- + OH-
S2-
SO4 + H2O H SO4 + OH

2-
Kb(1) = 10-1,1
(1)
-12
(2)
Kb(2) = 10
Kb(1) >> Kb(2) nn cn bng (1) quyt nh pH ca dung dch:

S2- +
(0,01 -x)
[]
H2O
HS- + OHx
x
K = 10-1,1
x2
= 10 1,1 x 2 + 0,0794 x 10 3,1 = 0
0,01 x
= 8,94. 10-3 [OH-] = 8,94.10-3

pH = 11,95
2+
2-1
b)
Pb
+
S
PbS
(Ks ) = 1026.
0,09
0,01
0,08
Pb2+
+ SO42
PbSO4
(Ks-1) = 107,8.
0,08
0,05
0,03
Pb2+
+
2 I
PbI2
(Ks-1) = 107,6.
0,03
0,06
Thnh phn hn hp: A : PbS , PbSO4 , PbI2
Dung dch B :
K+ 0,06M
Na+ 0,12M
2+
22Ngoi ra cn c cc ion Pb ; SO4 ; S do kt ta tan ra.
tan ca
PbI 2 : 3 10 7 ,6 / 4 = 10 2, 7
-7,8
-26
13
PbS : S = 10 = 10
PbSO 4 : S = 10
= 10 3,9
Bi v tan ca PbI2 l ln nht nn cn bng ch yu trong dung dch l cn bng tan ca PbI2.
PbI2 = Pb2+ + 2IKs
2+
-47
-3
Do [Pb ] = 10 7,8= 2 x 10 M v
[I-] = 4.10-3M.
10
[SO42-] =
= 5. 105,8 = 7,9.106M << [Pb2+]
3
2 10
2-
[S ] =
1026
3
5. 1024 << [Pb2+]
2 10
Cc nng SO4 , S2- u rt b so vi nng Pb2+, nh vy nng Pb2+ do PbS v PbSO4 tan ra l
khng ng k nn cch gii gn ng trn l hon ton chnh xc.
Nhn bit cc cht c trong kt ta A: PbS; PbSO4; PbI2.
Cho kt ta ho tan trong NaOH d : PbS khng tan, c mu en.
Dung dch c PbO22-, SO42-, I-, OHPbSO4 + 4 OH PbO22- + SO42- + 2 H2O
PbI2 + 4 OH- PbO22- + 2 I- + 2 H2O
Nhn ra ion SO42-: cho BaCl2 d: c kt ta trng BaSO4, trong dung dch c PbO22-, OH-, Ba2+,
I-.
Nhn ra I-, Pb2+: axit ho dung dch bng HNO3 d s c kt ta vng PbI2 xut hin:
OH- + H+ H2O
PbO22- + 4 H+ Pb2+ + 2H2O
Pb2+ + 2 I- PbI2
2-

1. Trong phng th nghim c cc dung dch b mt nhn: AlCl3, NaCl, KOH, Mg(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2,
Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3. Dng thm mt thuc th, hy nhn bit mi dung dch. Vit cc phng trnh phn
ng (nu c).
2. Dung dch bo ha H2S c nng 0,100 M. Hng s axit ca H2S: K1 = 1,0 x 10-7 v
K2 = 1,3 x 10-13.
a) Tnh nng ion sunfua trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M khi iu chnh pH = 2,0.
b) Mt dung dch A cha cc cation Mn2+, Co2+, v Ag+ vi nng ban u ca mi ion
u bng 0,010 M. Ho tan H2S vo A n bo ho v iu chnh pH = 2,0 th ion no to
kt ta.
Cho: TMnS = 2,5 x 10-10 ; TCoS = 4,0 x 10 21 ; TAg2S = 6,3 x 10-50
BI GII:
1. C th dng thm phenolphtalein nhn bit cc dung dch AlCl3, NaCl, KOH, Mg(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2,
Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3.
* Ln lt nh vi git phenolphtalein vo trong dung dch.
- Nhn ra dung dch KOH do xut hin mu ta.
* Ln lt cho dung dch KOH vo mi dung dch cn li:
- Dung dch AgNO3 c kt ta mu nu
Ag+ + OH AgOH ; (hoc 2Ag+ + 2OH Ag2O + H2O)
- Dung dch Mg(NO3)2 c kt ta trng, keo
Mg2+ + 2OH Mg(OH)2
- Cc dung dch AlCl3, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2 u c chung hin tng to ra kt ta trng,
tan trong dung dch KOH (d).
Al3+ + 3OH Al(OH)3 ; Al(OH)3 + OH AlO2 + 2H2O
Pb2+ + 2OH Pb(OH)2 ; Pb(OH)2 + OH PbO2 + 2H2O
Zn2+ + 2OH Zn(OH)2 ; Zn(OH)2 + OH ZnO2 + 2H2O
- Dung dch NaCl khng c hin tng g.
- Dng dung dch AgNO3 nhn ra dung dch AlCl3 do to ra kt ta trng
Ag+ + Cl AgCl
- Dng dung dch NaCl nhn ra dung dch Pb(NO3)2 do to ra kt ta trng
Pb2+ + 2 Cl PbCl2
- cn li l dung dch Zn(NO3)2.
2.
a) Tnh nng ion S2 trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M; pH = 2,0.
H2S (k) H2S (aq)
CH2S = [H2S] = 0,1 M

[H2S] = 10-1
H2S (aq) H+ + HS
K1 = 1,0 x 10-7
[H+] = 10-2
HS
K2 = 1,3 x 10-13
H+ + S2-
H + S 2
K=
= Kl. K2
H2S (aq) 2H+ + S2[S2- ] = 1,3 x 10-20 x
[ H 2S ]
H
+
= 1,3 x 10-20 x
[ H 2S ]
10 1
( 10 )
2
= 1,3 x 10-17 (M)
b)
[Mn2+] [S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 < TMnS = 2,5 x 10-10
khng c kt ta
[Co2+] [ S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 > TCoS = 4,0 x 10-21
to kt ta CoS
+ 2 2-2 2
-17
21
-50
[Ag ] [S ] = (10 ) x 1,3 x 10 = 1,3 x 10 > TAg2S = 6,3 x 10
to kt ta Ag2S
K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA NM 2004 (BNG B)
1. Dung dch A gm Ba(NO3)2 0,060 M v AgNO3 0,012 M.
a) Thm tng git K2CrO4 vo dung dch A cho n d. C hin tng g xy ra?
b) Thm 50,0 ml K2CrO4 0,270 M vo 100,0 ml dung dch A.
Tnh nng cc ion trong hn hp thu c.
2. Trnh by s nhn bit v phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng xy ra khi nhn bit cc cation
trong dung dch X gm Ba2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, NO3-.
Cho: BaCrO4 + H2O
Ba2+ + HCrO4- + OH - ; K = 10-17,43
Ag2CrO4 + H2O
2Ag+ + HCrO4- + OH - ; K = 10-19,50
pKa ca HCrO4- bng 6,50.
BI GII:
1.
a) Hin tng: C kt ta BaCrO4 v Ag2CrO4.
Xt th t xut hin cc kt ta:
bt u c BaCrO4 : CCrO2 >
4
bt u c Ag2CrO4 :
C Ba 2+
K s ( Ag2CrO4 )
>
CrO 24
K s ( BaCrO4 )
C 2 Ag+
(1)
(2)
tnh tch s tan Ks cn t hp cn bng :

BaCrO4
Ba2+ +
H2O
CrO4
2-
+ H
BaCrO4 + H2O
CrO42-
+ OH
HCrO4
Ba2+
Ks1
Kw
Ka-1
HCrO4- + OH -
K= Ks1 . Kw . Ka-1
Suy ra K s1 =
K.K a 10 17 , 43.10 6,50

=
= 10 9,93
14
Kw
10
Ag2CrO4
H2O
CrO42-
H+
Ag2CrO4 + H2O
C K = 10-19,50
2 Ag +
CrO42-
Ks2
H + + OH HCrO42 Ag +
Kw
Ka-1
HCrO4- + OH
K s2 =
10 19,50.10 6,50
= 10 12
14
10
T (1)
T (2)
C
C
CrO24
CrO 24
CCrO2-4 (BaCrO4) <
109,93
>
= 1,96.109 M
0,060
10 12
>
= 6,94.10 9 M
2
(0,012)
CCrO2-4 (Ag2CrO4) nhng khng nhiu, v vy s c hin tng kt ta vng ca BaCrO4
xut hin trc mt t, sau n kt ta vng nu ca Ag2CrO4 ( gch ) v BaCrO4 vng cng xut
hin.
b) Sau khi thm K2CrO4:
C
C
CrO 24
Ag 2
0,270 x 50,00
= 0,090M
150,000
0,0120 x100,00
=
= 0,0080M
150,000
=
Ba
2+
0,060 x100,00
= 0,040M
150,000
Cc phn ng:
Ba2+ +
CrO42-
0,046
0,090
BaCrO4
0,050
2 Ag +
0,0080
-
CrO42-
Ag2CrO4
0,050
0,046
Thnh phn sau phn ng :

BaCrO4 ; Ag2CrO4 ; CrO42- (0,046 M ).
2 Ag + + CrO4210-12
Ag2CrO4
2+
2BaCrO4
Ba
+ CrO4
10-9,93
Nng CrO42- d kh ln, c th coi nng CrO42- do 2 kt ta tan ra l khng ng k.
CrO42-
+ H2O
0,046
[]
(0,046 x )
HCrO4- + OH x
Kb = 10-7,5
x2
= 10 7 ,5
0,046 x
[Ag ] =
x = 3,8.10-5 << 0,046; CrO 24- = 0,046M
10 12, 0
= 4,66.10 6 M;
0,046
[Ba ] = 100,046 = 2,55.10

9 , 93
2+
[Ba2+] v [Ag+] u << [CrO42- ], chng t nng CrO42- do 2 kt ta tan ra l khng ng k.

Vy trong dung dch c:
[Ba2+] = 2,55.10-9M ;
[Ag+] = 4,66.10-6M
[CrO42-] = 0,046M
[OH-] = 3,8.10-5M
[K+] = CK+ = 0,18M
;
;
[H+] = 2,63.10-10M;
C NO- = 0,088M.
2.
Dung dch X (Ba2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, NO3- )
+ H2SO4
+
BaSO4
Cr3+, Fe2+
PbSO4
+ NaOH
+ NaOH d
2-
BaSO4
PbO2
2-
Fe(OH)3
CrO4
SO42-, OH - Kt ta nu
Kt ta trng
+ H2O2
Dung dch mu vng
+ HNO3
PbSO4 Kt ta trng (hoc + H2S cho kt ta PbS mu en)
Ba2+ + HSO4-
BaSO4 +
H+
Pb2+ + HSO4-
PbSO4 +
H+
H+ + OH -
H2O
PbSO4 + 4 OH-
PbO22- + SO42- + H20

PbSO4 +
PbO22- + SO42- + 4 H+
( PbO2
2-
PbS en + 2 H2O )
+ 2 H2S
3+
Cr
+ 3 OH
2 H2O
Cr(OH)3
Cr(OH)3 + OH -
CrO2- + 2 H2O
2 CrO2- + 3 H2O2 + 2 OHFe2+
2 CrO42- + 4 H2O
Fe(OH)2
+ 2 OH -
Fe(OH)3
2 Fe(OH)2 + H2O2

Bng dung dch NH3, ngi ta c th lm kt ta hon ton ion Al3+ trong dung dch nc
dng hydroxit, nhng ch lm kt ta c mt phn ion Mg2+ trong dung dch nc dng hydroxit.
Hy lm sng t iu ni trn bng cc php tnh c th.
Cho bit: Tch s tan ca Al(OH)3 l 5.1033; tch s tan ca Mg(OH)2 l 4.1012; hng s phn
ly baz ca NH3 l 1,8.105.
BI GII:
Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng kt ta hidroxit:
3
NH4+ + OH
NH3 + H2O
Al3+ + 3 OH
Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O
; KNH3 = 1,8.105
; KS,
= 5. 1033
Al(OH)3
3
KNH
3 = 1,17.1018
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+ ; K =
KS;Al(OH)3
Tng t nh vy, i vi phn ng:

Mg2+ + 2 NH3 + 2 H2O
2
KNH
3 = 81
Mg(OH)2 + 2 NH4+ ; K =
KS;Mg(OH)2
2+
Phn ng thun nghch, Mg khng kt ta hon ton di dng magie hidroxit nh Al3+.
K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA NM 2005 (BNG B)
1. Tnh in li ca ion CO32 trong dung dch Na2CO3 c pH =11,60 (dung dch A).
2. Thm 10,00 ml HCl 0,160 M vo 10,00 ml dung dch A. Tnh pH ca hn hp thu c.
3. C hin tng g xy ra khi thm 1 ml dung dch bo ho CaSO4 vo 1 ml dung dch A.
HCO3 + H+ ; Ka1 = 106,35
Cho: CO2 + H2O
HCO3
H+ + CO32 ;
Ka2 = 1010,33
2
tan ca CO2 trong nc bng 3,0.10 M.
Tch s tan ca CaSO4 bng 105,04; ca CaCO3 bng 108,35
BI GII:
1.
CO32
+ H2O
HCO3 + OH ; Kb1 = 10-14/10-10,33

= 103,67
HCO3 + H2O
( H2O.CO2) + OH ; Kb2 = 10-14/10-6.35

= 107,65
Kb1 >> Kb2 , cn bng (1) l ch yu.

CO32
C
+ H2O
(1)
HCO3 + OH ;
103,67
(2)
[ ]
C 102,4
102,4
(10 )
2, 4 2
= 103,67
C 10 2, 4
CO3
2.
[]
C = 102,4 + (10-4,8/10-3,67) = 0,0781 M
102,4 102 = 5,1 %

0,0781
CHCl = 0,16/2 = 0,08 M ;
CNa2CO3 = 0,0781 = 0,03905 M
CO32
CO2 + H2O
+ 2 H+
0,03905
0,08
1,9. 103
0,03905
C CO > L CO
2
2
CO2
+ H2O
C
102,4
H+ +
3,0 102
3,0 102 x
HCO3 ; 106,35
1,9. 103
1,9. 103 + x
x(1,9. 10 +x) +
= 106,35
2
3,0 10 x
(do Ka1 >> Ka2)
x = 7,05.106 << 1,9. 103
[H+] = 1,9.103
Vy pH = lg 1,9. 103 = 2,72

3.
= 0,03905 0,0391
C CO 2 = 0,0781/2
3
Ca2+
x
CaSO4
+
x
SO42 ;
KS1 = 105,04
x = (KS1)0,5 = 102,52
CO32 + H2O
C
[]
CCa2+ = (10-2,52/2) = 102,82
HCO3 + OH ; 103,67
0,0391
0,0391 x
(do Kb1 >> Kb2)
x2
= 10 3,67 x = 2,89.10 3
0,0391 x
C
2 =
CO3
0,0391 2,89.103 = 0,0362 M
. CCa2+ = 0,0362 102,82 = 5,47.105 > 108,35
CO3
Kt lun: c kt ta CaCO3
II.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T:
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 28:
Kali dicromat l mt trong nhng tc nhn to kt ta c s dng rng ri nht. Nhng cn
bng sau c thit lp trong dung dch nc ca Cr(VI)
HCrO4- + H2O CrO42- + H3O+.
pK1 = 6,50
2HCrO4 Cr2O7 + H2O

1. Tch s ion ca nc KW = 1,0.10-14
Tnh hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng sau:
pK2 = -1,36
2-
a) CrO42- + H2O HCrO4- + OHb) Cr2O72- + 2OH- 2CrO42- + H2O

2. Tch s tan ca BaCrO4 l T = 1,2.10-10. Ba2Cr2O7 tan dn dng trong nc. Cn bng ca phn ng
(1b) s di chuyn theo chiu no khi thm cc tc nhn sau vo dung dch tng i m c ca
kali dicromat?
a) KOH
b) HCl
c) BaCl2
d) H2O (xt tt c cc cn bng trn).
3. Hng s phn ly ca axit axetic l Ka = 1,8.10-5. Hy tnh tr s pH ca cc dung dch sau:
a) K2CrO4 0,010M
b) K2Cr2O7 0,010M
c) K2Cr2O7 0,010M + CH3COOH 0,100M
4. Hy tnh nng ti cn bng ca cc ion sau trong dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,010M + CH3COOH
0,100M.
a) CrO42-.
b) Cr2O72-.
BI GII:
1) a) Hng s cn bng:
K = [HCrO4-][OH-]/[CrO42-] = [H+][OH-]/([H+][CrO42-]/[HCrO4-]) = Kw/K1 = 3,2.10-8
b) Hng s cn bng:
K = ([CrO42-][H+]/[HCrO4-])2/([HCrO4-]2/[Cr2O72-])/([H+][OH-])2 = 4,4.1013.
2) a) phi
b) Tri
c) BaCl2 di cn bng qua phi do ion cromat lin kt to thnh hp cht kh tan:
Ba2+ + CrO42- = BaCrO4
d) H2O di cn bng qua phi do khi thm nc vo dung dch dicromat dn n vic lm long
dung dch v lm cho cn bng phn ly ca ion dicromat qua bn phi. Theo bi th pH ca
dung dch phi b hn 7. Vi s pha long ny th pH ca dung dch s tng ln nn cn bng
phi chuyn dch v bn phi.
K = 3,16.10-8.
3) a) CrO42- + H2O = HCrO4- + OHCCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] [CrO42-]
[HCrO4-] [OH-]
Nh vy [OH-]2/CCr = K [OH-] = 1,78.10-5M nn [H+] = 5,65.10-10.
Vy pH = 9,25
K = 1/K2 = 4,37.10-2
b)
Cr2O72- + H2O = 2HCrO4-
HCrO4- = H+ + CrO42K = K1 = 3,16.10-7.

CCr = 2,0.10-2M = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-]
[H+] [CrO42-] = x = (K1[HCrO4-])1/2
K2 = [Cr2O72-]/[HCrO4-] = (CCr x)/2x2
iu ny dn n phng trnh: 2K2x2 + x CCr = 0
Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c: x = 1,27.10-2M [H+] = 6,33.10-5M
Vy pH = 4,20
c)
Trong CH3COOH 0,10M th [H+] = (KaC)1/2 = 1,34.10-3 pH = 2,87
y l tr s cn thit. So snh tr s ny vi pH ca dung dch dicromat 0,1M cho trn (b) cho
thy nh hng ca K2Cr2O7 trn pH c th an tm b qua c.
4) C th tnh bng hai cch:
Cch 1:
a) [HCrO4-] = 1,3.10-2M (3b) [CrO42-] = K1[HCrO4-]/[H+] = 3,0.10-6M
b) CCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] [Cr2O72-] = 3,7.10-3M
hoc [Cr2O72-] = K2[HCrO4-] = 3,9.10-3M
Cch 2:
a) [CrO42-] = x; [HCrO4-] = x[H+]/K1
[Cr2O72-] = K2[HCrO4-] = x2K2[H+]2/K12.
CCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] = 2K2[H+]2/K12x2 + (1 + [H+]/K1)x
K1 = 3,16.10-7; K2 = 22,9; [H+] = 1,34.10-3.
8,24.108x2 + 4,24.103x 2,0.10-2 = 0
x = 3,0.10-6M
b) [Cr2O72-] = K2 [HCrO4-] = K2[H+]2/K12[CrO42-] = 3,7.10-3M
Cc phng php o hiu th v quang ph c s dng rng ri xc nh cc nng cn
bng v hng s cn bng trong dung dch. C hai phng php thng xuyn c dng kt hp xc
nh ng thi nhiu tiu phn.
Dung dch nc axit ha I cha mt hn hp FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3, v dung dch nc II cha
mt hn hp K4[Fe(CN)6] v K3[Fe(CN)6]. Nng ca cc tiu phn c cha st tho mn cc quan h
[Fe2+]I = [Fe(CN)64-]II v [Fe3+]I = [Fe(CN)63-]II. Th ca in cc platin nhng trong dung dch I l
0,652V (so vi in cc hydro tiu chun), trong khi th ca in cc platin nhng trong dung dch II l
0,242V (so vi in cc hydro tiu chun). Phn trm truyn x ca dung dch II o c so vi
dung dch I ti 420nm bng 10,7% (chiu di ng truyn quang l = 5,02mm). Gi thit rng phc
[Fe(CN)64-] Fe3+(aq); Fe2+(aq) khng hp th nh sng ti 420nm. hp th mol (Fe(CN)63-) =
1100L/mol.cm ti bc sng ny. Th kh chun ca Fe3+/Fe2+ l 0,771V. Yu t ghi trc logarit thp
phn ca phng trnh Nernst bng 0,0590 (v ghi trc logarit t nhin l 0,0256). Gi thit rng tt c
cc h s hot u bng 1.
1) Vit phng trnh Nernst ca h thng oxy ha - kh ca:
a) Dung dch 1.
b) Dung dch 2 (ngoi tr phc xiano, b qua mi dng khc c trong dung dch)
2) n v ca yu t ghi trc logarit trong phng trnh Nernst c n v l g?
3) Tnh t s cc hng s bn vng (Fe(CN)63-)/(Fe(CN)64-)
4) Khong bin thin tuyt i trong ln (bin ) ca cc tham s vt l sau l bao nhiu.
a) truyn x (T)%
b) Mt quang (A) %.
5) Tnh nng ca
a) Fe3+ trong dung dch I

b) Fe2+ trong dung dch I
BI GII:
1) Phng trnh Nernst:
a) EI = Eo(Fe3+/Fe2+) + 0,0590lg([Fe3+]/[Fe2+]
b) EII = Eo(Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64-) + 0,0590lg([Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-])
2) Volt (V)
3) EII = Eo(Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64-) + 0,0590lg([Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-]
= Eo(Fe3+/Fe2+) + 0,0590lg(1/2) + 0,0590lg([CN-]6/[CN-]6) + 0,0590lg([Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-])
= 0,242
Trong 1 v 2 ln lt l cc hng s bn vng ca [Fe(CN)64-] v [Fe(CN)63-].
[Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-] = Fe3+/Fe2+ nn E = EII EI = 0,059lg(1/2) = 8,90.106.
4) a) T 0 n 100%
b) T 0 n
5) a) Dng nh lut Bouger Lambert Beer
A = .l.C = .l.[Fe(CN)63-] = 0,971
[Fe(CN)63-] = [Fe3+] = 1,76.10-3M
b) Dng phng trnh Nernst:
EI = Eo(Fe3+/Fe2+) + 0,0590lg([Fe3+]/[Fe2+]) = 0,652V
T : [Fe3+]/[Fe2+] = 9,62.10-3M [Fe2+] = 0,183M
HIn l mt cht ch th c tnh axit yu:
Hin + Na+OH- Na+In- + H2O

nhit thng, hng s phn li axit ca cht ch th ny l 2,93.10-5.
Tr s bc sng di hp th (cuvet 1,00cm) cho cc dung dch 5,00.10-4M (mol.dm-3) ca cht
ch th ny tng cc dung dch axit mnh v kim mnh c cho trong bng sau:
Tr s bc sng di hp th
pH = 1,00
pH = 13,00
(nm)
400
0,401
0,067
470
0,447
0,050
485
0,453
0,052
490
0,452
0,054
505
0,443
0,073
535
0,390
0,170
555
0,342
0,342
570
0,303
0,515
585
0,263
0,648
615
0,195
0,816
625
0,176
0,823
635
0,170
0,816
650
0,137
0,763
680
0,097
0,588
1) D on mu ca:
a) Dng axit.
b) Dng baz ca cht ch th.

2) Knh lc c mu no l thch hp nht phn tch bng quang k cht ch th ny trong mi trng
axit mnh?. Bit knh lc c t gia ngun sng v mu cht ch th.
3) Khong no ca bc sng l thch hp nht phn tch bng quang k cht ch th ny trong mi
trng baz mnh?
4) Cc dung dch ca cht ch th ny c pha ch trong dung dch HCl 0,1M v trong dung dch
NaOH 0,1M. xc nh c cc biu thc hon ton tuyn tnh gia bc sng di hp th v
nng ti 490nm v 625nm cho tng mi trng tng ng trn. ln ca hng s phn li axit
cho thy rng cht ch th ny hon ton khng phn li trong HCl 0,1M m li phn li hon ton
trong NaOH 0,1M
625nm
490nm
-1
-1
2
HIn (M .cm )
9,04.10
3,52.102
In-(NaOH)
1,08.102
1,65.103
Hy tnh bc sng di hp th (cuvet 1,00cm) hai bc sng trn ca mt dung dch khng
cha cht m ca cht ch th ny c nng 1,80.10-3M
BI GII:
1) Mu quan st c l mu kt hp vi mu ca s hp th ti a
a) iu kin axit (pH = 1): Mu hp th 490 25 (xanh lam - lc) v nh vy s truyn mu kt
hp v c mu vng cam (625 25 nm)
b) iu kin baz (pH = 13): Mu hp th 625 25 (vng cam) v nh vy s truyn mu kt
hp v c mu xanh lam - lc (490 25nm).
2) Knh lc cn truyn mu m mu s hp th hiu qa nht. Mu axit hp th mnh nht trong
khong xanh (490 25nm) v nh vy mt knh lc mu tng t s thch hp nht cho s phn tch
bng quang k ca mu th.
3) Khong bc sng c dng vi nhy cao nht s tng ng vi bc sng m mu th hp th
mnh nht. hp th ti a trong dng baz ca cht ch th trong dung dch xy ra 625 25 nm
v y l bc sng thch hp nht cho s phn tch.
4) Hng s in li ca cht ch th l:
H + In
Ka =
(1)
[HIn]
Ta li c:
(2)
[H+] = [In-]
-3
(3)
[HIn] + [In ] = 1,80.10 M
Thay (3) v (2) vo (1) ta c [In-] = 2,15.10-4M [HIn] = 1,58.10-3M
Khi y ta c th tnh c mt quang hai bc sng l:
A490 = 1,45
A625 = 0,911
PHN A:
Mt axit hai cha H2A tham gia vo cc phn ng phn li sau:
[ ][ ]
H2A HA- + H+
K1 = 4,50.10-7
HA- A2- + H+
K2 = 4,70.10-11.
Mt mu 20,00mL dung dch cha hn hp Na2A v NaHA c chun vi axit clohydric
0,300M. Qa trnh chun c thc hin vi mt pH - k in cc thy tinh. Hai im tng ng
trn ng cong chun nh sau:
S mL HCl thm vo
pH
1,00
10,33
10,00
8,34
1) Khi thm 1,00mL HCl, tiu phn no phn ng trc ht v to sn phm g?
2) Lng sn phm to thnh (mmol) cu 1 l bao nhiu?
3) Vit cn bng chnh ca sn phm cu 1 tc dng vi dung mi
4) Lng (mmol) Na2A v NaHA c mt lc u?
5) Tnh tng th tch ca HCl cn thit t n im tng ung th hai.
PHN B:
Cc dung dch I, II v III c cha cht ch th pH HIn (KIn = 4,19.10-4) v cc tc nhn khc ghi
trong bng. Cc ga tr hp th ti 400nm ca cc dung dch c o trong cng mt cuvet cng c
cho trong bng. Ka ca CH3COOH l 1,75.10-5.
Dung dch I
Dung dch II
Dung dch III
Nng ton phn ca
1,00.10-5M
1,00.10-5M
1,00.10-5M
HIn
Cc tc nhn khc
1,00M HCl
0,100M NaOH
1,00M CH3COOH
hp th ti 400nm
0,000
0,300
?
6) Hy tnh hp th ti 400nm ca dung dch III.
7) Ngoi H2O, H+ v OH- cn c tt c nhng tiu phn no c mt trong dung dch thu c t s trn
ln dung dch II v dung dch III theo t l th tch 1:1
8) hp th ti 400nm ca dung dch cu 7 l bao nhiu?
9) truyn x ti 400nm ca dung dch cu 7 l bao nhiu?
BI GII:
PHN A:
1) Tiu phn phn ng trc ht l: A2Sn phm l HA2) S mmol sn phm = 1,00.0,300 = 0,300mmol.
3) HA- + H2O H2A + OH4) Ti pH = 8,34 = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2 tt c A2- u b proton ha thnh HA-.
Do s mmol A2- c mt trong dung dch lc u = 3,00mmol
Ti pH = 10,33 h l mt dung dch m vi t l [A2-]/[HA-] = 1. Nh vy:
[HA-]lc u + [HA-]to thnh = [A2-]lc u - [HA-]to thnh
Nh vy s mmol HA lc u = 3,00 0,300 0,300 = 2,40mmol.
5) VHCl = [(2.3,00) + 2,40]/0,300 = 28,00mL
PHN B:
6) Dung dch III l dung dch ch th ti 10-5M trong dung dch c cha CH3COOH 1,0M.
c c hp th hay mt quang ca dung dch, cn thit phi tnh nng dng cn
bng ca cht ch th tu thuc vo [H+] ca dung dch
[H+]III = (Ka.C)1/2 = 4,18.10-3M
H + In
T HIn H+ + In- ta c: K a =
[HIn]
K
In
= In+ = 0,100
(1)
[HIn] H
Ta li c: [HIn] + [In-] = 10-5
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta tnh c [In ] = 0,091.10-5M
[ ][ ]
[ ]
[ ]
0,091.10 5
.0,300 = 0,027
1,00.10 5
7) CH3COOH, CH3COO-; Na+; HIn; In-.
8) Khi cc dung dch II v III c trn ln theo t l th tch 1:1 thu c mt dung dch m gm
CH3COO- 0,05M/CH3COOH 0,45M
[CH 3 COOH ]
H + = Ka
= 15,75.10 5
CH 3 COO
K In
10 3,38
In
=
=
= 2,65
(3)
V vy:
[HIn] H + 15,75.10 5
Ta li c: [HIn] + [In-] = 10-5
(2)
-5
T (2) v (3) ta tnh c [In ] = 0,726.10 M
0,726.10 5
.0,300 = 0,218
hp th ca dung dch =
1,0.10 5
9) truyn x ca dung dch = 10-( hp th) = 0,605
Transferin (Tf) - mt loi huyt thanh - l mt n protein c chc nng chnh l tham gia qa
trnh vn chuyn st (III) trong c th ngi. Mi phn t transferin c th vn chuyn hai ion Fe3+ theo
phn ng:
K1 = 4,7.1020M-1.
FeIII + Tf (FeIII)Tf
FeIII + (FeIII)Tf (FeIII)2Tf
K2 = 2,4.1019M-1.
III
3+
phn t (Fe )2Tf 2 ion Fe lien kt tng t nhau nhng khng cng mt pha v 2 phn t
st monotransferin (FeIII)Tf c th c biu th bng {FeIII.Tf} v {Tf.FeIII}. Bit K =
[{Tf.FeIII}].[{FeIII.Tf}] = 5,9.
1. Tnh ga tr ca K1 = [{FeIII.Tf}].[FeIII]-1. [Tf]-1 v K1=[{Tf.FeIII}].[FeIII]-1. [Tf]-1.
2. Tnh gi tr ca K2 = [(FeIII)2Tf].[FeIII]-1.[{FeIII.Tf}]-1 v K2=[(FeIII)2Tf].[FeIII]-1.[{Tf.FeIII}]-1.
Lin kt gia st (III) mi pha ca lin kt c bao quanh bi 6 nguyn t nhn t cc ligand
khc nhau. Theo cch ny, 2 nguyn t oxy ca anion CO32- phi tr vi kim loi v mi aminoaxit
cu trc bc 1 ca protein l: 1 Aspartic, 1 Histidin, 2 Tyrosin cng phi tr vi st (III).
3. C bao nhiu nguyn t oxy xung quanh mt ion st (III) trong transferin.
BI GII:
1. Nng ca phc monoferric transferin:
[(FeIII)Tf] = [{FeIII.Tf}] + [{Tf.FeIII}]
K1.K = K1
K1 + K1 = K1;
K1
4,7.10 20
'
K1 =
=
= 6,8.1019 M 1
1+ K
1 + 5,9
hp th ca dung dch III =
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
K 1" = K 1 K 1' = (4,7 0,68).10 20 = 4,0.10 20 M 1

2. Ta c:
K 1' K 2' = K 1" K 2" = K 1 K 2 K 2' =
K1 K 2
= 1,7.10 20 M 1
'
K1
K1 K 2
= 2,8.1019 M 1
"
K1
23. S nguyn t oxy = 2(CO3 ) + 1(Asp(O-)) + 2(2xTyr(O-)) = 5
K 1' K 2" = K1 K 2 K 2" =

Axit Photphoric l mt loi phn bn quan trng. Bn cnh axit photphoric v mui ca n c
nhiu ng dng trong x l kim loi, thc phm, cht ty ra v cng nghip ch to thuc nh rng.
1. Ga tr pK ca ba nc phn ly ca H3PO4 25oC l: pKa1 = 2,12; pKa2 = 7,21; pKa3=12,32. Vit cng
thc baz lin hp ca H2PO4- v tnh ga tr Kb ca n.
Mt lng nh H3PO4 c s dng rng ri to v chua hay v cht cho nhiu thc ung nh
cola v bia. Cola c t khi 1,00gmL-1 cha 0,05% H3PO4 v khi lng.
2. Tnh pH ca cola (b qua nc phn li th 2 v 3). Gi s rng nguyn nhn gy ra tnh axit ca cola
l do H3PO4.
3. H3PO4 c s dng lm phn bn trong nng nghip ; 1,00.10-3M H3PO4 c thm vo dung
dch huyn ph ct v pH ca dung dch thu c l 7,00. Tnh nng phn mol ca cc loi
photphat khc nhau trong t bit rng trong t khng c cht no phn ng vi photphat.
4. Km l nguyn t vi lng quan trng cn cho s pht trin cy trng. Cy trng c th hp th
c km dng dung dch nc. trong dung dch ncc ngm c pH = 7,0 ngi ta tm thy
c Zn3(PO4)2. Tnh [Zn2+ ] v [PO43-] trong dung dch bo ha. Bit T ca km photphat l
9,1.10-35.
BI GII:
1. Baz lin hp ca dihidro photphat (H2PO4-) l monohydrophotphat (HPO42-)
H2PO4- + H2O HPO42- + H3O+
K2a
HPO4 + H2O H2PO4 + OH
K2b
2-
2H2O H3O + OH
pK2a + pK2b = pKw = 14
pK2b = 6,79
2. C(H3PO4) = 0,0051M
+
Kw.
H3PO4
+ H2O
H2PO40,0051 x
x
-3
pKa1 = 2,12. Vy Ka = 7,59.10 .
Ta c:
H 2 PO 4 H 3 O +
x2
=
= 7,59.10 3
[H 3 PO4 ]
0,0051 x
][
x = H 3 O + = 3,49.10 3
pH = 2,46
3. t:
[H X ]
fo = 3
C
H X
f1 = 2
C
HX 2
f2 =
C
X 3
f3 =
C
[ ]
H3O+
x
k hu cc phn s nng ca cc loi photphat khc nhau; C l tng nng ban u ca

H3X (X = PO4):
f o + f1 + f 2 + f 3 = 1
K a1 =
[H
][
X H 3O +
f
= 1 H 3O +
[H 3 X ]
fo
+
K a3
[HX ][H O ] = f [H O ]
=
f
[H X ]
[X ][H O ] = f [H O ]
=
[HX ] f
2
K a2
3
2
Cc phng trnh trn y dn n:
[H O ]
=
+ 3
fp
K a1 H 3 O +
f1 =
D
K .K H O +
f 2 = a 2 a1 3
D
K a1 K a 2 K a 3
f3 =
D
Vi D = Ka1.Ka2.Ka3 + Ka1.Ka2.[H3O+] + Ka1[H3O+] + [H3O+]3.
T cc ga tr Ka1; Ka2; Ka3 v pH ta c c cc kt qa sau:
Ka1 = 7,59.10-3;
Ka2 = 6,17.10-8;
Ka3 = 4,79.10-13 v [H3O+] = 10-7.
V cc phn s nng ca cc loi photphat khc nhau s l:
H3PO4 (fo) = 8,10.10-6.
H2PO4- (f1) = 0,618
HPO42- (f2) = 0,382
PO43- (f3) = 1,83.10-6.
4. t S(M) l tan ca km photphat trong nc ngm:
[Zn2+] = 3S
Tng nng ca cc dng khc nhau ca photphat = 2S
[PO43-] = f3.2S
f3 c th c xc nh t cc quan h cu 3
i vi pH = 7 th f3 = 1,83.10-6.
T = [Zn2+]3[PO43-]2 = (3S)3.(f3.2S)2 = 9,1.10-33
S = 3,0.10-5M
[Zn2+] = 9.10-5M
[PO43-] = 1,1.10-10M
Kh nng nhn ion H+ ca nc c gi l tnh kim. Tnh kim rt quan trng i vi vic x
l nc, tnh cht ho hc v sinh hc ca nc. Ni chung, cc thnh phn ch yu nh hng n tnh
kim ca nc l HCO3-, CO32- v OH-. ga tr pH di 7 th H+ trong nc lm gim tnh kim ca
nc. Chnh v vy, phng trnh nu kim ca nc khi c mt cc ion HCO3-, CO32- v OH- c th
c biu din bi:
kim = [HCO3-] + 2[CO32- ] + [OH-] - [H+].
Cc cn bng v hng s cn bng ( 298K) c cho sau y:
CO2(k) CO2(aq)
K(CO2) = 3,44.10-2.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
K(H2CO3) = 2,00.10-3.
H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
Ka1 = 2,23.10-4.
HCO3- CO32- + H+
CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32-
Ka2 = 4,69.10-11
Ksp = 4,50.10-9.
Kw = 1,00.10-14
H2O H+ + OH1. Nc t nhin (nc sng hay h) lun cha CO2 ho tan. T l [H2CO3] : [HCO3-] : [CO32-] = a
: 1,00 : b. Xc nh a, b trong nc c nng [H+] = 1,00.10-7M.
2. Kh CO2 trong kh quyn c th lin quan ti tnh kim ca nc do n nm cn bng vi hm
lng CO2 tan trong nc. Tnh nng ca CO2 (mol/L) trn nc tinh khit nm cn bng vi
khng kh khng b nhim p sut 1,01.105Pa v 298K cha 0,0360% (v s mol) CO2. Gi
s p sut tiu chun l 1,01.105Pa.
Nu bn khng lm c cu ny th c th gi s rng nng CO2(aq) = 1,11.10-5M.
tan ca CO2 trong nc c th c nh ngha bng biu thc S=[CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] +
[HCO3-] + [CO32-]. tan ca kh CO2 trong nc nm cn bng vi khng kh khng b nhim
298K v 1,01.105Pa lun khc vi kim
3. Tnh tan ca CO2(k) tring nc tinh khit (mol/L). B qua s phn li ca nc.
4. Khi trong nc c 1,00.10-3M NaOH th tan ca CO2(k) lc ny s l bao nhiu?
298K, 1,01.105Pa th kh khng nhim s nm cn bng vi nc thin nhin cha CaCO3
ho tan. Cn bng sau y c th tn ti:
CaCO3(r) + CO2(aq) + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3-.
5. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng trn.
Nu khng tnh c th ta c th gi s K = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton cho cu tip theo.
6. Tnh nng Ca2+ (mg/L) trong CaCO3 ho tan trong nc nm cn bng vi CO2 trong kh
quyn.
Nu khng tnh c th ta c th gi s rng nng ca Ca2+(aq) l 40,1mg/L tnh ton.
7. Tnh kim ca dung dch trn.
8. mt h nc ngm cha CaCO3 ho tan th nc c lng CO2 rt cao. Nng ca Ca2+ trong h cao n 100mg/L. Gi thit rng h nc v khng kh bn trn l mt h kn, tnh hot
p ca CO2 (Pa) trong khng kh nm cn bng vi Ca2+ trn.
BI GII:
1
[H+] = 1,00.10-7M
Ka1 = [HCO3-][H+]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.10-4 [HCO3-]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.103

Ka2 = [CO32-][H+]/[HCO3-] = 4,69.10-11 [CO32-]/[HCO3-] = 4,69.10-4
[H2CO3] : [HCO3-] : [CO32-] = 4,48.10-4 : 1,00 : 4,69.10-4
(a)
(b)
2.
P(CO2) = 1,01.105.3,60.10-4 = 36,36Pa
[CO2(aq)] = K(CO2).P(CO2) = 1,24.10-5mol/L
Nu khng lm c cu 6 2 th c th gi s [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M tnh cc cu tip theo.
3.
a)
tan = [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
= [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-]
([H2CO3] = [CO2(aq)] . K(H2CO3) = 2,48.10-8M v
[CO32-] = Ka2/([H+].[HCO3-] = Ka2 = 4,69.10-11M u qa nh nn ta b qua).
[H+].[HCO3-]/[CO2(aq)] = Ka1.K(H2CO3) = 4,46.10-7
T cu 6 2 [CO2(aq)]=1,24.10-5M ta tnh c [H+]=[HCO3-]=2,35.10-6M
Vy tan ca CO2 s bng 1,48.10-5M.
b)
S dng [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
tan
= [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
= [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-]
([H2CO3] = [CO2(aq)] . K(H2CO3) = 2,48.10-8M v
[CO32-] = Ka2/([H+].[HCO3-] = Ka2 = 4,69.10-11M u qa nh nn ta b qua).
[H+].[HCO3-]/[CO2(aq)] = Ka1.K(H2CO3) = 4,46.10-7
T cu 6 2 [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M ta tnh c [H+]=[HCO3-]=2,225.10-6M
Vy tan ca CO2 s bng 1,34.10-5M.
4.
a) S dng [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
Trong dung dch NaOH 1,00.10-3M, tan ca CO2 phi tng ln do phn ng sau:
(1) CO2(aq) + 2OH- CO32- + H2O K = K(H2CO3).Ka1.Ka2/(1,00.10-14)2 = 2,09.1011
(2) CO2(aq) + CO32- + H2O 2HCO3- K = K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 9,37.103
Kt hp (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH- HCO3K = 4,43.107.
Do K rt ln nn ton b lng OH u chuyn ht v HCO3-.
[HCO3-] = 1,00.10-3M
[OH-]
= 1,82.10-6M
[H+]
= 5,49.10-9M
2[CO3 ]
= 8,54.10-6M
tan
= [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
[CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = 1,02.10-3M
b) S dng [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
Trong dung dch NaOH 1,00.10-3M, tan ca CO2 phi tng ln do phn ng sau:
(3) CO2(aq) + 2OH- CO32- + H2O K = K(H2CO3).Ka1.Ka2/(1,00.10-14)2 = 2,09.1011
(4) CO2(aq) + CO32- + H2O 2HCO3- K = K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 9,37.103
Kt hp (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH- HCO3K = 4,43.107.

Do K rt ln nn ton b lng OH u chuyn ht v HCO3-.
[HCO3-] = 1,00.10-3M
[OH-]
[H+]
[CO32-]
tan
5.
= 1,82.10-6M
= 5,49.10-9M
= 8,54.10-6M
= [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-]
[CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = 1,02.10-3M
Keq = Ksp.K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 4,28.10-5

Nu khng tnh c cu 6 5 th ta c th gi s rng Keq = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton.
6.
a) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
Cn bng khi lng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+]
T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
-5
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10 M
[Ca2+] = 0,510.10-3M = 20,5mg/L
b) S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,5177.10-3M = 20,75mg/L
c) S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton:
T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,5372.10-3M = 21,53mg/L
d) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton:
T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5
= [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)]
T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M
[Ca2+] = 0,4916.10-3M = 19,70mg/L
7.
HCO3- l thnh phn ch yu trong dung dch:
pH ca dung dch ny c th c tnh bng cng thc:
pH = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2 = 6,99 7,00
Vi Ka1 v Ka2 l hng s axit ca H2CO3.
Ti pH = 7,00 th [OH-] v [H+] ta c th b qua.
Bn cnh theo cu 6 1 th:[CO32-] << [HCO3-]
kim = [HCO3-] + 2[CO3-] + [OH-] - [H+] [HCO3-]
T cu 6 6: ta c th c 5 kt qa sau:
a) 1,02.10-3M
b) 1,035.10-3M
c) 1,0744.10-3M
d) 0,9831.10-3M
e) 2,00.10-3M (gi s [Ca2+(aq)] = 40,1mg/L)
8.
a) S dng Keq = 4,28.10-5 tnh ton
[Ca2+] = 100mg/L = 2,50.10-3M
Thay vo biu thc Keq = 4,28.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= 4[Ca2+]3/[CO2(aq)]
-3
[CO2(aq)] = 1,46.10 M
P(CO2) = {[CO2(aq)]/K(CO2).1,01.105 = 4,28.103Pa
b)
S dng Keq = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton:
[Ca2+] = 100mg/L = 2,50.10-3M
Thay vo biu thc Keq = 5,00.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]
= 4[Ca2+]3/[CO2(aq)]
-3
[CO2(aq)] = 1,25.10 M
P(CO2) = {[CO2(aq)]/K(CO2).1,01.105 = 3,67.103Pa
III.
BI TP CHUN B CHO OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T:
Tnh axit ca mt mu nc ty thuc s hp th kh. Ni chung, kh quan trng nht gy nn
tnh axit l cacbon dioxit.
a) Vit ba phng trnh phn ng minh ha nh hng ca CO2 trong khng kh ln tnh axit ca
nc.
b) Xp cc hn hp kh sau theo th t tng dn kh nng ha tan ca CO2(k) trong dung dch nc
(tnh theo % s mol)
i) 90% Ar; 10% CO2.
ii) 80% Ar; 10% CO2; 10% NH3.
iii) 80% Ar; 10% CO2; 10%Cl2.
Vit cc phng trnh ca bt k phn ng ho hc no xy ra trong dung dch nc khi phi
kh cc hn hp kh trn.
c) Xp cc h sau (trong nc) theo th t kh nng ho tan ca CO2. Gi thit rng trc khi phi
di hn hp 10% CO2 trong Ar, chng t cn bng vi khng kh.
i) Nc ct.
ii) Dung dch HCl 1M
iii) Dung dch CH3COONa 1M
d) Gi thit rng khng kh c cha 350ppm CO2 (theo th tch), v t cn bng gia CO2 kh v
tan (trong nc), hy tnh pH ca mt git nc ma p sut khng kh. Cc hng s thch hp
ti 25oC l: kH(CO2) = 3,39.10-2mol.L-1.atm-1; Kb(HCO3-) = 2,24.10-8; Kb(CO32-) = 2,14.10-4.
e) Tnh pH ca mt chai nc c ga (P(CO2(k)) = 1atm)
BI GII:
a) Cc phn ng:
CO2(k) CO2(aq)
(1)
CO2(aq) + H2O HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq)

+
HCO3 (aq)
l ta c thm cn bng:
-
CO32-(aq)
H+(aq)
CO2(aq) + H2O H2CO3(aq)
(2)
(3)
C th c gii thiu gii thch s tn ti ring bit ca CO2 dng ho tan v ca axit
cacbonic phn t trong dung dch nc nhng khng bt buc phi dng cn bng ny gii thch
phn ng ho hc phn ng ca cacbonat trong nc.
Do cn bng c thit lp vi s c mt ng thi ca cc cht hai v ca mi phn ng v
do ta bt u t CO2(k) v H2O nn dung dch thu c r rng phi c tnh axit.
b) NH3 l mt kh c tnh baz:
NH3(k) NH3(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Nn s xy ra phn ng axit baz, ko cn bng (2) v (3) theo chiu thun. iu ny lm tng
kh nng ho tan ca CO2 c trong kh quyn.
Cl2 l mt kh c tnh axit:
Cl2(k) Cl2(aq)
Cl2(aq) + H2O Cl-(aq) + H+(aq) + HOCl(aq)
HOCl(aq) H+(aq) + OCl-(aq)
S gia tng [H+] sinh ra t cc phn ng ny s di cc cn bng (2) v (3) theo chiu nghch.
iu ny lm gim kh nng ho tan ca CO2 trong kh quyn.
Nh vy chiu hng CO2 ho tan l: ii>i>iii.
c) Axetat CH3COO- l baz lin hp ca mt axit yu:
CH3COO-(aq) + H2O CH3COOH(aq) + OH-(aq)
Dung dch natri axetat c tnh kim v s di mi cn bng ca CO2 theo chiu thun.
Dung dch HCl s di cn bng ca CO2 theo chiu nghch.
Nh vy chiu hng CO2 hoa tan l: iii>i>ii
d) Nng ca CO2 trong dung dch nc c tnh bi nh lut Henry:
[CO2(aq)] = kH.P(CO2) = 1,187.10-5M
Ka = Kw/Kb
Ka(CO2(aq)) = 4,46.10-7
Ka(HCO3-(aq)) = 4,67.10-11
Do Ka(CO2(aq)) >> Ka(HCO3-(aq)) ta gi s rng trong dung dch axit ch c cn bng ca qa trnh
tch loi proton H+ th nht l ng k (c th kim tra li iu ny mt khi tm c [H+]). Do :
[H+] = [HCO3-] = 2,30.10-6M
Vy pH = 5,64
Nay, vi [H+] = [HCO3-] = 2,30.10-6M ta c th thy [CO32-] = 4,67.10-11M. Do mc phn
ly ca HCO3- thnh H+ v CO32- rt nh v gi thit nu trn l ng.
e) Thy ngay l 1atm CO2(k) s to dung dch axit hn l 350ppm CO2(k): Vy vi cc l do nh
trnh by cu d ta ch cn xt cn bng:
CO2(k) CO2(aq)
CO2(aq) + H2O HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq)
gii quyt cu hi
[CO2(aq)] = kH.P(CO2) = 3,39.10-2M
v [H+] = [HCO3-] = (Ka[CO2(aq)])0,5 = 1,23.10-4M
Vy pH = 3,91
a) Axit photphoric, H3PO4 l mt axit ba chc. Nu chun mt dung dch H3PO4 0,1000M vi
NaOH 0,1000M. Hy c lng pH ti cc thi im sau:
i) Gia im bt u v im tng ng th nht.

ii) Ti im tng ng th hai.
iii) Ti sao rt kh xc nh ng cong chun sau im tng ng th hai?
K1 = 7,1.10-3
K2 = 6,2.10-8
K3 = 4,4.10-13.
b) Mt dung dch cha 530mmol Na2S2O3 v mt lng cha xc nh KI. Khi dung dch ny c
chun vi AgNO3 th dng c 20,0mmol AgNO3 trc khi bt u vn c v AgI kt
ta. C bao nhiu mmol KI?. Bit th tch sau cng l 200mL.
Ag(S2O3)23- Ag+ + 2S2O32-(aq)
Kd = 6,0.10-14.
AgI(r) Ag+(aq) + I-(aq)

BI GII:
a) (i) C dung dch m H3PO4 v H2PO4[H 3 PO4 ]
H + = K1
H 2 PO4
T = 8,5.10-17.
[ ]
[H 3 PO4 ] = 7,1.10 3 M
pH = 2,15
(ii) Ti im tng ng th hai, c HPO42- nn:
[H+] = (K2K3)0,5 = 1,7.10-10M
pH = 9,77
(iii) HPO42- (K3 = 4,4.10-13) c tnh axit khng mnh hn H2O bao nhiu (Kw = 1,00.10-14). Thm
baz mnh vo dung dch HPO42- tng t nh thm baz mnh vo nc.
b) Do hng s to phc ca Ag(S2O3)23-, Kf = (Kd)-1 = 1,667.1013 l rt ln nn hu ht Ag+ thm
vo s to phc vi S2O32- v:
[Ag(S2O3)23-] = 0,100M
s mmol S2O32- t do = 530 (2.20) = 490mmol.
[S2O32-] = 2,450M
Nng ion Ag+ t do c tnh t Kd
[Ag ][S O ] = 6,0.10

K =
[Ag (S O ) ]
[Ag ] = 1,0.10
+
2 2
3
3
3 2
15
Ag+ + I- AgI
T = [Ag+][I-] = 8,5.10-17
[I-] = 8,5.10-2M
mmol KI = 17,0mmol.
14

Cc dung dch X, Y tun theo nh lut Beer trn mt khong nng kh rng. S liu ph ca
cc tiu phn ny trong cuvet 1,00cm nh sau:
Mt quang A
(nm)
Y (2,00.10-4M)
X (8,00.10-5M)
400
0,077
0,555
440
0,096
0,600
480
0,106
0,564
520
0,113
0,433
560
0,126
0,254
600
0,264
0,100
660
0,373
0,030
700
0,346
0,063
a) Hy tnh hp th mol ca X v Y ti 440 v 660nm
b) Hy tnh mt quang ca mt dung dch 3,00.10-5M theo X v 5,00.10-4M theo Y ti 520 v
600nm.
c) Mt dung dch cha X v Y c mt quang 0,400 v 0,500 theo th t ti 440 v 660nm. Hy
tnh nng ca X v Y trong dung dch. Gi s khng xy ra phn ng gia X v Y.
BI GII:
a) T nh lut Beer A = .l.C
Thay s t bng s liu ta c bng sau:
X (cm-1.mol-1.L)
Y (cm-1.mol-1.L)
440nm
1,2.103
3,00.103
3
660nm
4,67.10
1,50.102
b) Ti 520nm
A = AX + AY = 1,125
Ti 600nm
A = AX + AY = 0,349
c) Ti 440nm ta c: 0,400 = 1,2.103CX + 3,0.103CY
Ti 660nm ta c: 0,500 = 4,67.103CX + 1,5.102CY
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
CX = 1,04.10-4M v CY = 9,17.10-5M
Tr s pH ca nc nguyn cht l 7,0; trong khi nc ma t nhin c tnh axit yu do s
ho tan ca cacbon dioxit trong kh quyn. Tuy nhin trong nhiu khu vc nc ma c tnh axit mnh
hn. iu ny do mt s nguyn nhn trong c nhng nguyn nhn t nhin v nhng nguyn nhn
xut pht t cc hot ng ca con ngi. Trong kh quyn SO2 v NO b oxy ha theo th t thnh SO3
v NO2, chng phn ng vi nc chuyn thnh axit sunfuric v axit nitric. Hu qa l to thnh
ma axit vi pH trung bnh khong 4,5. Tuy nhin cng o c cc tr s thp n mc 1,7.
Lu hunh dioxit SO2 l mt axit hai chc trong dung dch nc. Ti 25oC cc hng s axit
bng:
SO2(aq) + H2O(l) HSO3-(aq) + H+(aq)
Ka1 = 10-1,92M
HSO3-(aq) SO32-(aq) + H+(aq)

Ka2 = 10-7,18M
Tt c cc cu hi sau u xt 25oC:
a) Tnh tan ca SO2 l 33,9L tng 1L H2O ti p sut ring phn ca lu hunh dioxit bng 1 bar.
i)
Hy tnh nng ton phn ca SO2 trong nc bo ho kh SO2 (b qua s thay i

th tnh xy ra do s ho tan SO2)
ii)
Hy tnh thnh phn phn trm ca ion hydrosunfit.
iii)
Tnh pH ca dung dch.
b) Hy tnh [H+] trong dung dch nc ca Na2SO3 0,0100M
c) Cn bng chnh trong dung dch nc ca NaHSO3.
2HSO3-(aq) SO2(aq) + SO32-(aq) + H2O(l).
i)
Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca cn bng trn.
ii)
Hy tnh nng ca lu hunh dioxit trong dung dch nc ca natri hydrosunfit
0,0100M nu ch xt cn bng ghi trn.
d) Tnh tan ca bari sunfit trong nc bng 0,016g/100mL
i)
Hy tnh nng ion Ba2+ trong nc bo ho.
ii)
Hy tnh nng ca ion sunfit trong nc bo ho.
iii)
Tnh T ca bari hydrosunfit.
e) Tch s tan ca bc sunfit bng 10-13,82M3. Hy tnh nng ion bc trong dung dch nc ca
bc sunfit bo ho (b qua tnh baz ca ion sunfit).
f) Tch s tan ca canxi sunfit bng 10-7,17M2. Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
Ca2+(aq) + Ag2SO3(r) CaSO3(r) + 2Ag+(aq)
g) Nh tng git brom n d vo dung dch lu hunh dioxit 0,0100M. Ton b lu hunh dioxit
b oxy ha thnh sunfat (VI). Brom d c tch ra bng cch sc vi kh nit
Vit mt phng trnh phn ng ca qa trnh v tnh nng ion hydro tng dung dch thu
c. Gi s cc qa trnh ho hc cng nh cc thao tc th nghim u khng lm thay i th tch
dung dch. Tr s pKa ca ion hydrosunfat bng 1,99.
h) Sau mi t phun tro ni la, tr s pH ca nc ma o c bng 3,2. Hy tnh nng ton
phn ca axit sunfuric trong nc ma, gi thit rng s axit ho ch so axit sunfuric. Proton th
nhn trong axit sunfuric c th c xem nh phn li hon ton.
BI GII:
a) i)
pV = nRT n = 1,368 mol C(SO2) = 1,368M
ii)
iii)
SO2(aq) + H2O HSO3-(aq) + H+(aq)

x2
+
= 10 1,99 x = 0,1224M
vi [H ] = [HSO3 ] = x th
1,368 x
Vy %HSO3 = 8,95%
pH = 0,91
b) SO32-(aq) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq)

Vi [OH-] = [HSO3-] = x th:
x2
10 14
= 7 ,18 = 10 6,82 x = 3,89.10 5 M H + = 2,57.10 10 M
0,01 x 10
c) Ta c:
[SO2 ] SO32 [SO2 ] SO32 H + K a 2
=
. + =
= 10 5, 26
i) K =
K a1
HSO3
HSO3
H
2ii) [SO2] + [HSO3 ] + [SO3 ] = 0,01M v [SO2] = [SO32-]
[SO2 ]2
Vy ta c:
= 10 5, 26 [SO 2 ] = 2,33.10 5 M
[
]
(0,01 2 SO 2 )
[ ]
][ ]
] [ ]
d) M(BaSO3) = 217,39g.mol-1.
i) [Ba2+] = 7,36.10-4M
ii) SO32-(aq) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq)
[OH-] = [HSO3-] = x
[HSO3-] + [SO32-] = [Ba2+]
x2
= 10 6,82
4
(7,36.10 x)
x = 1,0479.10 5 M SO32 = 7,26.10 4 M

e) [Ag+] = 3,927.10-5M
2
2
SO32 T Ag 2 SO3
Ag +
Ag +
=
.
=
= 10 6, 65
f) K =
2+
2+
2
T
Ca
Ca
SO3
CaSO 3
[ ] [ ] [
[ ] [ ][
]
]
g) Phn ng: 2H2O(l) + SO2(aq) + Br2(aq) SO42-(aq) + Br-(aq) + 4H+(aq)

Cn bng: HSO4-(aq) SO42-(aq) + H+(aq)
Ka = 10-1,99M
[SO42-] = [HSO4-] = 0,01M v [H+] + [HSO4-] = 0,04M
[HSO4-] = 0,04 - [H+] v [SO42-] = [H+] 0,03M [H+] = 0,0324M
h) [H+] = 10-3,2M; Ka = 10-1,99M; [HSO4-] = 10-1,28[SO42-]
[H+] = 10-3,2 = 10-1,28[SO42-] + 2[SO42-] + 10-10,8.
[SO42-] = 3,074.10-4M v [HSO4-] = 1,613.10-5M
C(H2SO4) = [HSO4-] + [SO42-] = 3,24.10-4M.
Ho tan 1,00NH4Cl v 1,00g Ba(OH)2.8H2O vo 80mL nc. Pha long dung dch thu c
bng nc n 100mL ti 25oC.
a) Tnh pH ca dung dch (pKa(NH4+) = 9,24
b) Hy tnh nng ca tt c cc ion trong dung dch.
c) Hy tnh pH sau khi thm 10,0mL dung dch HCl 1,00M vo dung dch trn.
d) Hy tnh [NH3] ca dung dch mi.
BI GII:
a) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) NH3(aq) + H2O(aq)
18,7mmol NH4Cl v 3,17 mmol Ba(OH)2.8H2O (6,34mmol OH-) to ra 6,34mmol NH3 v
12,4mmol NH4+ cn li khng i.
NH 4+
+
H = Ka
= 1,13.10 9 M pH = 8,95
[NH 3 ]
+
b) [NH4 ] = 0,124M; [Ba2+] = 0,0317M; [H+] = 1,13.10-9M; [Cl-] = 0,187M; [OH-] = 8,85.10-6M
c) Thm 10,0mmol HCl, trong c 6,34mmol c NH3 trung ho. Gi thit rng th tch bng
110mL, v b qua axit yu NH4+ ta c: [H+] = 0,0333M pH = 1,48
d) Trong dung dch axit mnh [NH3] s rt nh: [NH4+] = 0,170M
NH 4+
[NH 3 ] = K a + = 2,9.10 9 M
H
[ ]
[ ]

Mt hc sinh iu ch dung dch bo ho magie hydroxit trong nc tinh khit ti 25oC. Tr s
pH ca dung dch bo ho c tnh bng 10,5.
a) Dng kt qa ny tnh tan ca magie hydroxit trong nc. Phi tnh tan theo mol.L-1
cng nh g/100mL.
b) Hy tnh tch s tan ca magie hydroxit.
c) Hy tnh tan ca magie hydroxit trong dung dch NaOH 0,010M ti 25oC.
Khuy trn mt hn hp gm 10g Mg(OH)2 v 100mL dung dch HCl 0,100M bng my khuy
t tnh trong mt thi gian ti 25oC.
d) Hy tnh pH ca pha lng khi h thng t cn bng.
BI GII:
a) Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + 2OHpOH = 14,0 10,5 = 3,5 [OH-] = 10-3,5 = 3,2.10-4M

Tng ng vi [Mg2+] = [Mg(OH)2 in ly] = tan ca Mg(OH)2 = 1,6.10-4M hay 9,2.10-4g/100mL.
b) Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = 1,6.10-11M3
c) Mg(OH)2(r) Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
[Mg2+] = x; [OH-] = 0,010 + 2x 0,010M
Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = x[OH-]2 = 1,6.10-11 x =
1,6.10 11
= 1,6.10 7 M
2
(0,010)
tan bng 1,6.10-7M hay 9.10-7g/100mL

d) Mg(OH)2 c rt d v axit clohydric b trung ho hon ton theo phn ng:
Mg(OH)2 (r) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Gi s th tch khng i v bng 100mL, phn ng ny to ra Mg2+ c nng 0,050M.
Ri Mg(OH)2 ho tan trong dung dch [Mg2+] = 0,010 + x 0,050M
K sp
OH =
= 1,8.10 5 M pH = 14 pOH = 14 + lg(1,8.10 5 ) = 9,3
2+
Mg
Cadimi l mt trong nhng kim loi rt c c tm thy vi nng cao trong cht thi t s
luyn km, m in v x l nc thi. Ht phi cadimi dng ht nh s nhanh chng nh hng n h
h hp ri sau l thn. Cadimi cho thy s cnh tranh vi km ti cc vng hot ng ca enzym.
Cadimi to thnh hydroxit hi kh tan l Cd(OH)2.
a) Hy tnh tan ca Cd(OH)2 trong nc nguyn cht (b qua cn bng t proton phn)
b) Hy tnh tan ca Cd(OH)2 trong dung dch NaOH(aq) 0,010M
Ion Cd2+ c i lc mnh vi ion CN-:
] [
Cd2+(aq) + CN-(aq) Cd(CN)+(aq)
K1 = 105,48M-1.
Cd(CN)+(aq) + CN-(aq) Cd(CN)2(aq)
K2 = 105,12M-1.
Cd(CN)2(aq) + CN-(aq) Cd(CN)3-(aq)
K3 = 104,63M-1.
K4 = 103,65M-1.
Cd(CN)3-(aq) + CN-(aq) Cd(CN)42-(aq)
c) Hy tnh tan ca Cd(OH)2 trong nc c cha ion CN-. Nng cn bng l [CN-]=1,00.103
M
d) Gi thit rng ch to thnh phc Cd(CN)42-, hy tnh phn trm sai lch tan so vi tan tm
c cu c.
Bit T(Cd(OH)2) = 5,9.10-15M3.
BI GII:
a) S = 1,14.10-5M
b) S = 5,9.10-11M
c) S = 0,5[OH-] = C(Cd)
C(Cd) = [Cd2+] + [Cd(CN)+] + [Cd(CN)2] + [Cd(CN)3-] + [Cd(CN)42-]
0,5[OH-] = [Cd2+](1 + K1[CN-] + K1K2[CN-]2 + K1K2K3[CN-]3 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)
[OH-] = [2.T(1 + K1[CN-] + K1K2[CN-]2 + K1K2K3[CN-]3 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)]3/2
= 4,79.10-3M
S = 2,4.10-3M
d) [OH-] = [2.T.(1 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)]3/2 = 4,47.10-3M
S = 2,24.10-3M
Phn trm sai lch = 6,7%
Hai yu t quan trng nht nh hng ln tan ca cc mui kh tan l pH v s c mt ca tc
nhn to phc. Bc oxalat l mt v d in hnh: Tch s tan ca n trong nc l T = 2,06.10-4 ti
pH=7. tan ca n b nh hng bi pH khi anion oxalat phn ng vi ion hydroni v bng tc nhn
to phc chng hn nh amoniac to phc vi cation bc.
a) Tnh tan ca bc oxalat trong dung dch axit c pH = 5,0. Hai hng s phn li ca axit oxalic
ln lt l: K1 = 5,6.10-2 v K2 = 6,2.10-6.
b) Vi s c mt ca amoniac th ion bc to thnh hai dng phc Ag(NH3)+ v Ag(NH3)2+. Cc
hng s to phc tng nc tng ng s l 1 = 1,59.103 v 2 = 6,76.103. Tnh tan ca bc
oxalat trong dung dch cha 0,02M NH3 v c pH = 10,8.
BI GII:
a) T = [Ag+]2[C2O42-]
Ta c: [Ag+] = 2S
C(C2O42-) = S = [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4]
H2C2O4 = H+ + HC2O4K1 = 5,6.10-2.
+
2HC2O4 = H + C2O4
K2 = 6,2.10-6.
2
H+
H +
2
+
Ta c kt qa sau: S = C 2 O 4 1 +
K
K 1 K 2
2
K1 K 2
C 2 O 42 =
.S = .S
+ 2
H
+ K1 H + + K1 K 2
Ti pH = 7 th [H+] = 10-7 1
T = 3,5.10-11.
Ti pH = 5 th [H+] = 10-5 0,861
S = 2,17.10-4.
b) [NH3] = 0,02M
Ti pH = 10,8 th [H+] = 1,585.10-11 1
Tng nng [Ag+] trong dung dch c xc nh bi phng trnh
CAg = 2S = [Ag+] + [Ag(NH3)+] + [Ag(NH3)2+]
Cc phn ng to phc:
1 = 1,59.103
Ag+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)+
+
+
Ag(NH3) + NH3 = Ag(NH3)2
2 = 6,76.103
T cc phng trnh trn ta d dng suy ra c biu thc sau:
] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
CAg = 2S = [Ag+](1 + 1[NH3] + 12[NH3]2)

1
Ag + =
.S = S
2
1 + 1 [NH 3 ] + 1 2 [NH 3 ]
Thay vo biu thc ca T ta tnh c S = 5,47.10-2.
Mt hp cht nitro hu c (RNO2) c kh bng phng php in ha trong dung dch m
axetat c tng nng axetat (HOAc+ OAc-) l 0,500M v c pH = 5. 300mL dung dch m cha
0,01M RNO2 em kh in ha hon ton. Axit axetic c Ka = 1,75.10-5 25oC. Phn ng kh in ha
hp cht nitro xy ra nh sau:
RNO2 + 4H+ + 4e RNHOH + H2O
Tnh pH ca dung dch sau khi kt thc phn ng.
BI GII:
RNO2 + 4H+ + 4e RNHOH + H2O
Ta c:
[HOAc]
pK a = pH
OAc
[HOAc] = 0,5715
OAc
Mt khc ta c: [HOAc] + [OAc-] = 0,500
[HOAc] = 0,1818
[OAc-] = 0,3182
Nh vy s mmol cc cht lc ban u l:
n(OAc-) = 95,45
n(HOAc) = 54,55
S mmol RNO2 b kh s l: 300.0,0100 = 3mmol
T phng trnh bn phn ng ta thy rng kh ha hon ton 3mmol hp cht nitro cn
12mmol H+. S mmol H+ ny nhn c t s phn ly ca HOAc.
Khi phn ng xy ra hon ton th:
n(HOAc) = 54,55 12,00 = 42,55mmol
n(OAc-) = 95,45 12,00 = 83,45mmol
[HOAc] = 5,16
Vy pH = pK a +
OAc
tan l mt thng s quan trng xc nh c s nhim mi trng do cc mui gy ra.
tan ca mt cht c nh ngha l lng cht cn thit c th tan vo mt lng dung mi to ra
c dung dch bo ho. tan ca cc cht khc nhau tu thuc vo bn cht ca dung mi v cht tan
cng nh ca cc iu kin th nghim, v d nh nhit v p sut. pH v kh nng to phc cng
nh hng n tan.
Mt dung dch cha BaCl2 v SrCl2 u nng 0,01M. Khi ta thm mt dung dch bo ho
natri sunfat vo dung dch th 99,9% BaCl2 s kt ta di dng BaSO4 v SrSO4 ch c th kt ta nu
trong dung dch cn di 0,1% BaSO4. Tch s tan ca cc cht c cho sau y: T(BaSO4) = 10-10 v
T(SrSO4) = 3.10-7.
1) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng to kt ta.
Tnh nng Ba2+ cn li trong dung dch khi SrSO4 bt u kt ta.

Tnh %Ba2+ v Sr2+ sau khi tch ra.
S to phc gy nn mt nh hng ng k n tan. Phc l mt tiu phn tch in cha
mt ion kim loi trung tm lin kt vi mt hay nhiu phi t. V d Ag(NH3)2+ l mt phc cha ion
Ag+ l ion trung tm v hai phn t NH3 l phi t.
tan ca AgCl trong nc ct l 1,3.10-5M
Tch s tan ca AgCl l 1,7.10-10M
Hng s cn bng ca phn ng to phc c ga tr bng 1,5.107.
2) S dng tnh ton cho thy rng tan ca AgCl trong dung dch NH3 1,0M th cao hn trong
nc ct.
BI GII:
1) Cc phn ng to kt ta:
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4
Sr2+ + SO42- = SrSO4
Kt ta BaSO4 s xy ra khi [SO42-] = T(BaSO4)/[Ba2+] = 10-8M
Kt ta SrSO4 s xy ra khi [SO42-] = 3.10-5M
Nu khng xy ra cc iu kin v ng hc (chng hn nh s hnh thnh kt ta BaSO4 l v
cng chm) th BaSO4 s c to thnh trc, kt qa l s c s gim nng Ba2+. Khi nng
SO42- tho mn yu cu kt ta SrSO4 th lc ny nng cn li ca ion Ba2+ trong dung dch c th
c tnh t cng thc:
T(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][SO42-] = [Ba2+].3.10-5 [Ba2+] = 0,333.10-5M
0,333.10 5
= 0,033%
%Ba2+ cn li tng dung dch =
10 2
2) Cn bng to phc gia AgCl v NH3 c th c xem nh l t hp ca hai cn bng:
AgCl(r) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
T = 1,7.10-10.
Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+
Kf = 1,5.107
AgCl(r) + 2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl-(aq)

K = T.Kf = 2,6.10-3
Cn bng:
(1,0 2x)
x
x
Do K rt b nn hu ht Ag+ u tn ti dng phc:
Nu vng mt NH3 th cn bng: [Ag+] = [Cl-]
S hnh thnh phc dn n: [Ag(NH3)2+] = [Cl-]
Nh vy:
Ag ( NH 3 ) 2+ Cl
x2
=
= 2,6.10 3 x = 0,046 M
K=
2
1,0 2 x
[NH 3 ]
Kt qa ny c ngha l 4,6.10-2M AgCl tan trong dung dch NH3 1,0M, nhiu hn trong nc
ct l 1,3.10-5M. Nh vy s to thnh phc Ag(NH3)2+ dn n vic lm tng tan ca AgCl.
Cc axit yu c chun vi dung dch baz mnh bit trc nng (dung dch chun).
Dung dch axit yu (cht phn tch) c chuyn vo bnh nn 250cm3 v dung dch baz mnh (cht
chun) c cho vo buret. im tng ng ca php chun t c khi lng cht chun cn
bng vi lng cht phn tch. Gin biu th s thay i ca pH nh l mt hm ca th tch cht
chun c thm vo c gi l ng cong chun .
im tng ng ca php chun ch c th c xc nh bng l thuyt, n khng th
c xc nh bng thc nghim. N ch c th c lng c bng cch xc nh s thay i ca mt
][ ]
vi tnh cht vt l trong qa trnh chun . Trong phng php chun axit baz, im cui ca
php chun c xc nh bng cch s dng cht ch th axit baz.
1) Xy dng ng cong chun bng cch tnh mt vi im c trng v chn cht ch th thch
hp trong vic chun 50,00cm3 CH3COOH 0,1000M (Ka = 1,8.10-5) bng dung dch NaOH
0,1000M. V cht ch th c th tham kho bng 1:
Tn ch th
Khong chuyn mu
Mu dng axit baz
Metyl da cam
3,2 4,4
- da cam
Matyl
4,2 6,2
- vng
Bromthymol xanh
6,0 7,6
Vng - xanh
Phenol
6,8 8,2
Vng -
Phenolphtalein
8,0 -9,8
Khng mu -
Thymophtalein
9,3 10,5
Khng mu xanh
2) Axit ascorbic (Vitamin C) l mt axit yu v chu s phn ly theo phng trnh:
Chnh v vy axit ascorbic c th chun c nc 1 bng NaOH
50,00cm3 dung dch C6H8O6 0,1000M c chun bng 0,2000M:
(i) pH ca dung dch lc u l:
a) 7,00;
b) 2,58
c) 4,17
d) 1,00
(ii) Th tch ca cht chun cn t n im tng ng l:
a) 50,00cm3 b) 35,00cm3 c) 25,00cm3 d) 20,00cm3
(iii) Sau khi thm 12,5cm3 dung dch chun th pH ca dung dch s l:
a) 4,17
b) 2,58
c) 7,00
d) 4,58
(iv) pH im tng ng s l:
a) 7,00
b) 8,50
c) 8,43
d) 8,58
(v) Cht ch th c s dng trong phn ng ny s l (xem bng 1)
a) bromthymol xanh b) phenol c) phenolphthalein d) thymolphtalein
(vi) pH ca dung dch sau khi thm 26,00cm3 cht chun l:
a) 13,30
b) 11,30
c) 11,00
d) 11,42
BI GII:
Phn ng chun : CH3COOH + OH- = CH3COO- + H2O
a) pH trc khi tin hnh chun
Do trc khi chun th trong bnh nn ch c CH3COOH nn pH ca dung dch s c tnh
t phng trnh phn ly CH3COOH
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
T phng trnh phn ly:
th nng H+ c th c tnh theo biu thc:
pH = 2,87
b) pH sau khi thm 10,00cm3 cht chun:

Trong dung dch lc ny cha mui natri axetat v axit axetic cn d nn n l dung dch m:
Nng ca mi cht trong dung dch c tnh nh sau:
Nng H+ lc ny c th tnh c bng cch p dng phng trnh Henderson

Hasselbatch:
pH = 4,14
c) pH im tng ng
Lc ny th ton b lng axit axetic phn ng ht vi lng NaOH thm vo nn trong dung
dch lc ny ch cn li anion axetat. Lc ny pH c quyt nh bi s phn ly ca anion ny:
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COOH + OHTh tch cht chun cn t n im tng ng (Vep) c tnh nh sau:
Vo lc ny th tng th tch dung dch l 100cm3. Vo thi im ny ca vic chun th
[CH3COOH] = [OH-] v:
pOH = 5,28 pH = 8,72

d) pH sau khi thm 50,10cm3 cht chun
Vo thi im ny th ton b axit axetic chuyn ht thnh natri axetat nn pH ca dung dch
lc ny s c quyt nh bi lng d dung dch natri hydroxit thm vo. Nh vy:
pOH = 4,00 pH = 10,00
Lc ny ng nh phn s c dng
Do pH im tng ng l 8,72 nn ch th ph hp lc ny l phenolphthalein

2) (i) b, (ii) c, (iii) a, (iv) b, (v) c, (vi) d

Dung dch m l dung dch c kh nng chng li s thay i pH. Thng thng dung dch m
gm mt axit yu v baz lin hp ca n (v d: CH3COOH/CH3COO-) hay mt baz yu v axit lin
hp ca n (V d NH3/NH4+). Dung dch m c to thnh khi trung ho mt phn axit yu bi baz
mnh hay baz yu v axit mnh. Chnh v vy ta c th chun b dung dch m bng cch trn mt
lng axit (hay baz) yu tnh trc vi phn lin hp ca n.
pH ca dung dch m c to thnh bi axit yu HA v baz lin hp A- c tnh theo
phng trnh Henderson Hasselbalch:
[HOAc]
pH = pK a +
OAc
3) Tnh pH ca dung dch m cha 0,200M axit fomic (Ka = 2,1.10-4) v 0,150M natri fomiat.
4) Tnh pH ca dung dch khi thm 0,01000M dung dch NaOH vo dung dch m cu 1
5) Tnh th tch ca dung dch NaOH 0,200M cn thm vo 100,0cm3 dung dch CH3COOH 0,150M
(Ka = 1,8.10-5) thu c dung dch m c pH = 5,00
6) pH ca dung dch m cha 0,0100M axit benzoic (Ka = 6,6.10-5) v C6H5COONa 0,0100M s l:
a) 5,00
b) 4,18
c) 9,82
d) 9,0
7) Khi trn cng mt th tch 0,100 CH3COOH (Ka = 1,8.10-5) v 0,0500M NaOH th:
i) Dung dch sau cng s l:
a) D axit yu.
b) D baz mnh
c) Dung dch m
d) C ba u sai.
ii) pH ca dung dch cui s l:
a) 3,02
b) 4,44
c) 3,17
d) 7,00
6) Khi trn cng mt th tch dung dch CH3COOH 0,100M v NaOH 0,150M th:
i) Dung dch cui cng s l:
a) D axit yu.
b) D baz mnh
c) Dung dch m
d) C ba u sai.
a) 12,00
b) 12,70
c) 13,18
d) 12,40
a) D axit yu.
b) D baz mnh
c) Dung dch m
d) C ba u sai.
a) 3,17
b) 3,02
c) 2,78
d) 3,22
a) D axit yu.
b) D baz mnh
c) Dung dch m
d) C ba u sai.
1. pH ca dung dch cui s l:
a) 7,00
b) 13,00
c) 2,87
d) 3,02
BI GII:
1) pH = 3,55
2) Natri hydroxit s phn ng vi HCOOH:
HCOOH + OH- HCOO- + H2O
Phn ng ny xy ra hon ton nn:
[HCOOH] = 0,140M
[HCOO-] = 0,160M
Vy pH = 3,60
Lu rng ta thm mt baz mnh nh NaOH m pH ch thay i 0,05 n v
3) Gi V l th tch ca dung dch NaOH. Nh vy th tch cui ca dung dch s l (100,0 + V) v s
mmol CH3COOH v OH- l 100,0.0,150 = 15,00mmol v V.0,200 = 0,200V mmol tng ng. T
phn ng:
CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O
Nh vy lng CH3COO- sinh ra s l 0,200V mmol v lng CH3COOH cha phn ng s l
(15,00-0,200V)mmol. Nh vy nng ca cc tiu phn trong dung dch m s l:
[CH 3 COOH ] = 15,00 0,200 M
100,0 + V
0,200V
CH 3 COO =
M
100,0 + V
T biu thc hng s phn li ca axit axetic ta c th nhn c:
CH 3 COO
K
= a+
[CH 3 COOH ] H
[ ]
0,200V
1,8.10 5
100,0 + V
=
V = 48,21cm 3
5
15,00 0,200 1,0.10
100 + V
Nha trao i ion c th c s dng hp th v phn lp cation v anion. Chng c th

c iu ch t cc vt liu v c v hu c. Mt loi nha trao i cation hu c c th c tng
hp bng s ng trng hp styren /divinyl benzen tip theo bi s sunfo ho bng H2SO4 nh s
1:
C
C C
N a2S 2O 8
+
C
C
H 2 SO
[ p o lym er ]
SO 3 - H +
[ c a tio n ic e x c h a n g e r ]
R -H +
S 1
Nha trao i cation (k hiu l R-H+) c th c s dng hp th cc cation. Phn ng c
th c biu din nh sau:
R-H+ + M+ = RM + H+
KC = [RM][H+]/[R-H+][M+] (1)
+
KD = [RM]/[M ]
(2)
- +
Nha trao i cation R H c th c chuyn ha thnh cht trao i ion R-M+ hay R-M2+ bng
phn ng gia R-H+ vi mt hydroxit kim lai M(OH)z. Phng trnh phn ng s l:
R-H+ + MOH = R-M+ + H2O
(3)
V
zR-H+ + M(OH)z = (R-)zM+ + zH2O
(4)
+
1) Mt loi nha trao i cation R Na c s dng loi CaCl2 trong nc my.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Nu mt loi nha trao i khc R-H+ c s dng thay th cho R-Na+.
i) Vit phn ng xy ra.
ii) Cho bit loi nha trao i ion no R-H+ hay R-Na+ th ph hp hn trong vic loi Ca2+ ra khi
nc thi v cho bit l do.
2) Mt loi nha trao i anion hu c (R+Cl-) c th c tng hp bng s ng trng hp styren
/divinyl benzen vi xc tc l mt axit Lewis nh AlCl3 v mt amin bc 3 NR3, nh s sau:
Loi nha trao i ion R+OH- c th nhn c t phn ng:

R+Cl- + NaOH = R+OH- + NaCl
(5)
a) Bng cch no m H+ sinh ra t dung dch HCl c th b loi b vi mt loi nha trao i ion
R+OH-. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b) Bng cch no ta c th loi c ion SO42- trong nc my bng loi nha trao i ion R+OHtrn. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Dung lng (S) ca nha trao i cation R-H+ i vi mt ion b hp th c th c xc nh
bng s mol ca ion hp th/gam ca mt nha trao i ion tng 1,0mL dung dch nc v c th c
tnh bng cch s dng phng trnh sau:
S = ([RM] + [RH]).10-3
(6)
Dung lng (S) ca mt nha trao i cation R-H+ i vi ion M+ trong mt dung dch nc c
th c xc nh t hng s cn bng KC, hng s phn b KD v nng ca cc ion M+ v H+ trong
dung dch.
3) Hy chng minh phng trnh sau:
1/Kd = [M+]/1000S + [H+]/KC.S.1000
(7)
4) Nha trao i ion c th c s dng lm pha tnh trong php sc k lng hp th v phn
lp cc loi ion khc nhau. V d: nha trao i anion R+OH- c th c s dng phn lp cc
ion X- v Y- c th c ra gii bng NaOH. Php sc k lng trong vic phn tch cc anion X- v
Y- s dng 30cm ct nha trao i ion nh hnh 1.
Vi t1, t2 v to l thi gian duy tr (Retention time)(tR) i vi X- v Y- v dung mi ra gii tinh
khit NaOH c th i qua ct, 1 v 2 l chiu rng pic ca X- v Y-. S a l thuyt N v chiu
cao a H (chiu cao ca tng s a l thuyt) ca ct c th c tnh bi cc biu thc sau:
(8)
N = 16(tR/)2.
v H = L/N
(9)
t2
t1
YX-
t0
1.0
1.0
1.5
10.
14.
Retention Time / min
tR
Hnh 1: Sc k ph ca ion X- v Yvi L l chiu di ct. phn gii (R) ca ct v h s phn ly i vi X- v Y- c th c xc nh

bi cc h thc:
R = 2 (t2 - t1) / (1 + 2)
v
a)
b)
c)
d)
= (t2 to) / (t1 to)
Tnh s a l thuyt ca ct
Tnh chiu cao a.
Tnh phn gii (R) ca ct i vi hai anion X- v Y-.
Tnh h s phn ly i vi X- v Y-
(10)
(11)
5) Mt s loi nha trao i ion c th nhn c t nhng vt liu v c. Zeolit

[(M2+)(Al2O3)m/(SiO2)n] (M2+ = Na+; K+ hay Ca2+; Mg2+) l nhng v d in hnh v nhng nha
trao i ion v c. Mt s v d v zeolit c cho trong hnh 2.
Hnh 2: Mt s loi zeolit

Mt loi Na* - zeolit (k hiu l Z-Na*) vi kch thc l hng l 13 l mt loi nha trao i
ion quan trng loi cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ ra khi nc my. Cc loi zeolit vi kch thc l hng
xc nh th c chn lc hp th rt cao i vi cc phn t khc nhau. V d H2O v iso-butan. Nh
vy, zeolit ng vai tr nh l mt ci ry phn t. Zeolit cng c th c s dng nh l mt cht xc
tc trong cng ngh ha du. V d: trong ha du iso-butan l kt qa ca s tng tc crackinh cc
tc nhn hp ph chn lc.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng loi Ca2+ ra khi nc my vi zeolit Z-Na*.
b) Vit phng trnh phn ng ca vic hp th K+ vi zeolit Z-Na*.
BI GII:
1) a) 2RNa + Ca2+ = (R)2Ca + 2Na+
hay 2RNa + CaCl2 = (R)2Ca + 2NaCl
b) i) 2RH + Ca2+ = (R)2Ca + 2H+
hay 2RH + CaCl2 = (R)2Ca + 2HCl
ii) S dng RNa th kh thi hn so vi vic s dng RH bi v sn phm ca s hp th Ca2+ bng
RNa l NaCl l sn phm t c hi hn l HCl (lm gim pH)
2) a) R+OH- + HCl = R+Cl- + H2O
b) Bc u tin s xy ra phn ng:
2R+OH- + SO42- = (R+)2SO42- + 2OHSau th thm HCl vo trung ho lng OH- sinh ra bc 1:
H+ + OH- = H2O
3 Thay phng trnh (1), (2) vo (6) v s dng mt s bin i ton hc n gin ta nhn c:
1/Kd = [M+]/1000S + [H+]/KC.S.1000
4 a) N1 = 16(t1/1)2 = 1600
N2 = 16(t2/2)2 = 1394
N = (N1 + N2)/2 = 1497
b) H = L/N = 0,021cm
c) R = R = 2 (t2 - t1) / (1 + 2) = 3,2
d) = (t2 to) / (t1 to) = 1,44
5. a) Z-Na+ + Ca2+ = Z-Ca + Na+
b) Z-Na+ + K+ = Z-K+ + Na+
Lng canxi trong mu c th c xc nh bi cch sau:
Bc 1: Thm mt vi git ch th metyl vo dung dch mu c axit ha v sau l

trn vi dung dch Na2C2O4.
Bc 2: Thm ure (NH2)2CO v un si dung dch n khi ch th chuyn sang mu vng (vic
ny mt 15 pht). Kt ta CaC2O4 xut hin.
Bc 3: Dung dch nng c lc v kt ta CaC2O4 c ra bng nc lnh loi b lng
d ion C2O42-.
Bc 4: Cht rn khng tan CaC2O4 c ho tan vo dung dch H2SO4 0,1M sinh ra ion Ca2+
v H2C2O4. Dung dch H2C2O4 c chun vi dung dch chun KMnO4 n khi dung dch c mu
hng th ngng.
Cc phn ng xy ra v cc hng s cn bng:
2+
2-8
CaC2O4(s) Ca (aq) + C2O4 (aq)
T = 1.30x10
2+
Ca(OH)2(s) Ca
(aq)
+ 2OH (aq)
H2C2O4(aq) HC2O4 (aq) + H

-
HC2O4 (aq) C2O4

+
H2O H
2(aq)
-2
Ka1 = 5.60x10
(aq)
+H
-5
Ka2 = 5.42x10
(aq)
(aq)
-6
= 6.50x10
-14
+ OH (aq)
Kw = 1.00x10
1. Vit v cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra bc 2.

2. 25,00mL dung dch mu canxi c xc nh bng phng php trn v s dng ht 27,41mL
dung dch KMnO4 2,50.10-3M bc cui cng. Xc nh nng Ca2+ trong mu.
3. Tnh T ca CaC2O4 trong mt dung dch m c pH = 4. (B qua h s hot )
Trong php phn tch trn th ta b qua mt nguyn nhn quan trng gy nn sai s. S kt ta
CaC2O4 bc 1 s khng hon ton nu ta thm mt lng d C2O42- do cc phn ng sau:
2+
23
Ca (aq) + C2O4 (aq) CaC2O4(aq)
Kf1 = 1.0 x 10
CaC2O4(aq) + C2O4
2(aq)
2+
Ca(C2O4)2
2(aq)
Kf2 = 10
2-
4. Tnh nng cn bng ca Ca v C2O4 trong dung dch sau khi to thnh lng kt ta ti a ca
CaC2O4.
5. Tnh nng ion H+ v Ca2+ trong dung dch bo ho CaC2O4 (B qua h s hot ).
BI GII:
1. (NH2)2CO + H2O
2 NH 3 + CO 2
2+
-3
2. [Ca ] = 6,85.10 M
3. [Ca2+]
= [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4]
= [C2O42-](1 + [H+]/K1 + [H+]2/K1K2)
2Vy [C2O4 ] = [Ca2+]/(1 + [H+]/K1 + [H+]2/K1K2) (1)
Thay (1) vo biu thc tch s tan: T = [Ca2+][C2O42-] ta tnh c [C2O42-] = 1,92.10-4M
4. Ta c:
] [
]
K [C O ]
] [
C Ca = Ca 2 + + CaC 2 O 4 ( aq ) + Ca(C 2 O 4 )2
1
= T
+ K f 1 + K f 1 f 2 2 42
2
C 2 O4
dC Ca
1
= T
+ TK f 1 K f 2 = 0
2
2
d C 2 O4
C 2 O 42
[C O ] = 1,0.10
2
4
M Ca 2 + = 1,3.10 6 M
(1)
5. Cn bng in tch: 2[Ca2+] + [H+] = 2[C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [OH-]
2+
2Cn bng khi lng: [Ca ]
= [C2O4 ] + [HC2O4 ] + [H2C2O4] (2)
V Kb2 rt nh nn nng ca H2C2O4 c th b qua.
Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c: [HC2O4-] = Kw/[H+] - [H+]
(3)
[C2O42-] = (K2Kw)/[H+]2 K2
(4)
[Ca2+] = T/[C2O42-] = T[H+]2/(K2Kw K2[H+]2)
(5)
Thay (3), (4), (5) vo (2) v gii phng trnh sinh ra ta c: [H+] = 5,5.10-8M
[Ca2+] = 1,04.10-4M
2
2+
2+
2+
2+
2+
Mt hc sinh nghin cu phn ng ha hc gia cc cation A , B , C , D , E trong

dung dch nitrat v cc anion X , Y , Z , Cl , OH trong dung dch cha cation natri ng thi c mt
phi t hu c L. Hc sinh ny xc nh c mt s hp cht kt ta v mt s phc cht mu nh
trong Bng 1 di y:
Bng 1
-
X
***
Y
***
Z
***
Cl
***
kt ta
vng
kt ta
trng
kt ta
trng
kt ta
nu
***
2+
***
2+
***
2+
2+
2+
D
E
L
***
***
OH
kt ta
trng
***
Phc BLn
kt ta
nu
kt ta
trng
kt ta
en
Cc phc
2+
2+
CL , CL2
kt ta
***
***
***
***
kt ta
kt ta
trng
***
***
***
2+
*** = khng phn ng,

2+
2+
2+
2+
2+
Lp s tch cc cation A , B , C , D , E trong dung dch nitrat bng cch s dng cc

dung dch thuc th khc nhau cha cc anion X , Y , Z , Cl , OH . Ghi r sn phm cc sn phm
hnh thnh trong mi bc.
Lp s tch cc anion X , Y , Z , Cl , OH trong dung dch cha cation natri bng cch s dng
2+
2+
2+
2+
2+
cc dung dch thuc th khc nhau cha cc cation A , B , C , D , E . Ghi r sn phm cc
sn phm hnh thnh trong mi bc.
Kt ta trng BY2 v kt ta nu CY2 tan t trong nc vi tch s tan tng ng ti 25oC ln lt

-8
-13
l 3.20 10 v 2.56 10 .
a)
Tnh tan ca BY2.
b)
Tnh tan ca CY2.
Chun b trong cc bnh nh mc 50 mL mt nhm cc dung dch cha B2+ v L bng cch thm
-3
vo mi bnh 2 mL dung dch B2+ 8,2 10 M. Thm vo mi bnh cc lng khc nhau ca dung
-2
dch cha phi t L nng 1,0 10 M. Pha long dung dch trong mi bnh bng nc n
vch mc (50 mL). o h s hp th ca phc BLn ti 540 nm cho mi dung dch trong mt ng
2+
di 1,0 cm. Cc d liu thu c trong Bng 2. (C B v phi t L khng hp th (A = 0) ti
540 nm.) [Phng php t l mol]
2+
a)
Tnh gi tr n (s phi tr) trong phc BLn .
b)
Tnh hng s to thnh (Kf) ca phc BLn .
2+
Bng 2
L thm vo
VL (mL)
1.00
3.00
5.00
7.00
9.00
5
a)
H s hp th
(A)
0.14
0.40
0.55
0.64
0.66
L thm vo
VL (mL)
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
H s hp th
(A)
0.26
0.48
0.60
0.66
0.66
2+
Thm rt chm cht rn NaY (tan) vo mt dung dch cha B

cc dung dch mui nitrat tng ng ca chng.
2+
2+
0,10M v C2+ 0,05 M c pha t
Cation no kt ta trc (B hay C )? Nng [Y ] bng bao nhiu khi ion ny kt ta? (Cho
-8
-13
o
Ksp (BY2) = 3.20 10 v Ksp (CY2) = 2.56 10 ti 25 C.) [Tch bng kt ta]
-
b) Nng ca ion Y v cation cn li bng bao nhiu khi cation u tin kt ta hon ton (gi
-6
thit rng sau khi kt ta hon ton nng cation u tin trong dung dch 10 M)? S dng tc
2+
2+
nhn Y c th tch B v C bng phng php kt ta hay khng?
BI GII:
1. cch tch:
2. Cch tch:
3. a)
4S13 = 3,2.10-8 S1 = 2,0.10-3

b)
4S23 = 2,56.10-13 S2 = 4,0.10-5

4) a) th ph thuc gia h s hp th A v th tch VL ca cht L c dng nh sau:
T th tch L im gy B (tt c cc ion B2+ u to phc vi L) trn th th ta c th tnh

n nh sau:
n = s mol L / s mol B2+ = 5,1.10-3.10-2 / 2.10-3 . 8,2.10-3 = 3
iu c ngha l phc gia B2+ vi L c dng BL32+
b) * Tnh h s tt mol :
im gy A = 0,66 = .1. [BL32+] = 2,01.103
* Chn mt im bt k trn th, v d:
Ti im P: l im m 2,0mL L c thm vo; A = 0,26
Nh vy:
5 a) Khi bt u hnh thnh kt ta CY2 th:
Ksp = [C2+][Y-]2 = 2,56.10-13

Tnh tng t cho khi hnh thnh kt ta BY2 ta c: [Y-] = 5,06.10-4M
Vy cht CY2 kt ta trc
b. Cht C2+ s kt ta hon ton di dng CY2 khi [C2+] = 10-6M
Nh vy [C2+][Y-]2 = 2,56.10-3 [Y-] lc ny s bng 5,06.10-4M
iu ny c ngha l C2+ s b kt ta hon ton di dng CY2 khi [Y-] = 5,06.10-4M
Lc ny th i vi kt ta BY2 th
[B2+][Y-]2 = 2,56.10-8 < Ksp(BY2) = 3,2.10-8
Nh vy lc [Y-] = 5,06.10-4M v [B2+] = 0,1M th cht BY2 vn cha c kt ta
iu ny c ngha l ta hon ton c th tch cc ion B2+ v C2+ ra khi dung dch bng phng
php kt ta phn on vi Y- l tc nhn.
IV.
OLYMPIC HA HC CC NC TRN TH GII:
OLYMPIC HA HC O 1999:
Lng oxi trong mu c xc nh bng php phn tch iot nh sau (phng php Winkler):
Bc 1: Oxi trong dung dch oxi ho Mn2+ thnh Mn(IV) trong mi trng kim to thnh
MnO(OH)2.
Bc 2: Thm axit vo hp cht ca mangan ni trn phn ng vi lng d Mn2+ to thnh ion
Mn3+.
Bc 3: Ion Mn3+ ny oxi ha thuc th iodua to thnh iot v Mn3+ b kh thnh Mn2+.
Bc 4: Lng iot sinh ra trong bc 3 c chun bng dung dch thiosunfat.
2) Vit phng trnh ion ca 4 phn ng trn.
2) Phn tch nhng mu nc sng Schwechat cho kt qa sau:
Chun ho dung dch natri thiosunfat Na2S2O3: dng KIO3 trong mi trng axit, khi ion
iodat b kh thnh ion iodua. Vi 25,00mL dung dch KIO3 ((KIO3) = 174,8mg/L) phi dng ht
12,45mL dung dch Na2S2O3.
Ngay sau khi ly mu nc, lng oxy ca n c xc nh theo phng php Winkler.
phi dng 11,80mL dung dch Na2S2O3 trn cho 103,50mL mu nc 20,0oC. Nng oxy bo ho
trong nc 20,0oC l 9,08mg/L.
Mu th hai (V = 202,20mL, T = 20,0oC) c trong 5 ngy nhit 20,0oC, ng vi
6,75mL dung dch Na2S2O3.
iii)
Vit phng trnh ion ca phn ng chun ho dung dch thiosunfat.
iv)
Tnh nng mol/L ca dung dch thiosunfat
v) Tnh hm lng oxy (mg/L) ca mu nc ngay sau khi ly mu.
vi) Tnh ch s bo ho oxy ca mu nc ny.
vii) Tnh hm lng oxy ca mu nc ny sau khi 5 ngy.
viii)
T cc kt qa trn c th xc nh c cc thng s c trng no? Gi tr ca n l
bao nhiu?
BI GII:
i.
Bc 1: 2Mn2+ + O2 + 4OH- = 2MnO(OH)2.
Bc 2: 2MnO(OH)2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H+ = 4Mn3+ + 6H2O
Bc 3: 4Mn3+ + 4I- = 2I2 + 4Mn2+.
Bc 4: 2I2 + 4S2O32- = 2S4O62- + 4I-.
ii.
a) IO3- + 6S2O32- + 6H+ = I- + 3H2O + 9S + 3SO42b) C(S2O32-) = 9,841.10-3M
c) n(O2) = 2,903.10-2mmol (O2) = 8,976mg/L.
d) SSI = 98,9%
e) n(O2) = 0,0166mmol (O2) = 5,20mg/L
f) BSB5 = 3.78mg/L
OLYMPIC HA HC O 2005:
25.0C v p sut ring phn ca CO2 l: p(CO2) = 1.00 bar. 0.8304 lt kh CO2 ho tan trong
1.00 lt nc.
1.
Tnh nng mol ca CO2 ho tan
2.
Tnh hng s Henry ca CO2 25.0C.
3.
Tnh nng mol ca CO2 ho tan trong nc ma, nu phn th tch ca CO2 trong kh quyn
c hm lng 380 ppm mi ngy v p sut ca CO2 c ga tr l 1.00 bar.
Mt phn CO2 ho tan s phn ng vi nc to thnh axit cacbonic. Hng s cn bng ca
phn ng ny l K=1.6710-3 vi nng ca nc c a vo Ka
4.
Tnh nng ca axit cacbonic ho tan trong nc ma? Bit nng ca CO2 l khng i.
i vi hng s phn li th nht th [H2CO3]* c s dng thay th cho nng ca axit
cacbonic. [H2CO3]* l tng nng ca axit cacbonic v lng kh CO2 ho tan trong nc.
Cc ga tr l: KA1 = 4.4510-7 and KA2 = 4.8410-11.
5.
Tnh pH ca nc ma. B qua cn bng t proton phn ca nc v hng s phn li KA2 ca
axit cacbonic. Bit rng nng ca [H2CO3]* l khng i trong sut qa trnh.
Vo nm 1960 th phn th tch ca CO2 trong kh quyn l 320ppm
6.
Tnh pH ca nc ma vo thi im ny (tt c cc iu kin khc u nh cu 3.5.).
vi (CaCO3) c tch s tan T = 4.7010-9.
7.
Tnh tan ca vi trong nc tinh khit. Gi thit rng c mui hydrocacbonat v mui
cacbonat u khng phn ng sinh ra axit cacbonic.
Tnh tan ca CaCO3 trong nc ma vo thi im ny. Nh ni trn [H2CO3]* lun l
hng s. tr li cu hi ny phi lm nhng vic sau:
8.
Hy xc nh nhng ion cha bit nng .
9.
Vit cc phng trnh cn thit tnh nng cc ion ny.
10.
Xc nh phng trnh cui cng vi [H3O+] l n s.
Vi nhng phng trnh bc cao th ta kh lng gii c chnh xc. Ta c th gi thit gn ng
rng pH = 8.26 tin tnh ton
11.
S dng tt c nhng thng tin trn tnh tan ca vi.
BI GII:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nng ca CO2 ho tan:

pV = nR.T
pV
1.00 0.8304
n=
= 0.0335 mol
=
R T 0.08314 298.15 K
0.0335
c=
= 0.0335 mol/ L
1
Hng s Henry:
ci = piKH
0.0335
= 0.0335 mol/ bar L
KH =
1
C(CO2) trong nc ma:
c CO2 =3.810-4 0.0335 = 1.2710-5 mol/L
Nng ca axit cacbonic ho tan trong nc ma:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3

[H2CO3 ]
= 1.67 10 3
[CO2 ]
5.
[H2CO3] = 1.6710-3[CO2] = 2.1310-8 mol/L
pH ca nc ma vo thi im ny:
[H2CO3]* = [CO2] + [H2CO3] = 1.2810-5 mol/L
[HCO3 ] [H3O + ]
+
K S1 =
= 4.45 10 7
H2CO3 + H2O HCO3 + H3O
[H2CO3 ]
[H3O+] = [HCO3-] = x
x = 2.38210-6 mol/L
pH = -log x = 5,62
6.
x2
= K S1
1.275 105
Ga tr pH ca nc ma vo nm 1960:
[CO2] = 3.210-4 bar0.0335 mol/barL = 1.0710-5 mol/L
[H2CO3] = 1.6710-3[CO2] = 1.7910-8 mol/L
[H2CO3]* = [CO2] + [H2CO3] = 1.0710-5 mol/L
[H3O + ] = [H2CO3 ] * K S1 = 2.19 106 mol/ L
pH = -log [H3O+] = 5,66
7.
tan ca vi trong nc ct:

[Ca2+][CO32-] = KL = 4.710-9
[Ca2+] = 4.7 10 9 = 6.85610-5 mol/L
S (CaCO3) = 6.8610-5 mol/L
8.
Cc ion cha xc nh c nng :

[Ca2+], [H3O+], [OH-], [CO32-], [HCO3-]
9.
Cc phng trnh cn thit:

(I)
[Ca2+][CO32-] = KL
(II)
[H3O+][OH-] = KW
[HCO3 ] [H3O + ]
(III)
= K S1
[H2CO3 ] *
(IV)
a.
10.
[CO32 ] [H3O + ]
= K S2
[HCO3 ]
2[Ca2+] + [H3O+] = [OH-] + [HCO3-] + 2[CO32-]
Nhn c t phng trnh ca H3O+:

K [H2CO3 ] *
[HCO3 ] = S1
[H3O + ]
[CO32 ] =
K S2 [HCO3 ] K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
=
[H3O + ]
[H3O + ]2
K L [H3O + ]2
KL
[Ca ] =
=
[CO32 ] K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
KW
[OH ] =
[H3O + ]
Thay vo (V):
K L [H3O + ]2
KW
K [H CO ] *
K K [H CO ] *
+ [H3O+] =
+ S1 2 + 3
+ 2 S2 S1 + 22 3
2
+
[H3O ]
[H3O ]
K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
[H3O ]
Chuyn v:
2 K L [H3O + ]4
+[H3O+]3 (KW+KS1[H2CO3]*)[H3O+]2KS1KS2[ H2CO3]* = 0
K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
2+
11.
tan ca vi:
K L [H3O + ]2
= 5.17 10 4 mol/L
K S2 K S1 [H2CO3 ] *
OLYMPIC HA HC BUNGARI 1998:
Bc clorua d dng ho tan trong dung dch amoniac trong nc v to ion phc:
AgCl(r) + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-.
a) Mt lt dung dch amoniac 1M ho tan c bao nhiu gam AgCl? Bit:
AgCl(r) Ag+ + ClT = 1,8.10-10.
+
+
[Ag(NH3)2] Ag + 2NH3
K = 1,7.10-7.
b) Xc nh tch s tan T ca AgBr. Bit rng 0,54g AgBr c th tan c trong dung dch amoniac
1M.
BI GII:
a) Ta c:
2
Ag + [NH 3 ]
K=
= 1,7.10 7
Ag ( NH 3 ) +2
S (CaCO3) = [Ca 2+ ] =
[ ]
[
]
T = [Ag ][Cl ] = 1,8.10
+
10
V [Ag+] << [Cl-]; [Ag(NH3)2]+ = [Cl-]; [NH3] = 1 - 2[Cl-]

[Ag+] = T/[Cl-] nn thay tt c cc ng thc trn vo phng trnh ca K ta tnh c
[Cl-] = 0,0305M. mAgCl = 4,38g
b) [Br-] = 0,33/188 = 1,75.10-3M
T AgBr
.(1 2 Br ) 2
Br
= 1,7.10 7
Br
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
T AgBr = 5,3.10 13
OLYMPIC HA HC BUNGARI 1998:
a) Xc nh nng ion hydro v ga tr pH ca dung dch to thnh khi cho 0,82g CH3COONa
vo 1L dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M
b) Phi thm vo bao nhiu gam NaOH rn vo dung dch ny lm pH tng mt n v.
c) So vi nng ca phn t CH3COOH trong dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M th nng phn t
CH3COOH trong cc dung dch th nht v th hai thay i theo nhng t s no? (C th
tnh gn ng). Bit Ka(CH3COOH) = 1,8.10-5
BI GII:
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
CH 3 COO H +
= 1,8.10 5
Ka =
[CH 3 COOH ]
CH3COONa = CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
i vi dung dch axit axetic (tinh khit) ban u:
[CH3COO-] = [H+]; [CH3COOH]1 = Caxit 0,1M
[H+] = (0,1Ka)1/2 = 1,34.10-3M
a) Hn hp axit yu v mui ca n l dung dch m nn:
[HOAc] = 3,74
pH = pK a +
OAc
Caxit = Caxit - Cb
b) Khi thm baz mnh nng Cb th Cmui = Cmui + Cb;
pH tng mt n v tng ng vi [H+] gim 10 ln:
[H+]2/[H+]3 = [Caxit.(Cmui + Cb)]/[Cmui.(Caxit Cb)]
[H+]3 = 1,8.10-5M; Cb = 0,045M
mNaOH = 1,8g
c) [CH3COOH]1 = ([H+]1)2/Ka 0,1M
[CH3COOH]2 = [H+].Cmui/Ka 0,1M hoc chnh xc hn
[CH3COOH]2 = Caxit - [H+]2 = 0,0986M
[CH3COOH]3 = [H+].(Cmui + Cb)/Ka = 0,055M
[CH3COOH]2/[CH3COOH]1 1
[CH3COOH]3/[CH3COOH]1 0,55
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Phi iu ch mt dung dch m (pH = pKa) t mt dung dch axit n chc. Phi thm vo dung
dch ny mt lng cht theo s mol l:
a) Bng (s mol ca baz lin hp)
b) Gp i (s mol ca baz lin hp)
c) Khng (s mol ca baz lin hp).
d) Bng (s mol ca baz mnh)
BI GII: Cu a.
Trong phn ng cn bng:
HCN + H2O = H3O+ + CNNhng phn t no l axit theo nh ngha ca Bronsted v Lowry:
a) HCN; CNb) H2O; H3O+
c) HCN; H2O
d) HCN; H3O+
BI GII: Cu d
iu ch dung dch H2SO4 0,12M bng cch pha long H2SO4 c (95%. d = 1,84g/mL), c
th pha long vi nc.
a) 5,00mL axit thnh 500mL.
b) 11,00mL axit thnh 1000mL.
][ ]
c) 15,00mL axit thnh 2000mL.

d) 7,00mL axit thnh 1000mL.
BI GII: Cu d
Trong phn ng:
NH3 + HCl = NH4+ + Clth NH3 l:
a) Axit Arrhenius.
b) Baz Bronsted.
c) Baz Arrhenius.
d) Cht trung tnh.
BI GII: Cu d
Nng ion Na+ trong dung dch do 19,0g Na2CO3 tan trong nc to thnh 870mL dung dch
l:
a) 0,206M
b) 0,312M
c) 0,412M
d) 0,103M
BI GII: Cu c
Baz lin hp ca NH3 khi phn ng vi axit l:
a) NH3-.
b) NH2-.
c) NH4+.
d) NH3+.
BI GII: Cu b
Trong s cc axit sau y, cht no to c baz lin hp mjanh nht khi n phn ng nh mt
axit?
a) H2SO4
b) H3PO4.
c) H2O
d) CH3COOH
BI GII: Cu c
Nu trn hai dung dch (trong nc) m mt cha NH3 (20mL; 0,5M) cn dung dch kia cha
HCl (20mL; 0,5M) th pH ca dung dch to thnh s l:
a) 7
b) 1
c) 10
d) 5
BI GII: Cu d
Cht in ly lng tnh l nhng cht m trong dung dch:
a) C th phn ng nh cht oxy ho hoc cht kh.
b) C th phn ng nh axit hoc baz.

c) C th phn ng theo kiu ng ly v d ly.
d) Th hin l mt phn t c mt phn a nc v mt phn k nc.
BI GII: Cu b
Trong chc dung dch HCl sau y dung dch no c hn?
a) HCl 10-2M.
b) HCl 3,6%
c) HCl 10-2m
d) HCl 3,7% m/V
BI GII: Cu b
Lng H2SO4 trong mt dung dch nc (2000mL; 27,27%; d = 1,20g.cm-3) l:
a) 6,00 mol
b) 4,82 mol
c) 6,79 mol
d) 5,20 mol
BI GII: Cu c
chun CH3COOH bng NaOH th trong cc cht ch th sau y th cht no tt nht?
a) Metyl da cam pKa = 3,7
b) Metyl pKa = 5,1
c) Bromthymol xanh pKa = 7,0
d) Phenolphtalein pKa = 9,4
BI GII: Cu d
Trong s cc mui sau y th mui no l axit Bronsted?
a) NaHSO4.
b) Na3PO4.
c) NaCN.
d) Na2S.
BI GII: Cu a
Cht phi thm vo dung dch nc lm thay i pH t 12 thnh 10 l:
a) Nc ct.
b) Natri hydroxit.
c) Hidro clorua.
d) Natri axetat.
BI GII: Cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC C 1999 (Vng 3):
Ngi ta c th xc nh amoniac bng phng php quang k t phn ng vi phenol vi s c
mt ca hipoclorit.
OH
NH3
Xanh lam: max = 625nm

Trong 7,56mg mt mu th mioglobin ca b c, ngi ta chuyn ha nit c trong thnh
amoniac, sau mu th c pha long thnh 10,0mL. Sau ngi ta cho 10,0mL dung dch vo mt
bnh nh mc 500mL, cho thm vo 5mL dung dch phenol v 2mL dung dch hipoclorit , ri pha thnh
50,0mL dung dch c ng yn 30 pht. Sau ngi ta o tt ti 625nm trong cuvet 1,00cm.
Bn cnh , ngi ta pha ch mt dung dch chun gm 0,0154g NH4Cl trong 1L nc. Ngi
ta cho 5,00mL dung dch vo mt bnh nh mc 50,0mL v sau vic phn tch c tin hnh
nh m t trn.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn o mt mu khng (mu m) vi nc nguyn cht trong ng cuvet:
Mu
tt ti 625nm
Khng
0,132
i chng
0,278
Cha bit
0,711
a) Hy tnh h s tt mol (mt quang mol ca sn phm mu xanh).
b) Hy tnh phn khi lng (bng phn trm) ca nit trong mioglobin.
BI GII:
a) i vi mu th i chng th trong tng s tt c 0,132 c quy nh cho nc nguyn
cht, phn cn li 0,278 0,132 = 0,146 l do hp cht ca nit gy ra.
Ta bit A = .l.C vi l = 1,00cm
Tnh C trong mu i chng:
n(NH4Cl) trong 5,0mL = (0,0154/53,50).0,005 = 1,439.10-6M.
Khi pha ln 50mL ta c dung dch c nng C = 2,88.10-5M.
0,146 = .1,00.2,88.10-5 = 5072L/cm.
b) Vi ngi ta c th tnh c nng trong dung dch cha bit. C y cng phi ch
n mu khng.
C mt s thuyt v nh ngha khc nhau v axit v baz. Mt trong s cc nh ngha c
lin quan n s t phn li ca dung mi:
2HB H2B+ + B-.
Theo l thuyt ny th cht no lm tng phn cation ca dung mi (H2B) l mt axit v cht no
lm gim phn (hoc tng phn anion) l mt baz.
Chng hn nc t phn ly: 2H2O H3O+ + OHAxit l nhng cht no lm tng [H3O+] v baz l nhng cht no lm tng [OH-]
Trong etanol th: 2C2H5OH C2H5OH2+ + C2H5OAxit l nhng cht no lm tng nng [C2H5OH2+] v baz l nhng cht no lm
tng[C2H5O-]
Khi phn ng trung ho l phn ng trong mt axit phn ng vi mt baz to thnh mt

mui v mt dung mi.
Theo l thuyt ny th pH = -lg[H2B+] (L thuyt ny cng c th p dng c cho cc dung
mi phi proton).
a) Hy n c mt v d v mt axit v mt baz trong dung mi amoniac lng.
b) Tch s ion ca amoniac l 1,0.10-29 (mol/L)2. Hi amoniac lng nguyn cht c pH no?
c) Nc l mt axit hay l baz trong amoniac lng?. Gii thch.
d) Hy l gii ti sao CH3COOH l mt axit tng amoniac lng. N mnh hn hay yu hn tng
dung dch nc.
e) Mt hp cht l mt axit mnh trong nc c th l mt baz yu trong amoniac lng hay
khng? Nu c th hy cho v d cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
f) Hy ch ra rng NaOH l mt mui trong NH3 lng. Hy ch v d v mt phn ng m n
c to ra trong mi trng amoniac lng.
g) C hp cht no l mt baz trong nc m li l mt axit trong NH3 lng khng? Nu c th
hy cho v d cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
h) Hy t b NH3. Liu c mt dung mi no m n l mt baz khng?. Nu c th hy cho v
d cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
i) Trong CCl4 c axit hay baz khng? Nu c th hy cho v d cn nu khng th hy gii thch.
Lu : Tt c cc khi nim dng trong bi tp u lin h vi l thuyt v cc h dung mi
c gii thch trn.
BI GII:
a) Trong amoniac lng din ra qa trnh t phn ly nh sau:
2NH3 NH4+ + NH2-.
Nh vy axit l cc cht lm tng nng NH4+ cn baz l cc cht lm tng nng NH2-.
V d v mt axit: NH4Cl
V d v mt baz: KNH2.
b) Theo nh ngha u bi th pH = -lg[NH4+]
Ta bit: Kamoniac = [NH4+][NH2-] = 1,0.10-29
[NH4+] = 1,0.10-14,5 pH = 14,5
c) Nc phn ng nh l mt axit v n lm tng nng NH4+:
H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH-.
d) CH3COOH + NH3 NH4+ + CH3COOAxit axetic lm tng nng NH4+ nn n l mt axit

V rng NH3 l cht cho cp in t mnh hn nc cho nn s ho tan axit axetic tng amoniac
th ln hn trong nc v nh vy th tnh axit mnh hn.
e) NH3 l phn t cho cp in t mjanh hn H2O (NH4+ hnh thnh d hn H3O+). Nh vy th s
ho tan mi axit trong amoniac u mnh hn nc. V vy mt axit trong h nc khng th l
mt baz trong h amoniac.
f) Ch cn chng minh rng NaOH c hnh thnh trong mt phn ng trung ho l :
NaNH2 + H2O NH3
+ NaOH
(axit + baz = dung mi + mui)
g) Mt hp cht nh vy cn phi to thnh OH- trong nc v NH4+ trong amoniac. C th
l mt hp cht c hai chc nng, vi mt chc nng baz yu hn amoniac trong nc v mt
nhm axit lin hp vi chc nng baz trong dung dch nc. Mt v d y l hydroxilamin
NH2OH trong nc s hnh thnh cn bng:
H2O + H2NOH H3NOH+ + OH-.

trong amoniac th cn bng chim u th l:
H2NOH + NH3 NH4+ + H2NO-.
(Gii thch b sung nhng trong phn bi tp khng yu cu: Cht cha bit cn cha t nht l
mt H c kh nng tch ra thnh proton, tc l nn vit tt HnX)
trong nc th HnX tc dng nh l mt baz:
HnX + H2O Hn+1X+ + OHV trong amoniac nh l mt axit:
(a)
HnX + NH3 NH4+ + Hn-1X-.

(b)
cho (b) xy ra th nhm tc ng nh l baz trong nc phi l tc nhn nhn proton km
hn NH3. iu c ngha l nhm phi l mt baz yu hn NH3. Qa thc pKb(NH3) = 4,75 v
pKb(H2NOH) = 8,2.
cho (a) xy ra th nhm tc ng nh l axit trong NH3 phi c tc dng cho proton yu hn
axit Hn+1X+, Hn+1X+ l axit lin hp ca nhm HnX, nhm ny tc dng nh l mt baz. Qa thc
pKa(NH3+OH) = 5,4 v pKa(NH2OH) = 13,2.
h) C. V d nh axit sunfuric:
2H2SO4 H3SO4+ + HSO4-
H2O + H2SO4 H3O+ + HSO4-.

i) Khng, do CCl4 khng phn li.
Mt dung dch ceri (IV) sunfat cn c chun ha, Cho cc dung dch v cc cht sau y:
Natri oxalat rn, dung dch kali pemanganat v dung dch st (II) sunfat, c hai u khng bit
nng .
Ngi ta tin hnh ba ln chun trong dung dch axit (mi ln u i vi mt lng d axit
sunfuric) v thu c nhng kt qa sau y:
+ 0,2228g natri oxalat dng ht 28,74cm3 dung dch kali pemanganat.
+ 25,00cm3 dung dch st (II) sunfat dng ht 24,03cm3 dung dch kali pemanganat.
+ 25,00cm3 dung dch st (II) sunfat dng ht 22,17cm3 dung dch ceri (IV) sunfat.
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ca ba ln chun .
2. Hy tnh nng ca dung dch ceri (IV) sunfat.
Ngi ta p dng cc th in cc tiu chun sau y:
Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
Eo = 0,77V
4+
3+
Ce + e = Ce
Eo = 1,61V
3. Hy tnh KC ca phn ng: Fe2+ + Ce4+ = Fe3+ + Ce3+.
(i vi phn cn li ca bi tp cn gi thit cc iu kin l tiu chun)
Fe 3+
ti im tng ng.
4. Hy tnh t s:
Fe 2 +
5. Hy tnh th ca dung dch ti im tng ng.
Nu nh ngi ta s dng mt cht ch th oxi ha - kh (In) vi Eo = th ca dung dch ti im
tng ng nhn bit im kt thc ca vic chun th s khng c vn g v chnh xc
ca vic nhn bit im kt thc.
Nhng i vi cht ch th sau y th:
InOx + 2e = In2-kh
Eo = 0,80V
[
[
]
]
S chuyn mu s th hin r khi:
[InOx ]
[In ]
2
kh
10
1
[Fe ] ti im chuyn mu ca cht ch th ny v cho bit sai s phn trm trong

[Fe ]
3+
6. Hy tnh
2+
ln chun tin hnh.

BI GII:
1.
2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H3O+ = 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 24H2O
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H3O+ = 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 12H2O
Fe2+ + Ce4+ = Fe3+ + Ce3+.
2.
Chun 1: 0,2228g Na2C2O4 tng ng 1,66.10-3 mol C2O42-.
(2/5).1,66.10-3 = [MnO4-].V(MnO4-)
[MnO4-] = 0,0023M
Chun 2: [MnO4-].V(MnO4-) = (1/5)[Fe2+]V(Fe2+)
[Fe2+] = 0,111M
Chun 3: [Ce4+] = [Fe2+].V(Fe2+)/V(Ce4+) = 0,125M
3.
Ta c:
o
( E o 4 + 3 + E Fe
).F
3+
/ Fe 2 +
lg K = Ce / Ce
K = 1,61.10 14
RT
Ti im tng ng th lng cht cho vo n(Ce4+) = no(Fe2+). Vi mi ion Ce3+ mi hnh
4.
thnh th cng hnh thnh mt ion Fe3+, tc l [Ce3+] = [Fe3+] v c [Ce4+] = [Fe3+]
Ta c:
KC
[Ce ][Fe ] ; K
=
[Ce ][Fe ]
3+
3+
4+
2+
[Fe ]
=
[Fe ]
3+ 2
2+ 2
[Fe ] = 1,27.10
[Fe ]
3+
2+
a ga tr mi tm c vo phng trnh Nernst i vi th ca st ngi ta thu c: E =

1,19V
(Cng tng t nh vy ngi ta c th a ga tr [Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = (1,27.10-7)-1 vo phng trnh
Nernst i vi th ca ceri).
6.
Th ca dung dch ti im chuyn mu l:
E = 0,80 + RT/2F(ln10) = 0,83V
a ga tr ny vo phng trnh Nernst i vi st:
RT
Fe 3+
Fe 3+ 10,2
=
0,83 = 0,77 +
ln
F
1
Fe 2 +
Fe 2 +
-1
Nh vy sai s s l: (11,2) .100% = 8,95%
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2000:
HCN l mt axit yu (Ka = 6,2.10-10). NH3 l mt baz yu (Kb = 1,8.10-5). Mt dung dch
NH4CN 1,0M s c tnh cht:
a) Axit mnh.
b) Axit yu.
c) Trung tnh.
d) Baz yu.
e) Baz mnh.
BI GII: Cu d
5.
[
[
] [
] [
]
]
20,00mL mu dung dch Ba(OH)2 c chun bng 0,245M. Nu s dng 27,15mL HCl th
nng mol ca Ba(OH)2 lc ny s l bao nhiu?
a) 0,166M
b) 0,180M
c) 0,333M
d) 0,666M
e) 1,136M
BI GII: Cu a
Tch s ion ca nc 45oC l 4,0.10-14. Vy pH ca nc tinh khit thi im ny l bao
nhiu?
a) 6,7
b) 7,0
c) 7,3
d) 8,5
e) 13,4
BI GII: Cu a
Tch s tan ca mt s mui sunfat c cho bng sau:
Mui
T
1
CaSO4
9.10-6
2
SrSO4
3.10-7
3
PbSO4
2.10-8
4
BaSO4
1.10-10
Khi cho dung dch Na2SO4 0,0001M vo dung dch cc mui tan ca cc cation trn th mui no
s kt ta.
a) 1, 2 v 3.
b) 1 v 2
c) 1 v 3
d) 2 v 4
e) ch 4
BI GII: Cu e
Khi trn dung dch NaOH 0,5M vi mt lng bng nhau ca dung dch no sau y th s xy
ra s gim pH.
1) H2O.
2) 0,25M Na2CO3.
3) 0,5M HCl.
4) 0,6M KOH
a) 1, 2 v 3.
b) 1 v 2
c) 1 v 3
d) 2 v 4
e) ch 4
BI GII: Cu e
Dung dch KOH 0,025M c pH bng bao nhiu?

a) 1,60
b) 3,69
c) 7,00
d) 10,31
e) 12,40
BI GII: Cu e
Cht no l axit lin hp ca HPO42-?
a) H3PO4(aq).
b) H2PO4-(aq).
c) H3O+(aq)
d) H+(aq).
e) PO43-(aq)
BI GII: Cu b
Dung dch axit yu HA 0,075M c [H+] bng bao nhiu nu Ka(HA) = 4,8.10-8
a) 6,1.10-4M
b) 2,2.10-4M
c) 6,0.10-5M
d) 4,8.10-8M
e) 3,1.10-9M
BI GII: Cu c
Nu trn cng mt lng th tch ca BaCl2 v NaF th nng no ca mi cht th kt ta
c hnh thnh?. Bit T(BaF2) = 1,7.10-7.
a) 0,020M BaCl2 v 0,0020M NaF.
b) 0,015M BaCl2 v 0,010M NaF.
c) 0,010M BaCl2 v 0,015M NaF.
d) 0,0040M BaCl2 v 0,020M NaF.
e) Tt c u khng th to kt ta.
BI GII: Cu a
Nu trn cng mt lng th tch ca cc cht sau th hn hp no s hnh thnh dung dch m?
1) 0,1M HCl v 0,1M NH3.
2) 0,1M HNO2 v 0,05M NaOH.
3) 0,05M HNO2 v 0,05M NH3.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1 v 3
e) 2 v 3
BI GII: Cu e
S mol KOH trong 500mL dung dch c xc nh bng cch chun 10,00mL dung dch
KOH ny vi dung dch HCl 0,115M . Nu s chun trn cn 18,72mL HCl th s mol KOH trong
500mL dung dch u s l bao nhiu?
a) 0,00215 mol.
b) 0,00430 mol.
c) 0,108 mol
d) 0,215 mol
e) 0,115 mol
BI GII: Cu c
tan ca bc sunfat l 1,5.10-5mol-3.L-3. Trong mt dung dch m nng ion SO42- l 2,4.102
M th nng Ag+ cc i s l:
a) 0,025M
b) 6,25.10-4M
c) 3,125.10-4M
d) 2,5.10-4M
e) 6,25.10-2M
BI GII: Cu a
Tch s tan ca Ag2CrO4(r) 25oC l 2,6.10-12. Vy tan ca Ag2CrO4 trong 1L nc l bao
nhiu?
a) 1,6.10-6M
b) 2,6.10-12M
c) 2,1.10-8M
d) 1,4.10-4M
e) 8,7.10-5M
BI GII: Cu e
Mt axit mnh hai nc H2A ho tan trong nc 25oC cho mt dung dch c pH = 1,85. Nng
ca axit trong dung dch (gi s n phn li hon ton thnh A2-) lc ban u s nm trong khong:
a) 0,05 v 0,1
b) 0,01 v 0,05
c) 0,1 v 0,5
d) 0,001 v 0,005
e) 0,005 v 0,01
BI GII: Cu e
Mt dung dch axit axetic 0,100M c chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,05M. Khi 60% axit
c trung ho th pH ca dung dch lc ny l bao nhiu?
a) 2,38
b) 4,56
c) 4,74
d) 4,92
e) 7,00
BI GII: Cu d
a) Tnh pH cui c cc h sau y khi ho tan:

i) 2,00M HCl
ii) 0,500M NaOH
vo 500,0mL nc 25oC (pH ca nc iu kin ny l 7,00)
b) Mt lnh vc quan trng trong ho hc phn tch l dung dch m. N bao gm mt hn hp
ca mt axit yu (HA) v baz lin hp ca n (A-). N c gi l dung dch m v n chng
li s thay i pH khi thm vo h mt axit mnh hay baz mnh.
S dng cc phng trnh ha hc (v ch ra trng thi ca mi hp phn), hy cho bit chuyn
g s xy ra khi thm vo dung dch m
i) Kh HCl.
ii) NaOH vin
pH ca dung dch m c xc nh bi t l mol ca axit yu v baz lin hp ca n. Nu
hng s phn ly axit Ka c bit th pH ca dung dch m s c tnh theo phng trnh Henderson
HasselBatch:
pH = pKa + lg([A-]/[HA])
c) Hy chng minh phng trnh Henderson HasselBatch t biu thc ca Ka.
d) 1,00L ca mt dung dch m cha 0,500mol ca axit yu v baz lin hp ca n. pH ca dung
dch o c l 7,00. Xc nh pKa ca cp axit baz lin hp.
e) Tnh pH ca dung dch sinh ra khi thm vo 500,0mL dung dch m cu d:
i) 2,00M HCl
ii) 0,500M NaOH
f) Ka ca axit axetic l 1,75.10-5M
1,00L dung dch m cha axit axetic v ion axetat c pH c xc nh l 5,30. Tng nng
ca axit axetic v ion axetat l 1,00M.
i) Tnh t l [A-]/[HA]
ii) Tnh nng ca tmh tiu phn trong dung dch m.
Ngoi vic trn mt axit yu v baz lin hp ca n to thnh dung dch m th ta cn c
th s dng mt phng php khc l: chun b sn mt trong hai cht trn ri thm vo dung dch
chun b sn mt lng axit hoc baz mnh.
g) Gii thch?
h) Nh ha hc tp s Bob nh chun b mt dung dch m c pH bng 4,00 bng cch s dng
dung dch CH3COONa 0,500M v dung dch HCl 2,00M. Gi s th tch ca HCl thm vo l V
lt. Tr li cc cu hi sau:
i) Th tch dung dch CH3COONa 0,500M cn thm vo l bao nhiu hnh thnh dung dch
m?
ii) C bao nhiu mol axit axetic sinh ra?
iii) C bao nhiu mol ion axetat phn ng vi HCl?
iv) Vi pH xc nh th t l [A-]/[HA] s l bao nhiu?
v) Tnh V
i) pH m l tng l pH m ti dung dch m c kh nng chng li s thay i pH tt nht
khi thm vo mt lng dung dch axit mnh hay baz mnh. i vi dung dch m axetat
th pH m l tng l bao nhiu?
j) Khng thnh cng vi th nghim trn ca mnh. Bob tip tc tin hnh mt th nghim khc. Bt
u vi 250mL ca dung dch m axetat pH m l tng. Nhng do s bt cn khi lm th
nghim th anh ta cho vo dung dch m mt vi git dung dch NaOH 0,340M. Anh y
nhanh chng khc phc s c v o li pH ca dung dch th thy pH tng ln 1 n v so vi lc

u. Bit tng nng cc tiu phn trong dung dch m ban u l 0,500M
i) Tnh t l [A-]/[HA] trong dung dch mi
ii) Tnh s mol axit axetic v ion axetat trong dung dch ban u
iii) Sau khi thm NaOH vo th s mol ca axit axetic v anion axetat s l bao nhiu?
iv) Sau khi xy ra s c th s mol ion axetat s tng ln bao nhiu?
v) Th tch NaOH m Bob thm vo dung dch m s l bao nhiu?
BI GII:
a) (i) pH = 1,70
(ii) pH = 11,69
b) HCl(k) + A-(aq) HA(aq) + Cl-(aq)
NaOH(r) + HA(aq) Na+(aq) + A-(aq) + H2O(l)

c) Ta c:
H + A
Ka =
[HA]
[ ][ ]
[HA]
K a = H +
A
[ ] [ ]
[HA]
lg K a = lg H +
A
[ ]
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
[ ]
pH = pK a + lg
[
]
HA
pH = 7,00
(i)
n(H+ thm vo) = 0,01mol
[A-] = 0,499M
[HA] = 0,501M
pH = 6,98
(ii)
Tng t nh (i) ta tnh c pH = 7,0043
A
= 3,492
(i)
(1)
[HA]
(ii) [A+] + [HA] = 1 (2)
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) ta thu c kt qa: [HA] = 0,223M v [A-] = 0,777M
Axit mnh/ baz mnh s phn ng vi baz yu hay axit yu to ra hp phn cn li ca
dung dch m. Nh vy th dung dch thu c s cha axit yu v baz lin hp ca n.
(i). Gi th tch HCl l V mL
Vy th tch ca dung dch natri axetat s l 1 V(mL)
(ii) S mol axit axetic l 2,00.V (mol)
(iii) S mol baz sinh ra = 0,500 2.500V (mol)
A
= 0,175
(iv)
[HA]
(v) V = 175mL
Nh vy cn phi trn 825mL dung dch natri axetat 0,500M vi 175mL dung dch HCl 2,00M
pH = pKa = 4,76
[ ]
[ ]
i)
[ ]
j) (i) Ta c: pH = 4,76 + 1 = 5,76

A
5,76 = 4,76 + lg
[HA]
[ ]
[A ] = 10
[HA]
Trong dung dch m l tng [HA] = [A-] = 0,0625mol

Tng s mol axit axetic v axetat c bo ton = 0,0625.2 = 0,125mol
Ta c: [A-] = 10[HA]
[A-] = 0,114mol
[HA] = 0,0114mol
(iv)
n(NaOH) thm vo = 0,0515 mol
(v)
V(NaOH) thm vo = 0,152L = 152mL
Ch th quinain l mt cht ch th axit baz rt hu ch. N c mu trong dung dch c
pH ln hn 3,5 nhng khng c mu pH nh hn 1,5. Dung dch no sau y s lm cht ch th ha
nu ta nh mt vi git quinain vo cc dung dch:
1) HCl 0,1M
2) NH3 0,05M
3) CH3COOH 0,0005M
a) 1 v 2
b) 1 v 3
c) 2 v 3
d) ch 2
e) ch 3
BI GII: Cu c
Bob ho tan 4,021g NaOH trong nc v pha long bng nc n th tch 1L. Sau anh ta s
dng pipet ly 10,00mL dung dch thu c cho vo bnh nn v cho dung dch HCl 0,050M vo
buret, im cui ngi ta xc nh c th tch HCl cn dng l 20,32mL. Thy gio ca Bob
nhn xt:
a) Php phn tch trn khng chnh xc.
b) NaOH hp th hi nc ngoi khng kh cho nn khi lng ca n c o khng chnh
xc.
c) Buret c trng bng nc thay cho HCl.
d) Bnh nn c trng bng HCl thay cho nc.
e) Pipet c trng bng nc thay cho NaOH
BI GII: Cu c
(ii)
(iii)

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I.

OLYMPIC HA HC VIT NAM

SCN = 1,1.10 3 M Ag + = 9,1.10 10 M

SO4 + H2O H SO4 + OH

Kb(1) >> Kb(2) nn cn bng (1) quyt nh pH ca dung dch:

= 8,94. 10-3 [OH-] = 8,94.10-3

5. 1024 << [Pb2+]

K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA NM 2003 (BNG A)

CH2S = [H2S] = 0,1 M

H2S (aq) 2H+ + S2[S2- ] = 1,3 x 10-20 x

= 1,3 x 10-17 (M)

tnh tch s tan Ks cn t hp cn bng :

K.K a 10 17 , 43.10 6,50

CCrO2-4 (BaCrO4) <

Thnh phn sau phn ng :

x = 3,8.10-5 << 0,046; CrO 24- = 0,046M

[Ba ] = 100,046 = 2,55.10

[Ba2+] v [Ag+] u << [CrO42- ], chng t nng CrO42- do 2 kt ta tan ra l khng ng k.

[K+] = CK+ = 0,18M

Dung dch mu vng

PbO22- + SO42- + H20

2 CrO2- + 3 H2O2 + 2 OHFe2+

K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA NM 2005 (BNG A)

Tng t nh vy, i vi phn ng:

HCO3 + OH ; Kb1 = 10-14/10-10,33

( H2O.CO2) + OH ; Kb2 = 10-14/10-6.35

Kb1 >> Kb2 , cn bng (1) l ch yu.

C = 102,4 + (10-4,8/10-3,67) = 0,0781 M

102,4 102 = 5,1 %

CHCl = 0,16/2 = 0,08 M ;

CNa2CO3 = 0,0781 = 0,03905 M

(do Ka1 >> Ka2)

x = 7,05.106 << 1,9. 103

Vy pH = lg 1,9. 103 = 2,72

CCa2+ = (10-2,52/2) = 102,82

(do Kb1 >> Kb2)

0,0391 2,89.103 = 0,0362 M

. CCa2+ = 0,0362 102,82 = 5,47.105 > 108,35

HCrO4- + H2O CrO42- + H3O+.

2HCrO4 Cr2O7 + H2O

a) CrO42- + H2O HCrO4- + OHb) Cr2O72- + 2OH- 2CrO42- + H2O

HCrO4- = H+ + CrO42K = K1 = 3,16.10-7.

a) Fe3+ trong dung dch I

Hin + Na+OH- Na+In- + H2O

b) Dng baz ca cht ch th.

K 1" = K 1 K 1' = (4,7 0,68).10 20 = 4,0.10 20 M 1

OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T LN TH 33:

H2PO4- + H2O HPO42- + H3O+

HPO4 + H2O H2PO4 + OH

k hu cc phn s nng ca cc loi photphat khc nhau; C l tng nng ban u ca

Cc phng trnh trn y dn n:

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32-

Ka1 = [HCO3-][H+]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.10-4 [HCO3-]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.103

Kt hp (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH- HCO3K = 4,43.107.

Keq = Ksp.K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 4,28.10-5

e) 2,00.10-3M (gi s [Ca2+(aq)] = 40,1mg/L)

CO2(aq) + H2O HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq)

CO2(aq) + H2O H2CO3(aq)

NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

i) Gia im bt u v im tng ng th nht.

AgI(r) Ag+(aq) + I-(aq)

[Ag ][S O ] = 6,0.10