TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).

2008

TNH CHN IN CC NI T V CC GII PHP GIM IN TR CA TRANG B NI T

CHOOSING GROUNDING ELECTRODES AND SOME METHODS OF REDUCING EARTHING RESISTANCE TRN VINH TNH
Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng

NGUYN LNG MNH

Cng ty C phn u t in Lc 3
TM TT Trang b ni t (TBN) ca cng trnh in c xem l t yu cu khi p ng cc ch tiu k thut, c gi thnh hp l v m bo kh nng lm vic khng ngn hn thi gian hot ng ca cng trnh. Vic tnh chn in cc ni t (CN) nh hng quyt nh n thi gian lm vic v gi thnh ca TBN. Bi bo ny trnh by cc vn v tnh chn CN v mt s gii php gim in tr tn ca TBN, s dng cc cng trnh nh my in (NM), trm bin p (TBA). ABSTRACT Grounding electrodes affect not only dissipation resistance but also the cost and lifetime of the earthing system. Based upon the soil characteristics such as resistivity, pH value, moisture, etc the grounding electrodes can be corroded rapidly or not. This paper presents how to choose grounding electrodes and some methods of reducing earthing resistance of power substations.

1. Gii thiu TBN ca cc cng trnh in ch yu c thc hin theo kiu cc, tia kt hp. Ty thuc vo loi vt liu ca in cc, kch thc v cch b tr chng trong h thng ni t m TBN c c gi tr in tr tn, phn b in th tt hay xu. Thc t, in tr ca bn thn in cc l rt nh so vi in tr tip xc gia in cc vi vng t xung quanh, nn n nh hng khng ln n gi tr in tr tn ca c h thng. Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut ca CN ch yu c th hin kh nng tn dng in ra t, chu ng nhit do dng in ngn mch (DNM) sinh ra, t b n mn, thun tin cho thi cng v gi thnh thc hin. p ng cc yu c u trn , CN phi c tnh chn mt cch cn thn v vt liu, kch thc v bin php chng n mn. 2. Tnh chn v b tr in cc trong TBN * Vt liu lm CN: Vic chn la vt liu phi da theo cc tiu ch v nhit nng chy, in tr sut, mc b n mn, cng lc v chi ph. Thc t, ta khng th chn c loi vt liu tha mn tt c cc yu cu trn m ch c th p
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

ng c mt s tiu ch c xem l quan trng nht theo quan im ca ngi s dng. ng luyn (ng ) v thp l hai loi vt liu ph bin ch to CN. So vi thp, ng c nhng u im c hu v dn in, bn vi mi trng nhng chi ph u t cao v sinh ra cc phn ng in - ha lm n mn cc k t cu kim loi khc chn gn n. Ngc li, thp c chi ph u t thp hn, cng lc v kh nng hp th nhit cao hn nhng li d b n mn ha hc v dn in thp. dung ha cc tiu ch ny ng ta ch s dng in cc bng ng nhng vng c kh nng b n i mn cao v ch yu s dng in cc thp c tng cng bo v chng n mn (m km hoc m ng) gim chi ph u t (trung bnh gim c khong 40% chi ph so vi ng [4]). * Kch thc CN: Kch thc in cc ph thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu (in tr sut, hng s nhit ca in tr sut), cng DNM chm t, thi gian duy tr s c, nhit mi trng... Kch thc CN c tnh theo cng thc [3]:
A = I .K f t 1,974

(1)

Vi: + A(mm2) l tit din ca in cc + I (KA) l gi tr hiu dng ca dng in tn vo t , I = Sf. Df . IN(1) (Sf l h s phn dng, Df l h s tt dn, IN(1) l DNM mt pha) + t(s) l thi gian s c, an ton ly t=1s + Kf l h s vt liu, ly theo bng 1
Bng 1. H s K f nhit mi trng 40oC

Vt liu ng luyn Dy ng m thp Thp en Cc thp m km Cc thp khng r

in dn 100 40 10,8 8,6 9,8

Nh. nng chy T a (oC) H s K f 1.083 1.084 1.510 419 1.400 7,00 10,45 15,95 28,96 14,72

Cng lc ca CN cn m bo khng b nt hay cong khi c ng vo t. Khi cc ni t c ng knh cng ln th cng chu lc s cng cao nhng din tch tip xc vi t tng ln nn c th s kh khn hn khi c ng vo t. * n mn v cc bin php chng n mn in cc : Qu trnh n mn kim loi trong t l s mt dn cc tnh cht ca n do hu qu ca phn ng gia kim loi vi mi trng xung quanh. Hu ht s n mn kim loi trong t nhit bnh thng l kt qu cc phn ng in - ha. S n mn xut hin do qu trnh mt ion kim loi ti cc dng (ant) - l ni dng in chy t kim loi sang t - di tc nhn ca s
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

chnh lch in th tr n cc thanh kim lo nh hnh 2 [4]. C nhiu dng n mn i CN nh sau:

Hnh 2. n mn kim loi (phn ng in ha)

Hnh 3. Cc dng n mn trn b mt kim loi

R st: do dng in chy gia cc phn khc nhau trn cng mt thanh kim loi gy nn, lm cho phn ln b mt kim loi b mc rung dn (hnh 3.a). n mn r hoa: l dng kim loi b n mn cc b nhng ch m lp chng r b bong trc, li nhng l su trn b mt v tip tc lm mc rung in cc (hnh 3.b). n mn in - ha: khi c s chnh lch in th gia cc in cc lm t cc kim loi khc nhau nh ng v thp, s hnh thnh dng in chy t in cc thp (ant) ra t v n in cc ng (catt). S mt i cc ion kim loi (F e ++) ant s lm cho in cc thp b n mn dn . Cc nguyn nhn c b nh n hng n mc n mn in - ha, l: mch dn in gia cc in cc thp v ng, in p hnh thnh gia cc vt liu, t l gii phng v hp th ion ca ant vi catt v in tr ca mi trng in phn (t). Cng n mn s cao trong cc trng hp [4]: in tr sut ca t gim (bng 2), khi t c tnh axt hoc baz cao (bng 3), khi m ln v thong kh gim. Nhn chung, t c tnh a xt, m t, ln nhiu tp cht hu c ym kh, c mu en th c tnh n m cao. Ngc li , loi t c cu trc dng ht kh, ro, t tp n cht hu c, mu sng, rng ln thng t n mn kim loi. Nghin cu ca Vn phng Tiu chun Quc gia M v t trng n mn ca thp chn trong t cng b [4]: Y = (85,44 2,45.10-3.X 1 + 7,37.X 2 + 0,86.X 3 + 0,31.X 4 ).10-3 Vi: + Y l t trng n mn hng nm (mm/nm) + X 1 l in tr sut t (.cm) + X2 l pH + X3 l m (%) + X4 l thong kh (%) Thc nghim cng cho thy, t l n mn trung bnh ca 12 nm tip theo ch bng 50% so vi 12 nm u, mc n mn cc nm tip theo na l khng ng k.
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(2)

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

Bng 2. Mc n mn kim loi ca t

in tr sut (m)

Bng 3. pH v n mn kim loi

Tnh cht ca t pH Mc n mn

<25 2650 51100 >100

T trng n mn (mm/nm) n mn nghim trng (>0,331)

n mn va (0,02290,305) n mn yu (0,1020,229) n mn rt yu (<0,102)

Axt m c Axt rt mnh Axt mnh Axt va Axt yu Trung tnh Baz yu Baz va Baz mnh Baz rt mnh

<4,5 4,55,0 5,15,5 5,66,0 6,16,5 6,67,3 7,47,8 7,98,4 8,59,0 >9,1

n mn cao nht

t n mn nht

n mn cao

V d: Tnh ton ng knh CN bng thp, bit tr c in tr sut t =2.500 .cm, pH = 7, m l 30%, thong kh 15%, DNM chm t I N(1) = 10 KA, h s phn dng S f = 1, h s tt dn D sut k = 2 .
Bng 4. Kch thc ti thiu ca in cc ni t in cc ni t Vt liu Hnh dng + ng dy trn + Thp m dy trn km nhng nng 70m + Thp khng m thanh dt cc trn hnh L dy trn thanh dt cc trn hnh L cc trn TCN18:2006 TCVN 4756 :1989 10mm 48mm2/ dy 4mm 10mm dy 4mm 10mm 48mm2/ dy 4mm 10mm dy 4mm DIN VDE 0141 50mm2 50mm2 78mm2 20mm 15mm IED 621-2A 25mm2 50mm2 f

= 1, h s pht trin cng

+ Thp m ng

T thng s cho trc c th tnh c : I = D f . S f . k . I N(1) = 1 . 1 . 2 . 10 = 20KA T (1) tnh c tit din in cc:
A = I . K f t 1 = 161,6 mm2 = 20 . 15,95 1,974 1,974

Nu in cc hnh trn th bn knh l r = 7,2 mm. T (2) tnh c t trng n mn ca in cc: Y = (85,44 2,45.10-3.2500 + 7,37.7 + 0,86.30 + 0,31.15).10-3 = 0,161 mm/nm Vi i sng d n l 25 nm, h s an ton l 150% th n mn ca in cc l: Y = (12 . 0,161 + 0,5 . 12 . 0,161). 1,5 = 4,35 mm Nh vy, bn knh ti thiu ca in cc l: r = 7,2 + 4,35 = 11,55 mm
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

Do , ta phi chn in cc c bn knh r = 12 mm, tit din A = 452 mm2. gim s n mn kim loi, ngi ta thng m km ho m ng cho cc c in cc thp, hay dng bin php bo v catt. Trong thc t, cc tiu chun k thut quy nh kch thc ti thiu ca cc loi CN (nh bng 4) tin s dng. * B tr in cc trong TBN ca cng trnh in: Hnh dng v cch b tr in cc nh hng n gi tr in tr tn c a TBN (R ), in p tip xc (U tx ) v in p bc (U b ). Cc ni t c tc dng lm gim nhanh R , nhng khng gi m U tx v U b . Ngc li, li ni t c phn b in th bng phng hn nn lm gim U tx , U b nhng t tc ng lm gim d Hnh 4. M t TBN cho TBA. R . Li dng c im ny, ng i ta thng b tr cc in cc dng li (dc v ngang) cho ton b din tch trm (ko di ra ngoi hng ro khong 1m) san bng in th. Cn gim in tr R , ta u tin b tr cc ni t dc theo chu vi ca li ni t v cc v tr ni t ca trung tnh MBA, kim thu st, chng st van Nu TBN vn cha tha mn yu cu v R , ta mi b sung thm cc ni t xen k vo cc li. bt nh hng ca hiu ng mn che, cn m bo khong cch gia cc in cc nm ngang khng ln hn 5m, khong cch gia cc cc ni t (a) khng nh hn chiu di ca n ( l), t s a/ l l tng vo khong (13) [1]. i vi TBN thc hin nhim v ni t lm vic, th li ni t c tc dng tt hn in cc cc trong vic to mch dn cho dng in tr v. Cn vi nhim v tn dng in st, in cc phng c in cm nh nn s c tng tr ni t xung kch s nh, vic tng din tch li ni t khng c tc dng n vic tn dng in st. Hnh dng ca li ni t cng ging hnh vung th cng d t yu cu v R v gim chi ph do tng chiu di in cc s b nht. M t hnh dng TBN ca TBA thng thng nh hnh 4. 3. Cc gii php gim in tr ca TBN in tr tn ca TBN ch yu ph thuc vo in tr tip xc gia in cc vi t v in tr ca vng t xung quanh in cc. Thc t, ngi ta lm gim cc yu t trn bng cch tng cng CN v ci thin in tr sut t. * Gim in tr ni t theo cch tng cng in cc: Bng cch b sung vo TBN c cc in cc hoc cc li ni t mi, theo hng u tin s dng in cc chn su t (1030)m, ta c th gim c in tr ni t. i n cc chn su c u im v in tr tn nh, n nh cao m khng cn bo dng, t b tc ng bi mi trng v thch hp vi din tch hp. Phng php tng cng in cc chn su c th gim c n 40% gi tr in tr ni t. Tuy nhin, khng phi c tng chiu di in cc l c th gim c in tr ni t. Kinh nghim cho thy, mt khu vc
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

c th in tr ca in cc gim n su no , vo khong (2030)m th khng thay i na. Ngoi ra, gradien in th trn mt t ca in cc chn su kh n, l nht l khu vc xung quanh in cc. Cho nn, cn phi phi hp s dng c in cc chn su v i n cc li t c ng thi yu cu v in tr tn v phn b in th. nhng ni iu kin a cht khng cho php thc hin theo phng php in cc chn su, ta c th ko di li ni t v b sung thm nhiu cc ni t song song. Cc tia in cc c ko di thm c th n (12)km v hng c in tr sut nh nh khu vc c sng, sui, ng rung... Hn ch ln ca gii php ny l kt qu ph thuc nhiu vo in tr sut lp t mt, kt qu b gii hn do hiu ng mn che v ch c th thc hin khu vc c din tch ln. V mt kinh t, gii php ny c chi ph u t khng qu cao nn c th chp nhn c. * Gim in tr ni t bng cch gim in tr sut ca t: Theo kt qu thc nghim, trong khong 0,3m xung quanh in cc, in tr tn t 68% tng in tr tn ca c in cc [2]. Nn vic lm gim in tr sut ca vng t ny s c hiu qu rt ln trong vic gim in tr tn ca CN. Nguyn c t c bn ca gii php ny l lm gim in tr sut t bng cch thay lp t t nhin bng loi t c in tr sut nh hn hoc b sung Hnh 5. Gim in tr TBN bng mui n cc ha cht to mi trng dn in tt xung quanh i cc. Gii php ny c s n dng nhng ni t kh cn, c in tr sut t cao ( > 500.m) hoc khng th thc hin gii php b sung in cc. Thc t, c th lm gim in tr sut t bng mui n, than ch, bentonite Mui c xung quanh cc ni t (0,51)m, tun t thnh tng lp xen k vi t, chiu dy mi lp khong (24)cm cho n khi t khong 1/3 chiu di cc (hnh 5), c th Hnh 6. Gim in tr TBN bng GEM lm gim in tr sut t xung (1,52) ln vi t pha st, (2,54) ln vi t pha ct v (48) ln vi t ct [1]. Tuy nhin, khi dng mui, in cc s d b n mn, mui b tan theo nc ma nn n nh thp. Hin nay, ngi ta s dng cc ho cht c tc dng lm gim in tr sut ca t nh GEM (Grounding Enhancement Materials), EEC (Earth Enhancing Compound)... , c cch x l nh hnh 6. Thnh phn chnh ca cc cht ny l hn hp cc xt kim loi, khng gy nhi m mi trng, c pha trn vi cc cht kt dnh, c in tr sut khong (1012).m. Cc th nghim ti hin trng cho thy c th gim kh ong (5090)% in tr sut t khi dng GEM, EEC. Phng php dng ha cht c th
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

khc phc cc nhc im ca gii php tng cng in cc v s dng mui, nhng gi thnh kh cao. Kt qu x l (bng GEM) cng ch n nh trong vi nm u, sau c xu hng tng dn trong cc nm tip theo. 4. Kt lun Vt liu v kch thc CN nh hng trc tip n gi thnh xy dng v bn vi thi gian, cn cch th b tr in cc c tc dng rt ln n hiu qu lm c vic ca TBN. Nhng sai st v tnh chn v b tr in cc ni t khng ch lm tng chi ph t m c th lm gim hiu qu ca TBN (tng R , gy phng i n u ngc). Cc gii php gim b sung in cc hoc ci thin in tr sut ca t cho php lm gim in tr tn ca TBN. Nhn chung, kt qu ca cc gii php ny c tnh n nh cha cao nn ngi vn hnh cn phi nh k kim tra v tip tc x l TBN lun tha mn yu cu k thut. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Tiu chun xy dng TCXD 46:1984 Chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng - Tiu chun thit k v thi cng, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. [2] IEEE std. 142-1991 (1991), Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, USA. [3] IEEE std. 80-2000 (2000), IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, USA. [4] P.K. Sen, Keith Malmedal, John P. Nelson (2002), Steel grounding design giude and application notes, IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference, Colorado, USA.

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