- 1 -

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc
-----------------------------------------------------

TI SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

S YU L LCH

- H v tn: L c Tng
- Ngy, thng, nm, sinh: 01 04 1986
- Nm vo ngnh: 01 04 2009
- Chc v: Gio vin
- n v cng tc: Trng THPT Chng M B
- H o to: Chnh qui
- Trnh chuyn mn: C nhn s phm Ho Hc
- B mn ging dy: Ho Hc
- Ngoi ng: Ting Anh



- 2 -
PHN I
TNG QUAN
I. L do chn ti:
- Ho hc l mn khoa hc c bn trong cc trng THCS v THPT. y l
mn cc em mi c trang b kin thc t khi hc lp 8 bc THCS. Tuy nhin, y
cng l mn thng xuyn s dng thi tt nghip THPT v l mt trong ba mn bt
buc trong k thi tuyn sinh vo H, C, THCN khi A, B.
- K t nm 2007, B Gio Dc v o To chuyn cu trc thi tuyn sinh
i hc, cao ng mn ho t t lun sang trc nghim 100%. iu cng ng
ngha trong vng 90 pht, hc sinh phi tht bnh tnh la chn phng n tr li ti
u nht trong thi gian ngn nht.Nm bt c iu , cc ging vin i hc, cao
ng, cc chuyn gia v cc nh gio c nhiu kinh nghim xut bn rt nhiu sch
v ti liu tham kho v cc phng php gii nhanh trc nghim. Mt vi phng
php phi k n l: bo ton khi lng, bo ton electron, bo ton in tch,
phng php ng cho, trung bnh, th v mt phng php kh hu hiu l
phng php qui i.
- Vi xu th trc nghim khch quan hin nay th nhanh v chnh xc l hai
yu t rt quan trng trong khi lm bi kim tra cng nh trong cc k thi. V vy, vn
dng c cc phng php gii nhanh cha m k nng bm my tnh cng gp
phn vo vic gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim. Trong vic bm my tnh cng th hin
c phng php gii v kh nng t duy tru tng ca hc sinh khi lm bi.
Nu c dp quan st hc sinh khi lm bi chng ta khng khi ngc nhin c nhng
hc sinh bm my tnh nhanh nh chp v c hc sinh bm my chm nh ra.
- Hn th na, thng qua cc thi i hc, cao ng hin nay ti nhn thy
trong thi c nhiu bi tp lin quan n axit nitric. V gii nhanh nhng bi tp
chng ta thng p dng phng php bo ton electron v phng php qui i.
- Qua 3 nm ging dy trng THPT kt hp vi nhng kin thc tch lu
c khi ngi trn ging ng i hc ti mnh dn a ra tng Rn luyn k
nng bm my tnh gii nhanh bi ton trc nghim v axit nitric.
II. Mc ch nghin cu
- Nghin cu nhng dng bi ton v axit nitric thng gp trong cc thi


- 3 -
tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng.
- xut nhng tng gii nhanh bi ton axit nitric trn my tnh, gp
phn nng cao cht lng ging dy b mn trng ph thng v l hanh trang vng
chc cc em chun b bc vo k thi TSH.
- Bn thn c c hi nghin cu, tm hiu v vn dng cc tng vo cng
tc ging dy ca bn thn sau ny.
III. Nhim v nghin cu
- Nghin cu ni dung axit nitric lp 11. ng thi tm ra nhng dng bi tp
in hnh thng gp trong cc thi TSH.
- Nghin cu phng php bo ton electron, phng php qui i v vn dng
phng php gii bi tp trc nghim.
- Tm ra hng gii quyt nhanh cc bi ton da vo k nng bm my tnh.
IV. i tng nghin cu
- Tin hnh nghin cu trn i tng hc sinh trng THPT Chng M B
H Ni kt lun nhng tng, gi thuyt m ti a ra cn b sung g khng.
V. Phng php nghin cu
+ Bc 1: Trn c s nm vng ni dung trng tm bi axit nitric lp 11 v
nghin cu k nhng cu hi thi TSH lin quan n bi tp axit nitric, tc gi la
chn, su tm nhng bi tp trc nghim c gii nhanh bng phng php bo ton
electron v phng php qui i.
+ Bc 2: a ra nhng tng gii nhanh nhng bi tp chn bc 1
trn my tnh (Casio fx 500MS, ..).
+ Bc 3: Tin hnh thc nghim s phm trn i tng hc sinh.
+ Bc 4: Thu thp v x l s liu, rt ra kt lun.
VI. Phm vi v thi gian nghin cu ca ti.
- Do iu kin thi gian v hn ch ca mt sng kin kinh nghim nn ti
ch c th nghin cu trn phm vi hp (thc nghim 1 trng THPT ni tc gi
cng tc) v ch nghn cu nhng bi tp nh c kh nng gii nhanh trn my tnh.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Kim loi, hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
hoc hn hp HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c
+ Bi ton kim loi, oxit tc dng vi axit HNO
3
.
+ Bi ton kim loi, hp cht vi lu hunh tc dng vi HNO
3



- 4 -
PHN II:
NI DUNG SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

I. Tnh hnh thc t trc khi thc hin ti.
- Qua nhng nm ging dy ti trng ph thng v nhiu nm i gia s khi
ngi trn gh ging ng i hc, ti nhn thy rt nhiu hc sinh c loay hoay vit
rt nhiu phng trnh phn ng khi cho hn hp kim loi hoc oxit kim loi tc dng
vi axit HNO
3
. iu , s mt nhiu thi gian lm bi v i khi khng lm ra c
kt qu.
- V vy, s dng phng php qui i v bo ton electron l nhng cng c
ti u gii nhng quyt nhng bi ton dng ny.
- Mt i tng hc sinh khc chng ta cng hay gp l qu lm dng my tnh
(ci g cng bm v bm qu chi li), do s rt tn thi gian lm bi.
- V vy, tng l rt quan trng, gip hc sinh nh hng c cch gii
nhanh bi ton trn my tnh thay v cc em phi vit rt nhiu trn nhp, iu ny
hon ton khng hp l trong bi thi trc nghim.
- T thc t trn, tc gi xin trnh by nhng gii php, tng gii nhanh
nhng bi ton axit nitric trn my tnh.
II. Bin php thc hin ti.
II.1. Nhng kin thc cn trang b.
- Xc nh c y cc cht kh, cht oxi ho.
- Vit c cc qu trnh kh v qu trnh oxi ho.
- p dng nh lut bo ton electron.
- X l cc d kin bi ton: s mol, th tch kh, khi lng..
Cc kin thc v phn ng oxi ho kh hc sinh c trang b lp 10. Trong
khun kh ti, ti ch xin cp ti cc bc gii nhanh bi ton axit nitric
trn my tnh trong thi TSH.
II.2. Nhng im cn lu .
II.2.1. Phng php bo ton electron.
- Ch p dng cho bi ton xy ra cc phn ng oxi ho kh.
- Xc nh v vit y cc qu trnh kh, qu trnh oxi ho.
- nh lut bo ton electron:

e nhng =

e nhn.


- 5 -
II.2.2. Php php qui i
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Kim loi, oxit kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3.
+ Kim loi v hp cht kim loi vi lu hunh tc dng vi HNO
3

- Hng qui i: Mt bi ton c th c nhiu hng qui i khc nhau:
+ Qui i hn hp nhiu cht v hai hay ch mt cht.

V d: Hn hp: Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4






+ Qui i hn hp nhiu cht v cc nguyn t tng ng:
V d: Hn hp: Fe, FeS, FeS
2
, Cu, CuS, CuS
2
, Cu
2
S, S Fu, Cu, S
+ Bng kinh nghim ca mnh, tc gi nhn thy hng qui i v cc nguyn
t tng ng l n gin v d hiu hn c. V vy, trong cc v d di y tc gi
ch trnh by hng qui i ny.
- Khi p dng phng php qui i, cn phi tun th 3 nguyn tc:
+ Bo ton nguyn t
+ Bo ton s oxi ho
+ S electron nhng, nhn l khng thay i.
II.3. Mt s cng thc p dng cn nh:
II.3.1. Tnh khi lng mui



- Phm vi p dng:
+ kim loi tc dng vi HNO
3
hoc H
2
SO
4
c
+ Vi HNO
3
: n
NO3 to mui
= n
e nhn
=
2 2 2 4 3
3. 8 10 8
NO NO N O N NH NO
n n n n n + + + +
.


Fe, FeO
Fe, Fe
2
O
3

Fe
2
O
3
, FeO
FeO
m
mui
= m
kim loi
+
2 2 2 4 3
62 (3. 8 10 ) 80
NO NO N O N NH NO
n n n n n + + + +

m
mui
= m
kim loi
+ m
gc axit

(1.1)
(1.2)


- 6 -
+ Vi hn hp H
2
SO
4
c v HNO
3
: (thng khng to mui amoni)


Tuy nhin, trong cc bi tp ta cng thng gp phn ng ch to mui sunfat. Dng
ny ta cn:
+ NO
3
-
phn ng ht
+ Khi lng mui bng khi lng ca kim loi v SO
4
2-

II.3.2. Tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng.

(2)

Vi n
NO3 to mui kim loi
= n
e nhn
=
2 2 2 4 3
3. 8 10 8
NO NO N O N NH NO
n n n n n + + + + = n.n
KL

(vi n l ho tr KL)
n
NO3 to kh v mui amoni
=
2 2 2 4 3
2 2 2
NO NO N O N NH NO
n n n n n + + + +

Th (2) tr thnh:

(2.1)

T s mol axit phn ng ta c th tnh c C%, C
M
, th tch v khi lng dung dch
m
mui
= m
kim loi
+
2 2 2 4 3 2
62 (3. 8 10 8 ) 96
NO NO N O N NH NO SO
n n n n n n + + + + +

n
axit nitric phn ng
= n
to mui
+ n
to kh v mui amoni
n
axit nitric phn ng
=
2 2 2 4 3
4 2 10 12 10
NO NO N O N NH NO
n n n n n + + + +

(1.3)


- 7 -
III. Nhng bi tp minh ho
DNG 1: PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON

Bi 1: H 2008 KB: Th tch dung dch HNO
3
1M long t nht cn dng ho tan
hon ton mt hn hp gm 0,15 mol Fe; 0,15 mol Cu (Bit phn ng ch to ra cht
kh NO):
A. 0,8 lit B. 1,0 lit C. 1,2 lit D. 0,6 lit
Li gii:
- tng
- Da vo LBT electron tnh c n
NO

- Da vo (2.1) tnh c n
axit nitric phn ng
= 4n
NO
V
dd axit phn ng

- V th tch dung dch HNO
3
cn dng t nht nn Fe ch t n ho tr II.
- Gi
V
dd HNO3 phn ng

2 0,15 2 0,15
4
3
1
+

= = 0,8 (lit)
Bi 2: Ho tan m gam Fe
3
O
4
vo dung dch HNO
3
long d thu c kh NO duy
nht. Nu em kh NO thot ra trn vi O
2
va hp th hon ton trong nc
c dung dch HNO
3
. Bit th tch oxi phn ng l 0,336 lit (ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 34,8g B. 13,92g C. 23,2g D. 20,88g
Li gii:
- tng
- Ch c Fe v O thay i s oxi ho, N khng thay i s oxi ho.
- Da vo LBT electron tnh c s mol Fe
3
O
4
(1.
3 4
Fe O
n
= 4.
2
O
n
)
- Tnh m = 232. 4.
2
O
n

- Gi
0, 336
232 4 13, 92( )
22, 4
m g = =
Bi 3: Cho hn hp gm 4 kim loi c ho tr khng i: Mg, Ni, Zn, Al c chia
lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 3,36 lit H
2



- 8 -
- Phn 2: Ho tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
long d thu c V lit mt kh
khng mu ho nu ngoi khng kh (cc th tch o kc).
Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24 lit B. 3,36 lit C. 4,48 lit D. 5,6 lit
Li gii:
- tng
- V cc kim loi c ho tr khng i nn s mol electron nhng trong 2 th
nghim ging nhau s mol electron nhn 2 th nghim cng bng nhau.
- Kh khng mu, ho nu ngoi khng kh l NO.
- T ta c:
2
2 3
H NO
n n = hay
2
2 3
H NO
V V =
- Php tnh.
V
NO
= V =
2
3, 36 2, 24( )
3
lit =
Bi 4: Chia m gam hn hp X gm Fe, Al thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl d thu c 7,28 lit H
2
.
- Phn 2: Ho tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 5,6 lit NO duy nht.
Cc th tch kh o ktc. Khi lng Fe, Al trong X l:
A. 5,6g v 4,05g B. 16,8g v 8,1g
C. 5,6g v 5,4g D. 11,2g v 8,1g
Li gii:
- tng
- p dng LBT electron tm s mol Al(x mol); Fe (y mol) trong X
- Tc dng vi HCl th Fe t s.o.x.h l +2 cn tc dng vi HNO
3
d th Fe t
s.o.x.h l +3.
+ P1: 2.Fe + 3. Al = 2. H
2

+ P2: 3. Fe +3. Al = 3. NO Fe + Al = NO ( Vit tt s mol)
- m
Fe
= 2. 56x; m
Al
= 2.27y
- Php tnh
2x + 3y = 2. 7,28/22,4 x = 0,1 mol
x + y = 5,6/22,4 y = 0,15 mol
Vy: m
Fe
= 2 0,1 56 = 11,2(g) v m
Al
= 2 0,1527 = 8,1(g)


- 9 -
Bi 5: Ho tan a gam Al trong dung dch HNO
3
long thy thot ra 4,48 lit hn hp
kh NO, N
2
O, N
2
c t l mol ln lt l 1:2:2. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 14,04g B. 70,2g C.35,1g D. p s khc
Li gii:
- tng
- Tnh s mol mi kh.
- p dng LBT electron tnh n
Al
m
Al
= a.
- Php tnh
- mol (NO) =
1 4, 48
0, 04
5 22, 4
= ; mol(N
2
O) = mol (N
2
) = (0,2 0,04)/2 = 0,08
- m
Al
= a =
3 0, 04 10 0, 08 8 0, 08
27 14, 04( )
3
g
+ +
=
Bi 6: Ly 9,94g hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu cho tan trong lng d dung dch HNO
3

long thy thot ra 3,584 lit kh NO (ktc) duy nht. Khi lng mui khan to thnh:
A. 39,7g B. 29,7g C. 39,3g D. 40,18g
Li gii:
- tng
- p dng cng thc (1.2) tnh khi lng mui khan.
- Php tnh
m
mui nitrat
= 9,94 + 62 3 3,584/22,4 = 39,7(g)
Bi 7: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu tan ht trong 2 lit dung dch HNO
3
thu c 1,792 lit
(ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N
2
O c t khi so vi He l 9,25. Nng C
M
ca
dung dch HNO
3
ban u l (Bit He = 4)
A. 0,28M B.1,4M C. 1,7M D. 1,2M
Li gii:
- tng
- T hh M ta nhm c mol (NO) = mol (N
2
O)
- p dng cng thc (2.1) tnh mol (HNO
3
phn ng) C
M
(HNO
3
).
- Php tnh
- mol (NO) = mol (N
2
O) =
1 1, 792
0, 04
2 22, 4
=
-
4 0, 04 10 0, 04
0, 28( )
2
M
C M
+
= =



- 10 -
Bi 8: H 2007 KA: Ho tan hon ton 12g hn hp Fe v Cu ( t l mol 1:1) bng
axit HNO
3
thu c V lit hn hp kh X gm NO v NO
2
v dung dch Y (ch cha 2
mui v axit d). T khi ca X so vi H
2
l 19. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24 B. 3,36 C. 4,48 D. 5,6
Li gii:
- tng
- Tnh mol(Fe) v mol(Cu)
- T hh M ta nhm c mol (NO) = mol (NO
2
) = a mol
- p dng LBT electron tnh V
hh kh
= 22,4 2 a
- Php tnh
- V
hh kh

12
(2 3)
64 56
22, 4 2 5, 6( )
4
lit
+
+
= =
Bi 9: H Y Dc HN 2000. Ho tan 4,431g hn hp Al v Mg trong dung dch
HNO
3
long thu c dung dch X (khng cha mui amoni) v 1,568 lit (ktc) hn
hp kh khng mu c khi lng 2,59g trong c mt kh ho nu trong khng kh.
S mol HNO
3
phn ng l:
A. 0,51 B. 0,455 C. 0,55 D. 0,49
Li gii:
- tng
- kh khng mu ho nu ngoi khng kh kh NO
- T hh M
kh
suy ra kh khng mu cn li l N
2
O v mol (NO) = mol (N
2
O).
- Tnh s mol mi kh (a mol)
- T (2.1) tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng = 4 n
NO
+ 10
2
N O
n = 14 a
- Php tnh
-
2, 59 22, 4
37
1, 568
hh M

= =
mol (NO) = mol (N
2
O)
- mol (HNO
3
) =
1, 568
(4 10) 0, 49( )
2 22, 4
mol + =

Bi 10: Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi bng dung dch HNO
3
thu
c 1,12 lit hn hp kh X (kc) gm NO
2
v NO. T khi hi ca X so vi H
2
l
18,2. Th tch dung dch HNO
3
37,8% (d = 1,242g/ml) cn dng l


- 11 -
A. 20,18 ml B. 11,12 ml C. 21,47 ml D. 36,7 ml
Li gii:
- tng
- Gii h phng trnh tm mol mi kh (NO: x mol; NO
2
: y mol)
- p dng cng thc (2.1) tnh mol HNO
3
phn ng.
- Tnh th tch dung dch HNO
3
phn ng.
- Php tnh
x + y = 1,12/22,4 x = 0,03
30x + 46y = 18,2 2 0,05 y = 0,02
- V
dd axit phn ng

(4 0, 03 2 0, 02) 63
37,8%
21, 47( )
1, 242
ml
+
= =
Bi 11: Ho tan 15,2g hn hp A gm Fe v Cu vo 500ml dung dch HNO
3
long d
thu c 2,24 lit kh NO (0
0
C v 2 at). trung ho axit cn d phi dng va 80g
dung dch NaOH 20%. Nng mol/l ban u ca dung dch HNO
3
ban u l:
A. 3,6M B. 1,8M C. 2,4M D. p s khc
Li gii:
- tng
- Tnh mol kh NO theo cng thc PV/RT
- p dng cng thc (2.1) tnh mol HNO
3
phn ng vi kim loi.
- Tnh mol HNO
3
d = n
NaOH
tnh mol HNO
3
ban u C
M

- Php tnh
C
M dd axit nitric
=
2, 24 2 80 20%
4
0, 082 273 40
2, 4( )
0, 5
M

+

=
Bi 12: H 2009KA: Cho 3,024g mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3

long thu c 940,8 ml kh N
x
O
y
(ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) c t khi so vi H
2

l 22. Kh N
x
O
y
v kim loi M l:
A. NO v Mg B. N
2
O v Fe C. NO
2
v Al D. N
2
O v Al
Li gii:
- tng
- T M
kh
kh N
2
O


- 12 -
- LBT electron tm M
KL
= f(n) vi n l ho tr ca kim loi ( 1 3 n s s )
- Xc nh kim loi.
- Php tnh
-
3, 024
9
0, 9408
8
22, 4
KL
M n
n
= =

Chn n = 3 v M
KL
= 27 (Al)
Bi 13: Ho tan hon ton 2,6g kim loi X bng dung dch HNO
3
long, lnh thu c
dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH un nng thy thot ra 224 cm
3
kh
(kc). Kim loi X l:
A. Mg B. Al C. Zn D. Fe
Li gii:
- tng
- Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng vi NaOH c kh nn sn phm kh phi c
mui NH
4
NO
3

4 3 3
NH NO NH
n n =

- LBT (e) tm mol R = f(n) vi n l ho tr ca kim loi ( 1 3 n s s ).
- Tm M
KL
= f(n) Chn n thch hp v xc nh R.
- Php tnh
-
2, 6
32, 5
0, 224
8
22, 4
KL
M n
n
= =

Chn n = 2 v M
KL
= 65 (Zn)
Bi 14: Ho tan 15,6g hn hp kim loi R c ho tr khng i vo dung dch HNO
3

long d. Khi phn ng kt thc thu c 896ml kh N
2
. Thm vo dung dch mi thu
c mt lng dung dch NaOH nng d c 224ml mt cht kh. (Cc th tch kh
o ktc). Kim loi R l:
A. Zn B. Cu C. Al D. Mg
Li gii:
- tng
- Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng vi NaOH c kh nn sn phm kh phi c
mui NH
4
NO
3

4 3 3
NH NO NH
n n =

- LBT electron tm mol R = f(n) vi n l ho tr ca kim loi ( 1 3 n s s ).
- Tm M
KL
= f(n) Chn n thch hp v xc nh R.


- 13 -
- Php tnh
15, 6
32, 5
0,896 0, 224
10 8
22, 4 22, 4
KL
M n
n
= =
+
Chn n = 2 v M
KL
= 65 (Zn)
Bi 15: Ho tan 4,95g hn hp X gm Fe v Kim loi R c ho tr khng i trong
dung dch HCl d thu c 4,032 lit H
2
. Mt khc, nu ho tan 4,95g hn hp trn
trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 0,336 lit NO v 1,008 lit N
2
O. Tm kim loi R v
% ca n trong X:(Cc th tch kh o ktc).
A. Mg v 43,64% B. Zn v 59,09%
C. Cr v 49,09% D. Al v 49,09%
Li gii:
- tng
- Gi Fe (x mol) v R (y mol); ho tr R l n (1 3 n s s )
- LBT electron Gii h phng trnh tm x v ny.
- T khi lng hn hp v khi lng Fe m
R M
R
= f(n).
- Chn n thch hp v xc nh R.
- Php tnh
2x + ny = 2 4,032/ 22,4 x = 0,045
3x + ny = 3 0,336/22,4 + 8 1,008/22,4 ny = 0,27
-
4, 95 0, 045 56
9
0, 27
KL
M n
n

= = Chn n = 3 v M
KL
= 27 (Al)
Bi 16: Cho 3,6g Mg tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
long d sinh ra 2,24 lit kh X
(sn phm kh duy nht ktc), Kh X l:
A. N
2
O B. NO
2
C. N
2
D. NO
Li gii:
- tng
- Gi s 1 mol X trao i n mol electron
- p dng LBT electron tm n v chn kh X.
- Php tnh


- 14 -
3, 6
2
24
3
2, 24
22, 4
n

= =
X l kh NO.
Bi 17: H 2009 KA: Ho tan 12,42g Al bng dung dch HNO
3
long d c dung
dch X v 1,344 lit (ktc) hn hp kh Y gm N
2
O v N
2
, t khi ca Y so vi H
2
l 18.
C cn dung dch X thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan:
A. 106,38g B. 34,08g C. 97,98g D. 38,34g
Li gii:
- tng
- Da vo hh M nhm nhanh s mol mi kh.
- Chng minh: e nhng > e nhn to kh phn ng to mui amoni.
- m
mui khan
=
3 3 4 3
( ) Al NO NH NO
m m +
- Php tnh
- n
e nhng
= 3 12,42/27 = 1,38 > (10 + 8) 1,344/(2 22,4) = 0,54
- m
mui khan thu c
=
12, 42 1, 38 0, 54
(27 62 3) (18 62) 106, 38( )
27 8
g

+ + + =
Bi 18: Ho tan hon ton 8,4g Mg vo 1 lit dung dch HNO
3
va . Sau phn ng
thu c 0,672 lit kh N
2
(ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y thu c 55,8g
mui khan. Nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
dng:
A. 0,76M B. 0,86M C. 0,96M D. 1,06M
Li gii:
- tng
- So snh khi lng mui Mg(NO
3
)
2
v khi lng mui khan thu c, CMR
phn ng c to mui NH
4
NO
3
.
- Tnh s mol NH
4
NO
3

- mol HNO
3
phn ng = to mui kim loi + to kh N
2
+ to mui NH
4
NO
3
- Php tnh
- Khi lng Mg(NO
3
)
2
=
8, 4
(24 2 62) 51, 8( ) 55, 8( )
24
g g + = <
to mui NH
4
NO
3



- 15 -
- C
M
HNO
3
phn ng =
8, 4 0, 672 55, 8 51, 8
2 2 2
24 22, 4 80
0, 86( )
1
M

+ +
=

Bi 19: H 2010 KB: Nung 2,23g hn hp X gm 3 kim loi Fe, Al, Zn trong oxi sau
mt thi gian thu c 2,71g hn hp Y. Ho tan ht Y vo dung dch HNO
3
d c
0,672 lit kh NO kc (sn phm kh duy nht). S mol HNO
3
phn ng:
A. 0,12 B. 0,14 C. 0,16 D. 0,18
Li gii:
- tng
- p dng LBTKL tnh khi lng O s mol O (a mol)
- Trong bi ton ny, cc kim loi, O, N thay i s o.x.h
- p dng LBT electron tm s mol electron nhng (chnh l s mol HNO
3
to
mui)
- S mol HNO
3
phn ng = to mui + to kh
- Php tnh
S mol HNO
3
phn ng = [
2, 71 2, 23 0, 672
2 3
16 22, 4

+ ]
0, 672
0,18( )
22, 4
mol + =


DNG 2: PHNG PHP QUI I

Bi 1: H KB 2007: Nung m gam bt Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 3g hn hp cht
rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 0,56 lit kh NO l
sn phm kh duy nht (kc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,22 B. 2,52 C. 2,32 D. 2,62
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i 3g hn hp X thnh 3g hn hp Fe (x mol) v O (y mol)
- T khi lng hn hp v p dng phng php bo ton electron lp h.
- Php tnh
56x + 16y = 3 x = 0,045
3x 2y = 3 0,56/22,4 y = 0,03


- 16 -
- m
Fe
= 56x = 56 0,045 = 2,52g
Bi 2: t chy 5,6g bt Fe trong bnh ng O
2
thu c 7,36g hn hp X gm 4 cht
rn. Ho tan hn hp X bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c V ml (ktc) hn hp kh Y
gm NO v NO
2
. T khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng 19. Th tch V l:
A. 672 B. 336 C. 448 D. 896
Li gii:
- tng
- Da vo hh M nhm nhanh t l s mol mi kh. (Trng hp ny s mol 2 kh
bng nhau) n
hn hp
= 2n
NO

- Qui i 7,36g hn hp X thnh Fe (x mol) v O (y mol)
- BTKL tnh khi lng O t tnh s mol Fe v O
- p dng LBT electron (3.Fe 2.O = 3.NO + 1.NO
2
) tnh s mol NO v NO
2

th tch hn hp hn hp.
- Php tnh
V
hh kh
=
5, 6 7, 36 5, 6
3 2
56 16
2 22, 4 0, 896( ) 896( )
3 1
lit ml

= =
+

Bi 3: 6,72g Fe trong khng kh thu c m gam hn hp X gm 4 cht rn.
ho tan X cn dng va ht 255ml dung dch HNO
3
2M thu c V lit kh NO
2
(sn
phm kh duy nht kc). Gi tr ca m v V l:
A. 8,4 v 3,360 B. 10,08 v 3,360
C. 8,4 v 5,712 D. 10,08 v 5,712
Li gii:
- tng
- p dng cng thc (2.1) tnh s mol NO
2
th tch NO
2

- p dng LBT electron (3.Fe 2.O = 1. NO
2
) s mol O (a mol)
- m = 6,72 + 16.a
- Php tnh
- V
NO
=
6, 72
22, 4 (2 0, 255 3 ) 3, 36( )
56
lit =
-
6, 72
3 0,15
56
6, 72 16 10, 08( )
2
m g

= + =


- 17 -
Bi 4: H 2008KA: Cho 11,36g hn hp X gm: Fe; FeO; Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng
ht vi dung dch HNO
3
long d c 1,344 lit kh NO (kc) v dung dch Y. Khi
lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch Y l:
A. 49,09g B. 35,50g C. 38,72g D. 34,36g
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i X thnh 11,36g hn hp Fe (x mol) v O (y mol)
- LBT electron (3.Fe 2.O = 3.NO) kt hp vi m
hn hp X
gii h tm x, y.
- Khi lng mui Fe(NO
3
)
3
= 242x.
- Php tnh
- 56x + 16y = 11,36 x = 0,16
3x 2y = 3 1,344/22,4 y = 0,1
- Khi lng Fe(NO
3
)
3
= 242 0,16 = 38,72(g)
Bi 5: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp Fe; FeO; Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HNO
3
c nng d
c 448ml kh NO
2
(kc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 14,52g mui. Gi tr
ca m:
A. 3,36 B. 4,64 C. 4,28 D. 4,80
Li gii:
- tng
- L bi ton ngc so vi bi 4.
- Qui i hn hp v Fe (x mol) v O (y mol). Vi mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
= mol Fe=x
- Da vo khi lng mui tm x.
- Da vo LBT electron (3.Fe 2.O = 1. NO
2
) y =
2
3.
2
Fe NO

- m = 56x + 16y
- Php tnh
14, 52 0, 448
3
14, 52 242 22, 4
56 16 4, 64( )
242 2
m g

= + =
Bi 6: Cho m gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi 200ml dung dch HNO
3

3,2M. Sau phn ng c 2,24 lit kh NO (kc) duy nht v cn li 1,46g kim loi


- 18 -
khng tan. Gi tr ca m:
A. 17,04 B. 19,20 C. 18,50 D. 20,50
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i X thnh Fe (x mol) v O (y mol)
- V kim loi d nn Fe ch t Fe
+2
.
- p dng cng thc (2) tm s mol HNO
3
to mui s mol Fe (x mol)
- LBT electron (2.Fe 2.O = 3.NO) s mol O = y =
2. 3.
2
Fe NO

- Tm m = 1,46 + 56x + 16y.
- Php tnh
-
2, 24 2, 24 2, 24
0, 2 3, 2 0, 2 3, 2 3
22, 4 22, 4 22, 4
1, 46 56 16 18, 5( )
2 2
m g

= + + =
Bi 7: Cho 5,584g hn hp Fe v Fe
3
O
4
tc dng va vi 500ml dung dch HNO
3

long. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 0,3136 lit kh NO duy nht v dung dch
X. Nng dung dch HNO
3
phn ng l:
A. 0,472M B. 0,152M C. 3,040M D. 0,304M
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i hn hp thnh 5,584g Fe(x mol) v O (y mol)
- LBT electron (3.Fe 2.O = 3.NO) kt hp vi m
hn hp
tm x, y
- p dng cng thc (2) tm s mol HNO
3
phn ng C
M

- Php tnh
56x + 16y = 5,584 x = 0,074
3x 2y = 30,3136/22,4 y = 0,09
-
0,3136
3 0, 074
22, 4
0, 472( )
0, 5
M
C M
+
= =
Bi 8: H 2009KB:Cho 61,2g hn hp Cu v Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3

long, un nng v khuy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 3,36 lit kh
NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,4g kim loi. C cn dung dch Y thu
c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m:


- 19 -
A. 151,5g B. 97,5g C. 137,1g D. 108,9g
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i hn hp thnh Cu (x mol); Fe (y mol) v O (4y/3 mol) s mol
Fe
3
O
4
l y/3
- V kim loi Cu d nn Fe t n Fe
+2

- LBT electron (2.Cu + 2.Fe 2.O = 3.NO) kt hp vi khi lng hn hp, gii
h tm x, y.
- m
mui khan
=
3 2 3 2
( ) ( ) Cu NO Fe NO
m m + = 188x + 180y
- Php tnh
- 64x + 232y/3 = 61,2 2,4 x = 0,375
2x + 2y 8y/3 = 30,15 y = 0,45
- m
mui khan
= 188x + 180y = 188 0,375 + 180 0,45 = 151,5(g)
Bi 9: Cho 13,92g hn hp Cu v mt oxit st tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long
c 2,688 lit kh NO duy nht (kc) v 42,72g mui khan. Cng thc oxit st:
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. khng xc nh
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i hn hp thnh Cu (a mol); Fe (b mol); O (c mol)
- p dng LBT electron (2.Cu + 3.Fe 2.O = 3.NO) kt hp vi khi lng hn
hp v khi lng mui, gii h phng tnh tm a, b, c.
- Gi CTTQ ca oxit l Fe
x
O
y
, tm t l x : y = b : c Cng thc oxit st.
- Php tnh
- 64a + 56b + 16c = 13,92 a = 0,15
2a + 3b 2c = 3 2,688/22,4 b = 0,06
188a + 242b = 42,72 c = 0,06
- V b : c = 0,06 : 0,06 = 1 : 1 nn oxit l FeO (p n A).
Bi 10: Cho m gam hn hp X gm FeO; CuO v Fe
3
O
4
c s mol bng nhau tc
dng hon ton vi lng va 250ml dung dch HNO
3
c dung dch Y v 3,136
lit hn hp NO
2
; NO (ktc), t khi ca hn hp kh so vi H
2
l 20,143. Gi tr ca m
v nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
phn ng l:
A. 46,08g v 7,28M B. 23,04g v 7,28M


20 -
C. 23,04g v 2,10M D. 46,08g v 2,10M
Li gii:
- tng
- Gi s mol mi oxit l x. Qui i hn hp thnh Fe (4x); Cu (x); O (6x)
- Gii h phng trnh tm s mol NO
2
v NO.
- LBT electron (3.Fe + 2.Cu 2.O = 3.NO + NO
2
), gii phng trnh tm x.
- m = (72 + 80 + 232)x = 384x.
- mol HNO
3
phn ng = to mui + to kh = (12x + 2x) + 0,14 C
M

- Php tnh
- a + b = 3,136/22,4 a = 0,09
46a + 30b = 20,133 2 3,136/22,4 b = 0,05
- 12x + 2x 12x = 3. 0,05 + 0,09 x = 0,12
- m = (72 + 80 + 232)x = 384 0,12 = 46,08(g)
- Nng mol HNO
3
phn ng =
14 0,14 14 0,12 0,14
7, 28( )
0, 25 0, 25
x
M
+ +
= =
Bi 11: Ho tan hon ton 30,4g hn hp rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu
2
S v S bng dung
dch HNO
3
thot ra 20,16 lit kh NO duy nht (kc)v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)
2

d vo dung dch Y thu c bao nhiu gam kt ta:
A. 81,55g B. 29,40g C. 110,95g D. 115,85g
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i hn hp thnh Cu (x mol); S (y mol)
- LBT electron (2.Cu + 6.S = 3.NO) v khi lng hn hp, gii h tm x, y.
- Khi lng kt ta =
2 4
( )
98 233
Cu OH BaSO
m m x y + = +
- Php tnh
- 2x + 6y = 3 20,16/22,4 x = 0,3
64x + 32y = 30,4 y = 0,35
- m
kt ta
= 98 0,3 + 233 0,35 = 110,95(g).
Bi 12: Hn hp X gm Zn; ZnS; S. Ho tan 17,8g hn hp X trong HNO
3
nng d
thu c V lit kh NO
2
duy nht (kc) v dung dch Y. Thm t t dung dch Ba(OH)
2

d vo dung dch Y thu c kt ta nng 34,95g. Gi tr ca V:
A. 8,96 B. 20,16 C. 22,40 D. 29,12


- 21 -
Li gii:
- tng
- Dng bi ton ngc so vi bi 11.
- V Zn(OH)
2
lng tnh nn kt ta ch l BaSO
4

4 S BaSO
n n = m
S
.
- T m
hh
m
Zn
n
Zn
D LBT electron (2.Zn + 6.S = 1. NO
2
)
tm
2
NO
n
2
NO
V

- Php tnh
2
34, 95
17, 8 32
34, 95
233
22, 4 (2 6 ) 29,12( )
65 233
NO
V lit

= + =
Bi 13: Cho lung kh H
2
i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau mt thi
gian thu c 13,92g hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ho tan ht X bng dung dch HNO
3
c
nng, d c 5,824 lit NO
2
(kc, sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m:
A. 16 B. 32 C. 48 D. 64
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i hn hp X thnh 13,92g Fe (x mol) v O (y mol) S mol Fe
2
O
3

ban u l x/2.
- p dng LBT electron (3.Fe 2.O = 1.NO
2
) kt hp vi khi lng hn hp X,
gii h phng trnh tm x, y.
- m = 160x/2 = 80x
- Php tnh
56x + 16y = 13,92 x = 0,2
3x 2y = 5,824/22,4 y = 0,27
- m = 80 0,2 = 16(g)
Bi 14: Cho 0,15 mol CuFeS
2
v 0,09 mol Cu
2
FeS
2
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d
thu c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gm NO v NO
2
. Thm BaCl
2
d vo dung
dch X thu c m gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung
dch X, ly kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c a gam
cht rn. Gi tr ca m v a:


- 22 -
A. 111,84g v 157,44g B. 112,84g v 157,44g
C. 111,84g v 167,44g D. 112,84g v 167,44g
Li gii:
- tng
- Qui i hn hp ban u v Cu, Fe, S Tnh c s mol Cu, Fe, S
- Thm dung dch BaCl
2
d vo X th kt ta l BaSO
4
vi
4 BaSO S
n n =

m
kt ta
= 233n
S.
Thm dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo X th kt ta l BaSO
4
, Cu(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3

Nung kt ta thu c cht rn l BaSO
4
; CuO; Fe
2
O
3

a = 233n
S
+ 80n
Cu
+ 80n
Fe
= m + 80n
Cu
+ 80n
Fe

- Php tnh
-
4
(0,15 2 0, 09 2) 233 111, 84( )
BaSO
m m g = = + =
-
2 3
4
0,15 0,09
111,84 (0,15 2 0,09) 80 160 157,44( )
2
BaSO CuO Fe O
a m m m g
+
= + + = + + + =
Bi 15: H Dc HN 2001: Hn hp X gm FeS
2
v MS c s mol nh nhau, M l
kim loi c ho tr khng i. Cho 6,51g X tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung dch
HNO
3
un nng thu c dung dch A
1
v 13,216 lit hn hp kh A
2
(kc) c khi
lng 26,34g gm NO
2
v NO. Thm mt lng BaCl
2
d vo dung dch A
1
thy to
thnh m
1
gam kt ta trng trong dung dch d axit trn. Kim loi M v gi tr m
1
l:
A. Cu v 20,97g B. Zn v 23,3g
C. Zn v 20,97g D. Mg v 23,3g
Li gii:
- tng
- Gi s mol mi cht trong X l x mol
- Qui i X thnh 6,51g hn hp Fe (x mol);M (x mol); S (3x mol)
- Gii h phng trnh tnh s mol NO
2
(a mol); NO (b mol)
- p dng LBT electron (3.Fe + 2.M + 6.S = 3.NO + 1.NO
2
) kt hp vi khi
lng X tm M.
-Kt ta trng ch l BaSO
4
vi:
4 BaSO S
n n = = 3x
4 1
233 3 699
BaSO
m m x x = = =


- 23 -
- Php tnh
- a + b = 13,216/22,4 = 0,59 a = 0,54
46a + 30b = 26,34 b = 0,05
- 56x + 96x + Mx = 6,51
3x + 18x + 2x = 3 0,05 + 0,54 = 0,69
M = 65 (Zn) v m
1
= 6990,03 = 20,97(g)

DNG 3: KIM LOI TC DNG VI HN HP
HNO
3
V H
2
SO
4

Bi 1: Ho tan hon ton 19,2g kim loi M trong hn hp dung dch HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4

c nng thu c 11,2 lit kh X gm NO
2
v SO
2
c t khi so vi metan l 3,1. Kim
loi M l:
A. Mg B. Al C. Fe D. Cu
Li gii:
- tng
- Gii h phng trnh tm s mol NO
2
(a mol) v SO
2
(b mol)
- LBT electron (n.M = 1.NO
2
+ 2.SO
2
) M = f(n) vi n 1 3 n s s )
- Xc nh M.
- Php tnh
- a + b = 0,5 a = 0,4
46a + 64b = 0,5 3,1 16 b = 0,1
- M =
19, 2
32
0, 6
n
n
=
Chn n = 2 v M = 64 (Cu)
Bi 2: Ho tan 0,1 mol Cu vo 120ml dung dch X gm HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M.
Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lit kh NO duy nht. Gi tr ca V:
A. 1,344 lit B. 1,49 lit C. 0,672 lit D. 1,12 lit
Li gii:
- tng


- 24 -
- Tnh nhanh n
Cu
;
H
n
+
;
3
NO
n


- Vit PT ion thu gn v xc nh cht no (Cu; H
+
; NO
3
-
) phn ng ht
- Tnh V
NO

- Php tnh
- n
Cu
= 0,1;
H
n
+
= 0,24;
3
NO
n

= 0,12
- 3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
- T PT ta c
3
3 8 2
NO
Cu H
n
n
n

+
> < H
+
phn ng ht
- V
NO
=
1
22, 4 0, 24 1, 344( )
4
lit =
Bi 3: Dung dch A ch cha cc ion H
+
; NO
3
-
; SO
4
2-
. em ho tan 6,28g hn hp B
gm 3 kim loi c ho tr ln lt l I, II, III vo dung dch A thu c dung dch D v
2,688 lit kh X gm NO
2
v SO
2
. C cn dung dch D c m gam mui khan, bit
rng kh X c t khi so vi H
2
l 27,5. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 15,76g B. 16,57g C. 17,56g D. 16,75g
Li gii:
- tng
- Nhm nhanh thy s mol NO
2
v SO
2
bng nhau.
- p dng cng thc (1.3) tnh khi lng mui thu c.
- Php tnh
- mol (NO
2
) = mol (SO
2
) = 0,06
- m
mui
= 6,28 + 62 0,06 + 96 0,06 = 15,76(g)
Bi 4: Ho tan hn hp A gm Cu v Ag trong dung dch HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
thu c
dung dch B cha 7,06g mui v hn hp G gm 0,05 mol NO
2
v 0,01 mol SO
2
. Khi
lng hn hp A bng:
A. 2,58g B. 3,06g C. 3,00g D. 2,58g
Li gii:
- tng
- L bi ton ngc ca bi 3.
- p dng cng thc(1.3) tnh khi lng hn hp A.
- Php tnh


- 25 -
- m
hhA
= 7,06 - 62 0,05 96 0,01 = 3,00(g)
Bi 5: Ho tan ht hn hp gm x mol Fe v y mol Ag bng dung dch hn hp HNO
3

v H
2
SO
4
thy c 0,062 mol kh NO v 0,047 mol SO
2
thot ra. em c cn dung dch
sau phn ng th thu c 22,164g hn hp cc mui khan. Gi tr ca x v y l:
A. 0,07 v 0,02 B. 0,09 v 0,01 C. 0,08 v 0,03 D.0,12 v 0,02
Li gii:
- tng
- p dng LBT electron v cng thc (1.3) gii h phng trnh tm x, y.
- Php tnh
- 56x + 108y = 22,164 62 3 0,062 - 96 0,047 x = 0,09
3x + y = 3 0,062 + 2 0,047 y = 0,01
Bi 6: Ho tan ht 10,32g hn hp Ag, Cu bng lng va 160ml dung dch gm
HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M thu c dung dch X v sn phm kh NO duy nht. C
cn dung dch A thu c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 22,96g B. 18,00g C. 27,92g D. 29,72g
Li gii:
- tng
- Tnh s mol: H
+
; NO
3
-
; SO
4
2-

-

T phng trnh ion ca Cu, Ag vi H
+
v NO
3
-
ta thy:
3
4.
H NO
n n
+
=

- Suy ra, H
+
ht, NO
3
-
d m
mui khan
= 2
4 3
KL
SO NO du
m m m

+ +

- Php tnh
- H
+
= 0,32; NO
3
-
= 0,16; SO
4
2-
= 0,08
- mol (NO
3
-
phn ng) =
1
0, 32 0, 08( )
4
mol = .
- m
mui khan
= 10,32 + (0,16 0,08).62 + 0,08. 96 = 22,96(g).
Bi 7: Ho tan bt Fe vo 200 ml dung dch NaNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
. n phn ng hon
ton thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lit hn hp kh X gm NO v H
2
c t l mol 2:1 v
3g cht rn khng tan. Bit dung dch A khng cha mui amoni. C cn dung dch A
thu c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 126g B. 75g C. 120,4g D. 70,4g
Li gii:


- 26 -
- tng:
- Tnh s mol: H
+
; NO
3
-
; NO v H
2

- Kim loi d nn phn ng ch to mui Fe
2+
v H
+
, NO
3
-
phn ng ht.
- Dung dch sau phn ng ch gm Fe
2+
; Na
+
; SO
4
2-
-
3
NO
Na NO
n n n
+
= =

-
2
1, 5
Fe NO H
n n n = +
-
2
3
4. 2.
H
H NO
n n n
+
= + 2
2 4
4
1
2
H SO
SO H
n n n
+
= =
- Php tnh:
m
mui khan
= 0,2. 23 + (0,3 + 0,1) .56 + 0,5 . 96 = 75g



- 27 -
IV. Ni dung thc nghim s phm
IV.1. Mc ch thc nghim s phm
Mc ch thc nghim s phm nhm nh gi hiu qu ca phng php
a ra thng qua h thng cu hi trc nghim di dng mt bi kim tra 60 pht i
vi hc sinh lp 11.
IV.2. Nhim v thc nghim s phm
- Dng h thng cu hi trc nghim son tho da trn nhng php
a, trnh by trc HS trong thi lng 3 tit. Sau tin hnh kim tra, nh gi.
- Phn tch cc cu hi, nh gi mc kh ca vn nu ra.
- S b nh gi kh nng tip thu kin thc ho hc ca hc sinh v kt qu
qu trnh dy hc.
- nh gi thi ca hc sinh.
IV.3. Phng php thc nghim s phm
Thc nghim s phm c tin hnh vi 180 hc sinh/4 lp trng THPT
Chng M B Chng M B - H Ni.
- m bo tnh trung thc v ngn nga hin tng sao chp gia nhng hc
sinh ngi gn nhau, cu hi v cu tr li c xo trn thnh 4 .
- Mt hc sinh c pht mt v mt phiu lm bi, thi gian lm bi l 60
pht.
- kin ca mt s gio vin c tham kho thng qua trao i trc tip v
gin tip qua phiu tham kho kin.
- kin ca gio vin v cc s liu c phn loi v thng k.
- Phiu tham kho kin (xem phn ph lc).
- Ni dung kim tra v phiu lm bi :



- 28 -
PHIU THC NGHIM S PHM
Gii nhanh bi ton axit nitric thng gp trn my tnh
H, tn th sinh:...................................................... Trng/Lp.............................
Cc em vui lng gii nhanh cc bi ton sau y trn my tnh trong thi gian 60 pht,
sau chn p n ca mnh bng cch t en vo p n tng ng./.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A
B
C
D

BI:
Cu 1: Cho 13,92g Fe
3
O
4
tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
, sau phn ng thu
c dung dch X v 0,448 lit kh N
x
O
y
(sn phm kh duy nht kc). Khi lng
HNO
3
nguyn cht tham gia phn ng l:
A. 17,64g B. 33,48g C. 35,28g D. 12,60g
Cu 2: Cho 11,8g hn hp Al, Cu phn ng vi dung dch HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
d thu c
13,44 lit hn hp kh SO
2
, NO
2
c t khi so vi H
2
l 26. Khi lng mui to ra
trong dung dch l:
A. 50,00g B. 61,20g C. 56,00g D. 55,80g
Cu 3: Ho tan hon ton 19,2g Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
, ton b lng kh NO (sn
phm kh duy nht) thu c em oxi ho thnh NO
2
ri chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
. Th
tch kh oxi (ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn l:
A. 3,36 lit B. 4,48 lit C. 6,72 lit D. 2,24 lit
Cu 4: Ho tan hon ton 25,6g hn hp Fe, FeS, FeS
2
v S bng dung dch HNO
3
d
thu c dung dch Y v V lit kh NO duy nht. Thm dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo
dung dch Y thu c 126,25g kt ta. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 27,58 B. 19,04 C. 24,64 D. 17,92
Cu 5: Ho tan 5,95g hn hp Zn v Al c t l mol 1:2 bng dung dch HNO
3
long
d thu c 0,896 lit mt sn phm kh duy nht X cha nit. Vy X l:


- 29 -
A. NO
2
B. N
2
C. NO D. N
2
O
Cu 6: Cho m gam Al phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 8,96 lit (ktc)
hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t khi i vi H
2
l 18,5. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 17,5 B. 15,3 C. 19,8 D. 13,5
Cu 7: Oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 12g hn hp X gm 4 cht
rn. Ho tan hon ton X trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 2,24 lit kh NO (l sn
phm kh duy nht kc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 7,57 B. 7,75 C. 10,08 D. 10,80
Cu 8: Ho tan hon ton 45,9g kim loi R bng dung dch HNO
3
long thu c
26,88 lit (ktc) hn hp kh N
2
O v NO, trong s mol NO gp 3 ln s mol N
2
O.
Kim loi R l:
A. Zn B. Al C. Mg D. Fe
Cu 9: Oxi ho hon ton 0,728g bt Fe ta thu c 1,016g hn hp cc oxit st. Ho
tan hon ton X bng dung dch HNO
3
long d. Th tch kh NO kc (sn phm
kh duy nht) thu c l:
A. 22,40ml B. 44,80ml C. 2,24ml D. 33,60ml
Cu 10: Ho tan 12,8g Cu trong dung dch HNO
3
thy thot ra V lit hn hp kh NO
v NO
2
(kc), t khi ca hn hp kh i vi H
2
l 19. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24 lit B. 0,448 lit C. p s khc D. 4,48 lit
Cu 11: Cho 15 gam hn hp Al v Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d, n
phn ng hon ton thu c dung dch X v 4,48 lt kh duy nht NO ( ktc).
C cn dung dch X thu c 109,8 gam mui khan. % s mol ca Al trong hn
hp ban u l
A. 36%. B. 33,33%. C. 64%. D. 6,67%.
Cu 12: Cho 0,05 mol Al v 0,02 mol Zn tc dng va vi 2 lit dung dch HNO
3

long, sau phn ng thu c kh khng mu, nh hn khng kh. Phn dung dch em
c cn thu c 15,83g mui khan. Nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
dng:
A. 0,1450M B. 0,1120M C. 0,1125M D. 0,1175M
Cu 13: Ho tan m gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M c ho tr khng i trong
dung dch HCl d thu c 1,008 lit kh H
2
(kc) v dung dch cha 4,575g mui
khan. Nu cng ho tan m gam hn hp trn bng dung dch HNO
3
c v H
2
SO
4



- 30 -
nhit thch hp th thu c 1,8816 lit hn hp 2 kh (kc) c t khi so vi H
2
l
25,25. Kim loi M l:
A. Al B. Fe C. Cu D. Zn
Cu 14: Ho tan hon ton hn hp X gm Mg; MgS; S trong dung dch HNO
3
c
nng d thu c 2,912 lit kh N
2
duy nht (kc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)
2
d
vo dung dch Y c 46,55g kt ta. Khi lng hn hp X l:
A. 4,8 B. 12,0 C. 7,2 D. 9,6
Cu 15: H 2008 KB: Cho 2,16g Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d. Sau khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton thu c 0,896 lit kh NO (kc) v dung dch X. Khi lng
mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X:
A. 13,92g B. 13,32g C. 8,88g D. 6,52g
Cu 16: Cho 1,35g hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu
c hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO
2
. Bit phn ng khng to mui
amoni. Khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch l:
A. 5,96g B. 6,59g C. 5,69g D. 10,08g
Cu 17: Ho tan 11,76g Fe bng 200 ml dung dch gm HCl 2,5M v NaNO
3
0,5M
thu c dung dch B v V (lit) kh NO ( sn phm kh duy nht). Khi lng mui
trong dung dch B thu c l:
A. 26,67g B. 31,25g C. 36,00g D. 25,40g
Cu 18: m gam phoi st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian st b oxi ho thnh
hn hp X gm 4 cht c khi lng 27,2g. Ho tan ht X trong 300 ml dung dch
HCl a mol/l thy thot ra 3,36 lit kh H
2
(kc) v dung dch Y. Cho tip dung dch
HNO
3
ti d vo dung dch Y thu c dung dch Z cha hn hp FeCl
3
, Fe(NO
3
)
3
,
HNO
3
d v 2,24 lit kh NO duy nht thot ra (kc). Gi tr ca m v a ln lt l:
A. 22,4g v 2M B. 16,8g v 3M C. 22,4g v 3M D. 16,8g v 2M
Cu 19: Dung dch X cha 14,6 gam HCl v 22,56 gam Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Thm m (gam) bt
st vo dung dch X, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kim loi c
khi lng l 0,5m (gam) v ch to kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,28 B. 20,48 C. 14,88 D. 1,92
Cu 20: Cho 3,2 gam Cu tc dng vi 100ml dung dch HNO
3
0,8M v H
2
SO
4
0,2M,
sn phm kh duy nht l NO. S gam mui khan thu c l
A. 7,90 B. 8,84 C. 5,64. D. 0,08


- 31 -
IV. 4. Kt qu thc nghim s phm
Cch thng k s liu thc nghim
S HS t im X
i

% HS t im X
i
=
Tng s HS
Da vo % HS t im X
i
nh gi trnh HS tng lp v tnh hiu qu
ca phng php.
Sau khi tin hnh cho HS lm bi kim tra, ti thu phiu lm bi v thng k
s liu nh cc bng sau :


im
X
i

Lp 11A
1
Lp 11A
2
Lp 11A
3
Lp 11A
4

S HS
t
im X
i

% S
HS t
im X
i

S HS
t
im X
i

% S
HS t
im X
i

S HS
t
im X
i

% S
HS t
im X
i

S HS
t
im X
i

% S
HS t
im X
i

0 0 0,00 0 0,00 0 0,00 0 0,00
1 0 0,00 0 0,00 0 0,00 1 2,22
2 0 0,00 2 4,44 4 8,88 7 15,56
3 4 8,88 5 11,12 10 22,22 14 31,11
4 6 13,33 7 15,56 16 35,56 19 42,22
5 7 15,56 9 20,00 13 28,89 4 8,88
6 5 11,12 10 22,22 2 4,44 0 0,00
7 8 17,78 7 15,56 0 0,00 0 0,00
8 10 22,22 4 8,88 0 0,00 0 0,00
9 5 11,12 1 2,22 0 0,00 0 0,00
10 0 0,00 0 0,00 0 0,00 0 0,00

T kt qu thc nghim trn, ti nhn thy :
- Cc cu t 1 n 10, 12, 14, 15, 16 nm trong phng php a ra trn nn
HS u c kh nng lm c.
- Cu 11 : HS khng bit chng minh phn ng c to mui amoni hay khng.
Bi ny nn gii theo h : Gi mol : Al (x) ; Mg (y) ; NH
4
NO
3
(z). Lp h 3
phng trnh ri gii.


- 32 -
- Cu 20 : HS d nhm (tnh c khi lng Cu d vo mui)
- Cc cu 13, 17, 18, 19 l nhng cu kh, s HS tr li ng t nht :
+ Cu 18 : HS cha tm ra cha kho gii. Nu c lm, HS ch tm ra c khi
lng, cha tm c nng mol/l ca dung dch HCl. Bi c gii n gin
nh sau :
- Qui i 27,2g X thnh Fe (x) v O (y)
- Lp h 2 phng trnh : 56.Fe + 16.O = 27,2 v 3.Fe 2.O = 2.H
2
+ 3.NO
- Tm c x v y khi lng Fe (m = 22,4g)
- Bo ton e cho dung dch Y + HNO
3

Fe (a) ; FeO (b) ; Fe
2
O
3
(c) a = 0,15; b + 2c = 0,25; a + b = 0,3
b = 0,15; c = 0,05
n
HCl
= 2.0,15 + 2. 0,15 + 6 . 0,05 = 0,9 mol
C
M
= 0,9/0,3 = 3M
- Nh vy, iu chng t s t duy, pht hin ci mi ca HS cn hn ch.
iu ny hon ton ph hp vi thc trng ca trng (do u vo, iu kin
pht trin gio dc cn hn ch).
- So snh kt qu ca lp 11A
1
; 11A
2
vi 11A
3
; 11A
4
ti rt ra 1 s kt lun :
+ Lp 11A
1
v 11A
2
(Lp thc nghim) c kt qu cao hn.
+ Lp 11A
3
v 11A
4
(Lp i chng) t kt qu thp hn.
Nh vy, phng php a ra trn gp 1 phn thc y s nhn thc ca
HS v cc dng bi ton thng gp ca axit HNO
3
m HS c th gii nhanh trn my
tnh.



- 33 -
PHN III : KT LUN V KIN NGH
T mc ch v nhim v ca ti, tc gi tin hnh nghin cu v gii
quyt c mt s ni dung sau:
- a ra 1 s cng thc gii nhanh bi tp axit nitric
- Su tm mt s bi tp trong cc thi i hc v trn mng gip HS rn luyn
k nng gii nhanh trn my tnh.
- Thng qua phiu iu tra, bi kim tra, gp g trao i trc tip vi gio vin,
ng thi da trn mt s kinh nghim ca bn thn rt ra trong qu ging dy,
cc thc mc ca ng nghip, bc u ti hon thin sng kin ca mnh.
- Kt qu nghin cu ca ti c th l ti liu tham kho cho cc gio vin v
hc sinh lp 11 v 12. V tc gi hi vng, sng kin ny s l ti liu c dng trong
tit hc t chn lp 11 (Chng Nit photpho).
Tuy nhin do hn ch v mt thi gian v do kinh nghim ca bn thn cn qu
t, ng thi trong khun kh ca mt sng kin kinh nghim nn ti khng trnh
khi nhng thiu st nn tc gi hi vng s nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc
Thy, C i trc v cc bn ng nghip c th m rng ti v a ra c
nhiu hng gii nhanh hn cho bi ton axit nitric hn na.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n !
Ngy 20 thng 05 nm 2011
Tc gi


L c T ng