1. H thng phn tch vi thuc th Sunfua cc Cation.

Theo phng php phn tch h thng vi thuc th Sunfua c in ngi ta chia cc cation thnh 5 nhm phn tch. Vic phn chia nhm cc cation da trn tnh tan khc nhau ca cc mui sunfua, clorua, cacbonat v hidroxit c to thnh gia cc cation vi cc thuc th nhm: H2S; (NH4)2S; HCl v (NH4)2CO3. C s chnh l da vo tnh tan ca cc mui sunfua. a, Nhm 1 cation ( K+; Na+; NH4+; Mg2+): Tr Mg2+ cc mui v cc hidroxit ca cation nhm 1 d tan trong nc. Nhm ny khng c thuc th nhm. b, Nhm 2 cation (gm cc cation kim loi kim th Ba2+; Sr2+; Ca2+): Kt ta cacbonat ca cc cation ca nhm 2 ko tan trong nc. Thuc th nhm l (NH4)2CO3trong mi trng kim yu, m amoni (NH4Cl/NH3). c, Nhm 3 cation (Al3+; Cr3+; Fe3+; Fe2+; Ni2+; Co2+; Mn2+; Zn2+): Thuc th nhm l (NH4)2S trong mi trng kim hoc trung tnh ( pH = 7 - 9), cc cation nhm 3 tch ra di dng kt ta cc sunfua v hidroxit ko tan trong nc. d, Nhm 4 cation ( Cu2+; Cd2+; Hg2+; Bi3+; As3+; As5+; Sb3+; Sb5+; Sn2+; Sn4+): Thuc th nhm l H2S trong mi trng axit ( pH= 0,5), cc cation nhm 4 to kt ta sunfua v cc kt ta ca chng ko tan trong nc v trong axit v c long. Nhm 4 cation c phn thnh 2 phn nhm da trn tnh cht khc nhau ca cc kt ta sunfua. Cc kt ta As2S3, As2S5, Sb2S3, Sb2S5, SnS, SnS2 mang tnh axit nn d tan trong dd kim NH4)2Sx, cn cc kt ta CuS, CdS, HgS, Bi2S3 ko tan trong NH4)2Sx. NH4)2Sx l thuc th ca cc phn nhm: 4a: Cu2+; Cd2+; Hg2+; Bi3+; 4b: As3+; As5+; Sb3+; Sb5+; Sn2+; Sn4+ e, Nhm 5 cation ( Ag+; Hg2+; Pb2+): Cc mui clorua ca chng ko tan trong nc v trong cc axit long. Thuc th nhm l dung dch HCl 2N. 2.

Ngi ta tin hnh theo trnh t sau:

Axit ha dd mu bng HCl n mi trng c pH=0,5, kt ta

hon ton nhm 5 cation di dng mui clorua, li tm tch kt ta. Dd cha nhm 4,3,2 v 1 cation. Sc kh H2S qua dd 4,3,2,1, kt ta hon ton nhm 4 cation, li tm tch kt ta. DD cha nhm 3,2 v 1 catinon. Dng thuc th (NH4)2Sx ha tan kt ta nhm 4, li tm tch kt ta nhm 4a, dd cha nhm 4b. Dd nhm 3,2,1 c kim ha nh bng n amon ( pH=7-9), dng thuc th (NH4)2S kt ta hon ton nhm 3, li tm trch kt ta, dd thu c cha nhm 2,1. Thm axit axetic v dd nhm 2,1, gia nhit phn hy (NH4)2S, thm thuc th (NH4)2 CO3 kt ta hon ton nhm 2 ( m amon), li tm tch kt ta nhm 2, dd thu c cha nhm 1 cation.