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Ho hc kim loi Nguyn Xun Trng

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Sch gio khoa ho 12 mi


C th ni, cc chng v kim loi l trng tm ca SGK lp 12 v cng l trng tm ca phn ho hc kim loi trng THPT. Ngoi cc nguyn t kim loi nh trong SGK c, SGK mi cn cp n cc kim loi thng dng v c nhiu ngha thc tin nh crom, ng , km, niken, thic, ch, bc, vng.
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Sgk ho 12 mi
So snh gia SGK c v SGK mi : *SGK c nng v m t s kin, nh v tm hiu tnh quy lut. *SGK mi ch tm hiu quy lut bin thin tnh cht ca n cht v hp cht trn c s cu to cht (cu hnh electron nguyn t, cu to phn t) v s oxi ha ca nguyn t.
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Sgk mi
*SGK c nng tnh hn lm ngha l nng v l thuyt, nh v tnh thc hnh ng dng, t vn dng kin thc vo thc tin.
*SGK mi coi trng vic vn dng kin thc, bi dng nng lc t hc v phng php t duy, rn luyn tr thng minh, bi dng nng lc pht hin vn v gii quyt vn , nng lc sng to.
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*SGK c dng th nghim ha hc, tranh nh, hnh v, biu bng, s ch yu minh ha kin thc, SGK mi dng cc th lm ngun cung cp kin thc cho HS. *SGK mi ch trng rn luyn cc thao tc t duy nh phn tch, tng hp, so snh i chiu, quy np, suy din

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*SGK mi c bin son sao cho HS c th dng sch t hc cn gio vin dng sch thit k cc hot ng dy hc, t HS vo v tr ch th ca hot ng nhn thc, gio vin hng dn, ng vin, khch l HS t xy dng kin thc mi cho mnh, kt qu l h khng ch nm vng kin thc m cn nm c c phng php i n kin thc.
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*Cui mi chng c bi luyn tp gip HS cng c v vn dng kin thc c bn ca chng. Sau mi chng c bi thc hnh vn dng l thuyt hc v rn k nng thc hnh. C 5 bi thc hnh (SGK c ch c 4 bi thc hnh ).
*C cc bi c thm, b sung t liu cho bi hc v gp phn gim ti ni dung bi hc.
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Sgk mi
*Knh hnh c ch trng hn, c v s lng v cht lng. SGK mi in mu (nhiu mu) rt p, mu sc ca cc cht c th hin ng vi mu sc t nhin ca chng s lm tng hng th hc tp ca HS i vi b mn Ha hc.
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Sgk ho 12 mi
SGK Ha hc lp 12 mi c nhiu u im so vi SGK Ha hc lp 12 c, th hin cc im sau:

V phng php: SGK mi to iu kin gio vin chuyn i t m hnh dy hc truyn thng, truyn th mt chiu sang m hnh dy hc hp tc 2 chiu.
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ppdh
Hai m hnh dy hc 1- M hnh dy hc truyn th mt chiu: Dy ghi nh 2- M hnh dy hc hp tc hai chiu : Dy t hc 1- Thy truyn t kin thc, tr th ng tip thu 2- Tr t mnh tm ra kin thc di s hng dn ca thy.
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ppdh

1- Thy truyn th mt chiu, c thoi hay pht vn 2- i thoi: tr tr; tr thy, hp tc vi bn v thy, do thy t chc.
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ppdh

1- Thy ging, tr ghi nh, hc thuc lng 2- Hc cch hc, cch ng x, cch gii quyt vn , cch sng.
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ppdh

1- Thy c quyn nh gi 2- T nh gi, t iu chnh, cung cp lin h ngc cho thy nh gi, c tc dng khuyn khch t hc.
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ppdh

1-Thy l thy dy: dy ch, dy ngi 2- Thy l thy hc, chuyn gia v vic hc, dy cch hc cho tr t hc ch, t hc sut i, t hc nn ngi.
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ppdh

i mi PPDH theo hng "dy cch hc" l thc hin vic chuyn dch m hnh dy hc t "truyn th mt chiu" sang "hp tc hai chiu.
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PPDH PHAN KIM LOAI


Phn ho hc V c lp 12 ch yu nghin cu v kim loi (ch c thm chng Phn bit mt s cht v c v chng Ho hc v vn pht trin kinh t, x hi, mi trng) Phng php dy hc ch yu l xut pht t nhng hiu bit thc t ca HS dn dt h khm ph nhng hiu bit mi v kim loi.

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Ni dung gio trnh ho hc kim loi lp 12 c th chia thnh 2 phn: - Phn th nht nhm tm hiu v tr ca cc kim loi trong bng tun hon, tnh cht vt l v ho hc chung ca kim loi, hp kim, s n mn kim loi v iu ch kim loi. - Phn th hai i su tm hiu mt s kim loi c th quan trng i vi nn kinh t quc dn. Nh vy ni dung ca phn th nht rt quan trng, n l l thuyt ch o ca s tm hiu cc kim loi c th phn th hai.
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aa
Vic dy hc phn kim loi lp 12 c tin hnh sau khi hc cc l thuyt ch o lp 10 (cu to nguyn t; bng tun hon v nh lut tun hon; lin kt ho hc; phn ng ho hc) v vy cn vn dng trit cc l thuyt ny. C th l cn s dng rng ri phng php suy din (din dch): t v tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi trong bng tun hon suy ra cu to nguyn t. T cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t suy ra tnh cht ho hc c trng ca nguyn t. D on kh nng phn ng ca nguyn t kim loi vi cc phi kim, vi nc, vi dung dch cc axit, vi dung dch mui... Vai tr ca th nghim lc ny ch yu ng vai tr kim chng, xc minh cho nhng d on tnh cht da trn cu to ca nguyn t kim loi v ca mng tinh th kim loi.

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Chng 5: i cng v kim loi V tr ca kim loi trong bng tun hon v cu to ca kim loi. a) Dy cch nh v tr ca kim loi trong bng tun hon: Trong s trn 110 nguyn t bit c ti gn 90 nguyn t l kim loi, ch c 22 nguyn t phi kim. Cc nguyn t phi kim va t va nm gn pha phi v gc trn ca bng tun hon nn rt d nh. Phn cn li ca bng l v tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi. Cn lu hc sinh phn bit cu to ca nguyn t kim loi v cu to ca tinh th kim loai.

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Tnh cht ca kim loi v dy in ho ca kim loi - Cn hng dn hc sinh bit vn dng kin thc v cu to ca nguyn t kim loi v ca mng tinh th kim loi gii thch cc tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi. - Khi nu cc tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi cng cn lu n nhng tnh cht vt l ring ca chng nh khi lng ring, cng, nhit nng chy... - Khi lng ring, cng, nhit nng chy ca kim loi ph thuc vo bn ca lin kt kim loi. bn ca lin kt kim loi c bit ln i vi cc kim loi nng. - Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca kim loi l tnh kh. Tnh kh ca kim loi rt khc nhau th hin nng lng ion ho khc nhau ca nguyn t cc kim loi.

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Hp kim - Nghin cu v hp kim l mt vic kh v phc tp, lin quan n nhiu lnh vc khoa hc nh ho hc, vt l, ton hc.... Trong sch gio khoa ho hc lp 12 khng xem xt cu to ca hp kim m ch so snh tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca hp kim vi kim loi, ng dng v iu ch hp kim. Trng tm ca bi l tnh cht vt l, tnh cht c hc v ng dng. Cn so snh hp kim vi kim loi thnh phn v mt tnh cht c hc, tnh cht vt l v ng dng. - Hp kim ging kim loi l cng c cu to tinh th, trong hp kim cng c lin kt kim loi, c electron t do nn hp kim c tnh dn in, dn nhit, do v c nh kim ging kim loi. Hp kim khc kim loi l trong hp kim cn c lin kt cng ho tr d mt electron t do trong hp kim gim i r rt. V vy tnh dn in, dn nhit ca hp kim km hn kim loi thnh phn.

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V tnh cht ho hc th nhn chung hp kim c tnh cht tng t tnh cht ca cc kim loi thnh phn do trong hp kim c cc tnh th dung dch rn v tinh th hn hp, trong tnh cht ho hc ca cc kim loi vn c bo tn. Th d cho hp kim Al - Cu vo dung dch HCl hoc dung dch H2SO4 long th ch c Al tan, gii phng kh H2 cn Cu khng tan. Cn khi cho hp kim Al - Cu vo dung dch HNO3 c, nng th hp kim tan hon ton v gii phng kh NO2. i vi hp kim, chng trnh Ho hc lp 12 ch yu cung cp kin thc v thnh phn, tnh cht c hc v ng dng ca hp kim.

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S n mn kim loi - Vic chng n mn kim loi l mt vn cp bch c v mt kinh t cng nh cng ngh. Hin nay khong 25% lng thp sn xut ra hng nm c dng thay th cho nhng thit b bng st, thp b han g. Trn qui m ton cu th c mi giy qua i, c khong 2 tn thp bin thnh g. - n mn ho hc: Xy ra khi kim loi c t trong mi trng kh hay trong cht lng c tc dng n mn trc tip kim loi. Bu kh quyn cc khu vc cng nghip ca cc nc pht trin cha mt lng ng k axit do t nhiu nhin liu nh than , du m, kh t nhin c cha tp cht ch yu l lu hunh sinh ra. Chng hn thnh ph Lun n (nc Anh) b nhim ti mc hng nm t kh quyn ri xung mt lng axit tng ng vi 750.000 tn axit sunfuric.
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- n mn in ho: Xy ra khi c s to thnh cc pin in trong kim loi. n mn in ho l dng n mn ph bin hn. Oxi (trong khng kh) v nc (trong khng kh m) l nhng tc nhn gy nn s n mn in ho. - Chng n mn kim loi: Thng dng 2 phng php bo v kim loi, chng n mn, l: + Phng php bo v b mt: Bi du m, trng men hoc ph kim loi cn bo v bng kim loi khc khng b g nh Au, Ag, Sn, Ni, Zn... + Phng php in ho: Gn nhng ming km vo pha ngoi cc ng bng thp dn nc chn di t bo v thp. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng phng php bin i ho hc lp b mt: * Photphat ho b mt ca kim loi bng cch nhng vo dung dch pht pht st, km hay mangan. Kt qu l s c mt lp photphat hn tp bn chc bo v. * St c th ng ho bng cc cht oxit ho mnh nh ion cromat CrO42- hay ion pemanganat MnO4-. Kt qu l to ra mt lp oxit bn vng bo v.
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iu ch kim loi Khi dy hc v iu ch kim loi cn lm r mi lin quan gia phng php iu ch v mc hot ng ho hc ca kim loi. iu ch kim loi tc l chuyn ion kim loi Mn+ thnh nguyn t kim loi M. Kim loi c tnh kh cng mnh th ion ca n c tnh oxi ho cng yu nn cng kh b kh tr li thnh kim loi. Do vic chn phng php iu ch kim loi ph thuc vo tnh oxi ho mnh hay yu ca ion kim loi . + i vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh rt mnh v mnh nh K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al... do ion ca chng c tnh oxi ho rt yu, ch c th kh chng bng dng in. V vy phng php duy nht iu ch cc kim loi ny l in phn nng chy mui, hiroxit hoc oxit ca chng. + i vi nhng kim loi c hot ng ho hc trung bnh v yu nh Fe, Ni, Cu... ngi ta kh oxit ca chng bng cht kh thng thng (C, CO, H2, Al) nhit cao gi l phng php nhit luyn. Ngi ta cn dng phng php in phn dung dch mui ca chng.

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+ i vi nhng kim loi c hot ng rt yu nh Hg, Ag... oxit ca chng rt km bn, d dng phn hu thnh kim loi khi un nng nn khng cn dng cht kh. C s ca phng php thu luyn l dng cc dung dch H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN... ho tan kim loi v tch ra khi phn khng tan c trong qung. Sau kh cc ion ny trong dung dch bng kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn. Th d: vng ln trong t c th ho tan dn trong dung dch NaCN cng vi O2 ca khng kh, c dung dch mui vng: 4Au + 16NaCN + 3O2 + 6H2O 4Na[Au(CN)4] + 12NaOH Sau , dng kim loi Zn kh ion Au3+ Zn + 2Na [Au(CN)4] Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2Au Phng php thu luyn cn gi l phng php t c dng iu ch nhng kim loi c th in cc chun cao nh Au, Ag, Hg, Cu... Nh vy vic dng kim loi mnh kh ion ca kim loi yu hn trong dung dch ch l mt cng on ca phng php thu luyn.

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Nh vy vic dng kim loi mnh kh ion ca kim loi yu hn trong dung dch ch l mt cng on ca phng php thu luyn. ph hp vi trnh hc sinh ban C bn, phng php thu luyn chng ta ch yu cu hc sinh vit phng trnh ho hc ca cng on sau l dng kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion ca kim loi yu hn trong dung dch.
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Chng 6: Kim loi kim - kim loi kim th - nhm Vic ghp kim loi nhm IA, IIA, IIIA vo mt chng l gim ti ni dung, trnh s trng lp v gip cho s h thng ho kin thc c thun li hn. Tnh cht ca kim loi kim, kim th, nhm cn c nghin cu di nh sng ca cc l thuyt ch o v cn c vn dng cc kin thc ca phn i cng v kim loi (chng 5) T cu to nguyn t ca kim loi kim (bn knh nguyn t tng i ln v ch c 1 electron lp ngoi cng) v nng lng ion ho (nh), hc sinh hiu c nhng c tnh ca kim loi kim v qui lut bin thin tnh cht cc nguyn t trong nhm kim loi kim.

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Kim loi kim v hp cht quan trng ca kim loi kim. Chng trnh ho hc lp 12 chn natri v cc hp cht ca natri nghin cu k, i din cho nhm kim loi kim v cc hp cht ca natri (NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, KNO3.) c nhiu ng dng trong nn sn xut ho hc. Khi dy hc v kim loi kim, gio vin cn t chc cc hot ng dy hc hc sinh t i n kt lun: Nhng tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca kim loi kim u do cu trc cc lp electron ca nguyn t v cu to ca mng tinh th kim loi quyt nh. Cc nguyn t kim loi kim ch c 1 electron lp ngoi cng, lp st ngoi cng c 8 electron, nn chng d nhng 1e to ra ion M+ do c tnh kh rt mnh. Cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au cng c 1 e lp ngoi cng nhng lp st ngoi cng c 18e, nn c tnh cht khc kim loi kim.

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V tnh cht ho hc ca kim loi kim trnh dy theo kiu lit k cc phn ng. Cn nghin cu theo trnh t: Cu to Tnh cht ng dng iu ch. D v cu to nguyn t d on tnh cht ho hc c trng, sau lm th nghim kim chng, xc minh nhng d on l ng n. Cn dn dt hc sinh c th t tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca kim loi kim suy ra cc ng dng ca chng. V phng php iu ch kim loi kim cng phi c suy ra t tnh kh rt mnh ca chng.

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Kim loi kim th Chng trnh ho hc lp 12 chn nghin cu cc hp cht ca canxi i din cho nhm kim loi kim th v chng c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn (xy dng, sn xut cng nng nghip) v i sng. V vy, khi dy hc cc hp cht ca canxi khng ch ch n tnh cht v nhng chuyn i qua li gia chng m cn cho hc sinh vn dng kin thc hc gii thch cc hin tng xy ra trong t nhin, trong i sng v sn xut nhm ci to v hp tc vi thin nhin, nng cao cht lng cuc sng.

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Khi dy hc v kim loi kim th cn lu : - Cc n cht kim loi nhm IIA c kiu mng tinh th khng ging nhau nn tnh cht vt l bin i khng theo quy lut nht nh nh kim loi kim. - V tnh cht ho hc cn cho hc sinh da vo cu to nguyn t suy ra tnh cht ho hc c trung l tnh kh mnh v v sao chng ch c s oxi ho +2 trong cc hp cht. - Khi dy hc v cc hp cht ca canxi cn khai thc nhng hiu bit thc t ca hc sinh v vi sng, vi ti, vi, thch cao v yu cu h vn dng kin thc gii thch mt s hin tng thin nhin (cn trong m nc, vng cng trn mt h vi, thch nh trong cc hang ng) - Lu hc sinh khi sc CO2 vo dung dch cha mt lng nht nh Ca(OH)2 thu c mt s gam kt ta th s c 2 p s ng vi lng CO2 thiu v lng CO2 d mt phn.

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Khi dy hc v nc cng cn lu l chng trnh v SGK mi khng dng khi nim cng m dng khi nim tnh cng v trng ph thng ch xt mt nh tnh ca nc cng, khng xt mt nh lng. Ni n cng khi ni n nng ca cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+, v cng ca nc c xc nh bng nng ca cc ion ny trong nc cng. Ngi ta quy c mt n v cng ng vi 20 mg/l ion Ca2+ hoc 12 mg/l ion Mg2+ ( tc l 0,5 milimol/lit ca mi kim loi ).

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Nc rt mm c cng ton phn nh hn 1,5 n v. Nc mm c cng ton phn t 1,5 n 4 n v. Nc trung bnh c cng ton phn t 4 n 8 n v. Nc cng c cng ton phn t 8 n 12 n v. Nc rt cng c cng ton phn ln hn 12 n v. V khi nim cng nh trnh by trn gio vin nn bit nhng khng cn cung cp cho hc sinh

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- Nu hc sinh nm vng tnh cht ho hc ca cc hp cht kim loi kim th th vic nghin cu v nc cng rt thun li. Trc tin cn lm cho hc sinh hiu v sao nc t nhin thng l nc cng (ni cng nhiu, ni cng t). Ch c nc ma v tuyt l nc mm nht trong thin nhin. - V cc phng php lm mm nc cng, cc ti liu khc nhau c th gi tn khc nhau. Chng hn nh cch lm mm nc cng c tnh cng tm thi c ti liu gi l phng php nhit, ti liu khc li gi l phng php vt l. Gi l phng php vt l th khng ng v bn cht ca phng php l mt bin i ho hc da trn s km bn vi nhit ca mui hirocacbonat ca canxi v magie Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Phng php trao i ion c ti liu cn gi l phng php ho l.

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Nc rt mm c cng ton phn nh hn 1,5 n v. Nc mm c cng ton phn t 1,5 n 4 n v. Nc trung bnh c cng ton phn t 4 n 8 n v. Nc cng c cng ton phn t 8 n 12 n v. Nc rt cng c cng ton phn ln hn 12 n v. V khi nim cng nh trnh by trn gio vin nn bit nhng khng cn cung cp cho hc sinh

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Sch gio khoa ho hc c nu 2 phng php lm mn nc cng l phng php ho hc v phng php trao i ion. Nh vy gp phng php dng nhit vi phng php dng ho cht (vi- soa) v c chung bn cht l xy ra cc phn ng ho hc. Sch gio khoa lp 12 mi li gi l phng php kt ta, nh vy ni r bn cht ca phng php l dng cc phn ng ho hc to ra cht kt ta lm gim nng ca cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong nc cng.
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V vic dng Ca(OH)2 kh tnh cng tm thi ca nc, hc sinh c th thc mc ti sao li a ion Ca2+( trong Ca(OH)2) vo nc cng, trong khi ta ang cn loi b ion ny.V vy cn lu hc sinh l cn phi xc nh nng Ca(HCO3)2 trong nc cng a lng Ca(OH)2va trung ho mui canxi hirocacbonat Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2 H2O V tch s tan ca Mg(OH)2 (T = 5. 10-12 ) nh hn nhiu so vi tch s tan ca MgCO3 ( T= !.10-5) nn cc mui hirocacbonat ca canxi v magie phn ng vi NaOH xy ra khc nhau Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaHCO3

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Quy lut ca phn ng y l nu phn ng c th to ra hai cht kt ta th phn ng bao gi cng xy ra theo chiu to ra cht t tan hn. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch xy ra theo chiu lm gim s ion. Cng v Mg(OH)2 t tan hn nhiu so vi MgCO3 nn khi cho mui cacbonat kim loi kim vo nc cng c ion Mg2+ th s to ra mui cacbonat baz c thnh phn khng xc nh ( dung dch cacbonat kim loi kim c cha ion OH- do s thu phn mui to ra). 5MgCl2 +6Na2CO3 + 2H2O 4MgCO3.Mg(OH)2+ 2NaHCO3 + 10NaCl

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- Khi hng dn hc sinh vit phng trnh ho hc ban Nng cao cn lu nhng iu trnh by trn. i vi ban C bn khng cn cp n nhng vn m ch nn ly v d loi b ion Ca2+ trong nc cng. Cho dung dch Na2CO3 vo nc cng kt ta s l CaCO3 v MgCO3.Mg(OH)2.nH2O lng xung, nu hc sinh vit c kt ta CaCO3 v MgCO3 lng xung cng coi l c. - Sch gio khoa mi c gii thiu phng php lm mm nc cng bng Na3PO4. Dng cht ny c th kh c tnh cng tm thi v tnh cng vnh cu, gio vin cn hng dn hc sinh ban C bn vit phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng, vi ban Nng cao hc sinh t vit c.

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Phng php trao i ion Phng php trao i ion l phng php hin nay c dng ph bin lm mm nc, v vy trong sch gio khoa mi trnh ba k hn so vi sch gio khoa c. C th trnh by v phng php trao i ion theo 2 phng n sau :
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Phng n 1- Nhng vt liu v c hoc hu c c kh nng trao i mt s ion c trong thnh phn cu to ca chng vi cc ion c trong dung dch c gi l vt liu trao i ion. Trong x l nc cng, ngi ta thng dng cc vt liu polime c kh nng trao i cation, gi chung l nha cationit. Khi i qua ct cha nha trao i, cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+, c trong nc cng, i vo cc l trng trong cu trc polime, th ch cho cc ion Na+ hoc H+ ca cationit i vo dung dch. Cc zeolit* l vt liu trao i ion v c cng thng c dng lm mm nc. Phng php trao i ion c th lm gim c cng vnh cu ln cng tm thi ca nc. (*Zeolit l cc khong aluminosilicat kt tinh dng tinh th c cc l trng, c trong t nhin hoc iu ch nhn to.)
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Phng n 2- Cc tc nhn trao i ion, tc l nhng vt liu v c hoc hu c c kh nng trao i mt s ion c trong thnh phn cu to ca chng vi cc ion c trong dung dch, c dng rng ri trong x l nc cng. Chng hn, cc zeolit, c trong t nhin hoc iu ch nhn to, l cc khong aluminosilicat kt tinh dng tinh th c cc l trng, c th dng lm mm nc. Khi i qua lp lc zeolit, cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+, c trong nc cng, i vo cc l trng trong tinh th zeolit, th ch cho cc ion Na+ ca zeolit i vo dung dch. Trong x l nc cng ngi ta thng s dng cc nha trao i ion. Phng php trao i ion c th lm gim c cng vnh cu ln cng tm thi ca nc.
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Nhm - Nhm v hp kim ca nhm c s dng ph bin trong cc ngnh k thut hin i (my bay, tn la, tu v tr ) trong xy dng v trong i sng hng ngy. Chng trnh chun gii thiu trc tip nhm v nhng hp cht quan trng ca nhm, khng tm hiu nhm IIIA. - Nhm l kim loi c tnh kh mnh (ch sau kim loi kim v kim th) nhng trn thc t nhm bn trong mi trng khng kh v nc l do c mng oxit rt mng nhng mn v bn, chc bo v. chng minh iu ta nn biu din th nghim nhm tc dng vi O2 ca khng kh (thng gi l th nghim nhm mc lng t) v th nghim nhm tc dng vi nc:

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Dng giy rp nh sch lp oxit Al2O3 trn b mt 2 thanh nhm ri nh ln vi git dung dch mui thu ngn, khong 5 pht ri ra sch bng nc. t mt thanh nhm x l trn vo bt s, sau khong 10 pht s nhn thy cc si mu trng mc ln t b mt thanh nhm trng nh tn thuc l. Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra nh sau: 2Al + 3HgCl2 2AlCl3 + 3Hg Nhm y thu ngn ra khi mui. Thu ngn to vi nhm mt hn hng ngn vic hnh thnh mng oxit Al2O3. Khng cn mng oxit bo v, nhm tc dng vi O2 ca khng kh to ra bt Al2O3 trng nh tn thuc l 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 C th dng bt Al2O3 thu c t th nghim ny lm th nghim chng minh Al2O3 l oxit lng tnh.

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Do i lc vi oxi rt ln nn nhm c dng kh nhng cation kim loi kh kh trong oxit ca nhng kim loi kh nng chy (phn ng nhit nhm) Th d: 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 +2Fe (1) 8Al + 3Fe3O4 4Al2O3 + 9Fe (2) Cc phn ng trn to rt nhiu nhit. phn ng (1) nhit t ti 29160C, cn phn ng (2) l 26730C. 26730C th Fe v Al2O3 u nng chy (Fe nng chy 15390C v Al2O3 nng chy 20500C). Ngi ta thu c st cn Al2O3 chuyn vo x. Cn lu l Al c th kh ion kim loi trong oxit m khng nht thit kim loi ny phi ng sau Al trong dy in ho. Tng tc ca kim loi A vi oxit ca kim loi B c th xy ra c nu hiu ng nhit ca oxit kim loi A ln hn hiu ng nhit ca oxit kim loi B. Sau y l hiu ng nhit ca mt s oxit kim loi: Al2O3: 1339 Kcal/mol Fe2O3: 198,5 Kcal/mol BaO: 133.0 Kcal/mol K2O: 86.2 Kcal/mol

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Chng 7: St v mt s kim loi quan trng St c tm quan trng hng u trong kinh t v cng nghip v st c tnh c hc rt tt v qung st rt sn trong t nhin.

T i sao a s cc KLCT v h p ch t c a chng u c t tnh? Th no l ch t ngh ch t , ch t thu n t , ch t s t t ?


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T tnh c a cc ch t c chia lm ba lo i: Ngh ch t : M t ch t khng c electron c thn no l ch t ngh ch t . Momen t c a t ng electron b hu hon ton khi electron ny ghp i. Tnh ch t ngh ch t th hi n: Khi t m t ch t vo t tr ng ngoi, t tr ng ngoi c khuynh h ng y cc ch t ra kh i t tr ng, Ni khc i, ch t ngh ch t c n ng s c c a t tr ng ngoi. Vy: Khng c electron c thn Nghch t

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Thu n t : Ch t thu n t cho ng s c c a t tr ng ngoi i qua,t tr ng ngoi c khuynh h ng ht chng vo t tr ng. Nh v y cc nguyn t , phn t hay ion b t k c cc electron c thn th b n thn phn t c s n momen t , khi c t vo t tr ng ngoi th cc momen t phn t c khuynh h ng nh h ng cng chi u v i momen t c a t tr ng ngoi v th b t tr ng ngoi ht. V d : M t s ion c a cc NTCT. Cc electron c thn ny trong cc ion c a ch t r n khng c tc d ng tng h v i nhau. C eletron c thn Thun t (b nam chm ht)
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Ch t thu n t b nam chm ht. Momen t c a m t ch t thu n t t l thu n v i c ng t tr ng bn ngoi (tc d ng vo ch t nghin c u) v t l thu n v i s electron c thn. N u tch t tr ng ngoi ra kh i h nghin c u, momen t c a t ng nguyn t hay ion tr l i cc h ng b t k nh tr c, v v y ch t d ng v m khng cn t tnh n a.

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S t t : m t ch t c tnh thu n t g p nhi u l n tnh thu n t bnh th ng g i l s t t . Tnh s t t c Fe, Co, Ni v h p ch t c a n. Vy : St t Tnh thun t gp nhiu ln tnh thun t bnh thng
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Tm li : T tnh : Nghch t Khng c electron c thn. Thun t C electron c thn.

St t nhiu ln

C tnh thun t gp tnh thun bnh thng


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Tnh s t t th hi n m t s ch t r n. Trong ch t r n s t t , cc ti u phn mang t tnh, ch ng h n cc nguyn t hay ion c a cc NTCT c tc d ng tng h v i nhau do s xen ph cc obitan. Qua cc electron c a m t ti u phn xc nh b nh h ng do s nh h ng c a cc electron ln c n. Tr ng thi b n nh t (nng l ng th p nh t) s t c khi spin c a cc electron trong cc ti u phn khc nhau (trung tm khc nhau) s p x p cng h ng. T tnh c a ch t s t t m nh hn t tnh c a ch t thu n t r t nhi u v momen t c a cc ti u phn ch t s t t r t d dng h ng theo t tr ng bn ngoi. Khi tch m u th nghi m kh i t tr ng ngoi momen t v n t n t i.

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T i sao cc nguyn t chuy n ti p d ng n ch t cng nh d ng h p ch t th ng c ho t tnh xc tc? Cc NTCT d ng n ch t cng nh h p ch t th ng c ho t tnh xc tc. M t trong nh ng thuy t v xc tc cho r ng, vai tr xc tc trong cc ph n ng ho h c l do s hnh thnh cc h p ch t trung gian. Cc NTCT c kh nng hnh thnh nhi u h p ch t ng v i cc tr ng thi oxi ho khc nhau, trong s c nhi u h p ch t khng b n. B i v y chng d t o thnh cc h p ch t trung gian, p ng vai tr c a ch t xc tc.
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So snh tnh axit c a ion [Fe(H2O)6]2+ v [Fe(H2O)6]3+. Gi i thch?


D th y [Fe(H2O)6 ]2+ c tnh axit y u hn [Fe(H2O)6 ]3+ v ion Fe2+ v Fe3+ c bn knh b ng nhau v y ion no c i n tch l n hn s t o ra tnh axit m nh hn.

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T i sao Cu, Ag, Au cng phn nhm nhng l i c cc tr ng thi oxi ho c trng khc nhau: Ag l +1, Cu l +2 v Au l +3?
Cc tr ng thi oxi ha c a Cu, Ag, Au ? V i Cu v Au m c d phn l p d c i n y , nhng c u trc cha ph i l hon ton b n v ng,do nguyn t c th b kch thch chuy n thnh tr ng thi (n-1)d9ns1p1.K t qu t o ra 3 electron c thn ,nh v y c th c 1 ho c 2 ho c 3e tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh lin k t:

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Tr ng thi oxi ha +1 c bi t b n i v i Ag v m t ph n i v i Cu , i u ny ph h p v i nng l ng ion ho th nh t c a Ag b hn Cu r t b hn Au v lin quan n b n tng i c a c u hnh e 4d10 , m t c u hnh e c hnh thnh Pd m t nguyn t ng tr c Ag trong chu k.

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Tr ng thi oxi ha +2 c trng i v i Cu i u ny ph h p v i t ng nng l ng ion ho th nh t v th hai c a Cu b nh t . Tr ng thi oxi ha +3 c trng hn v i Au, i u ny cng ph h p v i t ng nng l ng ion ho th nh t v th hai, th ba c a Au b nh t so v i cc nguyn t trong nhm.

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.Trong t nhin cc kim lo i Cu, Ag, Au t n t i

cc lo i qu ng chnh no? * Trong t nhin , ng t n t i ch y u d ng


h p ch t sunfua l n v i cc kim lo i khc; quan tr ng l qu ng Cancopirit (CuFeS2) , Cancozin (Cu2S) , Cuprit (Cu2O) , Malachit (Cu2(OH)2CO3) , Tenorit (CuO). Trong t nhin,b c t n t i d ng khong Acgentit (Ag2S) h n h p v i qu ng ch, ngoi ra cn c qu ng Naumanit (Ag2Se) , Prustit (Ag2AsS3).
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Trong t nhin , vng th ng g p d ng khong calaverit (AuTe2) , sinvanit (AgAuTe4) ho c petxit (Ag3AuTe2). Tuy nhin d ng thng th ng hn g p trong t nhin l (Au, Ag, Cu ) t do trong ct , trong cc nham th ch. (Au, Ag, Cu ) cn c trong n c bi n c : ( 3.103mg Cu2+ ; 3.10-4mg Ag+ ; 4.10-6mg Au3+ ) trong 1 lit n c bi n. Trong c th sinh v t : 2.10-4 % Cu

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Cho bi t cc ng v t nhin v % s nguyn t m i ng v c a cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au?


Cu c 11 ng v 58Cu 68Cu C 2 ng v b n trong t nhin: 63Cu (69,1%) v 65Cu (30,9%) Ag c 19 ng v 102Ag 115Ag C 2 ng v b n trong t nhin: 107Ag(51,35%) v 109Ag (48,65%) Au c 22 ng v 183Au 204Au Ch c 1 ng v b n trong t nhin: 197Au (100%)
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Cho bi t c u trc m ng tinh th c a cc kim lo i Cu, Ag, Au ?


C 3 kim lo i u c u t o tinh th m ng l p phng tm di n Cu Ag Au a = 3,6147A0 a = 4,0861A0 a = 4,0786A0

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TNH CH T HA H C C A Cu, Ag, Au

T i sao cc kim lo i nhm IB l cc kim lo i km ho t ng ha h c?


Cc kim lo i nhm IB l cc kim lo i km ho t ng ho h c v: L p v 18 electron ch n electron s v i h t nhn km hi u qu hn so v i 8 electron b n c a kh hi m ,lm tng m nh nng l ng ion ho th nh t c a cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au.
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V sao Au l i tan c trong n c c ng toan? Ag c b n c c ng toan n mn khng? T i sao?


*Dung mi t t nh t c a Au l n c c ng toan (1VHNO3 c +4VHCl c) Au + HNO3 + 4HCl = H[AuCl4] + NO + 2H2O *Ag khng tan trong n c c ng toan v

AgCl khng tan.


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Nc cng toan c tnh oxi ho mnh lit hn c HNO3 c, ng thi c tnh clo ho mnh lit : 6HCl +2 HNO3 3 Cl2 + 2NO+4H2O

2Au + 3Cl2 2 AuCl3


Nh vy Au v Pt tan c y l do i lc ln ca chng vi clo, do phn ng khng to ra mui nitrat m to ra mui clorua.
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Khi Ag trong khng kh c ch a hi n c, CO2 , H2S th mu tr ng c a Ag d n tr ln xm x t v t o nn mng Ag2S theo ph n ng. 2Ag + H2S + O2 Ag2S + H2O

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Trong cng nghi p ng i ta i u ch CuSO4 b ng cch ngm Cu trong dung d ch H2SO4 long ng th i s c O2 lin t c. Gi i thch, vi t ptp v ch ng minh? N u i u ch CuSO4 b ng cch cho Cu tc d ng v i H2SO4 c, nng c hi u qu hn phng php trn y hay khng? Gi i thch?

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Ph n ng c a Cu v i dung d ch H2SO4 long khi c m t oxi khng kh. 2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 = 2CuSO4 + 2H2O Cu khng tan trong H2SO4 long v E0 2H+/H2 = 0 < E0Cu2+/Cu = +0,34(V) 2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 = 2CuSO4 + 2H2O Cn khi th i O2 c E0 (O2 + 4H+/2H2O) = 1,23(V) Khi E0p > 0 Cu c th tan trong dung d ch H2SO4 long ng th i th i O2 lin t c.

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Ph n ng c a Cu v i H2SO4 c nng. Cu + 2H2SO4( c, nng) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O i u ch CuSO4 b ng cch(b) khng hi u qu b ng cch (a) do tiu t n H2SO4 hn , ng th i ph i x l kh SO2 thot ra.
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Vi t phng trnh ph n ng x y ra khi cho Au kim lo i tan trong dung d ch NaCN khi c m t O2 khng kh. Nu ng d ng c a phng php ny trong cng nghi p khai thc vng? - Phng trnh: 4Au + O2 + 8NaCN + 2H2O 4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaCl - ng d ng c a phng trnh ny l tch Au ra kh i b t qu ng trong cng nghi p khai thc vng .

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Vi t cc ptp c a Cu2O v i: Kh H2 ; CO khi nung nng ; oxi v : - Dung d ch HCl, H2SO4 long khi c m t oxi - Dung d ch H2SO4 c; dung d ch HNO3. - Dung d ch NH3, , dung d ch NaOH c.
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Cu2O + H2 Cu + H2O Cu2O + CO 2Cu + CO2 2Cu2O + O2 4CuO 2Cu2O + O2 + 8HCl 4CuCl2 + 4H2O 2Cu2O + O2 + 4H2SO4 4 CuSO4 + 4H2O Cu2O + 3H2SO4( c) 2CuSO4 + SO2 + 3H2O 3Cu2O + 14HNO3 6Cu(NO3 )2 + 2NO + 7H2O Cu2O + 4NH3 + H2O 2[Cu(NH3)2 ]OH Cu2O + 2NaOH + H2O 2Na[Cu(OH)2]

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Hy gi i thch t i sao trong dung d ch amniac, ho tan c a cc halogenua b c l i gi m theo chi u t AgCl - AgBr - AgI ?
S gi m tan t AgCl AgI c gi i thch l ion X- c bn knh cng l n cng d bi n d ng, ngha l cng d b c c ho b i Ag+ .
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Nu v gi i thch hi n t ng x y ra khi: - Cho b t Fe tc d ng v i dung d ch AgNO3. - Cho dung d ch Fe(NO3)2 tc d ng v i dung d ch AgNO3. - Cho t t dung d ch NaOH n d vo dung d ch AgNO3. - Cho t t dung d ch NH3 n d vo dung d ch AgNO3. Cho bi t : EoAg+/Ag = 0,80V; EoFe3+/Fe2+ = 0,77V; EoFe2+/Fe = -0,44V
a. nFe = a ; nAg = b
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Phng trnh: Fe + 2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag Fe2+ + Ag+ Fe3+ + Ag H p ch t Ag(I) b< 2a T o mu i Fe(II) v d Fe , Ag b =2a ch t o mu i Fe(II) , Ag 3a>b> 2a ,T o mu i Fe(II) v mu i Fe(III) , Ag b= 3a ,T o mu i Fe(III) v Ag b> 3a t o Fe (III) d Ag

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Fe(NO3)2 + AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + Ag Hi n t ng xu t hi n kim lo i Ag 2NaOH + 2AgNO3 Ag2O+ H2O + 2NaNO3 Hi n t ng : Xu t hi n k t t a mu hung x m. 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 + H2O Ag2O+ 2NH4NO3 Ag2O + 4NH3 + H2O 2[Ag(NH3)2 ]OH Hi n t ng : Xu t hi n k t t a mu en ,n u nh NH3 n d th k t t a tan ra,do t o ph c ch t.

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a. Cho bi t Cu(OH)2 tan trong axit d hn hay trong ki m d hn. C th coi l h p ch t l ng tnh khng? b. Vi t cc ptp trong cc th nghi m sau: - Cho Cu(OH)2 vo dung d ch NH3 d. - un nng Cu(OH)2 v i dung d ch KOH c 50%. - un nng k t t a Cu(OH)2 trong n c 80-90oC.
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a.Cu(OH)2 d tan trong dung d ch axit hn trong dung d ch ki m. - C th coi Cu(OH)2 l ch t l ng tnh. b.Phng trnh : Cu(OH)2 +4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 Cu(OH)2 + 2KOH( c) K2[Cu(OH)4] 4Cu(OH)2 4CuO.H2O + 3H2O

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Vi t cc ph n ng nhi t phn cc ch t Cu(NO3)2 ; CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 ; CuSO4.5H2O.


- Phng trnh nhi t phn: t0 Cu(NO3)2 CuO + 2NO2 + 1/2 O2 t0 Cu(OH)2.CuCO3 2CuO + CO2 + H2O 2CuSO4 .5H2O 2CuO + 2SO2 + O2 + 10H2O

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Nu v gi i thch hi n t ng x y ra khi: - Cho b t Fe tc d ng v i dung d ch CuSO4. - Cho t t dung d ch NaOH c n d vo dung d ch CuSO4 un nng. - Cho t t dung d ch NH3 n d vo dung d ch CuSO4. Cho bi t: E0 Fe2+/Fe = 0,34V ; EoCu2+/Cu = -0,44V

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Hi n t ng quan st c : + Kim lo i Cu mu xu t hi n,l ng m t s t gi m d n,dung d ch thu c c mu l c nh t - Gi i thch : V E0Cu2+/ Cu= 0,34 v > E0Fe2+/Fe=-0,44 v nn x y ra phng trnh ph n ng : Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
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Hi n t ng: Xu t hi n k t t a m u xanh, l ng k t t a tng d n n c c i,sau l ng k t t a gi m d n v tan h t t o ra dung d ch mu i cuprit c mu xanh,do c cc phng trnh: CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Cu(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2[Cu(OH)4]
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Hi n t ng: T o ra k t t a baz mu xanh th m,k t t a ny tan trong NH3 d. 2CuSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O CuSO4.Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 CuSO4.Cu(OH)2 + 8NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + [Cu(NH3)4 ](OH)2
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Vi t cc ptp trong cc th nghi m sau: - Cho t t dung d ch NH3 n d vo dung d ch ZnSO4 . - Cho t t dung d ch NaOH c n d vo dung d ch ZnSO4 .

- un nng k t t a Zn(OH)2 trong n c 100oC.


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phng trnh : 2NH3 + 2H2O + ZnSO4 Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 2NaOH + ZnSO4 Zn(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2 [Zn(OH)4 ] t0 Zn(OH)2 ZnO + H2O
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Cr c nhi u tr ng thi oxi ha : 0,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5 ,+6. - Cr c s oxi ha c trng nh t l +3, km c trng hn l +6 .Trong mi tr ng axit Cr2O72- c tnh oxi ha r t m nh ,CrO42- trong mi tr ng ki m l i c tnh oxi ha gi m h n so v i mi tr ng axit ch ng t CrO42- b n trong mi tr ng ki m. Cc h p ch t v i s oxi ha +2 th ng khng b n v c tnh kh m nh.

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Trong t nhin nguyn t Cr t n t i cc lo i qu ng chnh no?


- Khong v t chnh c a Cr l s t cromit : Fe(CrO2)2 , ch cromat : PbCrO4 - Trong c th s ng, ch y u l th c v t c kho ng 10-4% Cr theo kh i l ng. - Trong n c bi n: Crom chi m 5.10-5 mg/1lit ;
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Vi t pthh ca cc p c a Cr v i oxi, flo, clo. T gi tr nhi t t o thnh c a Cr2O3 hy cho nh n xt v i l c v i oxi c a Cr?
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Vi t cc ptp c a Cr tc d ng v i axit:H2SO4 long, nng khi c v khng c khng kh; HNO3 ; H2SO4 c ; n c c ng toan ?
* V i H2SO4 long : Cr + H2SO4 CrSO4 + H2 Khi c khng kh : Cr SO4 + O2 + H2SO4 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
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Cr b H2SO4 c ngu i th ng ha (gi ng Al, Fe), Cr cng tan trong H2SO4 c v si t o ra SO2 v mu i Cr(III) . 2Cr + 6H2SO4 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 +3H2O HNO3 long, c, n c c ng toan:Khi ngu i khng tc d ng v i Cr (nguyn nhn l do "tnh th ng" c a Cr), khi un nng Cr tc d ng y u, khi un si ph n ng x y ra m nh t o mu i Cr(III). Cr + 4HNO3 Cr(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O Cr + HNO3 + 3 HCl CrCl3 + NO + 2H2O

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T gi tr th i n c c chu n, hy so snh ho t tnh ha h c c a Cr v i Mn v Fe ? E0 Fe2+/Fe = - 0,91V ; E0Cr2+/Cr = -1,18v ; E0Mn2+/Mn= -0,44V.


T gi tr th i n c c ta th y tnh kh c a Mn > Cr > Fe . Trong th c t kh nng ho t ng ho h c cha tng ng v i gi tr th i n c c chu n , Cr kh tham gia m t s ph n ng hn Fe do c l p mng oxit b n v ng b o v .

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a. Vi t cc ptp (ghi r i u ki n) khi cho Cr tc d ng v i: oxi, lu hunh, halogen? b. T i sao Cr kh b n v i n c, i u ki n th ng khng b khng kh m n mn?
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* V i O2 : 4Cr + 3O2 = 2Cr2O3 ( 3000C) V i lu hunh: Nung b t Cr v i b t S thu c cc sufua c thnh ph n khc nhau nh : CrS, Cr2S3, Cr3S4 , Cr5S6 ,Cr7S8. Cr + S CrS 2Cr + 3S Cr2S3 3Cr + 4S Cr3S4

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V i cc halozen : Cr tc d ng v i F2 i u ki n th ng : 2Cr +3F2 2CrF3 Cr tc d ng v i Cl2 , Br2 , I2 khi un nng : 2Cr + 3 Cl2 2CrCl3

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Khi cho Cr ph n ng v i dung d ch HCl, H2SO4 long c th t o thnh mu i Cr3+ c khng ? Gi i thch. Cho: E0 = - 0,41V ; E0 = - 0,91V

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Khi cho Cr vo dd axit c th x y ra cc ph n ng sau : Cr + 2H+ Cr2+ + H2 Eo1= 0,91 V (1) Cr + 3H+ Cr3+ +3/2H2 Eo2 = 0,74 V (2) 2Cr3+ + Cr 3Cr2+ Eo3 = 0,5 V (3) 2Cr3+ + H2 2Cr2+ + 2H+ E04= - 0,41 V (4) Cr2+ + H+ Cr3+ +1/2H2 E05 = 0,41 V (5)

Qua cc ph n ng (1),(2),(3),(5) cho th y s n ph m khi cho Cr vo dung d ch axit ch t o thnh mu i Cr(II).

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L y d n ch ng ch ng minh r ng cc h p ch t Cr(II) c tnh ch t gi ng nhi u v i cc h p ch t Fe(II) tng ng? * Tnh ch t c trng c a h p ch t Cr(II) v Fe(II) l tnh kh . 4CrCl2 + O2 + 4HCl 4CrCl3 + 2H2O 4FeSO4 + O2 + H2SO4 Fe(OH)SO4 4Cr(OH)2 +O2 + 2H2O 4Cr(OH)3 4Fe(OH)2 +O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
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a.T i sao dung d ch CrCl2 ngoi khng kh l i chuy n t mu xanh lam sang mu l c? b.T i sao khi i u ch CrCl2 t dung d ch HCl v Cr ph i th c hi n trong b u kh quy n hidro?
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CrCl2 trong dung d ch phn ly ra Cr2+ v Cl-.Ion Cr2+ t n t i d ng : [ Cr(H2O) ]2+c mu xanh ,nn dung d ch CrCl2 c mu xanh. M t khc tr ng thi oxi ha +2 c a Cr c tnh kh m nh ,ngay trong dung d ch CrCl2 b oxi ha b i oxi khng kh chuy n thnh CrCl3 . Ion Cr3+ trong dung d ch t n t i d i d ng [ Cr(H2O) ]3+ c mu l c.Nn trong khng kh CrCl2 chuy n t mu xanh lam sang mu l c .

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Do Cr2+ d b oxi ha b i oxi khng kh . Cr + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2 4CrCl2 + O2 + 4HCl 4CrCl3 + 2H2O
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Vi t cc ph n ng c a Cr(OH)3 l n l t v i Na2O2, H2O2, Cl2, Br2, NaOCl, PbO2, KMnO4 trong mi tr ng ki m. Phng trnh ph n ng c a Cr(OH)3 : Cr(OH)3 + 3Na2O2 2Na2CrO4 + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2O2 + 4NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 8H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3Cl2 + 10 NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 8 H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3Br2 + 10NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 8H2O 2 Cr(OH)3 + 3NaOCl + 4NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 3NaCl + 5H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3PbO2 + 4NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 3PbO + 5H2O Cr(OH)3 + 3KMnO4 + 5KOH K2CrO4 + 3K2MnO4 www.daykemquynhon.ucoz.com + 4H2O

Hy l y d n ch ng ch ng minh r ng cc h p ch t oxit, hidroxit, mu i c a Cr(III) gi ng Al(III). Gi i thch t i sao l i c s gi ng nhau ? * Oxit: Al2O3, Cr2O3 c c u trc tinh th gi ng nhau, u c nhi t nng ch y cao (2050 v 22630C) , u l cc oxit l ng tnh. + Tc d ng v i axit : M2O3 + 6H+ 2M3+ + 3H2O + Tc d ng v i dung d ch ki m : M2O3 + 2NaOH Na2MO2 + H2O
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Hidroxit: Cr(OH)3 v Al(OH)3 u l cc k t t a keo nh y,c thnh ph n l M2O3.xH2O, u l cc hidroxit l ng tnh . + Tc d ng v i axit : M(OH)3 + 3H+ M3+ + 3H2O + Tc d ng v i ki m : M(OH)3 + NaOH NaMO2 + 2H2O + B phn hu b i nhi t t o cc oxit tng ng : t0 2M(OH)3 M2O3 + 3H2O

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+ Mu i t o b i axit m nh c a Cr(III) v Al(III) u d b thu phn cho mi tr ng axit . + K t tinh gi ng nhau. Al2(SO4)3.18H2O v Cr2(SO4)3.18H2O * Nguyn nhn c a s gi ng nhau trn l do bn knh c a ion Al3+ v Cr3+ x p x nhau. rAl3+ =0,67 A0 ; rCr3+ = 0,64 A0.
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Cho NaOH n d vo dung d ch CrCl3, sau cho vo dung d ch thu c m t t tinh th Na2O2. Nu hi n t ng v vi t PTHH?
Hi n t ng : - Ban u xu t hi n k t t a keo mu xanh nh t ,l ng k t t a tng d n n c c i ,do ph n ng :

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CrCl3 + 3NaOH Cr(OH)3 + 3NaCl - L ng k t t a tan d n n h t trong NaOH d Cr(OH)3 + NaOH NaCrO2 + 2H2O - Cho tinh th Na2O2 vo dung d ch thu c ,th y dung d ch xu t hi n mu vng do t o mu i cromat 2NaCrO2 + 3Na2O2 + 4H2O 2 Na2CrO4 + 4NaOH
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Vi t cc PTHH th hi n tnh oxi ha m nh c a kali dicromat (trong mi tr ng axit): oxi ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+, I- thnh I2, SO32- thnh SO42-, HCl c thnh Cl2 , Sn2+ thnh Sn4+, C2H5OH thnh CH3CHO?
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Ph n ng th hi n tnh oxi ha m nh c a kalidicromat trong mi tr ng axit. K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 7H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 4H2O K2Cr2O7 +14 HCl 2 CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + H2O + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 3Sn2+ + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 3Sn4+ + 2K+ + 7H2O K2Cr2O7 + 3C2H5OH + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 +K2SO4 + 3CH3CHO + 7H2O
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Ion cromat v dicromat b n trong mi tr ng no? T i sao?


Do c cn b ng : 2 CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O Ta th y ion Cr2O72- b n trong mi tr ng axit, cn ion CrO42- b n trong mi tr ng ki m.
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Thm t t t ng gi t dung d ch H2SO4 long vo dung d ch K2CrO4 n mi tr ng axit; sau l i thm ti p t ng gi t dung d ch NaOH long cho n mi tr ng ki m. Nu hi n t ng v gi i thch b ng cc phng trnh ph n ng?
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- Dung d ch K2CrO4 c mu vng m ,c ph n ng trung ho v i qu, khi cho thm axit chuy n sang mu vng da cam do ph n ng : 2K2CrO4 + H2SO4 K2Cr2O7 +K2SO4 + H2O - Khi cho ti p NaOH n mi tr ng ki m mu c a dung d ch l i chuy n t mu vng da cam sang vng m ,do ph n ng : K2Cr2O7 + 2NaOH K2CrO4 + Na2CrO4 + H2O

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Hy l y d n ch ng ch ng minh r ng cc h p ch t Cr(VI) gi ng S(VI). Gi i thch t i sao l i c s gi ng nhau ?


* S gi ng nhau gi a Cr v S : - C 2 u t o oxit MO3 l cc oxitaxit (CrO3, SO3) - C hai u t o axit d ng H2MO4 (H2CrO4 ,H2SO4) - C hai u t o h p ch t d ng R2M2O7 (K2Cr2O7,K2S2O7)
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C hai u t o mu i ng hnh Na2CrO4.10H2O BaCrO4.10H2O Na2SO4.10H2O BaSO4.10H2O - C hai u t o ra h p ch t MO2Cl2 * Nguyn nhn c a s gi ng nhau trn l do S+6 v Cr+6 c c u hnh e gi ng nhau.
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. Nu hi n t ng v vi t phng trnh ph n ng, khi cho KOH n d l n l t vo dung d ch K2CrO4 , K2Cr2O7 ?


- Khi cho KOH vo dung d ch K2CrO4 khng c hi n t ng g . - Khi cho KOH vo dung d ch K2Cr2O7 mu vng da cam chuy n sang mu vng m,do c ph n ng : K2Cr2O7 + 2KOH 2K2CrO4 + H2O
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C hi n t ng g x y ra khi cho: a) Dung d ch K2Cr2O7 tc d ng v i AgNO3 . b) Dung d ch K2Cr2O7 tc d ng v i BaCl2. c) Dung d ch H2SO4 long tc d ng v i BaCrO4. Bi t: TAg2Cr2O7 =2.10-7 ; Ag2CrO4= 1,1.10-13 BaSO4 = 1,1. 10-10 ; BaCrO4= 1,2.10-10.

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a) Khi cho dung d ch K2Cr2O7 vo dung d ch AgNO3 th ch y u t o ra k t t a Ag2CrO4 theo cc phng trnh: Cr2O72- + H2O 2CrO42- + 2H+ 2Ag+ + CrO42 Ag2CrO4 v m t ph n t o thnh k t t a Ag2Cr2O7: 2Ag+ + Cr2O72 Ag2Cr2O7v T<< T.

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b. Khi cho dung d ch K2Cr2O7 vo dung d ch BaCl2 th t o ra k t t a BaCrO4 theo phng trnh : Cr2O72- + H2O 2CrO42- + 2H+ Ba2++ CrO42- BaCrO4 c. Khi cho dung d ch H2SO4 tc d ng v i BaCrO4 th m t ph n BaCrO4 chuy n thnh BaSO4 theo phng trnh: 2BaCrO4 + 2H2SO4 2BaSO4 + H2Cr2O7 + H2O

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T Cr, KCl, H2O v cc i u ki n c n thi t khc, hy i u ch K2CrO4; K2Cr2O7? Nu hi n t ng v vi t phng trnh ph n ng, khi cho KOH n d l n l t vo dung d ch K2CrO4 , K2Cr2O7 ?
- Khi cho KOH vo dung d ch K2CrO4 khng c hi n t ng g . - Khi cho KOH vo dung d ch K2Cr2O7 mu vng da cam chuy n sang mu vng m,do c ph n ng :

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K2Cr2O7 + 2KOH 2K2CrO4 + H2O in phn : 2H2O 2 H2 + O2 2Cr2O3

4Cr + 3O2

pdd : 2KCl + 2H2O H2 + Cl2 + 2KOH 6KOH + 3Cl2 5 KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O Cr2O3 + 4KOH + KClO3 = 2K2CrO4 + KCl + 2H2O 2K2CrO4 + 2HCl K2Cr2O7 + 2KCl + H2O

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C hi n t ng g x y ra khi cho: a. Dung d ch K2Cr2O7 tc d ng v i AgNO3 . b. Dung d ch K2Cr2O7 tc d ng v i BaCl2. c. Dung d ch H2SO4 long tc d ng v i BaCrO4. Bi t: T Ag2Cr2O7 =2.10-7; Ag2CrO4= 1,1.10-13; BaSO4 = 1,1. 10-10; BaCrO4= 1,2.10-10.

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a. Khi cho dung d ch K2Cr2O7 vo dung d ch AgNO3 th ch y u t o ra k t t a Ag2CrO4 theo cc phng trnh: Cr2O72- + H2O 2CrO42- + 2H+ 2Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4 v m t ph n t o thnh k t t a Ag2Cr2O7: 2Ag+ + Cr2O72- Ag2Cr2O7v T<< T.
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b. Khi cho dung d ch K2Cr2O7 vo dung d ch BaCl2 th t o ra k t t a BaCrO4 theo phng trnh : Cr2O72- + H2O 2CrO42- + 2H+ Ba2++ CrO42- BaCrO4 c. Khi cho dung d ch H2SO4 tc d ng v i BaCrO4 th m t ph n BaCrO4 chuy n thnh BaSO4 theo phng trnh: 2BaCrO4 + 2H2SO4 2BaSO4 + H2Cr2O7 + H2O
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T i sao khi i u ch mu i PbCrO4 ng i ta cho dung d ch K2Cr2O7 tc d ng v i Pb(NO3)2? C th thay dung d ch K2Cr2O7 b ng dung d ch K2CrO4 khng? T i sao? Bi t:T PbCrO4 =2.10-7; T Pb(OH)2 = 5,0.10-16.

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* Trong dung d ch Pb(NO3) x y ra cc qu trnh sau : Pb(NO3) Pb2+ + 2NO3Pb2+ + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2H+ (1) Trong dung d ch K2Cr2O7 c cn b ng sau : 2 CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O (2) Khi cho dung d ch K2Cr2O7 tc d ng v i dung d ch Pb(NO3)2 c ph n ng : Pb2+ + CrO42- PbCrO4
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* Lm gi m n ng c a ion CrO42- cn b ng (2)chuy n d ch theo chi u t o ra H+.S t o ra H+ lm cn b ng (1) chuy n d ch theo chi u t o ra Pb2+, ngn c n s t o ra Pb(OH)2 ( d t o ra hn PbCrO4),tng kh nng t o ra PbCrO4 l ch t c n i u ch . * Khi dng K2CrO4 ,khng t o ra H+ ,do khng ngn c n c s t o Pb(OH)2 ,v th khng dng K2CrO4 thay th K2Cr2O7 k t t a PbCrO4 t Pb(NO3)2.
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a. Xt xem i u ki n chu n c th i u ch kh clo b ng cch cho dung d ch K2Cr2O7 tc d ng v i dung d ch axit HCl c khng ? b. Trong PTN ti n hnh i u ch kh clo t K2Cr2O7 v dung d ch axit HCl nh th no? T i sao lm nh v y ? Cho bi t : E0 (Cr2O72-/ Cr3+) = 1,33V; Eo ( Cl2/2Cl-) = 1,36V
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a.C th dng ch t no oxiha dung d ch mu i Cr3+ t o thnh dung d ch icromat? b.i u ch cromylclorua t kalicromat? a.Dng cc ch t c th tiu chu n l n hn th tiu chu n c a Cr2O72-/Cr3+ b.i u ch cromyl clorua t kali cromat. K2CrO4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + CrO3 + H2O CrO3 + 2HCl CrO2Cl2 + H2O
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a.T Na2CrO4 b ng cch no c th thu c Na2Cr2O7 .2H2O?

b. B ng cch no c th : - T phn Cr i u ch CrO3 ?

a.T dung d ch Na2Cr2O7 k t tinh thu Na2CrO7.2H2O


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b.Phn Crom : Cr2(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H2O Cr2(SO4)3 + 6KOH 2Cr(OH)3 + 3K2SO4 2Cr(OH)3 + 3Br2 + 10KOH 2K2CrO4 + 6KBr + 8 H2O. 2K2CrO4 + H2SO4 K2Cr2O7 + K2SO4 K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 c CrO3 + K2SO4 + H2O
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Th g snh c tnh ta ?
Em i, em ng th tht Lng em son st vng Vnh cu nh tri nh t Tnh ta mi mi khng tn. kia d l cm thch Ch cn dm ho tan Vng kia d l nguyn cht Cng mn trong nc cng toan.
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Th g snh c tnh ta ?
Em i, ngy nay ho hc Ch ra triu cht cho i C th ho tan c t C th lm thng c tri
Th g bn nht trn i Th g hp nht, i li : tnh ta

l Tnh ta nh git thu ngn D nghin chng nt, d ln vn trn


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i mi ppdh ho hc

Chc cc bn i mi ppdh ho hc 12 thnh cng nht


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