105

Tp ch Ha hc, T. 42 (1), Tr. 105 - 109, 2004

H S KHUCH TN Cl

VA CC DANG NNG CA Cl

TRONG B TNG
n Ta son 9-6-2003
Phan Vn Tng, Trn Dng
Khoa Ha hc, Tr!ng i hc Khoa hc t nhin - i hc Quc gia H+ Ni

AbstracT
Chloride diffusivity is an important factor affecting the durability of a reinforced
concrete structure in the marine environment. Chloride ions in beton exist mainly in the
physically absorbed form in pore water. Using the mathematical model suggested by Tang
Luping and Lars Olof Nilsson, we can rapidly determine chloride diffusivity of concrete
specimen. From chloride diffusivity D obtained, we can predict the service life of concrete
structures in the marine environment.
I - t vn
Cc cng trnh b tng ct thp vng bin
thng nhanh chng b h hng, c tui th
thp. Nguyn nhn chnh l* do s ph hng ct
thp bi ion Cl

t do nm trong dung dch

nc l hng. M hnh ton hc do Tang
Luping v* Olof Nilsson a ra bng cch p
dng in trng cho php xc nh nhanh h
s khuch tn ca ion Cl

trong b tng, tuy

nhin nng ca ion clo s dng trong m
hnh n*y l* nng tng (% khi lng trn
mu), hn na trong cc tiu chun nh gi
ngng n mn thp gy ra bi ion clo cng
biu din di dng tng s (% khi lng
mu). Trong b*i bo n*y chng ti xem xt vic
s dng h s khuch tn ion clo v* vn s
dng nng ion clo tng s c nh hng n
vic nh gi s n mn ct thp v* d on
tui th ca cng trnh hay khng.
II - Tng tc ca ion Cl

trong
b tng
Clo thm nhp v*o trong b tng theo hai
con ng hoc l* t nhng th*nh phn c s
trong qu trnh hnh th*nh b tng, hoc l* t
mi trng ni t cng trnh c bi nc
bin hoc c mui tan. Clo tn ti trong b tng
di hai dng l* clo lin kt v* clo t do nm
trong nc l trng.
Clo lin kt trong b tng tn ti di hai
dng chnh: c hp ph vt l trn th*nh rn
ca nhng l trng trong b tng hoc c nh
ha hc bi phn ng vi mt v*i th*nh phn
ca xi mng. Cc hp cht c to th*nh
thng l* monocloroaluminat hydrat hoc l*
mui Friedel (C
3
A.CaCl
2
.10H
2
O) v* mui
tricloroaluminat (C
3
A.3CaCl
2
.30H
2
O). Trong iu
kin thng, vi nng ion clo trong b tng,
ngi ta ch tm thy mui Friedel.
Ion clo t do nm trong nc l trng hoc
hp ph vt l trn b mt c th di chuyn trong
b tng bi cc mao qun. Ion clo t do cng c
th t ti ngng l*m mt tnh th ng ca
thp [1]. Trong b tng m pH > 13 lp m*ng
th ng dng FeO-OH c to trn b mt ct
thp nn thp c bo v [4]. Nguy c n mn
ct thp tng dn vi s tng Cl

t do trong
nc l trng, Cl

khng trc tip l*m gim pH

quanh ct thp nhng n l* cht xc tc cho qu
106
trnh n mn, n ph hy lp m*ng bo v trn
b mt ct thp v* gy n mn ct thp tip.
Tuy nhin trong cc nghin cu nh gi
ngng n mn gy ra bi ion clo ngi ta
thng biu din di dng clo tng s [2, 8, 9,
10]. Tiu chun Anh qui nh gii hn nng
Cl

i vi xi mng xi mng Portland bnh

thng l* 0,4%. C quan nghin cu v nh*
ca M n phn loi nh hng nng Cl

i
vi s n mn ct thp nh sau: n mn thp: 0
- 0,4% (so vi xi mng); trung bnh: 0,4 - 1% v*
cao: trn 1%. C quan qun l ng Lin
bang M n a ra gii hn nng Cl

l*
1,2 kg/m
3
b tng hoc 0,2% khi lng i vi
xi mng [5].
III - Thc nghim v( tho lun
Tang Luping v* Olof Nilsson a ra m
hnh ton hc cho s khuch tn Cl

trong b
tng c p dng in trng nh sau [3]:

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dx
dC
RT
zFE
dx
C d
D
dt
dC
2
2
(1)
(0 < x < +, t > 0)
vi iu kin: C(0,t) = C
0
v* C(x,0) = 0.
y, E: cng in trng, R: hng s kh,
T: nhit Kelvin, C
0
: nng ion ti b mt,
C = C(x,t): nng ca ion ti v tr x, z: ha tr
ca ion, F: hng s Faraday.
T vic gii b*i ton trn chng ti thu
c nghim [6]:
0
1
( , ) 1 1+
2 2 2
ax
x aDt x aDt
C x t C erf e erfc
Dt Dt
( + | | | |
=
` ( | |
\ . \ . )
(2)
erf: h*m sai s; erfc: h*m b sai s.
S dng b th nghim v* chun b mu nh
hnh 1. Mu c chun b nh sau: S dng
xi mng PC40 ca nh* my xi mng Luksvaxi
tnh Tha Thin - Hu, ct n ra sch bng
nc ct nhm loi ht ion clo. Cc mu c
c trong khun hnh tr c ng knh 70
mm, cao 50 mm v* t trn b*n rung trong
khong 10 pht, gt bng. Sau 24 gi, mu
c bo dng trong nc vi bno ha trong
vng 3 thng. tin h*nh thc nghim o s
khuch tn ion Cl

chng ti bc mu th trong
cc khun nha cao khong 150 mm c trt keo
c th cha c 100 ml dung dch NaCl 3%
trong Ca(OH)
2
bno ha pha trn. Dng c
c lp t nh hnh 1. in p c thit lp
l* 30 V (DC) [3], tin h*nh p in trng
trong thi gian 8 gi. S dng phn mm tnh
ton da trn phng trnh (2), chng ti thu
c kt qu trnh b*y di y.
a. Gii ngn cch
b. Nc vi trong bno ha
c. Ant bng thp khng r
d. Mu
e. Lp nha
f. Catt bng thp khng r
g. Nc mui 3% trong nc vi trong bno ha
h. Chu thy tinh

Hnh 1: Thit b xc nh nhanh Cl

bng phng php s dng in trng

107
Bng 1: H s khuch tn ca mu theo thi gian p in trng
C
0
(% khi
lng mu)
Chiu su xm
nhp (m)
D (m
2
/s)
Mu A: xi mng : ct : nc = 1 : 2 : 0,5 0,318 0,01
13,410
12
Mu B: xi mng : ct : nc = 1 : 3 : 0,5 0,378 0,01
13,610
12
Hnh 2: th s khuch tn Cl

i vi mu A
Hnh 3: th s khuch tn Cl

i vi mu B
Trong phng trnh (2) C(x,t) v* C
0
l* nng
ion clo tng s (% khi lng mu). Tuy
nhin nh trn ta n cp ch c nng ion
clo t do mi ng gp v*o s n mn ct thp.
Sau y ta xem xt mi quan h gia nng
ion clo t do v* ion clo tng s.
Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu n cho thy
rng mi quan h gia nng ca ion clo t
do v* ion clo tng s c mi quan h tuyn tnh
[8, 9, 10]. Nh vy nu trong phng trnh (2)
ta thay nng ion clo tng bng nng ion
clo t do, h s D thu c cng khng b nh
hng. Hn na, xc nh mi tng quan
trn chng ti n tin h*nh th nghim nh sau:
Cng tin h*nh cho thm clo bng dng c
hnh 1 nh trn nhng thi gian p in trng
4 gi. Sau chng ti n tin h*nh phn tch
h*m lng ion clo tng s (phng php
ASTM C1152-90) v* h*m lng ion clo ca
nc chit (ion clo t do trong l trng v* ion
clo hp th vt l) (phng php ASTM
C1218-92). Kt qu trnh b*y trong bng 2.
H
*
m
l

n
g
C
l
-
(
%
k
h
.
l

n
g
)
H
*
m
l

n
g
C
l
-
(
%
k
h
.
l

n
g
)
108
Hnh 4: Mi quan h gia nng ion clo tng v* ion clo t do [9].
Bng 2: H*m lng clo (% khi lng mu)
(t l nc : xi mng : ct = 1 : 2,8 : 0,5)
su (cm)
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
H*m lng Cl

tng s
0,086 0,076 0,041 0,035 0,033
H*m lng Cl

nc chit
0,086 0,074 0,037 0,012 0,012
Bng 3: H*m lng Cl

trong nc p
(t l nc : xi mng = 0,60; 1% Cl

(NaCl); tui ca mu ~ 3 thng)

H*m lng Cl

STT Thng tin v mu

Gi tr o (ppm) lch chun v* h s bin thin
1
2
3
4
5
Cc mu 1 5 chun b t
va cng trn
9850
9400
9000
9600
9100
6
7
8
9
10
11

Cc mu 6 11 trn ring
9600
9300
9600
9150
9600
9200

lch chun 269 ppm

H s bin thin 2,9%
109
Kt qu cho thy rng lng ion clo tham
gia lin kt ha hc trong b tng l* khng ng
k, m* ch yu tn ti di dng ion clo t do
trong nc l trng v* dng hp ph vt l. N
cng ph hp vi cc s liu v h*m lng ion
clo trong nc l trng thu c bi J. Tritthart
bng phng php p [2] i vi mu t l nc
: xi mng = 0,60 v* h*m lng clo 1% khi
lng mu (di dng NaCl) nh bng 3.
Qua trn ta thy ch yu Cl

nm trong
nc l trng v* hp ph vt l. V vy vic s
dng nng ion clo tng s khng nh hng
n vic nh gi s n mn ct thp. Phng
php xc nh h*m lng ca ring ion clo t
do trong nc l trng l* mt vn rt kh
khn, hin nay ngi ta thng s dng phng
php p [2], bi v nu dng phng php chit
th ion clo hp ph vt l s i v*o dung dch s
gy nn sai lch, t cha c kin n*o v
h*m lng ion clo lin kt ha hc l* khng
ng k so vi lng ion clo c th gy nn s
n mn thp. Qua trnh b*y trn ta thy clo
tn ti trong b tng ch yu di dng khng
lin kt ha hc, v vy vic xc nh h*m
lng clo tng s hay clo trong nc chit
khng cho s sai khc my.
IV - Kt lun
Vic s dng m hnh ton hc c s dng
in trng xc nh nhanh h s khuch tn
ion clo trong b tng l* mt vn ho*n to*n
mi m, t m hnh ton hc c a ra bi
Tang Luping v* Olof Nilsson chng ti xc nh
c h s khuch tn ca ion clo trong b tng
[6].
Chng ti thy rng nh gi ion clo ph
hy ct thp ch cn xc nh tng s ion clo,
vic n*y thc hin d hn nhiu so vi phng
php dng nc chit.
Vic p dng in trng cho php xc
nh nhanh h s khuch tn ca clo trong b
tng, v* t h s khuch tn ta c th tin on
thi gian nng ion clo t ti ngng n
mn ti mt khong cch x (khong cch t
b mt b tng n ct thp) n bit.
T(i liu tham kho
1. P. Baron, J. P. Oliver. La durabilit des
btons. Press de lEcole Nationale des
Ponts et Chasses, Paris (1992).
2. J. Tritthart. Cement and Concrete Research,
Vol. 19, P. 586 - 594 (1989).
3. Tang Luping and Lars Olof Nilsson. ACI
Materials Journal, JanuaryFebruary,
(1992).
4. P. Kumar Mehta. Concrete in the marine
environment. Elsevier Applied Science,
London and New York (1991).
5. Phan Lng Cm, Nguyn Ngc Phong. n
mn v* bo v ct thp trong b tng. Hi
tho v Cng ngh xi mng v* b tng, H*
Ni (1996).
6. P. V. Tuong, T. Duong, and D. U. Van.
Comments on the mathematical model of
Tang Luping and Lars Olof Nilsson for
rapid determination of the chloride
diffusivity in concrete by applying an
electrical field. International Conference
On Concrete In Marine Environments,
Hanoi (2002).
7. Trn Dng, Phan Vn Tng, Trn Thy
Nga. Tp ch Ha hc, Tp 41, s 3 (2003).
8. B. Martin-Prez, H. Zibara, R. D. Hooton,
M. D. A. Thomas. Cement and Concrete
Research, Vol. 30, P. 1215 - 1223 (2000).
9. Xinying Lu, Cuiling Li, Haixia Zhang.
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 32, P.
323 - 326 (2002).
10. David Trejo. Evaluation of the critical
chloride threshold and corrosion rate for
different steel reinforcement types. Downloa-
ded from http://www.mmfxsteel.com/PDF/
val%20of%20the%20Critical%20Chloride%
20 Threshold%2007-24-02.pdf.