S GD & T NG THP TRNG THPT CAO LNH 2

GIO N HA 11 C BN

Nam hoc: 2011 -2012

Tit: 1

N TP U NM

I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc: - Cng c kin thc l thuyt i cng nguyn t, lin kt ha hc, nh lut tun hon, phn ng oxi ho kh, tc phn ng ho hc. 2. K nng - Lm cc dng bi tp v cn bng phn ng oxi ho kh. II.Trng tm nh lut tun han,lin kt ha hc,phn ng oxiha kh III.Chun b 1. Gio vin H thng ho cc kin thc chng trnh lp 10. Tranh v ( Hnh 1.1 SGK) 2. Hc sinh Xem li cc kin thc hc. IV. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi so snh, tng hp. V.Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung n tp Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng vin I. Cu to nguyn t Hot ng 1 1. Nguyn t Nguyn t +V:cc electron in tch1- + V : cc electron in tch 1-. Cu to ? c im ca + Ht nhn : proton in + Ht nhn : proton in tch 1+ cc loi ht ? tch 1+ v ntron khng v ntron khng mang in. mang in. 2. ng v ng v ? Biu thc ng v l nhng nguyn t a.X + b.Y tnh khi lng nguyn c cng s proton nhng A= 100 t trung bnh ? khc nhau s ntron. a.X + b.Y Th d: Th d tnh khi lng A= 75,77.35 + 24,23.37 100 nguyn t trung bnh A (Cl) = 100 ca Clo bit clo c 2 35 35,5 ng v l 17 Cl chim 37 75,77% v 17 Cl chim 24,23% tng s nguyn t. Hot ng 2 3. Cu hnh electron nguyn t Cu hnh electron Cu hnh electron nguyn t Th d nguyn t ? Th d 19K l s phn b electron trn Vit cu hnh electron E : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 cc phn lp thuc cc lp

nguyn t 19K, 20Ca, 26Fe, 35Br. Hng dn hc sinh vit phn b nng lng ri chuyn sang cu hnh electron nguyn t.

khc nhau.

Ch : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 20Ca E : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 Ch : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 26Fe E : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 Ch : 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 35Br E: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5 Ch : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5

Hot ng 3 nh lut tun hon Ni dung ? S bin i tnh cht kim loi, phi kim, m in, bn knh nguyn t trong mt chu k, trong mt phn nhm chnh ? Th d so snh tnh cht ca n cht v hp cht ca nit v photpho.

Hot ng 4 Lin kt ho hc Phn loi lin kt ho hc ? Mi quan h gia hiu m in v lin kt ho hc ? Mi quan h gia lin kt ho hc v mt s tnh cht vt l ?

II. nh lut tun hon Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t 1. Ni dung v n cht cng nh thnh Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v phn v tnh cht ca cc n cht cng nh thnh phn v hp cht to nn t cc tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn nguyn t bin thin tun t cc nguyn t bin thin hon theo chiu tng in tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn nguyn t. tch ht nhn nguyn t. Trong mt chu k theo 2. S bin i tnh cht chiu tng in tch ht Th d so snh tnh cht ca n nhn bn knh nguyn t cht v hp cht ca nit v gim dn, m in tng photpho. dn, tnh kim loi gim dn 7N : 1s22s22p3 2 2 6 2 3 tnh phi kim tng dn. 15P : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Trong mt phn nhm chnh Chng thuc nhm VA theo chiu tng in tch ht Bn knh nguyn t N < P nhn bn knh nguyn t m in N > P tng dn, m in gim Tnh phi kim N > P dn, tnh kim loi tng dn, Hiroxit HNO3 c tnh axit mnh tnh phi kim gim dn. hn H3PO4 III. Lin kt ho hc Lin kt ho hc c chia 1. Lin kt ion hnh thnh do lc thnh 2 loi c bn l lin ht tnh in gia cc ion mang kt cng ho tr v lin kt in tch tri du ion. Lin kt cng c 2. Lin kt cng ho tr c hnh phn lm hai loi l lin kt thnh do s gp chung cp cng ho tr c cc v electron khng cc. 3. Mi quan h gia hiu m Lin kt ion hnh thnh do in v loi lin kt ho hc lc ht tnh in gia cc Hiu m in (r) Loi ion mang in tch tri du. lin kt Lin kt cng ho tr c 0<r< 0,4 Lin kt CHT

hnh thnh do s gp chung cp electron. Nhng cht c bn cht gn ging nhau d tan trong nhau.

khng cc. 0,4<r<1,7 Lin kt CHT c cc. r 1,7 Lin kt ion.

IV. Phn ng oxi ho kh 1. Khi nim Hot ng 5 2. c im phn ng oxi ha kh Phn ng oxi ho kh Phn ng l phn ng c s c im l s cho v nhn xy ra Khi nim ? c im nhng v nhn electron ng thi. ca phn ng oxi ho gia cc cht tham gia. e cho = e nhn. kh ? c im l s cho v nhn 3. Lp phng trnh oxi ho kh Lp phng trnh oxi xy ra ng thi. Th d ho kh ? e cho = e nhn. Cn bng cc phn ng sau theo Phn loi phn ng ho phng php thng bng electron hc. a. KMnO4 + HCl KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O b. K2Cr2O7 + HCl KCl + CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O V. L thuyt phn ng ho hc 1. Tc phn ng ho hc Hot ng 6 2. Cn bng ho hc L thuyt v phn ng Tc phn ng ha hc l 3. Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng ho hc bin thin nng cc Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng Tc phn ng ho cht trong phn ng ho hc Khi thay i mt trong cc yu t hc ? Nhng yu t nh trong mt n v thi gian. nh hng n cn bng ho hc hng tc phn Cn bng ho hc l trng th cn bng s chuyn dch theo ng ? Cn bng ho thi ca phn ng ha hc chiu lm gim tc ng ca nh hc ? khi tc phn ng thun hng . Nguyn l chuyn dch bng tc phn ng Th d cn bng ho hc. nghch. Cho cn bng nh sau : Nguyn l chuyn dch cn N2(k) + 3H2(k) D 2NH3(k) bng Khi thay i mt rH<0. trong cc yu t nh hng p dng nhng bin php no n cn bng ho hc th tng hiu sut phn ng ? cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim tc ng ca nh hng . 3. Dn d - Xem li cc ni dung n tp. - Xem li cc kin thc v oxi, lu hunh, halogen. VI. Rt kinh nghim

 . . . . . .

Tit: 2

N TP U NM
(Tip theo) I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc: - Cng c cc kin thc v n cht halogen, oxi, lu hunh v cc hp cht ca chng. 2. K nng: - vn dng kin thc l thuyt lm mt s dng bi tp c bn. II.Trng tm Vn dng cng thc tnh c bn gii bi tp III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn . IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin Dng c v ho cht th nghim o dn in. Tranh v ( Hnh 1.1 SGK) 2. Hc sinh Xem li hin tng dn in hc trong chng trnh vt l lp 7. V.Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. Halogen n cht halogen 1. n cht Cu hnh electron ngoi X : ns2np5 X : ns2np5 -1 -1 0 0 cng ca nhm halogen ? T cu hnh suy ra tnh cht X+1e X X+1e X ho hc c bn ? Tnh oxi ho mnh. Tnh oxi ho mnh. So snh tnh cht ho hc Tnh oxi ho gim dn t Tnh oxi ho gim dn t c bn t Flo n Iot ? Flo n Iot Flo n Iot. Cho th d chng minh s Phn ng vi hiro. iu bin thin ? kin phn ng t flo n iot iu ch ? ngy cng kh khn. Hot ng 2 2. Halogen hiric Hp cht ca halogen T HF n HI tnh axit tng HF<<HCl<HBr<HI Halogen hiric dn. HF l axit yu cn chiu tng tnh axit. Tnh cht ca cc halogen HCl, HCl, HI l nhng axit HF c tnh cht n mn thu hiric bin i nh th no mnh. tinh. t F n I. T HF n HI tnh kh tng HF c tnh cht no ng dn, HF khng th hin tnh 4HF+ SiO2 SiF4+ 2H2O ch ? kh, cn t HCl n HI tnh

iu ch ? Hp cht c oxi ca clo ? Tnh cht ha hc c bn ? Nguyn nhn ? Hot ng 3 Oxi - Ozon Tnh cht ho hc c bn ? nguyn nhn ? So snh tnh oxi ho ca oxi vi ozon ? cho th d minh ho ? iu ch oxi ?

kh tng t yu n mnh. Nc javen v clorua vi. Tnh oxi ho mnh, do c cha clo c mc oxi ha +1 nn n c tnh oxi ho mnh.

II. Oxi - Lu hunh Tnh oxi ho mnh do 1. n cht nguyn t oxi c 6 e lp a. Oxi - ozon ngoi cng v m in Tnh oxi ho mnh ln nn n c tnh oxi ho - iu ch mnh. + Trong phng th nghim Tnh oxi ho ca ozon mnh Phn hu nhng hp cht hn oxi giu oxi v km bn nhit Ag + O2 khng xy ra. nh KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2, Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2 KNO3,... Trong phng th nghim + trong cng nghip Phn hu nhng hp cht giu oxi v km bn nhit nh KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2, KNO3,... Trong cng nghip : in phn nc c xc tc hoc chng ct phn oan khng kh lng lm sch. Hot ng 4 b. Lu hunh Lu hunh Lu hunh va c tnh oxi Lu hunh va c tnh oxi Tnh cht ho hc c bn ho va c tnh kh, do lu ho va c tnh kh. ca lu hunh ? gii thch hunh c mc oxi ho trung So snh tnh oxi ho ca lu gian trong cc mc oxi ho hunh vi oxi v vi clo ? ca n. Hot ng 5 2. Hp cht lu hunh Hp cht lu hunh Cht c mc oxi ho trung Hiro sunfua Tnh cht ho hc c bn gian trong cc mc oxi ho Lu hunh ioxit. ca cc hp cht lu ca n th s va c tnh oxi Axit sunfuric c v long. hunh ? Mi quan h gia ho va c tnh kh. tnh oxi ho -kh v mc Nu mc oxi ho thp nht oxi ho. th n s c tnh kh, nu Ch tnh oxi ho kh cn mc cao nht th n s c ph thuc vo nhiu yu t tnh oxi ho. khc. D on ny mang III. Bi tp tnh cht l thuyt. Bi 1 Tnh th tch xt 0,5M Hot ng 6 cn dng trung ho 50ml Bi tp 1 axit sunfuric 0,2 M.

Hot ng 7 Bi tp 2

Hot ng 8 Bi tp 3

Bi 2 t chy hon ton 3,52g bt lu hunh ri sc ton b sn phm chy qua 200g dung dch KOH 6,44%. Mui no c to thnh v khi lng l bao nhiu ? Bi 3 Cho 12 gam hn hp bt ng v st vo dung dch axit sunfuric c, sau phn ng thu c duy nht 5,6 lt SO2 (ktc). Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u.

3. Dn d - Xem li cc ni dung n tp. - Chun b ni dung bi S in li. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

Tit: 3

1 S IN LI
I.Mc tiu bi hc

III. Chun b 3. Gio vin - Dng c v ho cht th nghim o dn in. - Tranh v ( Hnh 1.1 SGK) 4. Hc sinh - Xem li hin tng dn in hc trong chng trnh vt l lp 7. IV. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn . V.Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. Hin tng in li Hin tng in li. Kt lun: - Dung dch axit, 1. Th nghim SGK GV lp h thng th nghim baz mui dn in. nh hnh v SGK v lm th Cc cht rn khan: NaCl, nghim biu din. NaOH v mt s dung dch ru ng khng dn in. Hot ng 2 2. Nguyn nhn tnh dn Nguyn nhn dn in ca in ca cc dung dch axit, dung dch axit, baz, mui. Cc axit, baz, mui khi tan baz, mui trong nc Ti sao cc dung dch mui trong nc phn li ra cc - Qu trnh phn li cc cht axit, baz mui dn c ion lm cho dung dch ca trong nc ra ion gi l s in ? chng dn in. in li. Biu din s phn li ca axit - Nhng cht tan trong nc baz mui theo phng Vn dng kin thc v dng phn li ra ion gi l cht trnh in li. Hng dn in gii thch in li. cch gi tn mt s ion. Do trong dung dch c cc - S in li c biu din GV a ra mt s axit baz, tiu phn mang in tch gi bng phng trnh in li. mui quen thuc hc l cc ion. Cc ion ny do Th d

Kin thc Bit c : Khi nim v s in li, cht in li, cht in li mnh, cht in li yu, cn bng in li. K nng Quan st th nghim, rt ra c kt lun v tnh dn in ca dung dch cht in li. Phn bit c cht in li, cht khng in li, cht in li mnh, cht in li yu. Vit c phng trnh in li ca cht in li mnh, cht in li yu. II Trng tm Bn cht tnh dn in ca cht in li (nguyn nhn v c ch n gin) Vit phng trnh in li ca mt s cht.

sinh biu din s phn li v gi tn cc ion to thnh. Hot ng 3 Th nghim GV m t th nghim 2 ca dung dch HCl v CH3COOH SGK v cho HS nhn xt v rt ra kt lun. Hot ng 4 GV gi HS rt ra cc khi nim cht in li mnh. GV nhc li c im cu to ca tinh th NaCl l tinh th ion, cc ion m v dng phn b u n ti cc nt mng. GV khi cho tinh th NaCl vo nc th c hin tng g xy ra? GV kt lun di tc dng ca cc phn t nc phn cc. Cc ion Na+ v ion Cltch ra khi tinh th i vo dung dch. Hot ng 5 GV ly th d CH3COOH phn tch ri gip HS rt ra nh ngha, ng thi gio vin cng cung cp cho HS cch biu din trong phng trnh in li ca cht in li yu c im ca qu trnh in li yu ? Chng cng tun theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng.

cc phn t axit baz mui khi tan trong nc phn li ra. Dung dch HCl dn in tt hn dung dch dung dch CH3COOH cng nng .

NaCl Na+ + ClHCl H+ + ClNaOH Na+ + OHII. Phn loi cht in li 1. Th nghim SGK - Nhn xt cng nng th HCl dn in nhiu hn CH3COOH. 2. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu a. Cht in li mnh - Cht in li mnh l cht khi tan trong nc cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion.

Da vo mc dn in ca dung dch cht in li ngi ta chia thnh cht in li mnh cht in li yu. - Cht in li mnh l cht khi tan trong nc cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion. Qu trnh in li ca NaCl c biu din bng phng trnh: NaCl Na+ + Cl-

NaCl Na+ + Cl- Cht in li mnh bao gm Cc axit mnh nh HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3, HCl, HBr, HI, HMnO4... Cc baz mnh nh NaOH, Ba(OH)2... Hu ht cc mui. b. Cht in li yu - Cht in li yu l cht khi - Cht in li yu l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt tan trong nc ch c mt phn phn li ra ion, phn phn phn li ra ion, phn cn li tn ti dng phn cn li tn ti dng phn t trong dung dch. t trong dung dch. Th d qu trnh thun nghch trong CH3COOH D CH3COO- + cht in li yu cng tng H+ t nh mt cn bng ho - Cht in li yu gm hc. axit c mnh trung bnh v yu: CH3COOH, HCN, H2S, HClO, HNO2, H3PO4... baz yu Mg(OH)2, Bi(OH)3... Mt s mui ca thu ngn nh Hg(CN)2, HgCl2...

3. Cng c

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- S in li, cht in li l g ? Th no l cht in li mnh, in li yu ? Cho th d v vit

phn ng minh ho. 4. Dn d - Lm bi tp SGK v SBT . - Chun b ni dung bi tip theo. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

11

Tit: 4

2 AXIT, BAZ V MUI

I.Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c : nh ngha : axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh v mui theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut. Axit mt nc, axit nhiu nc, mui trung ho, mui axit.
K nng

I. III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn . IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Ni dung kin thc. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Kim tra bi c - S in li l g ? Cht in li l g ? - Th no l cht in li yu, in li mnh. 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Hot ng 1 GV yu cu hc sinh nhc Axit l nhng hp cht gm li khi nim axit lp c nguyn t hiro lin kt di. vi gc axit. Theo khi nim va hc Axit l cht in li. axit thuc loi g ? HCl, HNO3, H2SO4. Yu cu hc sinh cho mt HCl H+ + Clvi th d v axit v vit HNO3 H+ + NO3phng trnh in li. H2SO4 H+ + HSO4Nhn xt g v s in li S in li ca axit to ra ca axit. cation H+. Axit l g ? Tnh cht chung Axit l cht khi tan trong

Phn tch mt s th d v axit, baz, mui c th, rt ra nh ngha. Nhn bit c mt cht c th l axit, baz, mui, hiroxit lng tnh, mui trung ho, mui axit theo nh ngha. Vit c phng trnh in li ca cc axit, baz, mui, hiroxit lng tnh c th. Tnh nng mol ion trong dung dch cht in li mnh. II. Trng tm Vit c phng trnh in li ca axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh theo A-re-ni-ut Phn bit c mui trung ha v mui axit theo thuyt in li

Ni dung ghi bng I. Axit 1. nh ngha HCl H+ + ClHNO3 H+ + NO3H2SO4 H+ + HSO4CH3COOH D H+ + CH3COO- Theo thuyt Areniut axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+.

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ca axit do ion no to nn? Hot ng 2 Vy nhng axit nh H2SO4, H3PO4 in li nh th no ? Chng c gi l axit g? Ch cho hc sinh r axit sunfuric l iaxit, nc th nht in li mnh, nc th hai in li yu. Yu cu HS vit mt s phng trnh in li ca mt s axit HClO, HNO2, HClO4. Hot ng 3 Yu cu HS nhc li khi nim baz lp di, cho vi th d v baz v vit phng trnh in li. Nhn xt g v s in li ca baz c cha ion no ? Vy tnh cht chung ca baz l tnh cht ca ion no ? Cho hc sinh cho mt vi th d khc v vit phng trinh in li. Ch nhc li cch gi tn cc cation, anion v yu cu hc sinh gi tn cc cation v anion. Hot ng 4 GV lm th nghim biu din Zn(OH)2 + dd HCl. v th nghim Zn(OH)2 + dd NaOH. HS quan st v a ra khi nim da vo khi nim axit, baz trn. Cung cp cho HS mt s hiroxit lng tnh hay gp nh Al(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)2 v yu cu vit phng trnh in li.

nc phn li ra cation H+. Tnh cht chung ca axit l tnh cht ca ion H+. H2SO4 H+ + HSO4HSO4- D H+ + SO42-. H3PO4 D H+ + H2PO4H2PO4- D H+ + HPO42H2PO4- D H+ + PO43Nhng axit phn li nhiu nc ra nhiu cation H+ gi l a axit. HClO D H+ + ClO HNO2 D H+ + NO2HClO4 H+ + ClO4Baz l nhng hp cht gm cation kim loi lin kt vi nhm OH. NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KOH. NaOH Na+ + OHKOH K+ + OHCa(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OHS in li ca baz to ra anion OH-. Tnh cht chung ca baz l tnh cht ca anion OH-. Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OHLiOH Li+ + OHSr(OH)2 Sr2+ + 2OH2. Axit nhiu nc H3PO4 D H+ + H2PO4H2PO4- D H+ + HPO42HPO4- D H+ + PO43- Nhng axit phn li nhiu nc ra nhiu cation H+ gi l axit nhiu nc, nhng axit ch phn li mt nc gi l axit mt nc.

II. Baz NaOH Na+ + OHKOH K+ + OHCa(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH- Theo thuyt Areniut baz l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH-.

HS quan st th nghim biu din v nhn xt s in li ca Zn(OH)2. Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit va c th phn li nh baz. Pb(OH)2 D Pb2+ + 2OHPb(OH)2 D PbO22- + 2H+ Sn(OH)2 D Sn2+ + 2OH-

III. Hiroxit lng tnh -Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit va c th phn li nh baz. Zn(OH)2 D Zn2+ + 2OHZn(OH)2 D ZnO22- + 2H+ Tt c cc hiroxit lng tnh u l cht t tan trong nc v in li yu.

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Ch dng axit ca cc hiroxit lng tnh. H2ZnO2, HAlO2.H2O, H2PbO2. Hot ng 5 Yu cu HS nhc li nh ngha mui THCS. Cho mt vi th d v vit phng trnh in li. Ch nhc li cch gi tn cc mui. Vy mui l g ? mui axit, mui trung ho ?

Sn(OH)2 D SnO22- + 2H+ Al(OH)3 D Al3+ + 3OHAl(OH)3 D AlO2- + H+ + H2O Mui l hp cht gm cation kim loi lin kt vi anion gc axit. NaCl, NaHSO4, KNO3, KMnO4. NaCl Na+ + ClKNO3 K+ + NO3NaHSO4 Na+ + HSO4KMnO4 Na+ + MnO4Vy mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation NH4+) v anion gc axit. Nu anion gc axit vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li ra ion H+ th gi l mui axit ngc li th gi l mui trung ho. Hu ht cc mui khi tan trong nc u phn li hon ton tr mt s mui nh HgCl2, Hg(CN)2. NaHCO3, NaHS, KNO3, K3PO4, Na2CO3. KNO3 K+ + NO3K3PO4 3K+ + PO43NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3- D H+ + CO32NaHS Na+ + HSHS- D H+ + S2Na2CO3 Na+ + CO32IV. Mui 1. nh ngha NaCl Na+ + ClKNO3 K+ + NO3NaHSO4 Na+ + HSO4KMnO4 Na+ + MnO4Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc cation NH4+) v anion gc axit.

Hot ng 6 S in li ca mui trong nc nh th no ? Cho th d v vit phng trnh in li. Ch hng dn HS cch vit phng trnh in li.

2. S in li ca mui trong nc - Hu ht cc mui khi tan trong nc u phn li hon ton tr mt s mui nh HgCl2, Hg(CN)2. - S in li ca mui trung ho. KNO3 K+ + NO3K3PO4 3K+ + PO43Na2CO3 Na+ + CO32(NH4)2SO4 2NH4+ + SO42- S in li ca mui axit. NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3- D H+ + CO32NaHS Na+ + HSHS- D H+ + S2-

4. Cng c - Theo thuyt Areniut axit, baz l g ? Hiroxit lng tnh l g ? - Tnh nng ion H+ ca dung dch HCl 0,1M, CH3COOH 0,1M. - Tnh nng ion OH- ca dung dch NaOH 0,1M.

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5. Dn d - Lm bi tp trong SGK v SBT. - Chun b ni dung bi hc tip theo. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

15

Tit: 5 I.Mc tiu bi hc

Kin thc

2 AXIT, BAZ V MUI

III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn . IV. Chun b 3. Gio vin - Ni dung kin thc. 4. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 4. n nh lp 5. Kim tra bi c Theo thuyt Areniut axit, baz l g ? Hiroxit lng tnh l g ? Tnh nng ion H+ ca dung dch HCl 0,2M, CH3COOH 0,01M. Tnh nng ion OH- ca dung dch NaOH 0,15M. 6. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 Mui l hp cht gm Yu cu HS nhc li nh cation kim loi lin kt vi IV. Mui ngha mui THCS. Cho anion gc axit. 1. nh ngha mt vi th d v vit NaCl, NaHSO4, KNO3, NaCl Na+ + Clphng trnh in li. KMnO4. KNO3 K+ + NO3Ch nhc li cch gi tn NaCl Na+ + ClNaHSO4 Na+ + HSO4+ cc mui. KNO3 K + NO3 KMnO4 Na+ + MnO4Vy mui l g ? mui axit, NaHSO4 Na+ + HSO4Mui l hp cht khi tan + mui trung ho ? KMnO4 Na + MnO4 trong nc phn li ra cation Vy mui l hp cht khi kim loi (hoc cation NH4+) tan trong nc phn li ra v anion gc axit. cation kim loi (hoc cation NH4+) v anion gc axit. Nu anion gc axit vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li ra ion H+ th gi l mui axit ngc li th gi l mui

Bit c : Nhn bit c mt cht c th l axit, baz, mui, hiroxit lng tnh, mui trung ho, mui axit theo nh ngha. Vit c phng trnh in li ca cc axit, baz, mui, hiroxit lng tnh c th. Tnh nng mol ion trong dung dch cht in li mnh. II. Trng tm Vit c phng trnh in li ca axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh theo A-re-ni-ut Phn bit c mui trung ha v mui axit theo thuyt in li

16

trung ho. Hot ng 6 S in li ca mui trong nc nh th no ? Cho th d v vit phng trnh in li. Ch hng dn HS cch vit phng trnh in li. Hu ht cc mui khi tan trong nc u phn li hon ton tr mt s mui nh HgCl2, Hg(CN)2. NaHCO3, NaHS, KNO3, K3PO4, Na2CO3. KNO3 K+ + NO3K3PO4 3K+ + PO43NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3- D H+ + CO32NaHS Na+ + HSHS- D H+ + S2Na2CO3 Na+ + CO322. S in li ca mui trong nc - Hu ht cc mui khi tan trong nc u phn li hon ton tr mt s mui nh HgCl2, Hg(CN)2. - S in li ca mui trung ho. KNO3 K+ + NO3K3PO4 3K+ + PO43Na2CO3 Na+ + CO32(NH4)2SO4 2NH4+ + SO42- S in li ca mui axit. NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3- D H+ + CO32NaHS Na+ + HSHS- D H+ + S2-

4. Cng c - Yu cu hc sinh vit phng trnh in li ca cc mui sau: (NH4)2HPO4, KH2PO4, Na2HPO4. - Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch Mg(NO3)2 1M. 5. Dn d - Lm bi tp trong SGK v SBT. - Chun b ni dung bi hc tip theo. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

17

Tit 6: I.Mc tiu bi hc

3 S IN LI CA NC - pH. CHT CH TH AXIT - BAZ

Bit c: - Tch s ion ca nc, ngha tch s ion ca nc. - Khi nim v pH, nh ngha mi trng axit, mi trng trung tnh v mi trng kim. - Cht ch th axit - baz : qu tm, phenolphtalein v giy ch th vn nng K nng - Tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh, baz mnh. - Xc nh c mi trng ca dung dch bng cch s dng giy ch th vn nng, giy qu tm hoc dung dch phenolphtalein. II. Trng tm - nh gi axit v kim ca cc dung dch theo nng ion H+ v pH -Xc nh c mi trng ca dung dch da vo mu ca giy ch th vn nng,giy qu v dung dch phenolphtalein
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn . IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Kim tra bi c - Vit phng trnh in li ca cc mui sau : NaCl, CH3COONa, K2SO4, NaHCO3. - Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch HNO3 0,5M. 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. Nc l cht in li rt GV cung cp thng tin cho S in li ca nc yu + HS bit nc l cht in li H2O D H + OH 1. S in li ca nc rt yu. H2O D H+ + OHHot ng 2 2. Tch s ion ca nc Nhn xt g v nng ca Nng ion H+ v OH- Mi trng trung tnh l cc ion trong nc nguyn bng nhau. mi trng c [H + ] = [OH - ] cht ? Vy mi trng trung =1,0.10-14 Vy mi trng trung tnh tnh l mi Tch s K H O = [H + ] + l g ? trng c [H ] = [OH ] [OH - ] c gi l tch s -14 T thc nghim ngi ta =1,0.10 ion ca nc. Tch s ny l thy tch s ca [H + ] hng s nhit xc nh, [OH - ] = 10-14 l mt s Tch s K H O = [H + ] 25oC tch s ny bng
2 2

18

[OH - ] c gi l tch khng i. S ny gi l tch s ion ca nc. s ion ca nc. Tch s Tch s ion ca nc ph ny l hng s nhit thucvo nhng yu t no? xc nh, 25oC tch s ny bng 1,0.10-14 . Mt cch gn ng, c th coi gi tr tch s ion ca nc l hng s trong c dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau. Hot ng 3 ngha tch s ion ca Tch s ion ca nc ph nc thuc vo nhit dung *. Mi trng axit dch.
Tnh nng [OH - ] ca dung dch HCl 1,0.10-3M. Kt lun g v mi trng axit ? Da vo phng trnh in li HCl H+ + Cl[H + ] [OH - ] = 1,0.10-14
[ OH - ] = 1,0.10 14 [H + ] =

1,0.10-14 . Mt cch gn ng, c th coi gi tr tch s ion ca nc l hng s trong c dung dch long ca cc cht khc nhau. Tch s ion ca nc ph thuc vo nhit ca dung dch. 3. ngha tch s ion ca nc a. Mi trng axit Tnh nng [OH - ] ca dung dch HCl 1,0.10-3M. HCl H+ + Cl[H + ] [OH - ] = 1,0.10-14
[ OH - ] = 1,0.10 14 [H + ] =

1,0.10 14 -11 1,0.10 3 = 1,0.10 M.

1,0.10 14 = 1,0.10-11M. 1,0.10 3

*. Mi trng kim. Tnh nng [H + ] ca dung dch NaOH 1,0.10-5 M

Mi trng axit l mi trng trong [H + ] > [OH - ] hay [H + ] >1,0.10-7M Da vo phng trnh in li NaOH Na+ + OH[H + ] [OH - ] = 1,0.10-14
1,0.10 14 [H ] = [OH ] = 1,0.10 14 = 1,0.10-9M 1,0.10 5
+

Mi trng axit l mi trng trong [H + ] > [OH - ] hay [H + ] > 1,0.10-7M b. Mi trng kim Tnh nng [H + ] ca dung dch NaOH 1,0.10-5 M NaOH Na+ + OH[H + ] [OH - ] = 1,0.10-14
[H + ] = 1,0.10 14 [OH ] =

1,0.10 14 = 1,0.10-9M 1,0.10 5

Hot ng 4 Khi nim v pH

Mi trng kim l mi trng trong [H + ] < [OH - ] hay [H + ] < 1.10-7 M

[H ] =1,0.10-pHM. Nu
+

Mi trng kim l mi trng trong [H + ] < [OH - ] hay [H + ] <1,0.10-7 M IV. Khi nim v pH 1. Cht ch th axit - baz [H + ] = 1,0.10-pHM. Nu [H + ] = 1,0.10-aM th pH = a Mi trng axit pH < 7

19

 nh gi axit, baz ca mi trng ngi ta a ra khi nim pH. pH trong cc mi trng nh th no ? Cht ch th axit-baz l g ? c im ca ch th ? Nhng ch th no hay dng trong phng th nghim ?

Mi trng kim pH > 7 Mi trng trung tnh pH= 7 =a 2. Cht ch th axit - baz Mi trng axit pH < 7 Mi trng kim pH > 7 - Cht ch th axit - baz l Mi trng trung tnh pH cht c mu sc bin i ph thuc vo pH ca dung dch. =7 Cht ch th axit - baz l cht c mu sc bin i ph thuc vo pH ca dung dch. Cht ch th axit - baz ch cho bit gi tr gn ng gi tr pH. Qu tm v phenolphtalein. xc nh chnh xc gi tr pH ca dung dch ngi ta dng my o pH.

[H ] =1,0.10-aM th pH
+

xc nh chnh xc gi tr pH ca dung dch ngi ta lm cch no ?

4. Cng c - Lm bi tp 4 v 6 trang 14 SGK. 5. Dn d - Lm bi tp SGK v bi tp SBT. - Chun b ni dung bi hc tip theo. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

Tit 7:

20

 4 PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI

I.Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c: - Tch s ion ca nc, ngha tch s ion ca nc. - Khi nim v pH, nh ngha mi trng axit, mi trng trung tnh v mi trng kim. - Cht ch th axit - baz : qu tm, phenolphtalein v giy ch th vn nng K nng - Tnh pH ca dung dch axit mnh, baz mnh. - Xc nh c mi trng ca dung dch bng cch s dng giy ch th vn nng, giy qu tm hoc dung dch phenolphtalein. II. Trng tm - nh gi axit v kim ca cc dung dch theo nng ion H+ v pH -Xc nh c mi trng ca dung dch da vo mu ca giy ch th vn nng,giy qu v dung dch phenolphtalein
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Kim tra bi c - Tnh pH ca dung dch KOH 0,001M v pH ca dung dch HNO3 0,1M. 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. iu kin xy ra phn Phn ng to thnh cht kt Quan st v vit phng ng trao i ion trong ta trnh phn ng. dung dch cc cht in li GV lm th nghim biu Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 $ 1. Phn ng to thnh cht din phn ng gia dung kt ta + 2NaCl dch Na2SO4 v dung dch Th nghim : trn 2 dung Natri sunfat v bari clorua BaCl2. dch Na2SO4 v BaCl2. u d tan v phn li hon Gii thch ? Phn ng ton. GV hng dn cho hc sinh Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 2+ cc bc vit mt phng BaCl2 Ba + 2Cl $ + 2NaCl 2+ trnh in rt gn. Trong s 4 ion ch c Ba Phng trnh ion rt gn

21

T phng trnh ion rt gn yu cu hc sinh cho mt th d phn ng trao i ca mt cp cht khc cng cho sn phm l BaSO4. Rt ra bn cht ca phn ng trong trng hp ny. Hot ng 2 Phn ng to thnh cht in li yu. *. Phn ng to thnh nc. GV lm th nghim biu din: cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch NaOH (c cha phenolphtalein) cng nng . Yu cu HS quan st v vit phn ng. Gii thch. Yu cu hc sinh vit phn ng gia Mg(OH)2 vi dung dch HCl.

v SO42- kt hp c vi nhau to thnh sn phm t tan. Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 $ Phn ng c s kt hp gia cc ion to thnh mt sn phm kt ta.

Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 $ Phn ng c s kt hp gia cc ion to thnh mt sn phm kt ta.

2. Phn ng to thnh cht HS quan st v vit phng in li yu trnh phn ng, phng a. Phn ng to thnh nc trnh ion rt gn. Th nghim HCl + NaOH NaCl + HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H2O Phng trnh ion rt gn HCl H+ + ClH+ + OH- H2O NaOH Na+ + OHPhn ng xy ra do c s Phng trnh ion rt gn. kt hp ca 2 ion H+ v OH+ H + OH H2O to thnh cht in li yu. b. Phn ng to thnh axit Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 yu + H2O Th nghim + 2+ Mg(OH)2 + 2H Mg + HCl + CH3COONa NaCl Rt ra bn cht phn ng. H2O + CH3COOH Phn ng xy ra do c s Phng trnh ion rt gn + kt hp ca 2 ion H v OH H+ + CH3COO- to thnh cht in li yu. CH3COOH *. Phn ng to thnh axit Phn ng c s kt hp ca yu. Phn ng xy ra 2 ion H+ v CH3COO- to GV lm th nghim biu HCl + CH3COONa NaCl thnh CH3COOH l cht din cho t t dung dch + CH3COOH in li yu HCl vo dung dch HCl H+ + ClCH3COONa. CH3COONa CH3COO- + GV hng dn HS ngi mi Na+ sn phm. H+ + CH3COO- CH3COOH Phn ng c s kt hp ca 2 ion H+ v CH3COO- to thnh CH3COOH l cht in li yu. Hot ng 3 3. Phn ng to thnh cht Phn ng to thnh cht kh HS quan st v vit phn kh

22

GV lm th nghim biu din rt dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na2CO3. HS quan st vit phn ng xy ra. Bn cht ca phn ng

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 $ Phng trnh ion rt gn 2H+ +CO32- H2O + CO2$ Phn ng c s kt hp ca 2 ion H+ v ion CO32to thnh sn phm kh l Hot ng 4 CO2 Kt lun IV. Kt lun Bn cht ca phn ng xy Bn cht ca phn ng trao 1. Phn ng xy ra trong ra gia cc cht in li trong i trong dung dch cc cht dung dch cc cht in li l dung dch l g ? in li l phn ng gia cc phn ng gia cc ion. Khi no th phn ng to ion. 2. Phn ng tao i trong i ion gia cc cht in li iu kin xy ra phn ng dung dch cc cht in li trong dung dch xy ra ? trao i ion trong dung dch ch xy ra khi cc ion kt Phn ng trao i xy ra khi cc cht in li l sn phm hp c vi nhau to mt s ion trong dung dch to thnh c t nht mt thnh mt trong cc cht sau kt hp c vi nhau lm trong cc cht sau: : gim nng ion ca - cht kt ta. - cht kt ta. chng. - cht in li yu. - cht in li yu. - cht kh. - cht kh. 4.Cng c - Lm bi tp 5 trang 20 SGK. 5.Dn d - Chun b bi tp tit sau luyn tp chng. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

ng. 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 $ HCl H+ + ClNa2CO3 Na+ + CO322H+ +CO32- H2O + CO2$ Phn ng c s kt hp ca 2 ion H+ v ion CO32to thnh sn phm kh l CO2

Th nghim:

23

Tit: 8

5 LUYN TP AXIT - BAZ - MUI. PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI

I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc - Cng c cc kin thc v axit, baz, mui v khi nim pH ca dung dch. - Cng c kin thc v phn ng trao i ion xy ra trong dung dch cht in li. 2. K nng - Rn luyn k nng vit phng trnh phn ng trao i gia cc cht in li dng y v dng ion thu gn. - Vn dng kin thc d on chiu hng ca phn ng trao i gia cc cht in li v lm mt s dng bi tp c bn. II.Trng tm -Cng c kin thc v axit ,baz v iu kin xy ra phn ng - Rn luyn k nng vit phng trnh phn ng trao i gia cc cht in li dng y v dng ion thu gn. II. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi h thng bi tp. III. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc v bi tp. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung luyn tp nh. IV. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung luyn tp Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. Kin thc cn nm vng Axit - baz mui Axit l cht khi tan trong 1. Axit l cht khi tan trong Yu cu hc sinh nhc li nc phn li ra ion H+. nc phn li ra ion H+. cc khi nim axit, baz, Baz l cht khi tan trong 2. Baz l cht khi tan trong mui theo quan im nc phn li ra ion OH-. nc phn li ra ion OH-. Areniut. Hiroxit lng tnh l cht 3. Hiroxit lng tnh l Axit ? Baz ? Hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c cht khi tan trong nc va lng tnh ? th phn li theo kiu axit, c th phn li theo kiu axit, Mui v s phn li ca n ? va c th phn li theo kiu va c th phn li theo kiu baz. baz. Hu ht cc mui khi tan 4. Hu ht cc mui khi tan trong nc phn li hon trong nc phn li hon ton thnh cation kim loi ton thnh cation kim loi (hoc NH4+) v anion gc (hoc NH4+) v anion gc axit. axit. Nu gc axit cn cha hiro Nu gc axit cn cha hiro

24

axit th n s tip tc phn li axit th n s tip tc phn li yu ra cation H+ v anion yu ra cation H+ v anion gc axit. gc axit. Hot ng 2 Lm bi tp p dng Yu cu hc sinh lm bi tp 1 trang 22 SGK. Bi tp 1 trang 22 SGK K2S 2K+ +S2Na2HPO4 2Na+ + HPO42HPO42- DH+ + PO43NaH2PO4 Na+ + H2PO4H2PO4- DH+ + HPO42HPO42- DH+ + PO43Pb(OH)2 DPb2+ + 2OHPB(OH)2 D2H+ + PbO22HBrO DH+ + BrOHF D H+ FHClO4 H+ + ClO4Nc l cht in li rt yu. Tch s ion ca nc l = = 1,0.10-14. C th coi gi tr ny khng i trong cc dung dch khc nhau. Gi tr v pH c trng cho cc mi trng: Mi trng axit: > 1,0.10-7 hoc pH < 7 Mi trng kim: <1,0.10-7 hoc pH > 7 Mi trng trung tnh:= 1,0.10-7 hoc pH = 7. Ch th l cht c mu sc bin i theo pH ca mi trng. Bi 2/22 SGK = 1,0.10-14 = = 1,0.10-12M. pH = 2. Bi 3/22 SGK pH = 9 = 1,0.10-9M. = 1,0.10-14 Bi tp 1 trang 22 SGK K2S 2K+ +S2Na2HPO4 2Na+ + HPO42HPO42- DH+ + PO43NaH2PO4 Na+ + H2PO4H2PO4- DH+ + HPO42HPO42- DH+ + PO43Pb(OH)2 DPb2+ + 2OHPB(OH)2 D2H+ + PbO22HBrO DH+ + BrOHF D H+ FHClO4 H+ + ClO45. Tch s ion ca nc l = = 1,0.10-14. C th coi gi tr ny khng i trong cc dung dch khc nhau. - Gi tr v pH c trng cho cc mi trng: Mi trng axit: > 1,0.10-7 hoc pH < 7 Mi trng kim: <1,0.10-7 hoc pH > 7 Mi trng trung tnh:= 1,0.10-7 hoc pH = 7. - Ch th: qu, phenolphtalein, ch th vn nng, .... Bi tp 2/22 SGK = 1,0.10-14 = = 1,0.10-12M. pH = 2. Bi 3/22 SGK pH = 9 = 1,0.10-9M. = 1,0.10-14 ==1,0.10-5M. 6. Phn ng trao i ion

Hot ng 3 S in li ca nc. pH ca dung dch. S in li ca nc ? Tch s ion ca nc ?

Gi tr pH trong cc mi trng ?

Ch th? Mt s ch th haydng ?

Hot ng 4 Bi tp p dng lm bi tp 2 v 3 trang 22 sch gio khoa.

25

==1,0.10-5M.

Hot ng 5 Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cht in li iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cht in li ?

Bn cht ca phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ? Lm bi tp 5 trang 23 SGK. ngha ca phng trnh ion rt gn. Cch biu din phng trnh ion rt gn.

Hot ng 6 bi tp p dng Lm bi tp 4.

trung dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion - Phn ng trao i ion kt hp c vi nhau to trung dung dch cc cht thnh t nht mt trong cc in li ch xy ra khi cc ion cht sau: kt hp c vi nhau to F Cht kt ta. thnh t nht mt trong cc F Cht in li yu. cht sau: F Cht kh. + Cht kt ta. 9. Phng trnh ion rt gn + Cht in li yu. cho bit bn cht ca phn + Cht kh. ng trong dung dch cc Bn cht ca phn ng trao cht in li. i ion trong dung dch cc Trong phng trnh ion rt cht in li l s kt hp cc gn ngi ta loi b nhng ion to thnh cht kt ta, ion khng tham gia phn kh, in li yu hay ni cch ng cn nhng cht kt ta, khc mt s ion kt hp in li yu, cht kh c c vi nhau lm gim gi nguyn di dng phn nng ion ca chng. (bi t. tp 5 sgk) Cch biu din: trong phng trnh ion rt gn ngi ta loi b nhng ion khng tham gia phn ng cn nhng cht kt ta, in li yu, cht kh c gi Bi tp 4 nguyn di dng phn t. a. Na2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 Bi tp 4 CaCO3 + 2NaNO3 a. Na2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 CO32- + Ca2+ CaCO3 CaCO3 + 2NaNO3 CO32- + Ca2+ CaCO3 b. FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4 b. FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 c. NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 c. NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 + H2O + CO2 HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 d. NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 +H2O d. NaHCO3 + NaOH HCO3- + OH- CO32- + Na2CO3 +H2O H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O e. K2CO3 + NaCl khng xy ra.

26

e. K2CO3 + NaCl khng xy ra. g. Pb(OH)2(r) + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2H+ Pb2+ + 2H2O h. Pb(OH)2(r) + 2NaOH Na2PbO2 + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2OH- PbO22i. CuSO4 + Na2S CuS + Na2SO4 Cu2+ S2- CuS Bi tp 6 Cd2+ + S2- CdS Chn p n B. Bi tp 7 a. Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3NaOH Cr(OH)3 + Na2SO4

g. Pb(OH)2(r) + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2H+ Pb2+ + 2H2O h. Pb(OH)2(r) + 2NaOH Na2PbO2 + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2OH- PbO22i. CuSO4 + Na2S CuS + Na2SO4 Cu2+ S2- CuS Bi tp 6 Cd2+ + S2- CdS Chn p n B. Bi tp 7 a. Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3NaOH Cr(OH)3 + Na2SO4

Hot ng 7 lm bi tp 6 trang 23 SGK GV hng dn vit phng trnh ion rt gn ca CdS. Hot ng 8 lm bi tp 7 trang 23 SGK. GV hng dn hc sinh dng bi tp ny. b, c tng t v nh lm. 3. Dn d V nh hc bi tht k, tun sau kim tra mt tit. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . .

27

Tit: 9

KIM TRA MT TIT BI KIM TRA S 1

I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc - Cng c kin thc v s in li, axit, baz, mui v hiroxit lng tnh. - pH ca dung dch, phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li. 2. K nng - Rn luyn k nng vit phng trnh phn ng trao i gia cc cht in li dng phn t, ion v ion thu gn. - Vn dng kin thc d on chiu hng ca phn ng trao i gia cc cht in li v lm mt s dng bi tp c bn. II. Phng php ging dy III. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kim tra nh gi. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung hc chng I kim tra. IV. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung kim tra
THI TRC NGHIM MN HA HC 11 Thi gian lm bi: 45 pht; (30 cu trc nghim) M thi 079 H, tn th sinh:.......................................................................... Lp:...............................................................................

28

Tit 10 Bi 6: THC HNH TNH AXIT BAZ PHN NG TRAO I ION TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI
I. Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c : Mc ch, cch tin hnh v k thut thc hin cc th nghim : Tc dng ca cc dung dch HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH3 vi cht ch th mu. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li : AgNO3 vi NaCl, HCl vi NaHCO3, CH3COOH vi NaOH.
K nng S dng dng c, ho cht tin hnh c thnh cng, an ton cc th nghim trn.

Quan st hin tng th nghim, gii thch v rt ra nhn xt. Vit tng trnh th nghim. II. Trng tm Tnh axit baz ; Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li. III.. Hng dn thc hin Hng dn HS cc thao tc ca tng TN nh: + Rt cht lng vo ng nghim + Nh git cht lng vo ng nghim bng cng t ht + Nh git cht lng ln giy ch th bng cng t ht + Lc ng nghim + Gn cht lng ra khi ng nghim gi li kt ta Hng dn HS quan st hin tng xy ra v nhn xt Th nghim 1. Tnh axit - baz a) mu ca giy ch th c pH = 1 b) + Dung dch NH4Cl 0,1 M: khong pH = 2,37 + Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1 M: khong pH = 11,63 + Dung dch NaOH 0,1 M: c pH = 13 Th nghim 2. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li
a) c vn c CaCO3:
2 Ca2+ + CO 3 CaCO3

V. Rt kinh nghim .

b) kt ta tan ra dung dch trong dn: CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2++ CO2 + H2O c) + Dung dch chuyn mu hng + Dung dch mt mu hng: H+ + OH H2O

29

 . . . .

Tit : 11 I.Mc tiu bi hc

7 NIT

Kin thc Bit c: - V tr trong bng tun hon , cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t nit. - Cu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu, mi, t khi, tnh tan), ng dng chnh, trng thi t nhin; iu ch nit trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip Hiu c: - Phn t nit rt bn do c lin kt ba, nn nit kh tr nhit thng, nhng hot ng hn nhit cao. - Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca nit: tnh oxi ho (tc dng vi kim loi mnh, vi hiro), ngoi ra nit cn c tnh kh (tc dng vi oxi). K nng - D on tnh cht, kim tra d on v kt lun v tnh cht ho hc ca nit. - Vit cc PTHH minh ho tnh cht ho hc. - Tnh th tch kh nit ktc trong phn ng ho hc; tnh % th tch nit trong hn hp kh. II. Trng tm: - Cu to ca phn t nit - Tnh oxi ho v tnh kh ca nit
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh.

30

V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 V tr v cu hnh ca nit. GV cung cp s th t ca nit. Yu cu hc sinh vit cu hnh v xc nh v tr ca nit trong bng h thng tun hon. Vit cng thc cu to ca phn t nit da vo qui tc bt t. T cu to d on tnh tan trong nc. Cho bit m in v cc mc oxi ho ca nit. D on tnh cht ho hc ca nit. Hot ng 2 Tnh cht vt l T thc t hy cho bit trng thi mu sc, mi v ca nit trong t nhin. c tnh ca khi nit. T cu to phn t hy gii thch tnh tan ca nit trong nc. Hot ng 3 Tnh cht ho hc. T cc mc oxi ho c th c ca nit hy d on tnh cht ho hc ca nit ? Khi no th th hin tnh oxi ho v khi no th th hin tnh kh ? Ti sao nit km hot ng nhit thp ?

Hot ng ca hc sinh 1s22s22p3 Nit thuc chu k 3 nhm VA. Cu to phn t nit N N

Ni dung ghi bng I. V tr v cu hnh electron nguyn t - Cu hnh electron nguyn t : 1s22s22p3 - Nit thuc chu k 3 nhm VA. - Cu to phn t nit N N. - m in 3,04 ch km oxi, flo.

Nit l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, khng c. t tan trong nc do nit l phn t khng phn cc.

II. Tnh cht vt l - Khng c, t tan trong nc. - Khng duy tr s sng.

Nit c mc oxi ho trung gian nn n va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh. Tnh oxi ho th hin khi tc dng vi cht kh, tnh kh th hin khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho. Nit km hot ng ho hc nhit thng l do n c lin kt ba bn, ch nhit cao n mi hot ng ho hc mnh. Tc dng vi cht kh nh kim loi, hiro. Tc dng vi kim loi hot

III. Tnh cht ho hc Cc mc oxi ho ca nit -3 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 Tnh OXH Td vi CK Tnh Kh Td vi COX

Hot ng 4 Tnh oxi ho Tnh oxi ho ca nit biu hin nh th no ? Cho th

1. Tnh oxi ho a. Tc dng vi kim loi - Tc dng vi cc kim loi hot ng mnh.

31

d minh ha. Ch hng dn cch gi tn mui nitrua. Phn ng ny lm g trong phng th nghim ? Nit ng vai tr g trong cc phn ng ny ? Hot ng 5 Tnh kh Tnh kh biu hin nh th no ? cho th d minh ho. Kh NO khng mu s nhanh chng b oxi ho cho sn phm mu nu . Hot ng 6 ng dng Yu cu hc sinh cho bit cc ng dng ca nit da vo hiu bit ca mnh. GV cung cp thm mt s thng tin ng dng ca nit. Hot ng 7 Trng thi t nhin Nit tn ti nhng dng no ?

ng mnh nh Ca, Mg, Al.

Mg3N2 Mg + N2 Mg3N2 Mg + N2 To mi trng chn khng. magie nitrua b. Tc dng vi hiro 0 -3 0
0 0
t0

-3

t0

-3

N2 +3 H2

t ,xt,p

2NH3

Nit ng vai tr l cht oxi ho. Nit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh hn.
0

N2 +3 H2

t0,xt,p

-3

2NH3

2. Tnh kh
0

N2 + O2

t0

+2

2NO

N2 + O2

t0

+2

nit monoxit (khng mu)

+2 +4

2NO

NO + O2

2NO2

NO + O2

2NO2

Nit dng sn xut phn m. Thuc n, to mi trng tr.

(mu nu ) IV. ng dng SGK

Nit tn ti dng t do trong khng kh, trong hp cht dim tiu, trong c th sinh vt. Sn xut trong cng nghip bng phng php chng phn on khng kh lng.

V. Trng thi t nhin - Dng t do. - Dng hp cht.

Hot ng 8 Nit trong phng th iu ch nghim c iu ch bng Nhc li kin thc c. Nit cch un nng nh dung t0 N2 +2 H2O NH4NO2 trong cng nghip c dch NH4NO2. 0 sn xut cng vi oxi. NH4Cl +NaNO2 t Hoc hn hp dung dch 2 N2 + NaCl + H2O Trong phng th nghim mui l NH4Cl v NaNO2. nit c iu ch bng cch no ? 3. Cng c - Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca nit l g ? Gii thch nguyn nhn, cho th d minh ho. 4. Dn d - Lm bi tp SGK v SBT.

VI. iu ch 1. Trong cng nghip - Chng phn on khng kh lng. 2. Trong phng th nghim

32

- Chun b ni dung bi tip theo. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . . -

33

Tit: 12

8 AMONIAC V MUI AMONI

I. Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c: - Cu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (tnh tan, t khi, mu, mi), ng dng chnh, cch iu ch amoniac trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip . Hiu c: - Tnh cht ho hc ca amoniac: Tnh baz yu ( tc dng vi nc, dung dch mui, axit) v tnh kh (tc dng vi oxi, clo). K nng - D on tnh cht ha hc, kim tra bng th nghim v kt lun c tnh cht ho hc ca amoniac. - Quan st th nghim hoc hnh nh..., rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca amoniac. - Vit c cc PTHH dng phn t hoc ion rt gn.
- Phn bit c amoniac vi mt s kh bit bng phng php ho hc.

- Tnh th tch kh amoniac sn xut c ktc theo hiu sut.phn ng II. Trng tm: - Cu to phn t amoniac - Amoniac l mt baz yu c y tnh cht ca mt baz ngoi ra cn c tnh kh.
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan.TNBD IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Kim tra bi c - Nu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca nit v gii thch v sao n co nhng tnh cht . 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 A. AMONIAC NH3 cu to phn t Nit c 5 e ngoi cng n cn I. Cu to phn t Da vo cu hnh ca nit thiu 3 e nn s to 3 lin kt hy gii thch s to thnh cng ho tr vi hiro. phn t amoniac. GV b sung NH3 c cu to

34

hnh thp v c 1 cp electron cha tham gia lin kt. Phn t amoniac phn cc hay khng phn cc. T d on tnh tan ca amoniac trong nc. Hot ng 2 Tnh cht vt l GV lm th nghim biu din kh NH3 tan trong nc. Ti sao nc phun vo ? Ti sao dung dch t khng muchuyn sang mu hng? GV cung cp thm thng tin v tan ca NH3. Hot ng 3 Tnh baz yu T th nghim tnh tan yu cu hc sinh vit phng trnh in li ca NH3 trong nc da vo thuyt Areniut. Ngoi ra baz cn c nhng phn ng no khc ? Cho th d minh ho v vit phng trnh phn ng, phng trnh ion rt gn. Hot ng 4 Tnh kh Xc nh s oxi ho ca nit trong phn t NH3. D on tnh cht oxi ho kh ca NH3 ? Tnh kh th hin khi no ? Cho th d minh ho. Yu cu hc sinh xc nh s oxi ho v vai tr ca NH3 trong cc phn ng .Cn bng phn ng theo phng php thng bng electron. Hot ng 5

Phn t amoniac phn cc mnh. NH3 d tan trong nc.

N H H H
hoc

N H

HS quan st th nghim v gii thch. Do NH3 tan nhiu trong nc lm p sut chnh lch lm cho nc phun vo bnh. Dung dch NH3 lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn sang hng chng t n c tnh baz. Tc dng vi nc NH3 + H2O D NH4+ + OHDung dch c OH- nn lm phenolphtalein i mu. Tc dng vi dung dch mui. AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3$ + 3NH4Cl Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3$ + 3NH4+

II. Tnh cht vt l - Amoniac l cht kh, khng mu, mi khai xc v tan rt nhiu trong nc.

Nit c s oxi ho -3 thp nht nn n ch c tnh kh. Tnh kh th hin khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho nh oxi, halogen. Tc dng vi oxi
4NH3 + 3O2
-3

III. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Tnh baz yu a. Tc dng vi nc NH3 + H2O D NH4+ + OHb. Tc dng vi dung dch mui AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3$ + 3NH4Cl Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3$ + 3NH4+ c. Tc dng vi axit NH3 + HCl NH4Cl NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 2. Tnh kh a. Tc dng vi oxi
4NH3 + 3O2
-3 t0

-3

t0

0 2N2 + 6H2O 0 N2 + 6HCl

Tc dng vi clo
2NH3 + 3Cl2 t
0

0 2N2 + 6H2O

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl b. Tc dng vi clo

35

ng dng Yu cu hc sinh cho bit cc ng dng ca NH3. GV b sung thm cc thng tin. Hot ng 6 iu ch. NH3 trong phng th nghim c iu ch nh th no ? Cho th d NH3 c sn xut trong nghip nh th no ? Ch cc yu t nh hng n cn bng.

Hc sinh pht biu cc ng dng ca NH3

2NH3 + 3Cl2 t

-3

0 N2 + 6HCl

IV. ng dng - Lm phn bn v nguyn liu sn xut HNO3. un nng dung dch kim vi mui amoni th d un nng dung dch Ca(OH)2 vi dung dch NH4Cl Ca(OH)2 + NH4Cl CaCl2 + NH3 + H2O
t
o

V. iu ch 1. Trong phng th nghim Ca(OH)2 + NH4Cl CaCl2 + NH3 + H2O

to

NH3 c tng hp t N2 v H2. t ,x N2+ 3H2 t,p 2 NH3

o

2. Trong cng nghip t ,x N2+ 3H2 t,p 2 NH3

o

4. Cng c - Hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau. N2 NH3 NH4NO2 N2 Fe(OH)3

N2

5. Dn d - Lm cc bi tp SGK v SBT. - Chun b ni dung phn B. Mui amoni. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . . -

36

Tit: 13

8 AMONIAC V MUI AMONI

(Tip theo) I.Mc tiu bi hc

. Mui amoni:
Kin thc

Bit c: - Tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu sc, tnh tan). - Tnh cht ho hc (phn ng vi dung dch kim, phn ng nhit phn) v ng dng K nng - Quan st th nghim, rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca mui amoni.
- Vit c cc PTHH dng phn t, ion thu gn minh ho cho tnh cht ho hc. - Phn bit c mui amoni vi mt s mui khc bng phng php ha hc.

Tnh % v khi lng ca mui amoni trong hn hp. II. Trng tm: - Mui amoni c phn ng vi dung dch kim, phn ng nhit phn. - Phn bit c amoniac vi mt s kh khc, mui amoni vi mt s mui khc bng phng php ho hc.
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan.TNBD IV. Chun b 3. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 4. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 6. n nh lp 7. Kim tra bi c - Nu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca nit v gii thch v sao n co nhng tnh cht . 8. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Hot ng 1 Tnh cht vt l HS quan st v nhn xt GV cho HS quan st mt mui amoni l cht in li mu mui amoni sau ho mnh v tan tt trong nc. tan. GV b sung ion amoni khng c mu. Ni dung ghi bng B. MUI AMONI I. Tnh cht vt l - Mui amoni l cht in li mnh v tan nhiu trong nc.

37

Hot ng 2 GV lm th nghim biu din mui amoni tc dng vi dung dch NaOH. Phn ng ny c s dng lm g ? Lin h thc t khi bn phn m amoni.

Hot ng 3 Phn ng nhit phn GV lm th nghim biu din s phn hu mui amoni clorua. GV cho mt vi th d khc. Nhc li phn ng iu ch kh nit trong phng th nghim. GV cung cp thm th d khc. T yu cu hc sinh nhn xt s phn hu ca mui amoni. Gi cho hc sinh ch tnh oxi ho kh ca gc axit trong mui amoni. Ch NH4HCO3 l bt n.

HS quan st th nghim v nhn xt. (NH4)2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + NH3 $ + H2O NH4+ + OH- NH3 $+ H2O Phn ng ny dng iu ch kh NH3 trong phng th nghim v nhn bit kh mui amoni. Khng bn phn m amoni t kim trnh mt m. Hc sinh quan st v gii thch. NH4Cl NH3 + HCl NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
to

II. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Phn ng vi dung dch kim (NH4)2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + NH3 $ + H2O - Phng trnh ion rt gn. NH4+ + OH- NH3 $+ H2O - Phn ng ny dng iu ch kh NH3 trong phng th nghim v nhn bit kh mui amoni. 2. Phn ng nhit phn NH4Cl NH3 + HCl (1) (NH4)2CO3 NH4 + NH4HCO3 (2) NH4HCO3 NH3 + H2O +CO2 (3) NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O (4) NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O (5) *. Nhn xt - Mui amoni cha gc axit khng c tnh oxi ho khi b nhit phn s sinh ra amoninac. - Mui amoni cha gc axit c tnh oxi ho s sinh ra N2 hoc N2O.
to

to

to

to

to

NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O Mui amoni cha gc axit khng c tnh oxi ho khi b nhit phn s sinh ra amoninac. Mui amoni cha gc axit c tnh oxi ho s sinh ra N2 hoc N2O.
to

to

1. Cng c - Lm bi tp 2, 3 v 4. 2. Dn d - Lm cc bi tp cn li trong SGK, lm bi tp SBT. Chun b ni dung bi axit nitric. V. Rt kinh nghim . .

38

 . . . .

39

Tit: 14 I.Mc tiu bi hc

9 AXIT NITRIC V MUI NITRAT

1. Axit nitric
Kin thc

Bit c: Cu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu sc, khi lng ring, tnh tan), ng dng, cch iu ch HNO3 trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip (t amoniac). Hiu c : - HNO3 l mt trong nhng axit mnh nht. - HNO3 l cht oxi ho rt mnh: oxi ho hu ht kim loi, mt s phi kim, nhiu hp cht v c v hu c.
K nng

- D on tnh cht ha hc, kim tra d on bng th nghim v rt ra kt lun. - Quan st th nghim, hnh nh..., rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca HNO3. - Vit cc PTHH dng phn t, ion rt gn minh ho tnh cht ho hc ca HNO 3 c v long. - Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO3. K nng: - Quan st th nghim, rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca mui nitrat. - Vit c cc PTHH dng phn t v ion thu gn minh ho cho tnh cht ho hc. - Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mui nitrat trong hn hp; nng hoc th tch dung dch mui nitrat tham gia hoc to thnh trong phn ng . II. Trng tm: - HNO3 c y tnh cht ha hc ca mt axit mnh v l cht oxi ha rt mnh: oxi ha hu ht cc kim loi, mt s phi kim, nhiu hp cht v c v hu c. - p dng gii cc bi ton tnh thnh phn % khi lng hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO3. - Mui nitrat u d tan trong nc v l cht in li mnh, km bn vi nhit v b phn hy bi nhit to ra kh O2.. Phn ng c trng ca ion NO 3 vi Cu trong mi trng axit dng nhn bit ion nitrat.
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp

40

2. Bi c - Hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau : N2 NH3 NH4Cl $ NH4NO3 N2O 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Hot ng 1 Cu to phn t O +5 T cng thc phn t yu H O N cu hc sinh vit cng thc cu to. O Xc nh s oxi ho ca nit trong phn t axit nitric. Hot ng 2 Tnh cht vt l Axit nitric l cht lng Gv cho hc sinh quan st l khng mu. cha axit nitric. Yu cu bc khi trong khng kh hc sinh cho bit mu sc, m, d = 1,53 g/cm3. trng thi. Tan v hn trong nc. Yu cu hc sinh b sung Do axit nitric km bn d thm mt s thng tin. phn hu thnh NO2 nn V sao axit nitric c mu dung dch c mu vng. vng ? Phn t HNO3 c tnh axit v c tnh oxi ho. Hot ng 3 Tnh cht ho hc T cu to hy d on tnh cht ho hc ca phn t HNO3 ? Hot ng 4 Tnh axit Yu cu hc sinh nhc li cc phn ng c bn ca mt axit. i vi axit nitric tc dng vi kim loi khc vi cc axit khc. GV lm th nghim biu din Axit nitric phn ng vi NaOH, CaCO3, MgO. Yu cu hc sinh vit phn

Ni dung ghi bng A. AXIT NITRIC HNO3 I. Cu to phn t

+5

O O

II. Tnh cht vt l - Axit nitric l cht lng khng mu, tan v hn trong nc.

III. Tnh cht ho hc - Tc dng vi ch th, vi Phn t HNO3 c tnh axit baz, oxit baz, mui, kim v tnh oxi ho loi trc H gii phng H2. 1. Tnh axit HNO3 H + NO HNO3 H+ + NO3HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + - Lm qu tm ho H2O - Tc dng vi baz H+ + OH- H2O HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + 2HNO3 + CaCO3 H2O Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 $ - Tc dng vi oxit baz + 2+ H + CaCO3 Ca + CO2 2HNO3 + MgO Mg(NO3)2 + H2O $ + H2 O - Tc dng vi mui 2HNO3 + MgO 2HNO3 + CaCO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + 2+ 2H + MgO Mg + H2O Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 #
+ 3

41

ng v phng trnh ion rt gn. Hot ng 5 Tnh oxi ho GV lm th nghim biu din Cu + HNO3 c. Nhn xt g v tnh oxi ho ca HNO3 Gv cung cp thm cc th d khc. Yu cu hc sinh nhn xt tnh oxi ho ca HNO3.

Hc sinh nghim.
0 +5

quan

st

Cu + 4HNO3(c)
+2 +4

2. Tnh oxi ho th a. Tc dng vi kim loi Th d 1 ng tc dng vi HNO3 c

Cu + 4HNO3(c)
0 +5

Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O +4 +2 Cu + 4H+ + 2NO3- Cu2+ + Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O 2NO2 $ + 2H2O Phng trnh ion rt gn Cu + 4H+ + 2NO3- Cu2+ + 2NO2 # + 2H2O
0 +5

3Cu + 8HNO3(lo ng) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

+2 +2

Th d 2 ng tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long

3Cu + 8HNO3(lo ng) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
+2 +2 0 +5

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- Phng trnh ion rt gn Yu cu hc sinh cho vi th 3Cu2+ + 2NO $ + 4H O 2 3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- d khc. 3Cu2+ + 2NO $ + 4H2O 0
Fe + 6HNO3(c)
+3 +4 0 +5 t

Fe(NO3)3 +3 NO2 + 3H2O

Fe + 6HNO3(c)
+3 +4

+5

t0

HNO3 tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt) oxi ho kim loi n mc cao nht, khng gii phng hiro. Kim loi tc dng vi Nhn xt tng tc ca HNO3 c nng th lun gii phng NO2 HNO3 vi kim loi. Nu HNO3 long th to thnh NO, N2O, NH4NO3. HNO3 c ngui th ng vi nhm, st, crm.
+5 0

Fe(NO3)3 +3 NO2 + 3H2O

6HNO3(c) + S

- HNO3 tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt) oxi ho kim loi n mc cao nht, khng gii phng hiro. - Kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 c nng th lun gii phng NO2 - Nu HNO3 long th to thnh N2, NO, N2O, NH4NO3. - HNO3 c ngui th ng vi nhm, st, crm. b. Tc dng vi phi kim
6HNO3(c) + S
+6 +4 +5 0

HNO3 c c th oxi ho vi nhiu phi kim.

H2SO4 + 6NO2 +2H2O

+6

+4

H2SO4 + 6NO2 +2H2O

42

5HNO3(c) + P
+5 +4

+5

5HNO3(c) + P
+5 +4

+5

H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

c. Tc dng vi hp cht Tc dng vi hp cht HNO3 c c th oxi ho nhiu hp cht.

3 FeO + 10 HNO3
+2 +5

+4 +3 HNO3 c tnh axit mnh v 3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5 H2O Tm li HNO3 c nhng tnh oxi ho mnh. tnh cht no ? Hot ng 6 HNO3 sn xut phn IV. ng dng ng dng HNO3 c nhng ng dng m, thuc n, .... SGK no ? GV b sung thm mt s thng tin. 4. Cng c - Hon thnh cc phn ng sau : Al + HNO3 N2O +... Fe + HNO3 NO +... Zn + HNO3 N2O +... Mg + HNO3 NH4NO3 +... 5. Dn d - V nh lm bi tp SGK v SBT. - Chun b ni dung phn cn li ca bi hc. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

43

Tit: 15 I.

9 AXIT NITRIC V MUI NITRAT

(Tip Theo)

Mc tiu bi hc

2. Mui nitrat: Kin thc: Bit c: - Phn ng c trng ca ion NO3- vi Cu trong mi trng axit. - Cch nhn bit ion NO3 bng phng php ha hc. Chu trnh ca nit trong t nhin. K nng: - Quan st th nghim, rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca mui nitrat. - Vit c cc PTHH dng phn t v ion thu gn minh ho cho tnh cht ho hc. - Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mui nitrat trong hn hp; nng hoc th tch dung dch mui nitrat tham gia hoc to thnh trong phn ng . II. Trng tm: - HNO3 c y tnh cht ha hc ca mt axit mnh v l cht oxi ha rt mnh: oxi ha hu ht cc kim loi, mt s phi kim, nhiu hp cht v c v hu c. - p dng gii cc bi ton tnh thnh phn % khi lng hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO3. - Mui nitrat u d tan trong nc v l cht in li mnh, km bn vi nhit v b phn hy bi nhit to ra kh O2.. Phn ng c trng ca ion NO 3 vi Cu trong mi trng axit dng nhn bit ion nitrat.
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 3. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 4. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 6. n nh lp 7. Bi c Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 iu ch Axit c nhiu ng dng vy n c iu ch Hot ng ca hc sinh Trong phng th axit nitric c iu ch bng cch un nng KNO3 hoc Ni dung ghi bng V. iu ch 1. Trong phng th nghim NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3

44

bng cch no ? NaNO3 vi H2SO4 c ri Trong phng th nghim ? ngng t hi axit. NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3 Trong cng nghip c Hc sinh quan st s sn sn xut nh th no ? xut axit nitric trong cng Gio vin cho hc sinh nghip. quan st s sn xut Trong cng nghip n c axit nitric trong cng iu ch qua ba giai on. nghip Oxi ho NH3 vi xc tc Pt, Lin h mt hin tng 850-900oC trong thc t khi ma 4NH3 + 5O2 dng 4NO + 6 H2O Oxi ho nit oxit thnh nit ioxit 2NO + O2 2NO2 Nit ioxit tc dng vi nc v oxi to thnh axit nitric 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O HNO3
850 -900 o C, Pt

2. Trong cng nghip Axit nitric c sn xut qua ba giai on Oxi ho NH3 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6 H2O Oxi ho NO 2NO + O2 2NO2 Hp nc to thnh HNO3 4NO2 +O2 + 2H2O HNO3
850 -900 o C, Pt

Hot ng 2 Tnh cht vt l ca mui nitrat GV cho hc sinh quan st mt mu mui kali nitrat Yu cu hc sinh nhn xt v trng thi mu sc ca mui nitrat Hot ng 3 Phn ng nhit phn GV lm th nghim biu din nhit phn mui nitrat sau cho than nng vo ? Cho cc th d khc v yu cu hc sinh nhn xt s nhit phn ca mui nitrat ? Rt ra quy lut chung s nhit phn mui nitrat. Hot ng 4 Nhn bit mui nitrat

Mui nitrat l cht rn dng tinh th. Mui nitrat d tan trong nc v l cht in li mnh.

B. MUI NITRAT I. Tnh cht ca mui nitrat 1. Tnh cht vt l - Tt c cc mui nitrat u l cht rn, d tan trong nc v l in li mnh. 2. Phn ng nhit phn KNO3 KNO2 + O2$ Mg(NO3)2 MgO+ 2NO2
to

to

1 Hc sinh quan st th $ + O2$ nghim biu din v nhn 2 Cu(NO3)2 CuO + 2NO2 xt. 1 Sn phm nhit phn c oxi. $ + O2 $ 2 KNO3 KNO2 + O2$ Hg(NO3)2 Hg + 2NO2 $ + O2$ Tt c cc mui nitrat u km bn nhit. Nhit phn mui nitrat lun gii phng oxi nn nhit 3. Nhn bit mui nitrat cao mui nitrat l cht oxi ho mnh. 3Cu + 2KNO3 + 4H2SO4 3CuSO4 + K2SO4 + 2NO $
to
to to to

45

Tt c cc mui nitrat u d tan trong nc vy lm cch no nhn bit mui nitrat ? C s nh bit da trn tnh cht ho hc no ca mui nitrat ? GV lm th nghim biu din nhn bit mui nitrat Cho bt ng vo dung dch mui kali nitrat v un. Nhn xt g v tnh oxi ho ca mui nitrat trong mi trng trung tnh ? Sau cho vo vi git H2SO4 long v un. Yu cu hc sinh nhn xt sn phm v vit phng trnh phn ng v phng trnh ion rt gn. Hot ng 5 ng dng Cho bit cc ng dng ca mui nitrat ? Hot ng 6 Chu trnh nit trong t nhin. Yu cu hc sinh xem sch gio khoa v nhn xt chu trnh nit trong t nhin gm nhng qu trnh no ?

Dng bt Cu v dung dch axit sunfuric long. Da trn tnh oxi ho mnh ca mui nitrat trong mi trng axit Mui nitrat khng th hin tnh oxi ho mnh trong mi trng trung tnh, trong mi trng axit n th hin tnh oxi ho mnh. 3Cu + 2KNO3 + 4H2SO4 3CuSO4 + K2SO4 + 2NO $ + 4H2O 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO $ + 4H2O
to to

+ 4H2O 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO $ + 4H2O

to

Cc mui nitrat ch yu c s dng lm phn bn ngoi ra n cn c lm thuc n. Chu trnh nit trong t nhin gm 2 qu trnh c bn Qu trnh nit trong t nhin v qu trnh nhn to

II. ng dng - Cc mui nitrat ch yu c s dng lm phn bn ngoi ra n cn c lm thuc n. C. CHU TRNH CA NIT TRONG T NHIN I. Qu trnh t nhin 1. Qu trnh chuyn ho qua li gia nit dng v c v nit dng hu c 2. Qu trnh chuyn ho qua li gia nit t do v dng ho hp II. Qu trnh nhn to

1. Cng c - Hon thnh bi tp s 5 sch gio khoa 2. Dn d - V nh lm cc bi tp SGK v SBT - Chun b ni dung bi photpho V. Rt kinh nghim .

46

 . . . . .

47

Tit: 16

10 PHOTPHO
I.Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c: - V tr trong bng tun hon , cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t photpho. - Cc dng th hnh, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu sc, khi lng ring, tnh tan, c tnh), ng dng, trng thi t nhin v iu ch photpho trong cng nghip . Hiu c: - Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca photpho l tnh oxi ho (tc dng vi kim loi Na, Ca...) v tnh kh (tc dng vi O2, Cl2). K nng: - D on, kim tra bng th nghim v kt lun v tnh cht ca photpho. - Quan st th nghim, hnh nh .., rt ra c nhn xt v tnh cht ca photpho. - Vit c PTHH minh ho. - S dng c photpho hiu qu v an ton trong phng th nghim v thc t II.Trng tm: - So snh 2 dng th hnh ch yu ca Photpho l P trng v P v cu trc phn t, mt s tnh cht vt l. - Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca photpho l tnh oxi ho (tc dng vi kim loi Na, Ca...) v tnh kh (tc dng vi O2, Cl2).
I. III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi c - Lm bi tp 5 SGK 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. V tr v cu hnh electron 2 6 2 3 V tr v cu hnh electron P :1s 2p 3s 3p nguyn t nguyn t Photpho th 15 thuc P 1s22p63s23p3 V tr gio vin yu cu hc chu k 3, nhm VA. Photpho th 15 thuc chu sinh vit cu hnh electron k 3, nhm VA.

48

nguyn t t suy ra v tr trong bng h thng tun hon. T cu to cho bit ho tr ca photpho ? Hot ng 2 Tnh cht vt l Gio vin cho hc sinh quan st hnh nh photpho trng. Ngoi ra photpho trng cn c nhng tnh cht vt l no khc ?

Photpho c ho tr III hoc V

Photpho c ho tr III hoc V

II. Tnh cht vt l 1. Photpho trng Hc sinh quan st hnh nh - Photpho trng l cht rn photpho trng v tr li mu trng trong sut. Photpho trng l cht rn - N bc chy 40oC. mu trng trong sut - Photpho trng rt c. Photpho trng mm, d nng 2. Photpho chy, khng tan trong nc - Photpho l cht bt mu tan nhiu trong dung mi , kh nng chy, kh bay Tn gi khc ca photpho hu c. hi hn pht pho trng. trng l ln tnh xut pht t N pht sng trong bng ti. Photpho bc chy 250oC. tnh cht ny. V photpho trng c mng - Photpho khng c. V sao photpho trng mm, tinh th phn t lc lin kt d nng chy ? t tan trong yu nn n mm v d nng nc ? chy. Phn t photpho khng phn Ngoi cc tnh cht vt l cc nn n t tan trong nc. trn photpho trng cn c Photpho trng rt c. tnh cht no ng ch ? Gio vin cung cp thng tin v c tnh ca photphat Photpho l cht bt mu trng. . Gio vin cho hc sinh quan st mt mu phot pho . Photpho kh nng chy, Ngoi ra n cn nhng tnh kh bay hi, bn trong cht vt l no ? So snh vi khng kh, khng pht - S chuyn ho gia hai dng photpho trng ? quang, khng tan trong cc th hnh Gii thch ? dung mi thng thng. Do photpho c cu trc 2500c,khng c khng kh polyme nn n kh tan, kh P P t0,cao, khng c khng kh nng chy v khng c.
Tr ng

S chuyn ho ca 2 dng th hnh photpho nh th no ? Hot ng 3 Tnh cht ho hc T cu to, m in v cc mc oxi ho ca

P Tr ng

2500c,khng c khng kh t0,cao, khng c khng kh

Photpho va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh. Tnh oxi hoa Photpho trng hot ng hn (tc dng photpho . vi cht Do photpho c cu trc

III. Tnh cht ho hc F Cc mc oxi ho ca photpho -3 0 +3

+5

Tnh kh (tc dng vi cht oxi

49

photpho yu cu hc sinh d on tnh cht ho hc ca photpho ? So snh mc hot ng ca hai dng th hnh photpho ? Gii thch ? Hot ng 4 Tnh oxi ho Tnh oxi ho th hin nh th no ? Cho th d ? Yu cu hc sinh xc nh s oxi ho v vai tr ca photpho trong cc th d . Hng dn hc sinh gi tn mt s mui photphua. Photpho tc dng vi hiro to thnh photphin l mt cht c. Ch mui photphua thu phn mnh da vo tnh cht ny ngi ta lm thuc dit chut. Hot ng 5 tnh kh th hin khi no ? cho th d minh ho, xc nh s oxi ho v vai tr ca photpho trong cc th d . Hng dn hc sinh gi tn cc sn phm phn ng.

polyme nn kh tham gia phn ng hn.

kh )

ho)

1. Tnh oxi ho Tnh oxi ho th hin khi tc dng vi kim loi hot ng to thnh mui photphua hoc vi hiro.
2P + 3Ca
0 t0 -3

Ca3P2 Canxi photphua

t0 -3

2P + Na
2P + 3H2
0

Na3P natri photphua

-3

2. Tnh kh - Chy trong oxi F Thiu oxi

t0

2PH3 photphin F Tha oxi

Tnh kh th hin khi photpho tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh hn. Chy trong oxi Thiu oxi
4P + 3O2
0 t0 +3

- Tc dng vi clo F Thiu clo F Tha oxi IV. ng dng - Photpho c s dng lm dim, phn ln, thuc bo v thc vt. - Dng trong qun s. V. Trng thi t nhin - Photpho tn ti dng hp cht ch yu l photphorit v apatit.

2P2O3 iphotpho trioxit

+5

Tha oxi
2P2O5 4P + 5O2 iphotpho pentaoxit
0 t0

Tc dng vi clo Thiu clo

2P + 3Cl2
0

2PCl3 photpho triclorua

t0 +5

t0

+3

Tha oxi
2PCl5 2P + 5Cl2 photpho pentaclorua
0

VI. Sn xut Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO + 2P

50

Hot ng 6 Photpho c s dng lm ng dng dim, phn ln, thuc bo v Photpho c nhng ng dng thc vt. no ? Dng trong qun s. Gio vin cung cp thm mt s thng tin. Photpho tn ti dng hp Hot ng 7 cht ch yu l photphorit v Trng thi t nhin apatit. Photpho tn ti trong t nhin dng no ? Gio vin cung cp thm mt s thng tin v photpho c lin quan n t duy Hot ng 8 Sn xut Photpho c sn xut bng Photpho c sn xut nh cch nung qung photpho th no ? vi ct v than cc trong l Gio vin b sung thm mt in. s thng tin v quy trnh sn Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C xut photpho v lch s tm 3CaSiO3 + 5CO + 2P ra photpho. 4. Cng c - So snh tnh cht ho hc ca nit vi photpho ? Ti sao photpho v nit thuc cng mt nhm chnh, m in ca photpho nh hn nit nhng photpho hot ng ha hc mnh hn nit ? 5. Dn d - Lm bi tp SGK, SBT. Chun b ni dung bi axit photphoric. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

51

Tit: 17

11: AXIT PHOTPHORIC, MUI PHOTPHAT VA PHN BN HO HC

I.Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c: - Cu to phn t, tnh cht vt l (trng thi, mu, tnh tan), ng dng, cch iu ch H3PO4 trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip. - Tnh cht ca mui photphat (tnh tan, tc dng vi axit, phn ng vi dung dch mui khc), ng dng. Hiu c H3PO4 l axit trung bnh, axit ba nc. K nng: - Vit cc PTHH dng phn t hoc ion rt gn minh ho tnh cht ca axit H3PO4 v mui photphat.
- Nhn bit c axit H3PO4 v mui photphat bng phng php ho hc.

- Tnh khi lng H3PO4 sn xut c, % mui photphat trong hn hp. II. Trng tm: - Vit c phng trnh phn li theo tng nc ca axit H3PO4 l axit ba nc. - Vit c cc PTHH minh ha tnh cht ha hc ca axit H3PO4 : tnh axit, tc dng vi dd kim to ra 3 loi mui ty theo lng cht tc dng. - Tnh cht ca mui photphat. Nhn bit ion photphat.
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi c - Lm bi tp 2 SGK 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 A. AXITPHOTPHORIC Cu to phn t H3PO4 Da vo quy tc bt t hy I. Cu to phn t vit cng thc cu to ca phn t axit photphoric ? Photpho c s oxi ho +5 Xc nh s oxi ho ca photpho trong phn t axit II. Tnh cht vt l photphoric ? Hc sinh quan st mu axit Axit phot phoric l cht rn

52

Hot ng 2 Tnh cht vt l Gio vin cho hc sinh quan st mt mu axit photphoric. Yu cu b sung thm mt s thng tin. Hot ng 3 Tnh cht ho hc. T cu to hy d on tnh cht ho hc c th c ? Vit phng trnh in li ca axit photphoric chng minh n l mt axit. Cho bit trong dung dch H3PO4 c nhng loi ion no. Vit phng trnh phn ng vi kim loi, vi oxit baz, baz, mui. Trong dung dch axit c bao nhiu loi anion gc axit ? Vy n c th to ra bao nhiu loi mui ? GV hng dn hc sinh xc nh t l tham gia ca cc cht phn ng xc nh loi mui sinh ra.

So snh tnh oxi ho ca HNO3 vi H3PO4 ? Gii thch ?

v tr li trng thi mu sc dng tinh th khng mu. ca axit. N tan v hn trong nc. N l cht rn dng tinh th khng mu. N tan v hn trong nc. III. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Tnh axit Phn t H3PO4 c nhm OH H3PO4 D H+ + H2PO4lin kt vi phi kim nn n H2PO4- D H+ + HPO42c tnh axit. HPO4- D H+ + PO43+ H3PO4 D H + H2PO4 - Dung dch H3PO4 c y + 2H2PO4 D H + HPO4 tnh cht ca mt axit, + 3HPO4 D H + PO4 Phn n l mt axit c mnh m cung cp nit ho hp trung bnh v l mt cht cho cy di dng ion nitrat in li yu. v ion amoni. Phn m lm - Tc dng vi ch th, baz, tng t l ca protein thc oxit baz, mui, kim loi vt, c tc dng lm cho cy trc H. trng pht trin nhanh, mnh 2. Tc dng vi dung dch cho nhiu ht c qu. kim Phn m c nh gi da vo t l % v khi lng ca H3PO4 + NaOH nguyn t nit trong phn. NaH2PO4 + H2O (1) H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + H2O (2) H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O (3) m amoni l cc loi mui t k = amoni nh NH4Cl. Nu k 1 th xy ra (1) (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3... Nu 1< k < 2 th xy ra (1) Phng php iu ch v (2) Cho amoniac tc dng vi Nu k= 2 th xy ra (2) dung dch axit. Nu 2< k < 3 th xy ra (2) v (3) Nu k 3 th xy ra (3) 3. Axit photphoric khng th hin tnh oxi ho mnh nh axit nitric m nitrat l cc mui nitrat nh NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2.... Phng php iu ch mui cacbonat + axit nitric. IV. iu ch 1. Phng th nghim

53

Hot ng 4 iu ch Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit axit photphoric c th c iu ch bng nhng cch no ? So snh tinh khit ca mi phng php.

P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O 2. Trong cng nghip Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 (c) 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 Hoc PP2O5 H3PO4 V. ng dng Lm phn ln v thuc tr su.

Hot ng 5 ng dng Hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa. Gio vin b sung thm mt s thng tin Hot ng 6 mui photphat mui photphat gm nhng loi no ? Tnh tan ca chng ?

Lm cch no nhn bit mui phophat ? Gio vin lm th nghim biu din dung dch AgNO3 tc dng vi dung dch Na3PO4. Cng c - Hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau :

B. MUI PHOTPHAT - Mui photphat PO43- Mui hirophophat HPO42- Mui ihirophotphat H2PO4I. Tnh tan - Tt c cc mui photphat, hirophophat u khng tan tr photphat kim loi kim v amoni. Vi cc kim loi khc ch c mui ihrophophat l tan. II. Nhn bit AgNO3 + Na3PO4 Ag3PO4 + 3NaNO3 Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 mu vng

Ca3(PO4)2 P P2O5 H3PO4

54

1. Dn d - Lm bi tp v nh. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

55

Tit: 19

12 PHN BN HO HC
I.Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c: - Khi nim phn bn ha hc v phn loi - Tnh cht, ng dng, iu ch phn m, ln, kali, NPK v vi lng. K nng - Quan st mu vt, lm th nghim nhn bit mt s phn bn ha hc. - S dng an ton, hiu qu mt s phn bn ho hc. - Tnh khi lng phn bn cn thit cung cp mt lng nguyn t dinh dng
II.Trng tm

- Bit thnh phn ha hc ca cc loi phn m, phn ln, phn kali, phn phc hp, tc dng vi cy trng v cch iu ch cc loi phn ny.
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 3. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 4. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 4. n nh lp 5. Bi c 6. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 Phn m cung cp nit ho I. Phn m Phn m hp cho cy di dng ion - Phn m cung cp nit Vai tr ca phn m ? nitrat v ion amoni. Phn ho hp cho cy di dng Cch nh gi cht lng m lm tng t l ca ion nitrat v ion amoni. m da vo u ? protein thc vt, c tc dng Phn m lm tng t l ca lm cho cy trng pht trin protein thc vt, c tc nhanh, mnh cho nhiu ht dng lm cho cy trng c qu. pht trin nhanh, mnh cho Phn m c nh gi da nhiu ht c qu. vo t l % v khi lng ca - Phn m c nh gi nguyn t nit trong phn. da vo t l % v khi lng ca nguyn t nit trong phn. 1. Phn m amoni m amoni l cc loi mui m amoni l cc loi mui amoni nh NH4Cl. Hot ng 2 amoni nh NH4Cl. (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3...

56

Gio vin cho hc sinh quan st l ng phn m amoni yu cu hc sinh cho bit trng thi mu sc ca phn amoni. Phng php iu ch m amoni. GV cung cp thm mt s thng tin Hot ng 3 m nitrat Gio vin cho hc sinh quan st l ng phn m nitrat. Yu cu hc sinh cho bit trng thi mu sc ca phn nitrat. Phng php iu ch m nitrat. GV cung cp thm mt s thng tin. Hot ng 4 m ure Gio vin cho hc sinh quan st l ng phn m ure. Yu cu hc sinh cho bit trng thi mu sc ca phn ure. Phng php iu ch m ure. GV cung cp thm mt s thng tin. Hot ng 5 Phn ln Trong t nhin photpho tn ti nhng dng no ? Vai tr ca photpho i vi cy trng ? Cht lng phn ln c nh gi nh th no ?

(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3... Phng php iu ch Cho amoniac tc dng vi dung dch axit.

Phng php iu ch Cho amoniac tc dng vi dung dch axit. 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 2. Phn m nitrat - m nitrat l cc mui nitrat nh NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2.... - Phng php iu ch mui cacbonat + axit nitric. CaCO3 + HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

m nitrat l cc mui nitrat nh NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2.... Phng php iu ch mui cacbonat + axit nitric.

Phn ure l loi phn m tt nht hin nay, c t l %N l 46% iu ch CO + 2NH3 (NH2)2CO + H2O

3. Phn m ure l loi phn m tt nht hin nay, c t l %N l 46% - iu ch CO + 2NH3 (NH2)2CO + H2O

dng hp cht. Phn ln cung cp photpho cho cy di dng ion photphat PO43-. Phn ln thc y qu trnh sinh trng. Phn ln c nh gi theo t l khi lng P2O5 tng ng vi lng photpho c trong thnh phn ca n.

II. Phn ln Phn ln cung cp photpho cho cy di dng ion photphat PO43-. Phn ln c nh gi theo t l khi lng P2O5 tng ng vi lng photpho c trong thnh phn ca n.

1. Supephotphat n C hai loi l supe ln n C hai loi l supe ln n v v supe ln kp.

57

C bao nhiu loi phn ln ? Cch iu ch ?

supe ln kp. Supephotphat n Cch iu ch Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 Supephotphat kp Cch iu ch Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(HPO4)2

Phn ln nung chy Cch iu ch ? c im ? u, nhc im ?

Hot ng 6 Phn kali Vai tr ca kali vi cy trng ? Cch nh gi phn kali nh th no ?

Hot ng 7 Phn hn hp, phn phc hp Khi nim phn hn hp v phn phc hp ? Cch iu ch ?

a. Supephotphat n Cch iu ch Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 b. Supephotphat kp Cch iu ch Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(HPO4)2 2. Phn ln nung chy - Cch iu ch : trn bt qung phophat vi x Phn ln nung chy vn. Cch iu ch : trn bt - Phn ln nung chy ch qung phophat vi x vn. thch hp vi t chua. Phn ln nung chy ch thch III. Phn kali hp vi t chua. - Phn kali cung cp cho cy trng nguyn t di dng ion K+. Phn kali cung cp cho cy - Phn kali gip cho cy hp trng nguyn t di dng th m nhiu hn, cn cho + ion K . vic to ra cht ng bt, Phn kali gip cho cy hp cht x, tng sc khng th m nhiu hn, cn cho ca cy. vic to ra cht ng bt, - Phn kali c nh gi cht x, tng sc khng theo t l % v khi lng ca cy. kali oxit tng ng vi Phn kali c nh gi theo lng kali c trong thnh t l % v khi lng kali phn ca phn. oxit tng ng vi lng kali IV. Phn hn hp v phn c trong thnh phn ca phc hp phn. * Phn hn hp l phn cha nit, photpho, kali gi Phn hn hp l phn cha chung l phn N, P, K. nit, photpho, kali gi chung - Cch iu ch l trn cc l phn N, P, K. loi phn N, P, K theo t l - Cch iu ch l trn cc nh trc. loi phn N, P, K theo t l * Phn phc hp l hn hp nh trc. cc cht c to ra ng Phn phc hp l hn hp thi bng tng tc ho hc cc cht c to ra ng ca cc cht. thi bng tng tc ho hc V. Phn vi lng ca cc cht. Phn vi lng cung cp cho cy trng mt lng rt nh

58

Hot ng 8 Phn vi lng Khi nim ? vai tr ca phn vi lng vi cy trng

Phn vi lng cung cp cho cy trng mt lng rt nh cc nguyn t nh Cu, Mo, B, Mn... Phn vi lng cy trng cn rt t nhng thiu n th qu trnh sinh trng ca cy s b ri lon.

cc nguyn t nh Cu, Mo, B, Mn...

- Cng c Dn d - Lm bi tp v nh. - Lm bi tp v nh trong SGK v SBT. - Chun b ni dung kin thc luyn tp chng. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

59

Tit: 19

13 LUYN TP TNH CHT CA NIT - PHOTPHO V CC HP CHT CA CHNG

I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc - Cng c, n tp cc tnh cht ca nit, phopho v cc hp cht ca chng. 2. K nng - Vn dng kin thc lm mt s dng bi tp c bn. II. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi. III. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Ni dung bi luyn tp. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung luyn tp nh. IV. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung luyn tp Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. Kin thc cn nm vng So snh tnh cht ca nit, Hc sinh in y cc 1. Tnh cht ca n cht photpho thng tin trong bng. nit, photpho Nit Photpho Nit Photpho 2 2 cu hnh 1s cu hnh 1s 2 3 2 2 3 2 2s p 1s 2s p 1s 2 6 Gio vin yu cu hc sinh 2s 2p 2s22p6 vit cu hnh, m in, 3s23p3 3s23p3 cu to phn t. m in 3,04 m in 3,04 2,19 2,19 cu to phn t NN cu to phn t NN P trng v P P trng v P Cc mc oxi ho -3, 0, +1, Cc mc oxi ho -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5. -3, 0, +3, +2, +3, +4, +5. -3, 0, +3, +5 +5 Tnh cht hohc Nit v Tnh cht hohc Nit v photpho u c tnh oxi photpho u c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh ho v tnh kh Nit km hot ng hn Da vo cu to gii thch photpho l do trong phn t ti sao nit c m in nit c lin kt ba bn hn ln hn photpho nhng hot lin kt n trong photpho. ng ho hc km hn

60

photpho ? iu ny nh hng nh th no n s tn ti ca chng trong t nhin ? V sao photpho trng c hn photpho ? Nit v photpho th hin tnh kh, tnh oxi ho khi no ? iu ch nit, photpho ?

Photpho trng c l do lin kt trong phn t photpho trng khng bn v cu trc ca n l tinh th phn t nn n hot ng mnh hn photpho nn c tnh ca n cao hn. Nit v phot pho th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho nh oxi,... 2. Amoniac v mui amoni Amoniac tan rt nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch c tnh baz yu ngoi ra amoniac cn c tnh kh.

Amoniac tan rt nhiu trong nc do n l phn t phn Hot ng 2 cc mnh. Tnh cht ca amoniac v To thnh dung dch c tnh mui amoni baz yu ngoi ra amoniac Tnh tan ca amoniac trong cn c tnh kh. nc ? Gii thch ? Mui amoni u d tan v l Amoniac c nhng tnh cht nhng cht in li mnh. ho hc no ? Gii thch v Mui amoni tc dng vi sao amoniac c tnh kh ? dung dch kim v km bn iu ch ? nhit. -Tnh cht ca mui Mui amoni cha gc axit amoni ? S nhit phn mui c tnh oxi ho s xy ra amoni c c im g ? phn ng oxi ho kh to thnh N2O hoc N2.

Hot ng 4 Axit nitric v axit photphoric So snh tnh cht ho hc ca axit nitric v axit photphoric ?

3. Axit nitric v axit Hc sinh hon thnh bng photphoric. HNO3 H3PO4 HNO3 H3PO4 Tnh axit Axit mnh Tnh axit Axit mnh Axit trung bnh, Axit trung bnh, in li 3 nc. in li 3 nc. Tnh oxi ho Oxi ho Tnh oxi ho Oxi ho mnh Khng th hin mnh Khng th hin tnh oxi ho mnh. tnh oxi ho mnh. Axit nitric oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi, tc dng vi mt s phi kim v cc hp cht c tnh kh. Axit nitric c ngui th ng vi nhm, st, crm. Axit photphoric c th c sn xut t photpho hoc

Tnh oxi ho mnh ca

61

HNO3 th hin nh th no ?

Phng php iu ch ?

qung cha canxi photphat, trong phng th nghim iu ch t P + HNO3 c. Axit nitric c sn xut t NH3 bng phng php tng hp.

Hot ng 4 Lm bi tp 5 trang 62 SGK. 3. Dn d - Chun b cc ni dung cn li tit sau luyn tp. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

62

Tit: 20

13 LUYN TP TNH CHT CA NIT - PHOTPHO V CC HP CHT CA CHNG

(Tip theo) I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc - Cng c tnh cht ca nit, photpho v cc hp cht ca chng. 2. K nng - Vn dng kin thc lm mt s dng bi tp c bn - Nhn bit cc mui nitrat, amoni, photphat. II. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi h thng bi tp. III. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Ni dung kin thc luyn tp cho hc sinh. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung luyn tp nh. IV. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung luyn tp

63

Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 S nhit phm mui 3. nitrat. Dn d Yu cu hc sinh nhc li s nhit phn ca mui nitrat ?

Hot ng ca hc sinh K Ca Na To mui loi nitrat

Ni dung ghi bng

Mg Al Zn Fe 4. S nhit phn ca mui nitrat Oxit kim Mui nitrat km bn nhit K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe + NO2 + O2 To mui Oxit kim loi nitrat + NO2 + O2 Ni Sn Pb Hg Cu Hg Ag Pt Au Ni Sn Pb Hg Cu Hg Ag Pt Oxit kim loi Kim loi Au Hot ng 2 + NO2 + O2 + NO2 + O2 Oxit kim loi Kim loi bi tp p dng + NO2 + O2 + NO2 + O2 Hon thnh cc phn Bi tp p dng ng sau : 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 KNO3 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 + O2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 + O2 4Fe(NO3)3 2Fe2O3 +12NO2 + Fe(NO3)3 Cu(NO3)2 4Fe(NO3)3 2Fe2O3 + 12NO2 3O2 +3O2 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO +4NO2 AgNO3 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + + O2 O2 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 Hot ng 3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 2AgNO3 Mui nitrat, mui Hc sinh hon thnh bng 1. Mui nitrat, mui photphat 3photphat NO3 PO4 NO3PO43Tnh tan ca mui Tnh tan tt c u tan Ch Tnh tan tt c u tan Ch nitrat, photphat ? c mui ca kim loai kim, c mui ca kim loai kim, bn nhit ? Tnh amoni tan. amoni tan. cht ho hc c bn Nhit phn Km bn Nhit phn Km bn ca 2 loi mui ? nhit. Khng xt. nhit. Khng xt. Nhn bit bng cch Tnh oxi ho C tnh Tnh oxi ho C tnh no ? Hin tng xy oxi ho mnh trong mi trng oxi ho mnh trong mi trng ra nh th no ? axit. Khng c tnh oxi axit. Khng c tnh oxi ho ho trong cc mi trng. trong cc mi trng. Nhn bit ct Cu v Nhn bit ct Cu v H2SO4 long Dung dch H2SO4 long Dung dch AgNO3 AgNO3 Hin tng C kh Hin tng C kh NO khng mu chuyn thnh NO khng mu chuyn thnh NO2 nu . C kt ta NO2 nu . C kt ta mu vng mu vng
to
t
o

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

II. Bi tp

Hot ng 6 Lm bi tp p dng Bi tp 3. Hot ng 7 bi tp 4

64

- Chun b tng trnh ni dung bi thc hnh : Phn ng trao i i on

trong dung dch cht in li. Tnh cht cc hp cht Ni t - Pht pho ( Th nghim 2 bi 6, th nghim 1, 3 bi 14 SGK) V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . . -

65

Tit 21: 14 BI THC HNH: PHN NG TRAO

I TRONG DUNG DCH CC CHT IN LI, TNH CHT CC HP CHT NI T, PHT PHO.
I. Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c : Mc ch, cch tin hnh v k thut thc hin cc th nghim : Phn ng ca dung dch HNO3 c, nng v HNO3 long vi kim loi ng sau hiro. Phn ng KNO3 oxi ho C nhit cao. Phn bit c mt s phn bn ho hc c th (c phn bn l hp cht ca photpho). K nng Quan st hin tng th nghim v vit cc phng trnh ho hc. Loi b c mt s cht thi sau th nghim bo v mi trng. Vit tng trnh th nghim. II. Trng tm Tnh cht mt s hp cht ca nit ; Tnh cht mt s hp cht ca photpho .
S dng dng c, ho cht tin hnh c an ton, thnh cng cc th nghim trn.

III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Dng c: a thu tinh. - n cn. - Bng gn. ng ht. - Cc thu tinh 250ml - Kp ho cht. B gi th nghim. - Nt cao su. - Chu ct. - Ho cht: Dung dch HCl 0,1M. - Giy o pH.-Dung dch Na2CO3 Dung dch CaCl2. - Dung dch NH3. - Dung dch phenolphtalein. Than. - ng l. - (NH4)2SO4. Dung dch NaOH. - KCl. - KNO3 tinh th. Ca(HPO4)2. - Qu tm. - Dung dch AgNO3 Dung dch CH3COOH. Dung dch HNO3 68% v 15%. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung tng trnh hc nh. IV. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung thc hnh Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng

66

vin Hot ng 1 Gio vin gii thiu ni dung yu cu ca bui thc hnh - Kim tra chun b ca hc sinh. GV hng dn hc sinh lp rp dng c, cch un trnh v ng nghim. Ch cc ho cht c hi. Hot ng 2 Th nghim 2( 6) Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li.

Hc sinh theo di s hng dn ca gio vin.

Hc sinh lm th nghim theo s hng dn v gii thch.

Hot ng 3 Th nghim 1( 14) tnh oxi ho ca axit nitric. Yu cu hc sinh tin hnh th nghim nh hng dn. Sau khi tin hnh xong th nghim th ngm ng nghim

Hc sinh lm th nghim theo s hng dn v gii thch.

I. Ni dung th nghim v cch tin hnh Th nghim 2 ( 6) Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li. a. Cho khong 2ml dung dch Na2CO3 c vo ng nghim ng khong 2ml dung dch CaCl2 c. Nhn xt hin tng xy ra. b. Ho tan kt ta thu c th nghim 2a bng dung dch HCl long. Nhn xt cc hin tng xy ra. c. Mt ng nghim ng khong 2ml dung dch NaOH long. Nh vo vi git dung dch phenolphtalein. Nhn xt mu ca dung dch. Nh t t dung dch HCl long vo ng nghim trn, va nh va lc cho n khi mt mu. Gii thch hin tng xy ra. Th nghim 1( 14) Tnh oxi ho ca axit nitric c v long Cho 1ml dung dch HNO3 68% vo ng nghim 1. Cho 1ml dung dch HNO3 15% vo ng nghim 2. Cho l ng vo 2 ng nghim v y bng bng tm xt. un nh ng nghim th 2. Quan st v gii thch hin tng.

67

ngay vo cc xt c hp th ht NO2. Hot ng 4 Th nghim 3 ( 14) Phn bit mt s loi phn bn ho hc. Phn m amoni. Hc sinh lm th nghim theo s hng dn v gii thch.

Phn kali clorua v supe photphat kp.

Th nghim 3 ( 14) Ho tan cc mu phn bn trong cc ng nghim cha 4-5ml nc. a. Phn m amoni sunfat Ly 1ml dung dch ca mi loi phn bn cho vo ng nghim ring. Cho vo mi ng 0,5ml dung dch NaOH v un nng nh mi ng. ng nghim no c kh thot ra lm xanh qu tm m l amoni sunfat. Quan st v gii thch. b. Phn kali clorua v phn supephotphat kp Ly 1ml dung dch pha ch ca kali clorua vo mt ng nghim v ca supephotphat vo ng nghim khc. Nh vi git dung dch AgNO3 vo tng ng. Phn bit hai loi phn bn trn bng cch quan st hin tng mi ng. Gii thch.

3 Dn d - Xem li cc ni dung kin thc v bi tp chng II lm bi kim tra mt tit s 2. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

68

Tit : 20

KIM TRA MT TIT BI KIM TRA S 2

im

Nhn xt ca gio vin

I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc - Cng c kin thc v nit, photpho v cc hp cht ca ca n. 2. K nng - Rn luyn k nng lm cc dng bi tp trc nghim. II. Phng php ging dy - S dng h thng cu hi trc nghim nh gi hc sinh. III. Chun b 1. Gio vin - kim tra. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun n li cc kin thc hc. IV. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung kim tra Trc nghim : T Lun : 12 cu * 0.5 = 6 im 2 cu * 2 = 4 im

H v tn:.......... Lp :.

M : 001
A. phn trc nghim (khoanh trn vo p n

ng). 1. Mui amoni l cht in li thuc loi no? A. mnh B. yu C. trung bnh D. khng phi cht in li 2. Nhit phn AgNO3 thu c cht no? A. Ag2O, NO2 B. Ag2O, NO2 , O2 C. Ag2O , O2 D. Ag, NO2 , O2 3. Khi t kh amoniac trong kh clo, khi trng bay ra l: A. HCl B. Cl2 C. NH4Cl D. N2 4. Th tch NH3 cn iu ch 6300kg HNO3 nguyn cht l A. 2240m3 B. 2240 lit C. 1120 dm3 D. 4448 lit 5. Cho 1 t vn ng kim loi vo dd HNO3 long,d, hin tng no xy ra ng? A. dd c mu , c kh nu bay ra B. dd c mu xanh, c kh khng mu bay ra C. dd khng mu, c kh H2 bay ra D. Cu khng y H ra khi dd axit, khng c hin tng no 6. C phn ng: H2SO4 + P H3PO4 + SO2 + H2O. H s ca P l : A. 4 B. 2 C. 5 D. 3 7. Cp cht no sau y c th tn ti trong cng 1 dung dch? A. Bari hyroxit v axit photphoric B. ng (II) nitrat v amoniac C. Axit nitric v ng sunfat D. Amoniac v bc nitrat 8. Cp ho cht no c th c dng iu ch axit photphoric trong cng nghip:

69

A. H2SO4 long, Ca3(PO4)3 B. H2SO4 c, (NH4)3PO4 C. H2SO4 c, Ca3(PO4)2 D. H2SO4 long, P2O5 9. Khi c tia la in cc dng c in trong nh hoc khi c sm chp trong kh quyn, cht kh no c sinh ra? A. CO B. NO C. NO2 D. NH3 10. Chn cu sai: A. Cu hnh e N: 1s2 2s2 2p3, nit thuc nguyn t p B. Nguyn t nit c 2 lp e v lp ngoi cng c 3e C. 3e phn lp p ca nguyn t nit c th to 3 lin kt cng ho tr vi cc nguyn t khc D. Nit c tnh phi kim mnh hn photpho 11. Phn ln c nh gi bng hm lng % ca cht no? A. Ca3(PO4)2 B. H3PO4 C. P D. P2O5 12. Phn kali c nh gi bng hm lng % cht no? A. KCl B. KCl so vi tp cht C. K2O D. K B. phn t lun. Cu 1: Ho tan hon ton 20,8g hn hp Cu v FeO vo dung dch HNO 3 thy c 8,96l kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh thot ra. Xc nh phn trm v khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u.(cht kh ktc). Cu 2: Ho tan bt Al trong dung dch HNO3 long d, thu c dung dch A v hn hp N2 v NO2. Thm KOH vo dung dch A thy c kh mi khai bay ln. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng biu din cc qu trnh trn.

V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

70

Tit 23
I.Mc tiu:
Kin thc

15 CACBON

Bit c: - V tr ca cacbon trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, cu hnh electron nguyn t , cc dng th hnh ca cacbon, tnh cht vt l (cu trc tinh th, cng, dn in), ng dng - Tnh cht vt l ca CO v CO2. Hiu c: - Cacbon c tnh phi kim yu (oxi ha hiro v kim loi canxi), tnh kh ( kh oxi, oxit kim loi). Trong mt s hp cht, cacbon thng c s oxi ha +2 hoc +4. - CO c tnh kh ( tc dng vi oxit kim loi), CO 2 l mt oxit axit, c tnh oxi ha yu ( tc dng vi Mg, C ).
Bit c: Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc ca mui cacbonat (nhit phn, tc dng vi axit). - Cch nhn bit mui cacbonat bng phng php ho hc. K nng - Vit cc PTHH minh ho tnh cht ho hc ca C, CO, CO2, mui cacbonat.

- Tnh thnh phn % mui cacbonat trong hn hp ; Tnh % khi lng oxit trong hn hp phn ng vi CO; tnh % th tch CO v CO2 trong hn hp kh. II.Trng tm: - Mt s dng th hnh ca cacbon c tnh cht vt l khc nhau do cu trc tinh th v kh nng lin lt khc nhau. - Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cacbon: va c tnh oxi ha (oxi ha hiro v kim loi ) va c tnh kh ( kh oxi, hp cht c tnh oxi ha) - CO c tnh kh ( tc dng vi oxit kim loi), CO2 l mt oxit axit, c tnh oxi ha yu ( tc dng vi Mg, C ). - Mui cacbonat c tnh cht nhit phn, tc dng vi axit. Cch nhn bit mui cacbonat.
I. III. Phng php ging dy IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Tranh nh: Than ch (rut bt ch), kim cng, mt n phng c Cacbon v nh hnh ( than g, than hoa) - Dng c :Gi st, ng nghim, b ng dn kh, l thy tinh c nt (thu sn kh n cn, cc thy tinh, ng hnh tr, nt c vut. - Ha cht : Mc xanh, bt g than, bng thm nc.

O2 ),

71

Nc, bnh thu sn kh O2 ( 4 bnh ) CuO, Ca(OH)2 2. Hc sinh - Chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp: 1. n nh 2. Bi mi - M bi: Nguyn t C, n c nhng tnh cht v ng dng nh th no ? Tit hc hm nay chng ta s tm hiu v nguyn t cacbon. Hot ng ca gio Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng vin Hot ng 1 I. V tr v cu hnh electron 2 2 2 V tr v cu hnh nguyn t 12C 1s 2s 2p electron nguyn t C thuc chu k 2 nhm IVA, s 12 12C 1s22s22p2 cacbon. bng h thng tun hon. C thuc chu k 2 nhm IVA, s 12 Gio vin yu cu Cacbon c th to ra 4 lin kt nn bng h thng tun hon. hc sinh vit cu n c th c s oxi ho +4 hoc -4, hnh electron ngoi ra n c th c s oxi ho +2. nguyn t C v suy Hc sinh quan st tranh nh v nhn ra v tr ca C trong xt l cc dng th hnh ca bng tun hon. cacbon T cu to hy d on tnh cht ho hc ca cacbon. Hot ng 2 II. Tnh cht vt l Tnh cht vt l ca Cc dng th hnh ca mt nguyn cacbon. t ha hc l nhng n cht khc Cu trc Tnh cht Gio vin cho hc nhau do nguyn t to nn nhng Kim cng T din u. Khng sinh quan st mt s c cu to khc nhau nn c tnh mu, khng dn nhit, in. hnh nh v cc cht khc nhau. Rt cng dng th hnh ca Kim cng, than ch, fuleren. Than ch Cu trc lp. Cc lp cacbon. Ngoi ra cn c cacbon v nh lin kt yu vi nhau.Xm en c Dngth hnh l g ? hnh. nh kim. Dn in kh tt. Cc lp Cacbon c nhng c im ca cacbon v nh hnh d bong ra. dng th hnh no ? l c din tch b mt ln. C kh Fuleren Gm cc phn t C60, c im cu to ? nng hp ph tt. C70 c dng ng hoc cu. Tnh cht vt l ? HS pht biu thng tin v nu tnh Ngoi ra cn c cht vt l ca cc dng th hnh ca III. Tnh cht ho hc dng no khc ? cacbon da vo thc - Cc mc oxi ho ca cacbon -4 0 +2 +4 Tnh oxi Tnh kh ho + cht kh + cht oxi ho

72

Hot ng 3 Tnh cht ho hc T m in v cc mc oxi ho hy d on tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cacbon. Tnh cht no ng vai tr ch o ? Nguyn nhn ? Tnh oxi ho, tnh kh th hin khi no ? Hot ng 4 Tnh kh Tnh kh th hin khi no ? Gio vin lm th nghim biu din cacbon tc dng vi oxi. Hc sinh vit phng trnh phn ng v xc inh vai tr ca cc cht trong phn ng. Nu thiu oxi th xy ra qu trnh no ? Lin h vi thc t khi un bp ci ? Gio vin lm th nghim biu din C+ HNO3 c. Hc sinh quan st v lm cc yu cu nh trn. Hot ng 5 Tnh oxi ho Tnh oxi ha th hin khi no ? Cch gi tn mt s hp cht cacbua. GV cung cp thm mt s thng tin ngoi ra cacbon c th kh mt s oxit

Cacbon c mc oxi ho trung gian nn n c th va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh. Tnh kh l tnh cht ch yu, do nguyn t phi kim m in trung bnh nn kh nng ht cp e chung v pha n yu hn cc nguyn t phi kim mnh. Tnh kh th hin khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho. Hc sinh quan st th nghim biu din v vit phng trnh phn ng.
C + O2
t0

1. Tnh kh a. Tc dng vi oxi

C + O2
t0

CO2

+4

Nu thiu oxi
CO2 + C
t0

CO

+2

b. Tc dng vi cht oxi ho

C +4HNO3 c
+5

t0

+4

CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

+4

CO2

+4

Phn ng c rH <0 Dng lm nhin liu

CO2 + C
t0

CO

+2

Cho than vo kh mi kh ca cm hoc lc nc.

C +4HNO3 c
+5

t0

+4

CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

+4

2. Tnh oxi ho a. Tc dng vi hiro

C + 2H2
4Al + 3C
0 0 0 t0, xt +4

CH4

b. Tc dng vi kim loi

t0

Al4C3 nhm cacbua

-4

Cacbon th hin tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi cht kh. Tc dng vi hiro
C + 2H2
0 0 0 t0, xt +4

CH4

Tc dng vi kim loi

Al4C3 4Al + 3C nhm cacbua
t0 -4

IV. ng dng Kim cng c dng lm trang sc, khoan. Than cc dng luyn kim. Than mui lm cht n, sn xut mc in. Than g lm cht t, thuc pho...

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kim loi trung bnh, yu. Hot ng 6 ng dng T thc t hiu bit yu cu hc sinh cho bit cc ng dng ca cacbon ? Cc ng dng da trn nhng tnh cht no ?

Hc sinh cho bit cc ng dng ca cacbon. Than ch c dng lm in cc, cht bi trn, rut bt ch. VI. iu ch Kim cng c dng lm trang sc qu him, mi khoan, dao ct knh SGK Than hot tnh c dng lm mt n phng c, lm cht kh mu, kh mi. Than , than g c dng lm nhin liu (cht t) lm cht kh iu ch mt s kim loi.

Hot ng 7 iu ch Cc dng th hnh ca cacbon c iu ch nh th no ? Gio vin b sun thm mt s thng tin. 3. Cng c - Bi tp: Vit phng trnh phn ng ho hc xy ra khi cho cacbon kh ( nhit cao ) vi cc Oxit sau: a. Oxit st t b. Ch (II) oxit c. St (III) oxit d. Magie oxit 4. Dn d - Lm bi tp 1;2;3;4;5 SGK trang 84 Chun b ni dung bi Cc oxit ca cacbon V. Rt kinh nghim . . . .

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 . .

75

Tit 24:

16 HP CHT CA CACBON
I. Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c: - V tr ca cacbon trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, cu hnh electron nguyn t , cc dng th hnh ca cacbon, tnh cht vt l (cu trc tinh th, cng, dn in), ng dng - Tnh cht vt l ca CO v CO2. Hiu c: - Cacbon c tnh phi kim yu (oxi ha hiro v kim loi canxi), tnh kh ( kh oxi, oxit kim loi). Trong mt s hp cht, cacbon thng c s oxi ha +2 hoc +4. - CO c tnh kh ( tc dng vi oxit kim loi), CO 2 l mt oxit axit, c tnh oxi ha yu ( tc dng vi Mg, C ).
Bit c: Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc ca mui cacbonat (nhit phn, tc dng vi axit). - Cch nhn bit mui cacbonat bng phng php ho hc. K nng - Vit cc PTHH minh ho tnh cht ho hc ca C, CO, CO2, mui cacbonat.

- Tnh thnh phn % mui cacbonat trong hn hp ; Tnh % khi lng oxit trong hn hp phn ng vi CO; tnh % th tch CO v CO2 trong hn hp kh. II.Trng tm: - Mt s dng th hnh ca cacbon c tnh cht vt l khc nhau do cu trc tinh th v kh nng lin lt khc nhau. - Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cacbon: va c tnh oxi ha (oxi ha hiro v kim loi ) va c tnh kh ( kh oxi, hp cht c tnh oxi ha) - CO c tnh kh ( tc dng vi oxit kim loi), CO2 l mt oxit axit, c tnh oxi ha yu ( tc dng vi Mg, C ). - Mui cacbonat c tnh cht nhit phn, tc dng vi axit. Cch nhn bit mui cacbonat.
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi c - Trnh by tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cacbon v cho th d minh ha. ng dng ca mt s dng th hnh cacbon.

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3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 Yu cu hc sinh vit cu to ca CO ? So snh CO vi N2 ? Nhn xt tnh cht vt l ca CO ? Hot ng 2 Tnh cht vt l ca CO Gio vin yu cu hc sinh nghin cu v tr li. Ch c tnh ca CO. Gio vin gii thch nguyn nhn c tnh ca CO. Hot ng 3 Tnh cht ho hc ca CO T cu to gio vin yu cu hc sinh d on tnh cht ho hc ca CO. Cho th d minh ho ng dng ca tnh kh lm g ?

Hot ng ca hc sinh Hc sinh vit cu to ca CO v so sanh vi nit.

Ni dung ghi bng A. CACBON MONOXIT CO Cu to phn t

I. Tnh cht vt l Hc sinh tr li tnh cht vt CO l kh khng mu, l ca CO khng mi, khng v. CO l kh khng mu, Kh CO rt c. khng mi, khng v. Kh CO rt c. CO km hot ng nhit thng v c tnh kh. Cacbon monoxit l oxit khng to mui (oxit trung tnh). Tc dng vi oxi. rH < 0 Tc dng vi oxit kim loi II. Tnh cht ho hc CO km hot ng nhit thng v c tnh kh. 1. Cacbon monoxit l oxit khng to mui (oxit trung tnh). 2. Tnh kh Tc dng vi oxi. rH < 0 Tc dng vi oxit kim loi III. iu ch 1. Trong phng th nghim HCOOH CO + H2O 2. Trong cng nghip CO2 + C 2CO B. CACBON IOXIT CO2 Cu to phn t O=C=O I. Tnh cht vt l (SGK)

Hot ng 4 iu ch Gio vin yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit CO c th c sn xut bng nhng cch no ?

Hc sinh tr li phng php iu ch CO Trong phng th nghim HCOOH CO + H2O Trong cng nghip CO2 + C 2CO O=C=O cacbon c mc oxi ha +4.

Hot ng 5 Cu to ca phn t CO2. Gio vin yu cu hc sinh CO2 l kh khng mu, vit cu to CO2 v nhn xt khng mi, nng hn khng phn t CO2. kh. Hot ng 6 Tnh cht vt l

II. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Cacbon ioxit khng duy tr s chy, s sng.

77

Yu cu hc sinh cho bit tnh cht vt l ca CO2. Hot ng 7 Tnh cht ho hc Mc oxi ho +4 ca cacbon kh bn nn n khng c tnh oxi ho mnh. V sao nh vy ? Cacbon ioxit l oxit axit, hy cho th d minh ho. Ch phn ng ca CO2 vi dung dch kim.(tng t SO2)

Do nguyn t cacbon c m in trung bnh nn n khng th hin tnh oxi ho mnh. Cacbon ioxit l oxit axit Tc dng vi nc. CO2(k)+ H2O(l)D H2CO3(dd Tc dng vi kim. CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 (1) CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O (2) Nuk 1th xy ra phn ng(1). Nu 1 < k < 2 th xy ra phn ng (1) v (2). Nu k 2 th xy ra phn ng(2). Tc dng vi oxit baz (kim) Tc dng vi oxit baz (kim) CO2 + CaO CaCO3 Trong phng th nghim Mui cacbonat + axit HCl, H2SO4 CaCO3 + HCl CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O

2. Cacbon ioxit l oxit axit Tc dng vi nc. CO2(k)+ H2O(l)D H2CO3(dd) Tc dng vi kim. CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 (1) CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O (2) Nu k 1 th xy ra phn ng(1). Nu 1 < k < 2 th xy ra phn ng (1) v (2). Nu k 2 th xy ra phn ng(2). Tc dng vi oxit baz (kim) CO2 + CaO CaCO3 III. iu ch 1. Trong phng th nghim Mui cacbonat + axit HCl, H2SO4 CaCO3 + HCl CO2 + CaCl2 + H2O 2. Trong cng nghip Thu hi t kh thi C. AXIT CACBONIC V MUI CACBONAT I. Axit cacbonic Axit cacbonic l axit yu km bn. H2CO3 D H+ + HCO3HCO3- D H+ + CO32-

Hot ng 8 iu ch CO2 Phng php iu ch CO2 trong cng nghip, trong phng th nghim.

Hot ng 9 Axit cacbonic v mui cacbonat Tnh cht vt l ho hc ca axit cacbonic ? N to ra bao nhiu mui ?

Tnh tan ca cc mui cacbonat nh th no ?

Axit cacbonic l axit yu, km bn. Trong nc n phn li 2 nc. H2CO3 D H+ + HCO3HCO3- D H+ + CO32Axit cacbonic to ra 2 mui l mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat.

II. Mui cacbonat 1. Tnh cht a. Tnh tan Tt c cc mui cacbonat u khng tan tr cacbonat kim loi kim v amoni.

78

Tt c cc mui cacbonat u khng tan tr cacbonat kim loi kim v amoni. Mui hirocacbonat d tan hn mui cacbonat. Tnh cht ho hc ca mui cacbonat ? Cho th d ? NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 +H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O bn nhit ca cc mui cacbonat, hirocacbonat nh th no ?

Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim bn nhit. Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi (k) khc v mui hirocacbonat 2NaHCO3(r) Na2CO3(r) + km bn nhit. CO2(k) + H2O(k) MgCO3 (r) MgO(r) + CO2 2. ng dng (SGK)
to to to

Mui hirocacbonat d tan hn mui cacbonat. b. Tc dng vi axit NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O b. Tc dng vi dung dch kim Mui hirocacbonat tc dng vi dung dch kim NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 +H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O d. Phn ng nhit phn Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim bn nhit. Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi khc v mui hirocacbonat km bn nhit. MgCO3 (r) MgO(r)+ CO2

(k)

Hot ng 10 ng dng ca mui cacbonat Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v tr li. Lin h thc t.

2NaHCO3(r) Na2CO3(r) + CO2(k) + H2O(k)

to

Hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v tr li ng dng ca mui cacbonat.

4. Cng c - Hon thnh dy chuyn ha sau C DCO2 DNa2CO3 CaCO3 CO 5. Dn d - Lm bi tp SGK v SBT. Chun b ni dung bi Silic v cc hp cht ca silic

79

V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

80

 17 SILIC V CC HP CHT CA SILIC

I. Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

Bit c: - V tr ca silic trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, cu hnh electron nguyn t. - Tnh cht vt l (dng th hnh, cu trc tinh th, mu sc, cht bn dn), trng thi t nhin , ng dng (trong k thut in), iu ch silic (Mg + SiO2). - Tnh cht ho hc : L phi kim hot ng ho hc yu, nhit cao tc dng vi nhiu cht (oxi, cacbon, dung dch NaOH, magie). - SiO2: Tnh cht vt l (cu trc tinh th, tnh tan), tnh cht ho hc (tc dng vi kim c, nng, vi dung dch HF). - H2SiO 3 : Tnh cht vt l (tnh tan, mu) sc, tnh cht ho hc ( l axit yu, t tan trong nc, tan trong kim nng). - Cng nghip silicat: Thnh phn ho hc, tnh cht, quy trnh sn xut v bin php k thut trong sn xut gm, thu tinh, xi mng. K nng - Vit c cc PTHH th hin tnh cht ca silic v cc hp cht ca n.
- Bo qun, s dng c hp l, an ton, hiu qu vt liu thu tinh, gm, xi mng.

- Tnh % khi lng SiO2 trong hn hp. II. Trng tm. - Silic l phi kim hot ng ha hc yu, nhit cao tc dng vi nhiu cht (oxi, cacbon, dung dch NaOH, magie). - Tnh cht ha hc ca hp cht SiO2 (tc dng vi kim c, nng, vi dung dch HF). hp cht H2SiO 3 (l axit yu, t tan trong nc, tan trong kim nng). - Ngnh cng nghip silicat l ngnh sn xut thy tinh, gm, xi mng.C s ha hc v quy trnh sn xut c bn, ng dng .
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi c - Trnh by tnh cht ho hc c bn ca CO v CO2 phng php iu ch. Cho bit mt s ng dng ca chng. 3. Bi mi

81

Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 Tnh cht vt l Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu v cho bit tnh cht vt l ca Silic. Hot ng 2 tnh cht ho hc Gio vin yu cu hc sinh vit cu hnh, m in ? Cc mc oxi ho ca silic ? T cu to hy d on tnh cht ho hc ca silic So snh cacbon vi silic ? Cho th d ?

Hot ng ca hc sinh C 2 dng th hnh: dng tinh th v dng v nh hnh Nhit si v nng chy cao. Silic c tnh bn dn. Silic c mc oxi ho trung gian nn n va c tnh kh, va c tnh oxi ho.

Ni dung ghi bng A. SILIC I. Tnh cht vt l (SGK)

II. Tnh cht ho hc - Cc mc oxi ho ca silic. -4 0 (+2) +4 Tnh oxi Tnh kh ho Td vi Td vi cht kh cht oxi ho 1. Tnh kh a. Tc dng vi phi kim
Si + 2F2
Si + O2
0

Silic tc dng vi flo nhit thng, vi cc phi kim khc nhit cao. Tc dng vi phi kim
Si + 2F2
Si + O2
0

SiF4 silic tetraflorua

t0

+4

SiF4 silic tetraflorua

t0

+4

SiO2 silic ioxit

+4

SiO2 silic ioxit

+4

b. Tc dng vi hp cht
0

Tc dng vi hp cht
0

Si + 2NaOH + H2O

Si + 2NaOH + H2O

Na2SiO3 + 2H2

+4

Na2SiO3 + 2H2

+4

2. Tnh oxi ho
0

Tc dng vi mt s kim loi nh st, canxi, magie

0

2Mg + Si

2Mg + Si

Hot ng 3 trng thi t nhin, iu ch, ng dng. Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v tr li

Mg2Si magie silixua

t0

-4

Mg2Si magie silixua

t0

-4

III. Trng thi t nhin (SGK) IV. ng dng (SGK) V. iu ch SiO2 + 2Mg
t
o

Hc sinh tr li trng thi t nhin, ng dng ca silic. Silic l thnh phn chnh ca th gii v c. ng dng quan trong l lm cht bn dn. iu ch dng cht kh mnh nh magie SiO2 + 2Mg Si + 2MgO
to

Si + 2MgO

Silic ioxit l cht rn, kh

B. HP CHT CA SILIC I. Silic ioxit 1. Tnh cht vt l v trng

82

Hot ng 4 Silic ioxit Gio vin cho hc sinh quan st mu thch anh. Nhn xt tnh cht vt l Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca silic ioxit ?

nng chy. Trong t nhin tn ti ch yu dng thch anh, ct. Tnh cht ho hc c bn l tnh oxit axit tc dng vi kim c nng hoc vi kim nng chy, mui cacbonat kim loi kim nng chy. Ngoi ra n tc dng vi dung dch HF tnh cht ny dng khc ch trn , knh.

thi t nhin (SGK) 2. Tnh cht ho hc Tnh cht ho hc c bn l tnh oxit axit. SiO2 + NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2 O SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O
to

ng dng phn ng vi dung dch HF ?

II. Axit Silixic

Hot ng 5 Axit silixic v mui silicat Gio vin lm th nghim biu din Sc kh CO2 qua dung dch Na2SiO3. Phn ng ny chng t mnh ca axit silixic nh th no ?

Tnh tan ca mui silicat ? ng dng ca mui siliccat. 4. Cng c - Lm bi tp 3 5. Dn d - Lm bi tp v nh. - Chun b ni dung bi Cng nghip silicat. Su tm mt s tranh nh. V. Rt kinh nghim . . . .

Axit silixic l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc, Hc sinh quan st th nghim d mt nc khi un nng. biu din v vit phng Na2SiO3 + CO2 + H2O trnh phn ng. Na2CO3 + H2SiO3 Axit silixic l cht dng keo, khng tan trong nc, d mt nc khi un nng. Phn ng ny chng t tnh axit ca axit silixic rt yu, III. Mui silicat yu hn axit cacbonic. Ch c mui silicat kim loi kim tan trong nc, cn li khng tan

83

 . .

Tit 26: LUYN TP. TNH CHT CA CACBON, SILIC V CC HP CHT CA CHNG. A. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: H thng ha cc kin thc v : - Ging v khc nhau v cu hnh electron NT, tnh cht c bn ca cacbon v silic. - So snh c v thnh phn, cu to v tnh cht c bn cc hp cht ca cacbon v silic. 2. K nng: T cc so snh, vit c cc phng trnh phn ng minh ha v gii c cc bi tp dng c bn v nng cao. 3. Tnh cm, thi : - Rn luyn thi lm vic khoa hc, nghim tc. - Xy dng tnh tch cc, ch ng, hp tc, c k hoch v to c s cho cc em yu thch mn ha hc. B. Chun b: Giy A0, bt . (Nu dy my th chun b my) C. Phng php: Chng minh v din gii. D. T chc hot ng: HOT NG GV HOT NG HS NI DUNG Phiu hc tp 1: I. Cc kin thc cn nm vng: 2 2 So snh cc tnh cht * ns np . 1. Lp bng so snh v cc tnh cht ca C v Si v: * C : 2,55 ; Si : 1,90. ca C v Si theo phiu hc tp. - Cu hnh electron NT * -4, 0, +2, +4. 2. Lp bng so snh cc cht CO2, - m in * KC, than ch, fuleren v SiO2, v CO2 theo phiu hc tp. - Cc s oxi ha v nh hnh. 3. Lp bng so snh v cc tnh cht - Cc dng th hnh Tinh th v v nh ca H2CO3, H2SiO3 theo phiu hc - Tnh cht ha hc hnh. tp. Phiu hc tp 2: * Tnh oxi ha v kh. 4. So snh tnh cht ca mui So snh CO,CO2,SiO2 : cacbonat v silicat theo phiu hc - S oxi ha ca C, Si * +2, +4, +4. tp. - Trng thi * Kh, kh, rn. - Tnh cht ha hc * CO : OXH v Kh Phiu hc tp 3: CO2, SiO2 : axit v So snh tnh cht ca OXH. H2CO3, H2SiO3 v: - Tnh bn - Tnh axit * Km bn. Phiu hc tp 4: * Axit yu. So snh tnh cht ca mui ccbonat v II. Bi tp luyn tp: 84

silicat v: - Tnh tan trong nc - Tc dng vi axit - Tc dng bi nhit Phiu hc tp 5: a. Cacbon v silic u ging nhau v: A. Tnh kh mnh. B. Tnh oxi ha mnh. C. P/ vi O2 v H2. D. C tnh oxh v kh.

* Mui CO32- ca KL 1. Bi tp 1: Theo phiu hc tp 5. kim, NH4+ v a s mui HCO3- tan. Mui SiO32- a. p n D. ca KL kim tan c. * Tc dng vi axit mnh. * Mt s b nhit phn. b. p n B.

Chn p n v gii b. CO2 v SiO2 u tc thch. dng c vi tt c cc cht trong dy: A. H2O, dd NaOH. B. NaOH, KOH nchy. C. HF, nc vi trong. D.HCl,Ca(OH)2 nchy. Phiu hc tp 6: Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit cc cht rn ring bit: Hc sinh lm v gio vin Na2CO3,NaCl,Na2SiO3. b sung.

2. Bi tp2: Theo phiu hc tp 6: - Ha cc mu th vo nc c cc dd . - Thm dd HCl vo 3 mu th trn ta nhn ra: * Na2CO3 do c kh khng mu bay ra 2H+ + CO32- = CO2 + H2O. * Na2SiO3 do c kt ta trng 2H+ + SiO32- = H2SiO3 * Cht khng c hin tng l NaCl. 3. Bi tp 3: Theo phiu hc tp 7: (1) C + O2 = CO2 . (2) CO2 + Na2O = Na2CO3. Phiu hc tp 7: (3) Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 = 2NaOH + Hon thnh dy : CaC C CO2 Na2CO3 O3. NaOH Na2SiO3 Hc sinh lm v gio vin (4) 2NaOH + SiO2 = Na2SiO3 + H2SiO3. b sung. H2O. (5) Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H 2Si Phiu hc tp 8: O3. Cho 5,94 (g) hh K2CO3 4. Bi tp 4: Theo phiu hc tp 8: v Na2CO3 tc dng ht vi dd H2SO4. Sau p n A. phn ng ta c 7,74 Hc sinh gii v a ra gam hh 2 mui SO42-. p n. Khi lng K2CO3 v 85

Na2CO3 ban u ln lt l ...(g): A. 2,76 v 3,18. B. 3,45 v 2,49. C. 3,20 v 2,74. D. 2,07 v 3,87. Phiu hc tp 9: Cho 6,72 lt CO2 (ktc) vo 100 ml dd NaOH 3M. Sau phn ng ta thu c mui g, khi Hc sinh gii v gio vin lng bao nhiu gam? b sung. E.Cng c v dn d: n li cc bi hc c.

5. Bi tp 5: Theo phiu hc tp 9: nCO2 = 0,3 mol nNaOH = 0,3 mol PTP: CO2 + NaOH = NaHCO3. Thu c mui NaHCO3 vi khi lng l : 25,2 gam.

86

Tit 27

19 LUYN TP TNH CHT CA CACBON, SILIC V HP CHT CA CHNG

I/ Mc tiu bi hc: 1. V kin thc: Cng c kin thc tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc, iu ch v ng dng ca C, Si, CO, CO2, H2CO3, mui cacbonat v hidrocacbonat, axit silixic, mui silicat 2. V k nng: Rn luyn k nng vn dng kin thc gii bi tp. II/ Chun b: GV: Chun b bng tm tt ni dung l thuyt cn thit. HS: n tp l thuyt v lm y bi tp nh. III/ T chc hat ng dy hc: 1. n nh lp. 2. Kim tra s chun b ca hc sinh: kt hp trong gi day. 3. Tin trnh

Bng tng hp kin thc:

Cacbon Silic CO, CO2 SiO2 H2CO3 H2SiO3 Mui cacbonat, silicat

Cng thc T/c vt l T/c ha hc iu ch ng dng Hot ng 1: GV t chc cho hc sinh tho lun khc su kin thc cn nh di y: - Tnh cht vt l, ha hc - iu ch - ng dng Hot ng 2: Hc sinh ca c kin thc bng cch in vo bng trn. Hot ng 3: Bi tp Cho 3 hc sinh ln bng lm bi tp 2, 4 v 6 sch gio khoa. Hng dn bi tp: Bi 2: a. CO chy c l v CO c tnh kh cn CO2 khng chy c trong oxi l v CO2 khng c tnh kh. b. t chy 2 kh: 2H2 + O2 H2O CO + O2 CO2 Mt sn phm khi lm lnh chuyn sang trng thi lng. Mt sn phm lm c nc vi trong

87

Bi 4: Theo u bi: 70/28 : 30/12 = 1/1 Cng thc hp cht to thnh sau phn ng l SiC Ptp: SiO2 + C SiC + 2CO Bi 6: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O CO2 + Mg MgO + C C + O2 CO CO + O2 CO2 IV/Dn d: - V nha hc bi v xem trc bi Bi 20: M u v ho hc hu c V/ Rt kinh nghim: V. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

Tit 28
I.Mc tiu bi hc
Kin thc

20 M U V HO HC HU C

c.

Bit c : Khi nim ho hc hu c v hp cht hu c, c im chung ca cc hp cht hu

Phn loi hp cht hu c theo thnh phn nguyn t (hirocacbon v dn xut). Cc loi cng thc ca hp cht hu c : Cng thc chung, cng thc n gin nht, cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to. S lc v phn tch nguyn t : Phn tch nh tnh, phn tch nh lng.
K nng

Tnh c phn t khi ca cht hu c da vo t khi hi. Xc nh c cng thc phn t khi bit cc s liu thc nghim. 88

 Phn bit c hirocacbon v dn xut ca hirocacbon theo thnh phn phn t. II. Trng tm: c im chung ca cc hp cht hu c. Phn tch nguyn t: phn tch nh tnh v phn tch nh lng Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht v cng thc phn t.
III. Phng php ging dy IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 Khi nim v hp cht hu c v ho hc hu c Hp cht hu c l nhng hp cht nh th no? Ho hc hu c l g ? Ni dung ghi bng I. Khi nim v hp cht Hp cht hu c l hp cht hu c v ho hc hu c ca cacbon (tr CO, CO2, Hp cht hu c l hp cht mui cacbonat, xianua, ca cacbon (tr CO, CO2, cacbua...). mui cacbonat, xianua, Ho hc hu c l ngnh Ho cacbua...). hc chuyn nghin cu cc Ho hc hu c l ngnh Ho hp cht hu c. hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht hu c. Hot ng 2 II. PHN LOI HP Phn loi hp cht hu c CHT HU C. C s phn loi hp cht Phn loi da vo thnh phn Phn loi da vo thnh phn hu c. nguyn t. nguyn t. Hirocacbon Hirocacbon C nhng loi hp cht Hirocacbon no. Hirocacbon no. hu c no da trn c s Hirocacbon Hirocacbon khng phn loi ? khng no. no. Hirocacbon l g ? Hirocacbon thm. Hirocacbon thm. Dn xut hirocacbon l Dn xut ca Dn xut ca g ? hirocacbon. hirocacbon. Dn xut halogen. Dn xut halogen. Ancol, phenol, ete. Ancol, phenol, ete. Anehyt, xeton. Anehyt, xeton. Amin, nitro. Amin, nitro. Axit, este. Axit, este. Hot ng ca hc sinh

89

 Hp cht tp chc polyme. Phn loi da theo mch cacbon Hp cht hu c mch vng. Hp cht hu c mch h. Hot ng 3 c im chung ca hp cht hu c c im cu to ca hp cht hu c ? Tnh cht vt l nh th no ?

Tnh cht ho hc c c im g ?

Hot ng 4 Phn tch nh tnh Mc ch ca phn tch nh tnh ? Nguyn tc ? Phng php tin hnh ?

Hp cht tp chc polyme. Phn loi da theo mch cacbon Hp cht hu c mch vng. Hp cht hu c mch h. III. c im chung ca hp cht hu c c im cu to 1. c im cu to Lin kt ho hc cc hp - Lin kt ho hc cc hp cht hu c thng l lin kt cht hu c thng l lin kt cng ho tr. cng ho tr. 2. V tnh cht vt l -Thng c nhit nng - Thng c nhit nng chy, nhit si thp (d chy, nhit si thp (d bay hi). bay hi). -Thng khng tan hoc t tan - Thng khng tan hoc t trong nc, nhng tan trong tan trong nc, nhng tan dung mi trong dung mi hu c. hu c. 3. V tnh cht ho hc -Cc hp cht hu c km - Cc hp cht hu c km bn vi nhit nn d b phn bn vi nhit nn d b phn hu bi nhit. hu bi nhit. Phn ng ca cc hp cht Phn ng ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm, hu c thng xy ra chm, khng hon ton, khng theo khng hon ton, khng theo mt hng nht nh, thng mt hng nht nh, thng cn un nng hoc cn c xc cn un nng hoc cn c tc. xc tc. IV. S lc v phn tch Mc ch : phn tch nh tnh nguyn t nguyn t nhm xc nh cc 1. Phn tch nh tnh nguyn t c mt trong hp a. Mc ch : phn tch nh cht hu c. tnh nguyn t nhm xc nh Nguyn tc : chuyn cc cc nguyn t c mt trong nguyn t trong hp cht hu hp cht hu c. c thnh v c n gin ri b. Nguyn tc : chuyn cc nhn bit. nguyn t trong hp cht hu Cch tin hnh c thnh v c n gin ri C CO2 nhn bit. H H2O c. Cch tin hnh NH3 N CCO2

90

Nu c clo th lm cch no nhn bit ? Hot ng 5 Phn tch nh lng Mc ch ca phn tch inh lng ? -Nguyn tc ? Phng php tin hnh nh th no ? So snh vi phn tch nh tnh ?

Cl Cl-

HH2O NNH3 2. Phn tch nh lng a. Mc ch Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t hp cht hu c. b. Nguyn tc Cn chnh xc hp cht hu c, sau chuyn C thnh CO2, H thnh H2O... ri xc nh chnh xc lng CO2, H2O...t tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t c mt trong hp cht hu c. c. Phng php tin hnh CCO2cn bnh HH2Ocn bnh NNH3chun .... d. Biu thc tnh

Biu thc tnh nh th no ?

Mc ch Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t trong phn t hp cht hu c. -Nguyn tc Cn chnh xc hp cht hu c, sau chuyn C thnh CO2, H thnh H2O... ri xc nh chnh xc lng CO2, H2O....t tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t c mt trong hp cht hu c. -Phng php C CO2 KO H cn bnh H H2O H S cn bnh O
2 4

H N NH3 chun ....

+

mC =

m CO .12,0
2

Lm cch no a ra biu thc ?

mH = mN =

44,0 m H O .2,0
2

18,0 VN .28,0
2

Tnh c %C =
m H .100% a m N .100% %N= a

22,4

%H =

Tnh c
m C .100% a m H .100% %H = a m .100% %N= N a

%C =

%O = 100% - %C - %H -%N

%O =100% - %C - %H -%N 3. Cng c - Lm bi tp 3 sch gio khoa. 4. Dn d - Lm bi tp v nh. - Chun b ni dung bi Cng thc phn t hp cht hu c VI. Rt kinh nghim

91

 . . . . . . Tit 29
Kin thc

21 CNG THC PHN T HP CHT HU C

I.Mc tiu bi hc

Bit c : Ni dung thuyt cu to ho hc ; Khi nim ng ng, ng phn. Lin kt cng ho tr v khi nim v cu trc khng gian ca phn t cht hu c.
K nng

III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn kt hp vi phng tin trc quan. IV. Chun b 1. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. - Ho cht v dng c lm th nghim biu din. 2. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp 2. Bi c - Mc ch phng php tin hnh ca phn tch nh tnh. Lm bi tp 3 sch gio khoa. 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 I. Cng thc n gin Cng thc n gin nht Cc cng thc cho chng nht

Vit c cng thc cu to ca mt s cht hu c c th. Phn bit c cht ng ng, cht ng phn da vo cng thc cu to c th. II Trng tm: Ni dung thuyt cu to ho hc, cht ng ng, cht ng phn Lin kt n, bi (i, ba) trong phn t cht hu c

92

Gio vin cho mt s th d C2H4, C3H6, C4H8... Yu cu nhn xt ? vy cng thc n gin nht l g ? Hot ng 2 Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu v lm th d trong sch gio khoa. Ch hng dn hc sinh phng php t cng thc n gin.

c cng t l ti gin. Vy cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong phn t.

1. nh ngha - Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong phn t.

2. Cch thit lp cng thc Bc 1 : Xc nh thnh n gin nht phn nh tnh cht A Gi cng thc n gin nht C, H, O ca hp cht hu c l Bc 2 : t cng thc CxHyOz phn t ca A : CxHyOz x : y : z = nC : nH : nO = Bc 3 : Cn c u bi tm Hoc t l x:y:z=
% C % H % O x : y : z = 12 ,0 : 1,0 : 16,0 40,00 6,67 53,33 : : 12 ,0 1,0 16,0

=1:2:1 Bc 4 : T t l tm cng thc n gin nht l : CH2O

Bc 1 : Xc nh thnh phn nh tnh cht A : C, H, O Bc 2 : t cng thc phn t ca A : CxHyOz Bc 3 : Cn c u bi tm t l x : y : z = = = 1:2:1 Bc 4 : T t l tm cng thc n gin nht l : CH2O II. Cng thc phn t 1. nh ngha - Cng thc phn t l cng thc biu th s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t. 2. Quan h gia cng thc phn t v cng thc n gin nht - S nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong cng thc phn t l s nguyn ln s nguyn t ca n trong cng thc n gin nht. Cng thc phn t c th l cng thc n gin nht. Cc cht khc nhau c th c cng cng thc phn t.

Hot ng 3 Cng thc phn t Gio vin cho mt s cc th d C2H4, C2H2, CH4, C11H22O11....Vy cng thc phn t l g ? Mi quan h gia cng thc phn t v cng thc n gin nht ?

Cng thc phn t l cng thc biu th s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t. S nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong cng thc phn t l s nguyn ln s nguyn t ca n trong cng thc n gin nht.

93

Cng thc phn t c th l cng thc n gin nht. Cc cht khc nhau c th c cng cng thc phn t.

Hot ng 5 Thit lp cng thc phn t da vo % khi lng cc nguyn t Yu cu hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v lm th d sch gio khoa Gio vin hng dn cho hc sinh hiu.

3. Cch thit lp cng thc phn t hp cht hu c a. Da vo % khi lng cc nguyn t CxHyOz xC + yH + zO M (g) 12x 1y 16z 100% %C %H %O Lp t l Ta c x= y= z= Th d gii ra x = 20 ; y = 14 ; z=4 Vy cng thc phn t l : C20H14O4. b. Thng qua cng thc n gin nht T cng thc n gin nht cng thc phn t ca X l (CH2O)n hay CnH2nOn MX = (1.12 + 2.1 + 16.1)n = 60 Gii ra n = 2. vy cng thc phn t l C2H4O2.

Hc sinh lm th d trong sch gio khoa. gii ra x = 20 ; y = 14 ; z=4 Vy cng thc phn t l: C20H14O4.

Hot ng 6 Thit lp cng thc phn t thng qua cng thc n gin nht. Yu cu hc sinh lm th d trong sch gio khoa v bi tp 6 trang 95.

Hc sinh lm th d sch gio khoa v bi tp 6 trang 95. T cng thc n gin nht cng thc phn t ca X l (CH2O)n hay CnH2nOn MX = (1.12 + 2.1 + 16.1)n = 60 Gii ra n = 2. vy cng thc phn t l C2H4O2. Tng t hc sinh lm bi tp 6 v chn p n B.

94

4. Cng c - Lm bi tp 4 sch gio khoa. 5. Dn d - Lm bi tp sch gio khoa, sch bo tp. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

95

Tit 30
Kin thc

21 CNG THC PHN T HP CHT HU C

I.Mc tiu bi hc

Bit c : Cc loi cng thc ca hp cht hu c : Cng thc chung, cng thc n gin nht, cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to. S lc v phn tch nguyn t : Phn tch nh tnh, phn tch nh lng.
K nng

Xc nh c cng thc phn t khi bit cc s liu thc nghim. Phn bit c hirocacbon v dn xut ca hirocacbon theo thnh phn phn t. II. Trng tm: Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht v cng thc phn t.
III. Phng php ging dy IV. Chun b 3. Gio vin - Chun b ni dung kin thc. 4. Hc sinh - Cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 6. n nh lp 7. Bi c - Mc ch phng php tin hnh ca phn tch nh tnh. Lm bi tp 3 sch gio khoa. 8. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh Ni dung ghi bng Hot ng 1 c. Tnh trc tip theo khi Thit lp cng thc phn t lng sn phm t chy da vo % khi lng cc Hc sinh lm th d trong nguyn t sch gio khoa. MY = 29,0.3,04 88,0 Yu cu hc sinh nghin gii ra x = 20 ; y = 14 ; (g/mol) cu sch gio khoa v lm z=4 nY =(mol) th d sch gio khoa Vy cng thc phn t l: =(mol) Gio vin hng dn cho C20H14O4. t cng thc phn t ca hc sinh hiu. Y l CxHyOz CxHyOz + 1 mol 0,010 mol (x+)O2xCO2 x mol 0,040 mol +
y H2 O 2

96

0,040 mol Hot ng 2 Thit lp cng thc phn t thng qua cng thc n gin nht. Yu cu hc sinh lm th d trong sch gio khoa v bi tp 6 trang 95. T cc t l ta tnh c x = 4; y = 8. MY=12.4 + 1.8+16.z=88 ta c z = 2. Vy cng thc phn t l C4H8O2.

y 2

Hot ng 3 Tnh trc tip theo khi lng sn phm t chy Hc sinh lm th d SGK. Gio vin hng dn hc sinh vit phng trnh phn ng chy.

Hc sinh lm th d sch gio khoa v bi tp 6 trang 95. T cng thc n gin nht cng thc phn t ca X l (CH2O)n hay CnH2nOn MX = (1.12 + 2.1 + 16.1)n = 60 Gii ra n = 2. vy cng thc phn t l C2H4O2. Tng t hc sinh lm bi tp 6 v chn p n B. Hc sinh lm th d SGK. MY = 29,0.3,04 88,0 (g/mol) nY = 88 ,0 = 0,010 (mol)
n CO
2

0,88

= 44 ,0 = 0,040 (mol)

1,76

t cng thc phn t ca Y l CxHyOz CxHyOz + 1 mol 0,010 mol (x+ x mol 0,040 mol +
y mol 2 y H2 O 2 y z )O2 t xCO2 4 2
o

0,040 mol T cc t l ta tnh c x = 4; y = 8.

97

MY=12.4 + 1.8+16.z=88 ta c z = 2. Vy cng thc phn t l C4H8O2. 9. Cng c - Lm bi tp 4 sch gio khoa. 10. Dn d - Lm bi tp sch gio khoa, sch bo tp. - Chun b ni dung bi Cu trc phn t hp cht hu c VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

98

Tit 31: I. Mc tiu:

Kin thc

CU TRC PHN T HP CHT HU C.

Bit c : Ni dung thuyt cu to ho hc ; Khi nim ng ng, ng phn. Lin kt cng ho tr v khi nim v cu trc khng gian ca phn t cht hu c.
K nng

Vit c cng thc cu to ca mt s cht hu c c th. Phn bit c cht ng ng, cht ng phn da vo cng thc cu to c th. II. Trng tm: Ni dung thuyt cu to ho hc, cht ng ng, cht ng phn Lin kt n, bi (i, ba) trong phn t cht hu c III. Chun b: M hnh phn t CH4, C2H4, C2H2, C3H8, hc sinh c bi trc. IV Phng php: Chng minh v din gii. VT chc hot ng: HOT NG GV HOT NG HS NI DUNG I. Cng thc cu to: Hotng1. Vit Hc sinh vit , gio vin 1. Khi nim: CTCT l cng thc CTCT ca hp cht cng c lp kim tra li. biu din th t v cch thc lin c CTPT l : kt (n, bi) ca cc nguyn t CH4, C2H4, C2H6O. trong phn t. CTCT cho thy th t 2. Cc loi CTCT: 2 loi: Nu khi nim v lin kt v cch lin kt a. Cng thc khai trin: Biu din CTCT ? gia cc nguyn t trong trn mt phng giy tt c cc lin phn t. kt gia cc nguyn t. H H VD: C2H6 : H - C - C - H H H H H H C3H6 H-C-C=C-H Hot ng 2Cho hc H sinh quan st cc m H H hnh cu to ca cc C2H6O H - C - C - OH phn t CH4, C3H8. H H b. Cng thc CT thu gn: T cc khi nim * Cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn mi c hc v OH t cng lin kt vi mt nguyn t C CTCT khai trin, c vit thnh 1 nhm. CTCT thu gn v thu * Hoc ch biu din lin kt gia gn nht hy biu cc nguyn t C v vi nhm chc din CT thu gn nht (mi u on thng hoc im ca CH3-CH2-CH2gp khc l 1 cacbon, khng biu 99

CH2-OH ?

Hot ng 3: Ni dung ca thuyt cu ta ha hc

Hot ng 4. Da vo thuyt cu to ha hc va hc, hu vit cc CTCT ca CTPT C3H8O ?

th s nguyn t H lin kt vi cacbon) VD: C2H6 : CH3-CH3 hoc C3H6 : CH3-CH=CH2 hoc C2H5OH : CH3-CH2-OH hoc OH II. Thuyt cu to ha hc: 1. Ni dung: Gm 3 lun im: a. Lun im 1: Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau theo ng ha tr v theo mt th t nht nh. Th t gi l cu to ha hc . S thay i th t lin kt tc l thay i cu to ha hc s to ra mt cht khc. Vd: Hp cht c CTPT C2H6O c CT CH3-CH2OH CH3-O-CH3 0 Etanol, t s= 78,30C Dimetylete,t0s=-230C Tan tt,+ Na to H2. t tan, khng + Na. b. Lun im 2: Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cacbon c ha tr 4, Nguyn t cacbon khng nhng c th lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn c th lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch cacbon (vng, khng vng, nhnh, khng nhnh) Vd: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3: h, khng nhnh. CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3: h, c nhnh. CH2 - CH2 : vng. CH2 Hc sinh vit, gio vin c. Lun dim 3: Tnh cht ca cc v c lp kim tra li . cht ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht, s lng cc nguyn t) v cu to ha hc (th t lin kt cc nguyn t). Vd: * Khc v loi nguyn t : 100

CH4 CCl4 0 0 t s = -162 C t0 s = 77,50C Trong nc: Khng tan. Khng tan. t trong O2: Chy . Khng chy . * Cng CTPT, khc CTCT: CH3-CH2OH CH3-O-CH3 0 Etanol, t s= 78,30C Thuyt CTHH gip gii Dimetylete,t0s=-230C thch hin tng ng Tan tt,+ Na to H2. t tan, khng ng, ng phn. + Na. Hot ng5. Nu * Khc CTPT, tng t v CTCT: ngha ca thuyt cu CH3-CH2OH v CH3-CH2to ha hc ? CH2OH t0s= 78,30C t0s= 97,20C Tan tt,+ Na to H2. Tan tt,+ Na to H2. 2. ngha: Thuyt CTHH gip gii thch hin tng ng ng, ng phn. HOT NG GV HOT NG HS NI DUNG

Cng c v dn d: - Lm bi tp 4/ 101 ti lp. - Lm bi tp 5, 6, 7, 8/101. 102 SGK v hc bi c, c bi mi.

VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . .

101

102

Tit 32

CU TRC PHN T HP CHT HU C

(Tip Theo)

I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kin thc - Hc sinh bit khi nim ng ng. - Bit cc loi lin kt ho hc trong phn t hp cht hu c v tnh cht ca cc loi lin kt . 2. K nng - Vn dng kin thc vit ng phn.

II. Trng tm: Ni dung thuyt cu to ho hc, cht ng ng, cht ng phn Lin kt n, bi (i, ba) trong phn t cht hu c III. Chun b: M hnh phn t CH4, C2H4, C2H2, C3H8, hc sinh c bi trc. IV Phng php: Chng minh v din gii. VT chc hot ng:
1.

HOT NG GV Hot ng 6. Hy nhn xt cc dy cht (1), (2), (3) c trong v d ?

HOT NG HS * Trong cc dy, phn t cc cht hn km nhau mt hoc vi nhm CH2. * Trong cc dy cc cht c cu to tng t nhau.

NI DUNG

(1), (2), (3) c gi l cc dy ng ng, vy khi nim ng ng l g?

Hot ng 7. Da vo v d ca gio vin bn, hy nu khi nim ng phn ? Cho mt vi v d cc cht l ng phn

III. ng ng, ng phn: 1. ng ng: a. V d: Ta cc dy hidrocacbon sau: (1) CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10... (2) C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, C5H10... Hc sinh nu v gio vin (3) CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH... c kt li. (1), (2), (3) : l cc dy ng ng. b. Khi nim: Nhng hp cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 , nhng c tnh cht ha hc tng t nhau l nhng cht ng ng, chng hp Hc sinh nu v gio vin thnh dy ng ng c kt li. III. ng phn: a. V d: CH3-CH2OH CH3-O-CH3 0 Etanol, t s= 78,30C Hc sinh nu v gio vin Dimetylete,t0s=-230C kim tra li. Tan tt,+ Na to H2. t tan, khng + Na. 103

ca nhau ?

Hot ng 8. Lin kt CHT l g ? Cho v d ? Hot ng 9 Vit cc ng phn ca cht c CTPT l : - C3H6. - C4H8. - C4H10O.

Hotng 10Vit CTTQ ca dy ng ng ca C6H6, CH4N ?

Hai cht trn c cng CTPT, khc v CTCT nn chng c tnh cht ha hc khc nhau , ta gi chng l cc ng phn ca nhau. b. Khi nim: Nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng CTPT c gi l cc cht ng phn ca nhau. * C nhiu loi ng phn : - ng phn cu to (gm ng phn v bn cht nhm chc, v tr nhm chc, mch cacbon ) - ng phn lp th (khc nhau v v tr khng gian) IV. Lin kt ha hc: - Lin kt thng gp trong hp cht hu c l lin kt CHT, gm lin kt v lin kt . Hc sinh nu v gio vin - S t hp ca lin kt v to kim tra li. thnh lin kt di hoc ba (lin kt bi). 1. Lin kt n: () - Do 1 cp electron to thnh, c biu din bng 1 gch ni gia 2 nguyn t. - Lin kt bn. 2. Lin kt i: (1 v 1) - Do 2 cp electron to thnh, c biu din bng 2 gch ni gia 2 nguyn t. - Gm 1 bn v 1 km bn. - Bn nguyn t lin kt vi 2 nguyn t cacbon c lin kt i nm trong cng mt mt phng ca 2 nguyn t cacbon . 3. Lin kt ba: (1 v 2) - Do 3 cp electron to thnh, c biu din bng 3 gch ni gia 2 nguyn t. - Gm 1 bn v 2 km bn. - Hai nguyn t lin kt vi 2 nguyn t cacbon c lin kt ba nm trn ng thng ni 2 nguyn t 104

cacbon c lin kt ba . * Cc lin kt i v ba gi l lin kt bi. E.Cng c v dn d: - Lm bi tp 4/ 101 ti lp. - Lm bi tp 5, 6, 7, 8/101. 102 SGK v hc bi c, c bi mi.
VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

2.

Tit 33
I.
Kin thc

23 PHN NG HU C
Mc tiu bi hc

Bit c : S lc v cc loi phn ng hu c c bn : Phn ng th, phn ng cng, phn ng tch.

K nng

Nhn bit c loi phn ng thng qua cc phng trnh ho hc c th. II. Trng tm: Phn loi phn ng hu c c bn : Th, cng, tch ...
III. Phng php ging dy - S dng phng php m thoi nu vn . IV. Chun b - Hc sinh cn chun b trc ni dung bi hc nh. V. Tin trnh ln lp 1. n nh lp

105

2. Bi c 3. Bi mi Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 C s phn ng hu c ? Phn ng th Gio vin a ra th d. Phn ng th l g ? Phn ng th l g ? Hot ng ca hc sinh Hc sinh quan st v pht biu khi nim. -Phn ng th l phn ng trong mt nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong phn t hp cht hu c b thay th bi mt nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t khc. Ni dung ghi bng I. Phn loi phn ng hu c 1. Phn ng th Th d 1 a CH4 + Cl2 s kt CH3Cl + HCl Th d 2 H3C C OH + HOC2H5 O
H3C C OC2H5 O

+ H2O

Hot ng 2 Phn ng cng Gio vin a ra cc th d.

Vy phn ng cng l g ? Hot ng 3 Phn ng tch Gio vin ly th d. Phn ng tch l g ?

Hc sinh quan st th d v tr li khi nim -Phn ng cng l phn ng trong phn t hp cht hu c kt hp vi phn t khc to thnh phn t mi.

Th d 3 C2H5OH + HBr C2H5OH + H2O F Phn ng th l phn ng trong mt nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong phn t hp cht hu c b thay th bi mt nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t khc. 2. Phn ng cng Th d 1 C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 Th d 2 C2H2 + HCl C2H3Cl F Phn ng cng l phn ng trong phn t hp cht hu c kt hp vi phn t khc to thnh phn t mi. 3. Phn ng tch Th d 1
CH2 CH2 H OH
H+,170oC

Hc sinh quan st th d v tr li khi nim - Phn ng tch l phn ng trong hai hay nhiu nguyn t b tch ra khi

CH2=CH2 + H2O Th d 2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH=CH-CH3 +H2 CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 +H2

106

phn t hp cht hu c F Phn ng tch l phn ng trong hai hay nhiu nguyn t b tch ra khi phn t hp cht hu c. II. c im ca phn ng ho hc trong ho hc hu c Cc phn ng ho hc trong 1. Cc phn ng ho hc hu c thng xy ra chm. trong hu c thng xy ra Do cc lin kt trong phn chm. t cc cht hu c t phn 2. Phn ng hu c thng cc nn kh phn ct. thu c nhiu sn phm. Phn ng hu c thng thu c nhiu sn phm. Do cc lin kt c bn tng t nhau nn trong cng mt iu kin c th phn ct nhiu lin kt.

Hot ng 4 c im ca phn ng ho hc hu c Gio vin m t cc th d trong sch gio khoa. Hc sinh nhn xt v a ra nhn xt v c im phn ng ho hc hu c. Nguyn nhn ca cc c im .

Cng c - Lm bi tp 2 sch gio khoa. Dn d - Lm bi tp sch gio khoa v sch bi tp. - Chun b ni dung tit luyn tp. VI. Rt kinh nghim . . . . . .

107

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc :

24 LUYN TP HP CHT HU C - CNG THC PHN T CNG THC CU TO

CUNG CO CAC KHAI NIEM :

- Hp chat hu c - Phan ng cua hp chat hu c .

2. Ky nang

- HS nam vng cach xac nh cong thc phan t t ket qua phan tch - Nhan dang mot vai loai phan ng cua cac chat hu c n gian .

3. Thai o :
Ren luyen tnh can than va t m khi giai toan hoa hoc .

4. Trong tam :

- ren luyen k nang giai bai tap lap CTPT , viet CTCT cua mot so chat n gian .

II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai hoat ong nhom neu van e III. CHUAN B :
-

Giao bai tap lien quan en noi dung luyen tap cho HS chuan b trc khi en lp Chuan b them mot so dang cau hoi trac nghiem .

IV. Tin trnh len lp 1. n nh lp 2. Ni dung luyn tp

I . KIEN THC CAN NH : Hoat ong 1 : HS lan lt ai dien cac nhom trnh bay noi dung nh s o : - Xac nh CTPT chat hu co gom cac bc :

Cac loai phan ngthng gap 108

CTG nhat CTPT

Th e

Tac h

3. Cung co : thay Hoat ong cua

-The nao la ong ang ? ong phan ? cho v du ? II. BAI TAP : Bai 1 : chat nao sau ay la hirocacbon ?dan xuat hirocacbon ? CH2O , C2H5Br , C6H5Br , C6H6 , CH3COOH . Bai 2 : T eugenol ieu che c O metyleugenol la chat dan du con trung . Ket qua phan tch nguyen to cho thay co : %C = 74,16% , %H = 7,86% , con lai la oxi . Lap CTG nhat , cong thc phan t ? Cau 3 : Viet CTCT cua cac chat co CTPT sau : CH2Cl2( mot chat ) , C2H4O2 ( ba chat ) , C2H4Cl2 ( hai chat ) Bai 5 : cho cac chat sau ay la ong ang cua ancol etylic C3H8O , C4H10O . Da vao thuyet cau tao hoa hoc , viet CTCT cua moi chat ? Bai 8 : Viet Ptp cua cac chuyen hoa sau va viet ptp a cho thuoc loai phan ng nao ( the , cong , tach ) a. Etilen tac dung vi hiro co xt Ni nung nong ? b. B. Nung nong axetilen 600C , xt bot than thu c benzen . c. Dung dch ru etylic trong nc e lau ngoai khong 109 kh chuyen thanh dd axit axetic ?

Hoat ong cua tro

- Hoc sinh thao luan ve

khai niem hp chat hu c , thanh phan cac nguyen to trong phan t hp chat hu c Giai bai tap 1 . Giai bai tap 2

Gv to chc cho hoc sinh thao luan van e th 2 Giai bai tap 3 Giai bai tap 4 Hs thao luan van e lien ket trong phan t hp chat hu c Giai bai tap 5

Hs thao luan van e 4 Giai bai tap 7 , 8

- k nang giai bai tap CTPT - Cach viet phng trnh phan ng cua cac loai phan ng .

4. On tp ton b kin thc chun b thi HKI.

110

Tit 34,35

ON TAP HOC KY I

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc :

On tap , cung co lai cac kien thc a hoc trong suot hoc ky I

2. Ky nang :

- Ren luyen cac ky nang : * Hoan thanh chuoi , viet phng trnh phan ng , ieu che , tach cac chat * Nhan biet cac chat da vao phng phap hoa hoc * Giai bai toan da vao phng trnh phan ng , C% , CM , tnh % khoi lng hon hp , C% * lap CTG , CTPT , xac nh CTCT ung cua hp chat hu c .

3. Thai o :
- Tap tinh can than trong tnh toan - Tnh t m , tin tng vao khoa hoc thc nghiem .

4. Trong tam :
On tap theo e cng .

II. PHNG PHAP : III. CHUAN B :

Hoat ong nhom neu va giai quyet van e . He thong cau hoi va bai tap

IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : 2. Bai mi :

Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng 1 in li S in li ? cht in li ? Phn bit cht in li mnh yu ? Quan im ca Areniut v axit - baz ? Tch s ion ca nc ? iu kin ca phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch. Bn cht ca phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch ? Hot ng 2 bi tp Gio vin hng dn mt s dng bi tp c bn hc sinh v nh lm. Hot ng ca hc sinh Hc sinh ln lt tr li cc cu hi. Ni dung ghi bng I. in li 1. L thuyt - S in li - Cht in li Phn bit cht in li mnh & yu. - Axit - baz theo Areniut. - Tch s ion ca nc. Khi nim pH. - iu kin phn ng trao i. 2. Bi tp - Tnh pH ca dung dch. - So snh nng ion cht in li.

Hc sinh xem li mt s dng bi tp c bn

111

- Nng dung dch. Hot ng 3 n cht Tnh cht ho hc ca cc II. Nit - Photpho Nit - Photpho - Cacbon n cht tng t nhau. Cacbon - Silic Silic Do chng u c mc oxi 1. n cht ho trung gian nn chng c - Tnh oxi ho So snh tnh cht ho hc th tng hoc gim mc oxi - Tc dng vi cht kh c bn ca cc loi n cht ha th hin tnh oxi ho ? Nguyn nhn ging nhau hoc kh. tnh cht ho hc c bn ? - Tnh kh So snh hot ng trong - Tc dng vi cht kh. mt chu k, mt nhm. Hot ng 4 Hp cht ca Amoniac c tnh baz yu 2. Hp cht nit, photpho, cacbon, silic. v tnh kh. a. Hp cht vi hiro Hp cht vi hiro Tnh baz yu : tc dng NH3 c tnh baz yu v ch xt hp cht hiro ca vi dung dch mui ca kim tnh kh. nit. loi c hiroxit khng tan. Tnh cht ho hc c bn Tnh kh : tc dng vi cht ca amoniac ? Cho th d ? oxi ho. Cc oxit ca cacbon tnh cht ho hc c bn ? Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca silic ioxit ? CO c tnh kh mnh. CO2 c tnh oxi ho yu (khng c trng) v tnh oxit axit. SiO2 l thnh phn chnh ca thu tinh, tc dng vi dung dch HF. Hiroxit nit HNO3 l cht oxi ho mnh v tnh axit mnh. Hiroxit photpho H3PO4 l axit trung bnh, in li ba nc v khng c tnh oxi ho mnh nh HNO3. Hiroxit cacbon H2CO3 Hiroxit silic H2SiO3 ch tc dng vi kim mnh. b. Oxit Oxit cacbon CO c tnh kh mnh CO2 c l oxit axit SiO2

Hiroxit ca nit, photpho, cacbon, silic. Tnh cht ho hc c bn ?

Hot ng 5 Bi tp 1

c. Hiroxit Hiroxit nit HNO3 l cht oxi ho mnh v tnh axit mnh Hiroxit photpho H3PO4 l axit trung bnh, in li ba nc. Hiroxit cacbon H2CO3 Hiroxit silic H2SiO3 Bi tp 1 Hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau: a. N2DNH3DNH4NO2NH3 Al(OH)3 NO

112

Hot ng 6 Bi tp 2

Hot ng 7 Bi tp 3

Al(NO3)3HNO3 NO2 b. P P2O5 H3PO4 Bi tp 2 Cho 3 gam Cu v Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c d, un nng, sinh ra 4,48 lt kh duy nht NO2 (ktc). Xc nh phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. Bi tp 3 Nung 52,65gam CaCO3 1000oC v cho ton b lng kh thot ra hp th ht vo 500ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M. Hi thu c nhng mui no ? Khi lng l bao nhiu ? Bit rng hiu sut ca phn ng nhit phn CaCO3 l 95%.

3. Cung co : Ket hp trong qua trnh on tap 4. Bai tap ve nha : Bai 1 : Cho 9 gam hh gom Mg va Al tac dung het vi dd HNO3 loang thu c 6,72 lit kh khong mau de hoa nau trong khong kh (ktc) a.Viet cac PTP xay ra. b.Tnh % theo khoi lng cua moi kim loai co trong hon hp. Bai 2 : Cho mg hon hp Zn , ZnO tac dung va u 100 ml dung dch HNO3 1M thu c 448 ml mot chat kh NO duy nhat ( ktc ) va dung dch A a/ Tnh % khoi lng hon hp au b/ Cho toan bo dung dch A ( tren ) vao 100ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M dung dch B. Tnh nong o mol/l dung dch B Gia s rang the tch d dch trong cac phan ng eu khong thay oi Bai 3 : ot chay hoan toan 1,44g hchc A roi cho san pham lan lt i qua bnh ( 1 ) ng H2SO4 ac , bng ( 2 ) ng nc voi trong d thay khoi lng bnh 1 tang 2,16g , bng 2 tang thu c 10g ket tua trang . Xac nh CTG nhat cua A ?, Tm CTPT cua A ?

113

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Kiem tra anh gia viec hoc tap va tiep thu kien thc cua hoc sinh trong suot hoc k I 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen ky nang nhan biet , viet phng trnh phan ng , hoan thanh chuoi , viet ong phan - Giai bai toan lien quan en C% , CM - Giai bai toan lap CTPT cua hp chat hu c . 3. Thai o : Ren luyen tnh can than , t m 4. Trong tam : Khong gii han II. PHNG PHAP : - Trac nghiem : 100% : 30 cu. III. CHUAN B : E THI HOC KY I TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN : Cau 1 : Cho can bang sau : N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H < 0 . Can bang se chuyen dch theo chieu thuan khi : a. tang nhiet o , giam ap suat c. Tang nhiet o , tang ap suat b. giam nhiet o , giam ap suat d. Giam nhiet o , tang ap suat Cau 2 : Cho cac day chat sau ay , day nao ch gom cac chat ien li : a. NaCl , CaCO3 , KOH , Ba(OH)2 b. Na2SO4 , H2SO4 , NaOH , MgSO4 c. AgNO3 , BaSO4 , CaCl2 , MgSO4 d. Al(OH)3 , KCl , Na2CO3 , HNO3 Cau 3 : Dung dch Ba(OH)2 co nong o 0,005 mol/lit . PH cua dung dch o la : a. 12 b. 11 c.10 d. Khong xac nh c Cau 4 : Khi cho KOH vao dung dch H3PO4 , e tao thanh 2 muoi KH2PO4 va K2HPO4 th t le mol x = KOH : H3PO4 la a. 1:1 b. 1 < x < 1,5 c. 1< x < 2 d. 2 < x <3 Cau 5 : Khi b nhiet phan day muoi nao sau ay cho san pham la oxit kim loai + NO2 + O2 : a. Cu(NO3)2 , Hg(NO3)2 , Ca(NO3)2 b. Mg(NO3)2 , NH4NO3 , Zn(NO3)2

KIM TRA HC K I

114

c. Mg(NO3)2 , Cu(NO3)2 , Zn(NO3)2 d. NaNO3 , AgNO3 , Al(NO3)3 Cau 6 : Cacbon tac dung c vi day cac chat nao sau ay : a. H2O , O2 , Cu , H2 , HNO3 c. H2O , O2 , Al , H2 , HNO3 b. O2 , Al , H2S , HNO3 d. H2O , O2 , Al , H2 , HCl Cau 7 : Isobutan khi tac dung vi Cl2 ( k:as ) teo t le mol la 1:1 . So dan xuat monoclo co the tao ra la : a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Cau 8 : Mot ankan A co dA/He = 21,5 . CTPT cua A la : a. C6H14 b. C5H12 c. C6H12 d. C5H10 Cau 9:Ch dung mot thuoc th Ba(OH)2 e nhan biet c cac chat trong day nao sau ay : a. (NH4)2CO3 , (NH4)2SO4 , Al(NO3)3, Na2CO3 b.(NH4)2CO3 , NH4Cl , Al(NO3)3 ,NH4NO3 c. (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3 , Mg(NO3)2 , Na2CO3 d.(NH4)2CO3 ,NH4NO3 , Al(NO3)3, Na2CO3 Cau 10 : oi vi dung dch axit yeu CH3COOH 0,1M , nhng anh gia nao ve nong o mol ion sau ay la ung : a. [H+] = 0,1M b. [H+]=[CH3COO-] c. [H+]>[CH3COO-] d. [H+] < 0,1M Cau 11 :Cho 5,6 lit CO2 ( ktc ) hap thu het trong 70g dung dch NaOH 25% . muoi c tao thanh sau phan ng la a. NaHCO3 b. Na2CO3 c. NaHCO3 va Na2CO3 d. ap an khac t , xt Cau 12 :Cho phan ng hu c sau : C2H5OH + HBr C2H5Br + H2O thuoc loai phan ng a. Tach b. The c. Cong d. Chay II. T LUAN : Cau 1 : Hoan thanh chuoi phan ng : N2 NH3 NO NO2 HNO3 H3PO4 CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 Cau 2 : a) The nao la ong ang ? ong phan ? cho v du minh hoa ? b) Viet cac ong phan ng vi cong thc phan t C5H12 va goi ten theo danh phap quoc te ?. Cau 3 : Cho 40,8g hon hp gom Fe , FeO tac dung het vi dung dch HNO3 loang , sau phan ng thu c 6,72lit kh NO ktc . a. Xac nh % khoi lpng cac chat trong hon hp au ? b. Tnh V dung dch HCl ( PH = 1 ) can dung e hoa tan het hon hp tren ?
o

115

Cho H :1 , Fe:56 , O:16 , He:4 , Cl:35,5

, N:14

AP AN : I . TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN : moi cau 0,25 CA 1 U a b c d 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

T LUAN : Cau 1 : Moi phng trnh phan ng 0,25 iem : 0,258 = 2 iem . Cau 2 : ( 2 ) a) * nh ngha ong ang 0,25 Cho v du 0,25 * nh ngha ong phan 0,25 Cho v du 0,25 b) * Viet c 3 ong phan 0,5 * Goi ten 3 ong phan 0,5 ( neu thieu 1 ong phan tr 0,15 , thieu 1 ten tr 0,15 ) Cau 3 : Goi x , y la so mol cua Fe va FeO trong hon hp au . Phng trnh phan ng : Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 0,25 x x 3FeO + 10 HNO3 3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5 H2O 0,25 y 1/3y ta co he : 56x + 72y = 40,8 x = 0,15 0,25 x + 1/3y = 0,3 => y = 0,45 0,25 => mFe = 8,4g %Fe = 20,59% 0,25 mFeO = 32,4g => %FeO = 79,41% 0,25 phng trnh phan ng : Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 0,25 0,15 0,3 FeO + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2O 0,25 0,45 0,9 => nHCl = 0,3 + 0,9 = 1,2 mol 0,25 + -1 PH = 1 => [H ] = 10 0,25 + HCl H + Cl 0,25

I.

116

0,1M 0,1M => VHCl = 1,2/0,1 = 12 lit 0,25

117

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy : I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : * Hs biet

Tun :17 Tit :33

Bai 25 : AN KAN
- S hnh thanh lien ket va cau truc khong gian cua ankan - Goi ten cac ankan vi mach chnh khong qua 10 nguyen t C * Hs hieu : - Tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc , phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua ankan . - V sao cac ankan kha tr ve mat hoa hoc , do o hieu v sao phan ng ac trng cua ankan la phan ng the . -V sao cac hirocacbon no lai c dung lam nhien lieu t o thay c tam quan trong va ng dung cua hirocacbon .

2. Ky nang :
- Lap day , viet cac ong phan . - Viet CTPT , cong thc cau tao va phng trnh phan ng cua cac ankan

3. Trong tam :
-

Biet s hnh thanh lien ket va cau truc khong gian cua ankan . Biet goi ten cac ankan vi mach chnh khong qua 10 cacbon . Hieu tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan . Biet phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua ankan

II. PHNG PHAP : III. CHUAN B :

-

Hoat ong nhom am thoai Bang ten goi 10 ankan khong phan nhanh au tien trong day ong ang cac ankan . Mo hnh phan t propan ; n-butan va isobutan Etxang , m boi trn ong c , nc cat , coc thuy tinh Bo dung cu ieu che CH4 Hoa chat : CH3COONa ran ; NaOH ran , CaO ran

IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : 2. Kiem tra :

* nh ngha ong ang , cho v du ? * Cho mot so v du ve cac hp chat HC co the gap trong cuoc song ?

3. Bai mi :
Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

118

Hoat ong 1 : vao bai The nao la HC no ? co may loai HC no ? Hoat ong 2 : -Nhac lai khai niem ong ang -Viet cong thc phan t mot so ong ang cua CH4 roi suy ra cong thc tong quat va khai niem day ong ang cua metan. - Cong thc chung cua day ankan la g ?

HS viet cong thc phan t mot so ong ang cua CH4

HS nhan xet rut ra ket luan C4H10 co 2 ong phan cau tao : CH3CH2CH2CH3

Hoat ong 3: - Viet cong thc cau tao cua chat hu c CH3 - CH - CH3 co cong thc phan t C4H10 va C5H12 CH3 HS nhan xet rut ra ket luan ve khai niem bac cua - GV anh so la ma nguyen t C ch bac cua C GV: Hng dan hs biet bac cua cacbon :

I. ong ang, ong phan, danh phap,: 1. ong ang ankan : - metan , etan , propan hp thanh day ong ang goi la day ong ang cua metan. - Gom cac hp chat CnH2n+2 (n>1) - Ankan la nhng hirocacbon no, mach h, trong phan t ch co lien ket n.

Hoat ong 4 : - Gv cho hs xem mo hng cau tao cua CH4

2. ong phan - T C4H10 tr i co ong phan mach cacbon * Bac cua Cacbon H H H H H I II II II I H - C C C C C H H H H H H Ankan khong phan nhanh H H CH3 CH3 H - Hoc sinh nghien cu H CI CII CIII CIV CI sgk rut ra ac iem H cau truc cua ankan .

119

va C4H10

Hoat ong 5: - Yeu cau HS luyen tap goi ten cac ankan khong phan nhanh . - T CTCT ten goi

- HS nam c cach goi ten 10 ankan khong nhanh au tien va ten goc ankyl tng ng

- HS ac iem ten ankan co uoi an va ten goc ankyl co uoi yl

Hoat ong 6: Cho HS goi ten cac ong phan cua C5H12 Rut ra cach goi ten ankan co nhanh ? *- Lu y : - Neu co nhieu nhom the giong nhau:2,3,4 dung tiep au ng i, tri,tetra thay cho viec lap lai ten nhom the - Neu co nhieu nhom the khac nhau th oc theo mau t a, b, c

Hs hoat ong nhom : Goi ten cac ong phan cua C5H12 HS nhan xet rut ra cach goi ten ankan co nhanh

H Ankan phan nhanh - Bac cua nguyen t C phan t ankan bang so nguyen t C lien ket trc tiep vi no - Ankan khong phan nhanh ch cha C bac I , II - Ankan phan nhan trong phan t cha C bac III , IV. 3. Cau truc : -Cac nguyen t C ankan trang thai lai hoa sp3 -Moi nguyen t C nam tren nh cua t dien eu ma 4 nh la cac nguyen t H hoac C -Cac lien ket C C ; C H eu la lien ket . Hau nh khong phan cc - Goc lien ket eu gan bang 109,50 - Hoa tr cua C hau nh a bao hoa

CH3

4/ Danh phap : (Theo HS ap dung goi IUPAC ) ten mot so ankan a/ Ankan mach mach nhanh khong phan CH3 nhanh CH3 C CH3 ten ankan = ten C mach chnh + an CH4 : Metan CH3 C6H14 : Hexan 2,2-dimetyl propan C2H6 : Etan C7H16 : Heptan HS quan sat tranh mo C3H8 : Propan

120

ta s hnh thanh lien C8H18 : Octan ket trong phan t C4H10 : Butan CH4 , C2H6 C9H20 : Nonan C5H12 : Petan HS rut ra nhan xet C10H20 : Dekan Ten goc ankyl : oi uoi an thanh yl CnH2n+2 H CnH2n+1 ( ankan) ( goc ankyl b/ Ankan co nhanh : - Chon mach C dai nhat lam mach chnh. - anh so th t sao cho v tr nhanh nho nhat. -oc ten theo mau. ++ V du : CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 2metylbutan CH3 CH3 C CH CH2 CH3 CH3 C2H5 3 etyl-2,2-dimetyl pentan 4. Cung co : * Mot ngi goi ten hp chat hu c A la : 2 - etyl - 3 - metyl butan , ung hay sai ? a. ung b. Sai * Viet cong thc cau tao thu gon cua chat sau : 3 etyl 2,2,4 trimetylheptan * Cac hp chat di ay hp chat nao la ankan ? a. C7H14 b. C6H10 c. C8H18 d. khong co

121

5. Hng dan ve nha - Lam bai tap : trang 115 116 sgk. Trang 35 37 sbt.

122

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :17 Tit :34

I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 33 Trong tam : Tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan : tnh tr va phan ng the II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu van e III. CHUAN B : He thong cau hoi va bai tap IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : 2. Kiem tra : * Viet cac ong phan cua C5H12 , goi ten theo quoc te va thong thng ? * Neu cach goi ten ? cau truc cua phan t ankan ? 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai - da vao mot so ankan a biet trong cuoc song , neu tnh chat vat l cua ankan ? - Gv bo xung them cac tnh chat vat l khac . Hoat ong cua tro - V du : xang , ga , nen Hs rut ra tnh chat vat l . Noi dung II. TNH CHAT VAT L : - ieu kien thng , cac ankan t C1 C4 trang thai kh T C5 C17 : long ] T C18 tr i trang thai ran . -Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi , kl rieng cua cac ankan tang theo so nguyen t cacbon ( tang theo phan t khoi - Ankan nhe hn nc . - Ankan khong tan trong nc K nc . - Ankan la nhng dung moi khong

Bai 25 : AN KAN

(tiep theo)

* Nhac lai ac iem cau tao cac ankan , t ac iem cau tao hng dan HS d oan kha nang tham gia phan

Phan t ankan ch co cac lien ket CC va CH o la lien ket ben vng ankan tng oi tr ve mat hoa hoc

123

ng cua ankan Hoat ong 2 : - Viet phng trnh phan ng the Cl vao CH4 ? Viet ptp : C3H8 + Cl2 va C3H8 + Br2 Di tac dung cua anh sang xuc tac , nhiet o ankan tham gia phan ng the , phan ng tach va phan ng oxyhoa .

HS viet phng trnh - GV trnh bay phan c phan ng che phan ng ( ch can s lc ) La c che goc day chuyen * Bc khi mao Cl o o Cl a s Clo + Clo HS rut ra nhan xet * Bc phat trien day chuyen CH3 H + Clo o CH3 - HS rut ra nhan xet + HCl c che phan ng o o o theo c goc gom 3 CH3 + Cl Cl o bc CH3Cl + Cl o o o CH3 H + Cl . * Bc t day chuyen : HS nhan xet : Clo + Clo Cl2 * Di tac dung cua o CH3 + Clo CH3Cl nhiet va xuc tac o CH3 + o CH3 ( Cr2O3 , Fe , Pt ) CH3CH3 * Cac ankan khong nhng b tach H tao thanh Hydrocacbon khong no ma con b gay cac lien ket C C tao ra cac phan t nho hn * HS viet phng trnh CH3CH = CHCH3 + H2

phan cc hoa tan c nhng chat khong phan cc . - Ankan la nhng chat khong mau . IV / TNH CHAT HOA HOC : Ankan tng oi tr ve mat hoa hoc : nhiet o thng chung khong phan ng vi axit , baz va chat oxyhoa manh ( KMnO4 ) 1. Phan ng the bi halogen: (ac trng) V du : CH4 + Cl2 a s CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 a s CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 + Cl2 HCl CHCl3 + Cl2
a s

CHCl3 +

a s

CHCl4 +

HCl - Cac ong ang : T C3H8 tr i th Clo (nhat la brom) u tien the trong mach. V du : CH3CH2CH2Cl + HCl C3H8 + Cl2 CH3CHClCH3 + HCl Nhan xet : - Nguyen t hiro lien ket vi cacbon bac cao hn de b the hn nguyen t

124

Hoat ong 3 : Giao vien hng dan HS viet cac phng trnh phan ng : t C2H6 t C3H8 GV yeu cau Nhan xet ty le mol CO2 va H2O sinh ra sau phan ng - Gv bo xung : Khong b oxyhoa bi dung dch KMnO4 nhng nhiet o, xuc tac thch hp ankan co the b oxi hoa khong hoan toan tao thanh dan xuat cha oxy CH4 + O2 tx t HCHO +
o o
0

- HS viet phng trnh phan ng ot chay CH4 va phng trnh phan ng tong quat ot chay ankan . HS nhan xet : so mol H2O luon luon ln hn CO2

H2O Hoat ong 5 : GV gii thieu phng phap ieu che ankan trong cong nghiep -Lam th nghiem ieu che CH4 t Natri axetat vi voi toi xut Hoat ong 6: Yeu cau HS tra li cau hoi : Tm nhng ng dung co lien quan en tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan ?

HS neu hien tng , viet phng trnh phan ng

hiro lien ket vi nguyen t cacbon bac thap . - Cac phan ng tren goi la phan ng halogen hoa , cac san pham the c goi la dan xuat halogen cua hirocacbon . 2/ Phan ng tach : ( ehirohoa ) CH3-CH3 x ,t CH2=CH2 + H2 * Phan ng crackinh : ( be gay lk C-C ) CH3CH=CH2 C4H10 +CH4 CH2=CH2 +C2H6
0

- Nghien cu sgk e tra li .

3. Phan ng Oxi hoa hoan toan CnH2n+2+O2 t nCO2 + (n+1)H2O V du : CH4 +2O2 t CO2 + 2H2O
0
0

III.ieu che va ng dung 1/. ieu che : a/ Trong cong nghiep : lay t kh thien nhien, kh dau mo. b/ Phong th nghiem :

125

CH3COONa + NaOH t CH4 + Na2CO3 Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3 2/ ng dung : - T C1 en C20 c ng dung lam nhien lieu - Nhieu Ankan c dung lam dung moi va dau boi trn may - ieu che chat sinh han
0

4/ Cung co : * ot chay 0,1 mol CxHy 0,1mol CO2 va 0,2mol H2O . Xac nh day ong ang cua A. Viet chng trnh chung. * Lam bai tap 7/ 114 SGK * Viet phan ng Isobutan + Cl2 theo t le mol 1 : 1 5. Hng dan ve nha : - Lam bai tap : trang 115 116 sgk. Trang 35 37 sbt - Chuan b bai mi : + oc trc bai 26 : Xicloankan. Gach di cac kien thc quan trong. + Trnh bay cau tao cua xicloankan? + Trnh bay tnh chat vat ly, tnh chat hoa hoc va ng dung cua xicloankan?

126

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

BAI 26 :

XICLOANKAN

Tun :18 Tit :35

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet : - Cau truc , Cong thc chung , ong ang , ong phan , danh phap cua mot so mono xiclo ankan - Tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc va ng dung cua xiclo ankan - So sanh s giong va khac nhau ve cau tao , tnh chat cua xicloankan vi ankan . HS hieu : - V sao cung la hirocacbon no nhng xicloankan lai co mot so tnh chat khac vi ankan ( cong m vong oi vi xicloankan co 3 , 4 vong ) 2. Ky nang : - Viet phng trnh phan ng chng minh tnh chat hoa hoc cua xiclo ankan - Viet c cac CTCT cua xicloankan , goi ten cac cong thc o . 3. Trong tam : - Cau truc , ong phan , danh phap cua mot so mono xiclo ankan - Tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc va ng dung cua xiclo ankan II. PHNG PHAP : Quy nap am thoai trc quan III. CHUAN B : - Tranh ve mo hnh mot so xiclo ankan - Bang tnh chat vat ly cua mot vai xiclo ankan IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : KTSS : 2. Kiem tra : Viet phng trnh phan ng cua n- pentan : * Tac dung Cl2 dan xuat mono clo * Tach H2 * Crakinh 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1: vao bai Ankan va xicloankan giong Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

127

va khac nhau nh the nao ? Hoat ong 2 : - Quan sat bang 6.2 , hay cho biet ac iem ve cau tao phan t cua xicloankan ? - Cho biet CT chung cua xicloankan n vong ? -Tren c s o lap day cua xiclo ankan ?

- HS nghien cu cong thc phan t ,cong thc CTCT va mo hnh rut ra khai niem ve xicloankan

I/Cau truc ,ong phan ,danh phap : 1/ Cau truc phan t cua mot so mono xicloankan Cong thc phan t va cau truc mot so mono xicloankan khong nhanh nh sau: C3H 6 C 4H8 C5H10 C6H12

* xicloankan la nhng hiro cacbon no mach vong. * Xicloankan co 1 vong ( n vong ) goi la mono xicloankan * Cong thc chung la CnH2n ( n 3 ) HS nhan xet rut ra qui tac goi ten 2/ ong phan va cach goi ten monoxicloankan : monoxiclo ankan a/ Quy tac :
So ch v trten nhanh Xiclo+ten mach chnh + an

Hoat ong 3 : Gv giup Hs oc ten cua cac xicloankan .

- Viet tat ca ong phan xicloankan cua C5H10 ? goi ten ?

Mach chnh la mach vong . - anh so sao cho cac so ch v tr cac mach nhanh la nho nhat b/ Th du : Mot so xicloankan ong phan ng vi cong thc phan t C6H12 -

- Gv goi ten mot so xiclo ankan khac . Hoat ong 4: Cho biet nhiet o

- HS nghien cu rut ra nhan xet qui luat bien oi Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o

128

soi , nhie o nong chay , mau sac , tnh tan cua cac xiloankan - Tnh chat vat l cua mot so xicloankan ?

soi

- cac xicloankan - Vi ac iem co 3 , 4 canh lien ket cua kem ben nen xicloankan d oan co kha nang tnh chat hoa hoc tham gia phan cua xicloankan ? ng cong m vong . - HS viet phng trnh

II/ Tnh chat : 1/ Tnh chat vat ly - Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi tang dan theo chieu tang cua M - eu khong mau khong tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung moi hu c 2/ Tnh chat hoa hoc : a/ Phan ng cong m vong cua xiclopropan va xiclobutan + H2
C Ni,80
0

CH3-CH2- CH3 Propan

CH2Br

+ Br2 BrCH2 CH2 (1,3 dibrompropan )

- GV hng dan HS viet phng trnh phan ng cua xiclopropan va xiclobutan : cong ,the , chay

HS viet phng trnh

+ HBr CH3 CH2 CH2Br (1Brompropan ) Xiclobutan ch cong vi hydro : CH3

+H2 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 Ni ,1200 C

Hng dan HS viet phng trnh

Rut ra s khac nhau va giong nhau gia xicloakan vi ankan ? - HS viet phng trnh Hoat ong 6:

- eu la HC no , phan ng ac trng la phan ng the - Xiclopropan va xiclobutan co phan ng cong m vong .

butan Xicloankan vong 5,6 canh tr len khong co phan ng cong m vong trong nhng ieu kien tren b/ Phan ng the : tng t ankan + Cl2 an + Br
t
0

a s

+ HCl cloxiclopent

+ HBr Bromxiclohe

129

GV hng dan HS viet phng trnh phan ng va ng dung cua , xicloankanda tren phan ng tach

xan C/ Phan ng oxyhoa: HS viet phng trnh CnH2n + 32n o 2 nCO2 + nH2O H< 0 C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O H = -3947,5kj Xiloankan khong lam mat mau dung dch III/ ieu che va ng dung : 1/ ieu che : Ngoai viec tach trc tiep t qua trnh chng cat dau mo , xicloankan con c ieu che t ankan , th du :
CH3[CH2]4CH3 + H2 2/ ng dung : Ngoai viec dung lam nhien lieu nh ankan , xicloankan con c dung lam dung moi , lam nguyen lieu ieu che cac chat khac , th du :
t0 ,x t

+ 3H2 4. Cung co : Neu s giong va khac nhau gia ankan va xicloankan ? 5. Hng dan ve nha: - Lam bai tap : 1 5 /120 121 sgk. 5.18 5.24 / 38 39 sbt. - Chuan b bai mi : + On tap cac kien thc trong chng 5.

t, x t

130

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :18 Tit :36 :

Bai 27

LUYEN TAP ANKAN VA

XICLOANKAN
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co :cac kien thc ve ankan va xicloankan 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen k nang viet CTCT va goi ten cac ankan - Ren luyen k nang lap CTPT cua hp chat hu c , viet ptp co chu y van dung quy luat the vao phan t ankan . 3. Trong tam : Giai cac bai tap van dung . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai gi m neu va giai quyet van e hoat ong nhom III. CHUAN B : - GV : - Ke san bang nhng cha ien d lieu - He thong bai tap bam sat noi dung luyen tap - HS : - Chuan b cac bai tap trong chng 6 trc khi en lp - He thong lai cac kien thc a c hoc . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : KTSS : 2. Kiem tra : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua giao vien Hoat ong cua hoc sinh Hoat ong 1 : I.KIEN THC CAN NAM : Gv neu nhng van e c Hs a cac v du minh hoa , ban a c hoc phan tch , khac sau va Cho cac to thoa luan cung co kien thc a c nhom . hoc . -Phan ng chnh trong hoa hu 1.cac phan ng chnh trong hoa c ? hu c : The , cong , tach . 2.Ankan la hirocacbon no mach h , co CTTQ la CnH2n+2 ( n1) -ankan la g ? CTTQ ? 3.t C4H10 tr i co ong phan mach cacbon . -Co nhng loai ong phan 4.Tnh chat hoa hoc ac trng nao ? cua ankan va xicloankan la phan ng the , rieng xicloankan vong -Tnh chat hoa hoc ac trng nho co phan ng cong m cua ankan va xicloankan la g ? vong . 5.So sanh ankan va xicloankan : -So sanh s giong va khac nhau

131

ve tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan va xicloankan ?

-ng dung cua ankan ?

Hoat ong 2 : GV hng dan hoc sinh hoan thanh cac bai tap trong sgk . Bai 1 : Viet CTCT cua cac ankan sau : Pentan , 2-metylbutan , isobutan , cac chat tren con co ten goi nao khac khong ?

Giong nhau Khac nhau Cau tao Ch co lk n Ankan : h Xicloankan :vong Tnh chat hoa hoc -eu co phan ng the -Co phan ng tach hiro -Chay toa nhieu nhiet Xiclopropan , xiclobutan co phan ng cong m vong -Ankan la thanh phan chnh trong cac loai nhien lieu va la nguon nguyen lieu phong phu cho CN hoa chat . II.BAI TAP :
Ba1 : CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 i

CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3 CH3 CH3 - CH - CH3 CH3

Bai 2 : Ankan Y mach khong phan nhanh co CTG nhat la C2H 5 . a) Tm CTPT , viet CTCT va goi ten Y ? b) Viet ptp cua Y vi clo khi chieu sang , ch ro san pham chnh cua phan ng ? Bai 3 : ot chay hoan toan 3,36 lit hon hp kh A gom metan va etan thu c 4,48 lit kh CO2 ( kc ) . Tnh %V moi kh trong hon hp A ? Bai 4 : khi 1gam CH4 chay toa ra 55,6KJ . Can ot bao nhieu lit kh CH4 ( kc ) e u lng nhiet un 1 lit H2O ( D = 1g/cm3) t 25C len 100C . Biet muon nang 1gam

Bai 2 : a) Ankan co CTPT ( C2H5)n C2nH5n V ankan nen : 5n = 2n.2+2 => n = 2 Vay CTCT cua Y la : CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2Cl b) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 + Cl2
CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3 + HCl Cl

Bai 3 : goi so mol CH4 la x , so mol C2H6 la y nA = 0,15 = x + y nCO2 = 0,2 = x + 2y giai he => x = 0,1 , y = 0,05 => %V CH4 = 66,67% , %V C2H6 = 33,33% Bai 4 :

132

nc len 1C can tieu ton 4,18J va gia s nhiet sinh ra ch dung e lam tang nhiet o cua nc .

Nang nhiet o cua 1g nc len 1C can tieu ton 4,18J Vay khi nang nhiet o 1g nc t 25C len 100C can tieu ton lng nhiet la :75.4,18 = 313,5J Do o lng nhiet can tieu ton cho 1lit nc t 25C len 100C la 313,5 . 1000 = 313,5KJ Mat khac : 1gam CH4 khi chay toa 55,6KJ Vay e co 313,5KJ can 5,6385 gam CH4 VCH4 can dung la : 7,894 lit . 4. Cung co : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap. 5. Hng dan ve nha : - Lam bai tap : 5.25 5.30/ 39 40 sbt. - Chuan b bai mi :

133

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :19 Tit :37

Bai 29 :

ANKEN

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cho Hs biet : -Cau tao , ong ang , ong phan cua anken . -Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua anken . -phan biet anken va ankan bang phng phap hoa hoc . Cho HS hieu : - Tnh chat hoa hoc cua anken . -V sao naken co nhieu ong phan hn ankan -V sao anken co phan ng tao polime . 2. Ky nang : -Viet ong phan cau tao , ong phan hnh hoc va goi ten anken -Viet phan ng chng minh tnh chat hoa hoc cua anken . -Van dung kien thc a hoc e nhan biet . -tiep tuc cuang co k nang giai bai tap ve lap CTPT , bai tap ve hon hp cac hirocacbon . 3. Trong tam : Viet ong phan , goi ten anken . II. PHNG PHAP : Hoat ong nhom am thoai III. CHUAN B : -Mo hnh phan t etilen , mo hnh ong phan cis , trans cua but-2-en ( hoac tranh ve ) -Ong nghiem , nut cao su kem theo ong dan kh , kep ong nghiem , en con , bo gia th nghiem . -Hoa chat : H2SO4ac , C2H5OH , cat sach , ddKMnO4 , ddBr2 . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : KTSS : 2. Kiem tra : Khong co 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Hs viet tat ca ong Viet ong phan cua phan I. ONG ANG , C3H 6 ONG PHAN , DANH PHAP : ngoai xiclo ankan

134

con co anken cung co ct chung CnH2n Hoat ong 2 : T Ct cua etilen va khai niem ong ang Gv yeu cau HS viet CTPT mot so ong ang cua etilen -Viet CT tong quat cua anken Hoat ong 3 : Viet tat ca CTCT cua anken ng vi CTPT C2H4 , C3H6 , C4H8 - Gv cho Hs khai quat ve cac loai ong phan cua anken

- V du : C3H6 , C4H8 , C5H10 ... - CT chung : CnH2n Neu nh ngha day ong ang cua etilen .

- Nhan xet s khac nhau gia cac ong phan .

1. ong ang : - Etilen (C2H4), propilen(C3H6),butilen(C4 H10) eu co mot lien ket oi C=C , chung hp thanh day ong ang goi la day ong ang cua etilen - CT chung la : CnH2n ( n 2) 2. ong phan : a) ong phan cau tao : - ong phan v tr lk oi :
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH=CH-CH3

-Tren c s nhng CTCT HS a viet trong phan danh phap Hs nhan xet : GV thuyet trnh Anken co 2 loai ong neu van e : phan : mach cacbon *Do trong phan t co va ong phan v tr . 1 lk oi nen anken - Hs len bang viet ( n4 ) con co them ong phan . ong phan v tr lien ket oi . -Gv dung s o sau e mo ta khai niem ong phan hnh
. R1

- ong phan mach cacbon :

CH2=C-CH2-CH3 CH3 CH2=CH-CH-CH3 CH3

b) ong phan hnh hoc :

H3C C H C H H3 C C C CH3 H H CH3

hoc R2

C=C

R3 R4

Cis

ieu kien : R1 R2 , R3 R4 - HS nghien cu sgk phan biet danh phap thong thng va danh phap IUPAC . - Hs nhan xet , rut ra quy luat goi ten

Hoat ong 4 : - Gv yeu cau HS phan biet 2 laoi danh phap ?

Trans 3.Danh phap : a) Ten thong thng : Ten ankan an + ilen V du :

135

-Gv goi ten mot so anken .

cac anken theo danh phap thong thng .

CH2=CH-CH3 Propilen

CH2=C-CH3 CH3

-Gv gii thieu cach goi ten cac anken theo danh phap thay the . - GV a ra mot so CTCT cua anken .

- HS goi ten -Hs van dung goi ten mot so anken .

Hoat ong 5 : Gv cho Hs xem mo hnh phan t etilen

Hoc sinh hoat ong nhom Hs nghien cu va rut ra nhan xet .

Hoat ong 6: Gv hng dan HS nghien cu sgk va tra li cac van e lien quan en tnh chat vat l : - Trang thai - Quy luat biet oi nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi , khoi lng rieng - Tnh tan

- Nghien cu va rut ra nhan xet .

b) Ten IUPAC : a. Quy tac : - Chon mach chnh la mach C dai nhat co cha lk oi - anh so C mach chnh t pha gan lk oi hn . So ch nhanh ten nhanh ten C mach chnh so ch lk oi en b. V du : CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 Eten Propen CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 But 1 en CH3-CH=CH-CH3 But 2 en II. CAU TRUC : -Hai nguyen t C mang lk oi trang thai lai hoa sp2 . -Lk oi gom 1 lk va 1 lk -Hai nhom nguyen t lk vi nhau bi lk oi C=C khong quay t do quanh truc lien ket. -Phan t etilen , 2 nguyen t C va 4 nguyen t H eu nam tren mot mat phang . goc 120 III. TNH CHAT VAT LY 1.Nhiet o soi , nhiet o nong chay va khoi lng rieng :

136

- Nhiet o soi , nhiet o nong chay va khoi lng rieng cua anken khong khac nhieu so vi ankan tng ng va thng nho hn so vi xicloankan . -T C2 C4 : Chat kh -Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi tang theo M . -Cac anken nhe hn nc . - Anken co ten lch s la olefin -hau nh khong tan trong nc -La nhng chat khong mau . 4. Cung co : Cau tao , ong phan va cach goi ten cua anken co g khac so vi ankan ? 5. Hng dan ve nha : - Lam bai tap : Trang 132 sgk Trang 41 42 43 sbt.

137

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Bai 29 :

ANKEN (tt)

Tun :19 Tit :38

I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 37 *. Trong tam : - Tnh chat hoa hoc cua anken - S giong va khac nhau trong tnh chat hoa hoc gia anken va ankan . II. PHNG PHAP : Hoat ong nhom am thoai neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : Dung cu va hoa chat ( tiet trc ) IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : KTSS : 2. Kiem tra : * Viet tat ca ong phan anken ng vi CTPT C5H10 , C6H12 , goi ten ? 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Anken co nhng tnh chat hoa hoc g giong va khac ankan ? IV. TNH CHAT HOA -Hs da vao cau truc HOC : Hoat ong 2 : , ac iem cau tao 1. Phan ng D oan tnh chat phan t anken , d cong hoa hoc cua anken ? oan trung tam phan ng lien ket noi -lien ket oi la oi cua anken kem trung tam phan ben vng nen trong phan ng de b t ng . ra e tao thanh lien ket vi cac nguyen t khac . - Viet phng trnh a)Cong hiro : Hoat ong 3 : phan ng ( a ( Phan ng hiro hoa Gv neu van e : biet lp 9 ) ) phan ng cong vao CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3-CH3 anken noi rieng va T o viet ptp hirocacbon khong no tong quat . CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2 noi chung c xet - Hs chia 3 tac vi 3 tac nhan nhan lam 2

138

 HX - GV gii thieu c che cong , ieu kien phan ng va goi ten san pham Hoat ong 4 : -Gv lam th nghiem : C2H4 + Br2 -Phan ng co xay ra khong ? hien tng g ? viet ptp ?

H2 Br2

nhom : *Tac nhan oi xng *Tac nhan bat oi xng -Hs len bang viet cac phng trnh phan ng dang tong quat . HS quan sat th nghiem , neu hien tng Viet PTP .

- Gv gi y e HS viet ptp anken vi hiro halogenua , H2SO4 . * C che phan ng cong axit vao anken : S o chung : C=C + H A - C C H A Phan ng xay ra qua 2 giai oan lien tiep : * Phan t H A b phan cat d li : H+ tng tac vi lk tao thanh cacbocatoin con A- tach ra * Cacbocation la tieu phan trung gian khong ben , ket hp ngay vi A- tao san pham . Chu y : -HCl phan cat d li -Cacbocation la tieu

- Hs viet phng trnh phan ng -Da vao sgk neu san pham chnh . -Hs viet ptp cong nc vao anken . Hs nhan xet va rut ra hng cua phan ng cong - Hs neu quy tac maccopnhicop - Van dung viet phng trnh phan ng do gv a ra

b) cong halogen : ( Phan ng halogen hoa ) a) thc nghiem : sgk b) Giai thch : CH2=CH2 + Cl2 ClCH2 CH2Cl CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 + Br2 CH3 CH CH CH2CH3 Br Br -Anken lam mat mau cua dung dch brom Phan ng nay dung e nhan biet anken . 3. Phan ng cong nc va axit a) cong axit : halogenua (HCl , HBr , HI ) , H2SO4 CH2=CH2 + HClk CH3CH2Cl CH2=CH2 + H-OSO3H CH3CH2OSO3H b) cong nc : CH2=CH2 + H-OH HCH2 CH2OH c)Hng cua phan ng cong axit vao anken : HCH2-CHCl-CH3 CH2=CH-CH3 sp chnh ClCH2-CHH-CH3 Sp phu * Quy tac Maccopnhicop : Trong phan ng cong HX ( axit hoac nc ) vao lk C=C cua anken

139

phan trung gian khong ben . -Phan mang ien tch dng tan cong trc . Gv gii thieu quy tac maccopnhicop

, H ( phan mang ien tch dng ) cong vao C mang nhieu H hn , Con X- ( hay phan mang ien tch am ) cong vao C mang t H hn .

4. Phan ng trung hp : Hoat ong 5 : nCH2=CH2 -Gv at van e : [- CH2 CH2 ]n anken co kha nang -Hs nhan xet , viet -Phan ng trung hp tham gia phan ng s o va phng trnh la qua trnh cong cong hp lien tiep phan ng trung hp hp lien tiep nhieu nhau tao thanh cac anken khac . phan t nho giong nhng phan t -Hs rut ra cac khai nhau hoac tng t mach rat dai va co niem : phan ng nhau tao thanh phan phan t khoi ln . trung hp , polime , t ln goi la - GV viet s o va monome , he so polime . phng trnh phan trung hp . -Chat au goi la ng trung hp etilen monome -So lng mac xch - Hng dan Hs rut trong mot phan t ra khai niem . polime goi la he so -Hs viet phng trnh trung hp , k hieu n chay -Nhan xet t le so 5. Phan ng oxi mol H2O va so mol hoa : cua CO2 a) Oxi hoa hoan nCO2 = nH2O toan : CnH2n +O2 nCO2+ nH2O -Gv lam th ngiem , -Hs quan sat hien b) Oxi hoa khong viet phng trnh tng va nhan xet . hoan toan : phan ng , neu y Anken lam mat mau nghia cua phan ng dd KMnO4 Lu y : nen dung KMnO4 loang Dung e nhan - Gv viet PTP , hng biet anken 3CH2= CH2 dan can bang theo + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O phng phap thang 3CH2CH2+ 2MnO2 +2 bang electron . KOH Hoat ong 6 : -Gv gii thieu mot - Hs tm hieu cac ng dung cua anken .

140

so phng phap ieu che anken . - GV bo xung s kch thch qua mau chn .

V. IEU CHE VA NG DUNG : 1. ieu che : H SO ,170 C CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O t C4H10 C2H4 + C2H6 2.ng dung : a) tong hp Polime : PVC , PVA , PE ... b) Tong hp cac hoa chat khac : etanol , etilen oxit , etilen glicol , anehit axetic ...
2 4 o o

4. Cung co : S dung bai tap so 3 trang 132 sgk. 5. Hng dan ve nha : - Lam bai tap : Trang 132 sgk Trang 41 42 43 sbt. - Chuan b bai mi : + oc trc bai 30 : Ankaien. Gach di cac kien thc quan trong. + Ankaien la g? + Trnh bay tnh chat hoa hoc cua buta 1,3 ien va isopren?

141

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Bai 30 :

ANKAIEN

Tun :20 Tit :39

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cho hoc sinh biet -ac iem cau truc cua he lien ket oi lien hp -Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua butaien va isopren 2. Ky nang : -Viet phan ng cong , phan ng trung hp cua butaien va isopren 3. Trong tam : -Tnh chat va ng dung cua butaien II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai gi m neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : Mo hnh phan t but 1,3 - ien IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Hoan thang chuoi phan ng : C4H10 C2H6 C2H4 C2H5OH C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H4Cl2 * Lam bai tap so 8/170 sgk 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 :Vao bai Hc khong no : cha 1 , 2 lien ket oi hoac lien ket ba Ankaien la mot trong nhng HC khong no Hoat ong 2 : phan loai Gv hng dan HS viet mot so Ct ankaien . Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung I . PHAN LOAI : -Trong phan t co 2 lk oi : ien - Co 3 lk oi : trien chung c goi chung la polien - Hs viet CTCT , t o - ien mach h co CT rut ra : chung la CnH2n ( n 3 ) *Khai niem hp chat goi la ankaien ien - v du : *Ct tong quat cua CH2=C=CH2 ien CH2=CH-CH=CH2 *Phan loai ien CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2 *Danh phap ien . -ien ma 2 lk oi cach nhau mot lien ket n goi la ien

142

Hoat ong 3 : -cho Hs quan sat mo hnh phan t ien .

Hoat ong 4 : -D oan tnh chat hoa hoc cua ien ? - Gv cho biet t le % san pham cong 1,2 va 1,4 .

-Gv hng dan Hs viet pt phan ng trunh hp Chu y : Phan ng trung hp chu yeu theo kieu cong 1,4 tao ra polime con mot noi oi trong phan t .

lien hp . II. CAU TRUC PHAN T VA - Hs nghien cu rut PHAN NG CUA ra : BUTAIEN VA *cac nguyen t C ISOPREN : eu trang thai lai 1.Cau truc phan hoa SP2 t butaien : *4 nguyen t C va 6 -Bon nguyen t C nguyen t H eu trang thai lai hoa nam tren mot mat sp2 . phang . -Ca 10 nguyen t * Lien ket lien hp eu nam tren cung mot mat phang 2.Phan ng cua buta-1,3-ien va - tren c s phan tch isopren : cau tao phan t a) Cong hiro : buta 1,3 ien va CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2 Ni , t isopren CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 -Hs viet cac phng CH2=C-CH=CH2 + 2H2 trnh phan ng cua CH3 chung vi : H2 , X2 , Ni , t CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 HX . CH3 -Hs rut ra nhan xet : b) Cong halogen va *Buta 1,3 ien va hiro halogenua : isopren co kha nang CH Br-CHBr-CH=CH 2 2 tham gia phan ng + Br CH2=CH-CH=CH2 cong BrCH2-CH=CH-CH2Br * nhiet o thap u - nhiet o thap tien tao thanh san u tien tao thanh pham cong 1,2 , san pham 1,2 nhiet o cao u tien nhiet o cao tao tao thanh san pham thanh san pham cong 1,4 . cong 1,4 . *Phan ng cong HX c)Phan ng trung theo quy tac hp : Maccopnhiop . tham gia phan ng trung hp chu yeu theo kieu cong 1,4 : n CH2=CH-CH=CH2
o o
2

[-CH2 CH = CH CH2 - ] Polibutaien

xt ,t , p

143

Hoat ong 5 : -Gv neu phng phap ieu che buta 1,3 ien va isopren trong cong nghiep

xt , t , p CH2=C-CH=CH2 CH3 [-CH2 C = CH CH2 - ] CH3 Poliisopren - Hs viet phng trnh 3. ieu che , ng phan ng . dung cua butaien va isopren : -viet them : Tach t cac ankan 2C2H5OH C4H6 + H2 + tng ng H2O CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH2=CH-CH=CH2 -Hs tm hieu sgk rut ra CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 nhan xet ve ng CH2=C-CH=CH2 dung quan trong cua CH3 buta 1,3 ien va isopren . -ng dung : sgk
o

3. Cung co : S dung bai so 2 trng 135 sgk. 4. Hng dan ve nha : - Lam bai tap : 1 5 /135 136 sgk. 6.14 6.19/ 44 sbt. - Chuan b bai mi : + On tap bai anken va ankaien. + Chuan b phng phap giai cac bai tap trang 138 sgk. Trang 45 45 sbt.

144

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :20 Tit :40

Bai 32 :

ANKIN

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Hs biet : -Khai niem ong ang , ong phan , danh phap va cau truc phan t cua ankin -Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua axetilen Hs hieu : -S giong nhau va khac nhau ve tnh chat hoa hoc gia ankin va anken . 2. Ky nang : -Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa tnh chat cua ankin -Giai tch hien hng th nghiem . 3. Trong tam : ong ang , ong phan , danh phap va cau truc phan t ankin . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai hoat ong nhom III. CHUAN B : -Tranh ve hoac mo hnh rong , mo hnh ac cua phan t axetilen . -Dung cu : Ong nghiem , nut cao su kem ong dan kh , cap ong nghiem , en con , bo gia ong nghiem . -Hoa chat : CaC2 , dd KmnO4 , dd Br2 IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Neu khai niem , viet mot so CTCT cua tecpen . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai - Viet tat ca ong phan cua C3H4 ? Ngoai ankaien con co ong phan cha mot lien ket ba trong phan t . Hoat ong 2 : -Gv cho biet mot so ankin tieu bieu : C2H2 Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung I. ONG ANG , ONG PHAN , DANH PHAP : 1.ong ang -Ankin la nhng hirocacbon mach h co mot lien ket ba trong phan t . -Day ong ang cua axetilen co cong thc chung la CnH2n-2

- Hs lap thanh day ong ang cua ankin .

145

, C3H4 -Gv trnh bay CTCT , mo hnh phan t cua ankin

( n2 ) V du : HC CH , CH3-C CH 2. ong phan : - Hs viet cac ong -T C4 tr i co phan va phan loai ong phan v tr cac ong phan va nhom chc , t C5 viet c . tr i co them - Viet cac ong ong phan mach phan cua ankin ng cacbon . vi CTPT C5H8 ? CH C CH2 CH2 CH3 -Hs rut ra quy tac CH3 C C CH2 CH3 goi ten : tng t goi CH C CH CH 3 Hoat ong 3 : ten anken , thay uoi CH 3 - Gv hng dan Hs en thanh uoi in . goi ten theo danh - Ten thong thng : 2. Danh phap : phap IUPAC va danh Goc ankyl + a.Ten thong phap thong thng . axetilen thng : - Gv cho mot so ten goi e hoc sinh viet CTCT . - Cac ankin co lk ba au mach goi la cac ank 1 in . Hoat ong 4 : -Gv hng dan HS nghien cu SGK va tra li cac van e co lien quan en tnh chat vat l : Trang thai , quy luat bien oi nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi , khoi lng rieng , tnh tan Hoat ong 5 : - GV lam th nghiem ieu che C2H2 roi cho qua dd Br2 , - HS viet CTCT mot so v du do GV a ra . R C C R Ten goc R , R + Axetilen V du : CH3- C CH : metyl axetilen b. Ten IUPAC : So ch nhanh ten nhanh ten mach chnh so ch lien ket ba in V du : CH3- C C CH3 : but 1 - in - Hs quan sat hien tng va nhan xet : mau cua dd Br2 , dd KMnO4 sau phan ng - Hs viet ptp : * Axetilen + H2 * Axetilen + Br2 II. TNH CHAT VAT L : SGK III. TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1.Phan ng cong :

-Hs rut ra nhan xet

146

dd KMnO4 .

* Axetilen + HCl * Axetilen + H2O * Propin + H2O

a) cong hiro:
HC CH + 2H2 CH3-CH3 HC CH +H2 CH2 = CH2 b) Cong brom : C2H5 C C C2H5 C2H5 C=C C2H5 C2H5 C C C2H5 c) Cong nc ( hirat hoa ) HC CH + H OH [CH2=CH OH ]

- Gv hng dan hs viet nhng ptp kho

- Gv lu y Hs phan ng cong HX , H2O vao ankin cung tuan theo quy tac Maccopnhicop .

- Hs viet phng trnh phan ng .

-T ac iem cau tao phan t ankin , Gv hng dan HS viet ptp

Hoat ong 6 : -Gv phan tch v tr nguyen t hiro lien ket ba cua ankin -lam th nghiem C2H2 + AgNO3 /NH3

CH3 CH = O - Phan ng cong HX , H2O vao cac ankin trong day ong ang cua axetilen cung tuan theo quy tac Maccopnhicop . d) Cong HX : CH CH + HCl CH2 = CHBr CH2 = CHCl CH3 CHCl2 Nhng :

CH CH + HCl CH2 = CHCl 2. Phan ng the ngt H cua ank 1 in bang ion kim Phan ng nay dung loai e nhan biet cac AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O ankin co lk au [Ag(NH3)2]+OH- + mach . NH4NO3 -Hs viet ptp chay cua ankin bang CTTQ HC CH + -Viet ptp chay cua -Nhan xet t le so 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH Ag C C2H2 mol cua CO2 va H2O . C Ag + 2H2O + 4NH3 Cho Hs viet ptp tong quat . -Tren c s hien Hoat ong 7 : tng quan sat c Phan ng nay Gv yeu cau Hs viet dung e nhan biet th nghiem tren cac ptp ieu che cac ankin co lk ba Hs khang nh ankin C2H2 t CaCO3 va C au day . co phan ng oxi - Gv neu phng phap 3. Phan ng oxi hoa vi KMnO4 . chnh ieu che axetilen hoa :
trong CN hien nay la

- Hs viet phng trnh phan ng .

147

nhiet phan CH4 1500C -Gv cho hoc sinh xem mot so hnh anh ve ng dung cua axetilen .

- Viet ptp ieu che C2H 2

- Tm hieu ng dung cua C2H2 trong sgk .

CnH2n-2 + O2 nCO2 + (n-1) H2O H<0 -Ankin cung lam mat mau dd KMnO4 III. IEU CHE VA NG DUNG : 1. ieu che : -Nhiet phan CH4 : 2CH4 CH CH + 3H2 -T canxicacbua :
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 2.ng dung :

- Lam nhien lieu : C2H 2 +

5 O2 2CO2 + 2

H2O H = -1300KJ -Lam nguyen lieu e tong hp mot so hp chat hu c . 4. Cung co : S dung bai 2 trang 145 sgk. 5. Hng dan ve nha: - Lam bai tap : 1 6/145 sgk. 6.25 6.31/ 46 47 48 sbt. - Chuan b bai mi : + On tap cac kien thc trong bai ankin. + Chuan b phng phap giai cac bai tap trang 147 sgk. Trang 48 49 sbt.

148

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :21 Tit :41

ANKEN , ANKAIEN, ANKIN I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Hs biet : -S giong nhau va khac nhau ve tnh chat gia anken va ankaien -Nguyen tac chung ieu che cac hirocacbon khong no dung trong cong nghiep hoa chat -S giong nhau va khac nhau ve tnh chat gia ankin va cac hiro cacbon a hoc. -Nguyen tac chung ieu che cac hirocacbon khong no dung trong cong nghiep hoa chat Hs hieu : Moi lien quan gia cau tao va tnh chat cac loai hirocacbon a hoc . 2. Ky nang : Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa tnh chat anken , ankaien Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa tnh chat ankin So sanh 3 loai hirocacbon trong chng vi nhau va vi hirocacbon a hoc. 3. Trong tam : Viet phng trnh phan ng , giai cac bai tap co lien quan . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai Hoat ong nhom III. CHUAN B : Gv chuan b bang kien thc can nh IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : 2. Kiem tra : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap . 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong 1 : - Viet Ct tong quat cua ankaien , anken ? I. NHNG KIEN THC CAN NH : 1.Cau truc : R1 R3 C=C R2 R4 R1 R3 C=C R5 R2 C=C

Bai 31,33 : LUYEN TAP

149

- Neu nhng tnh chat vat l c ban cua anken , ankaien?

-Neu nhng tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua anken , but 1,3 ien? -Viet cac phng trnh phan ng minh hoa ?

R4 R6 2. Tnh chat vat l : -C1 C4 : the kh -C5 : the long hoac ran . -Khong tan trong nc , nhe hn nc . 3. Tnh chat hoa hoc : * Cong hiro * Cong halogen * Cong HA * Trung hp * Oxi hoa

4. ieu che va ng dung . -Neu nhng ng dung c ban cua 3 loai tnh chat tren II. BAI TAP : Bai 1 : Hirocacbon CTPT So ngt H t hn Hoat ong 2 : ankan So lk So vong T so +V Bai 1 : ien cac so thch Ankan CnH2n+2 0 0 0 0 hp vao bang sau Monoxicloankan CnH2n2 0 1 1 Anken CnH2n 2 1 0 1 Ankaien CnH2n-2 4 2 0 2 Bai 2 : a) mentol co CTPT C10H18O Co +v = =1 , v=1 b) CTPT cua vitamin A la C20H30O
2.20 + 2 18 =2 2

=> +v = 2 ,

Bai 2 : 2.20 + 2 30 a) mentol ( mui bac ha ) co +v= = 6 => +v = 6 2 co CTPT C10H18O , ch v=1 => = 5 cha mot lien ket oi . Hoi co cau tao mach h hay mach vong Bai 5 : ? CH CH CH CH CH CH= CH CH +H b) vitamin A co CTPT C20H30O CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH23 CH CH2 CH3 +H2 = 3 2 2 3 3 2 co cha mot vong 6 CH3 CH= CH CH3 CH3 C C CH3 +H2 canh , khong cha lien CH3 CH= CH CH3 CH2= CH CH= CH +H2 ket ba . Hoi trong phan CH2= CH CH2 CH3 CH C CH2 CH3 +H2 t co may lien ket CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH= C= CH2 +H2 CH2 CH CH = CH2 oi ? CH2=CH CH = CH2 + Br2 Br Br Bai 5 : Hoan thanh s o CH2 CH = CH CH2 phan ng sau : Br
Br

150

Bai 6 : CxHy +(x +

y y )O2 xCO2 + H2O 4 2 y y 1+x+ = x + => y = 4 4 2

Vay hirocacbon the kh co the la : CH4 , C2H4 , C3H4 , C4H4 Bai 7 : So mol cua hon hp A = Bai 6 : Khi ot chay hoan toan mot HC the kh ( k thng ) th thay the tch cac kh tao thanh sau phan ng ung bang the tch` cac kh tham gia phan ng ( cung t va p ). Hay cho biet HC co the nhan nhng CTPT nh the nao ? Bai 7 : Hon hp gom 2 chat ke tiep nhau trong day ong ang cua etilen . Cho 3,36 lit ( kc ) hon hp khi81 tren phan ng hoan toan vi Br2 trong CCl4 th thay khoi lng bnh cha nc Br2 tang them 7,7gam . a)Xac nh CTPT cua 2 anken o ? b)Xac nh %V cua hon hp au ? c)Viet CTCT cua cac anken ong phan co cung CTPT vi 2 anken o ?
3,36 = 0,15 22, 4

mol Goi CTTQ chung cua 2 anken la CnH2n a) CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2 0,15 0,15 Khoi lng bnh Br2 tang len chnh la khoi lng cua 2 anken . MA =
7, 7 = 51,3 0,15

n=3,66

V 2 olefin ke tiep nhau nen co CTPT la C3H6 va C4H8 b)Goi so mol cua C3H6 , C4H8 lan lt la a, b mol ta co he : a + b = 0,15 a = 0,05 42a + 56b = 7,7 b = 0,1 %VC3H6= 33,33% , %VC4H8 = 66,67% b) Cac CTCT co the co

4. Cung co : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap. 5. Hng dan ve nha : - Lam bai tap : 1 5 /135 136 sgk. 6.14 6.19/ 44 sbt.

151

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :21 Tit :42

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Xac nh s co mat cua cacbon va hiro trong hp chat hu c . - Biet phng phap ieu che va nhan biet ve mot so tnh chat hoa hoc cua metan . -Biet kiem chng, cung co cac kien thc ve etilen va axetilen; cach ieu che va th tnh chat cua chung. 2. Ky nang : -Tiep tuc ren luyen ky nang thc hanh th nghiem vi lng nho hoa chat , quan sat , nhan xet va giai thch cac hien tng xay ra. -Ren luyen ky nang thc hien cac th nghiem ieu che chat kh t chat long. 3. Thai o : -Ren luyen tnh can than va biet bao qua cua cong . 4. Trong tam : - Biet cach xac nh s co mat cua C, H hp chat hu c , phng phap ieu che va th mot vai tnh chat cua metan . - Tiep tuc ren luyen cac ky nang thc hanh nh nung nong ong nghiem cha chat ran , th tnh chat cua chat kh . . . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai III. CHUAN B : 1. Dung cu : - Ong nghiem . Ga e ong nghiem 2 tang . en con . - Ong nghiem, ON co nhanh - Nut cao su mot lo nay va ong - Nut cao su 1 lo ay mieng ON nghiem . - Ong dan thuy tinh thang mot Ong hut nho giot . au vuot nhon - Bo gia th nghiem thc hanh - en con. Chau thuy tinh (e s va cap go ) - Gia e ON. - Coc thuy tinh 100 200 ml - Kep hoa chat. - Kep hoa chat . - Ong hut nho giot 2 Hoa chat : - ng knh (tinh bot , naphtalen v. - CuO , bot CuSO4 khan .CH3COONa v) a c nghien nho .

Bi 28,34: Bi thc hnh: iu ch, tnh cht ca m tan, e tilen, axetilen

152

- oan day Cu ng knh 0,5 mm - H2SO4 ac dai 20 cm - Nc cat. - Voi toi xut (NaOH va CaO ) . - Dung dch AgNO3 - Dung dch KMnO4 loang . - Dung dch NH3 - Dung dch nc brom . - at en (CaC2) - Dung dch nc voi trong . - Dung dch KmnO4 1% - Nam bong . - C2H5OH (khan) IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. O nh lp : 2. Kiem tra : - Viec chuan b nha cua hoc sinh - Ly thuyet thc hanh 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua giao vien Chia hoc sinh ra rng nhom e thc hanh Hoat ong 1: Th nghiem 2 Gv lu y : Nen chuan b san voi toi xut va CH3COONa khan cho cac nhom thc hanh : Tan nho voi song ( khong dung bot voi co san ) roi tron nhanh vi xut hat theo t le 1,5:1 sau o tron nhanh CH3COONa khan vi voi toi xut theo t le 2:3 Ong nghiem cha hon hp phan ng c lap theo hng nam ngang tren gia th nghiem . Hoat ong cua hoc sinh Th nghiem 2 : ieu che va th mot vai tnh chat cua metan Nghien nho 1 g CH3COONa khan cung vi 2 g voi toi xut ( CaO + NaOH ) roi cho vao ay ong nghiem co lap ong dan kh ( giong nh hnh 5.5) . un nong t t , sau o un nong manh phan ong nghiem co cha hon hp phan ng ong thi lan lt lam cac thao tac : a) a au ong dan kh suc vao dung dch KMNO4 1% . b) a au ong dan kh suc vao nc brom . c) a que diem ang chay ti au ong dan kh . a mot mau s trang cham vao ngon la cua metan Th nghiem 1 : ieu che va th tnh chat cua etilen. iu ch va th tnh cht ca etilen Lp dng c nh hnh v 6.7 trang 148. - Cho vo ON mt t ct sch, cho tip vo ON 2 ml C2H5OH khan v 4 ml H2SO4 ac , lc u. y ON bng nt c ng dn kh. Dn kh vo

Hoat ong 2 :Th nghiem 1 - 2 ml C2H5OH khan - 4 ml H2SO4 ac - 2 ml dd KMnO4

153

Hot ng 3: Th nghim 2: Dng CaC2 ht nh 2ml H2O 2 ml dd KMnO4 2ml AgNO3 1ml NH3

* /n cha dd KMnO4 * Cui ong t kh thot ra. .Th nghim 2: iu ch v th tnh cht ca axetylen - Cho CaC2 vo /n + nh nc vo y nt nhanh , cho ng dn kh ln lt qua : * /n cha dd KMnO4 * /n cha dd Ag[NH3]2OH - Cui cng t kh thot ra.

V . NOI DUNG TNG TRNH TH NGHIEM 1. Ten HS : Lp : 11 2. Ten bai thc hanh : Phan tch nh tnh. ieu che va tnh chat cua metan. 3. Noi dung tng trnh: Trnh bay tom tat cach tien hanh th nghiem, mo ta hien tng quan sat c, giai thch, viet pthh (neu co) cac th nghiem sau. Th nghiem 2 : ieu che va th mot vai tnh chat cua metan Th nghiem 1 : Xac nh s co mat cua C, H trong hp chat hu c. Th nghiem 2 : ieu che va th mot vai tnh chat cua metan.

154

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :22 Tit :43

KIM TRA 1 TIT

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co ve kien thc - Vit ng phn v c tn . - Tnh cht ca cc hp cht hirocacbon no v hirocacbon khng no . 2. Ky nang : - Vit CTCT, c tn, vit ptp hh. - Gii ton tng hp. II. PHNG PHAP : Trac nghiem : 50% 20 cau x 0,25 = 5 iem T luan : 50% 2 cau = 5 iem . III. CHUAN B : e kiem tra . IV. TIEN HANH KIEM TRA :
S Gio Dc & o To Tnh Bnh Phc Trung Tm GDTX Tnh KIM TRA 45 PHT- M :D MN HO HC -LP 11

I.Trc nghim :(5 ) Hy chn mt trong cc ch A,B,C,D ng trc cu tr li ng nht Cu 1 : Tng s lin kt cng ho tr trong mt phn t C3H8 l bao nhiu ? A. 3 C. 11 B. 8 D. 10 Cu 2 : Phn ng CHCH +2NH3Ag-CC-Ag + 2 NH4NO3 thuc loi phn ng g ? Khng thuc 3 loi A. Phn ng tch C. Phn ng th B. D. Phn ng cng trn Cu 3 : Hp cht CH3-CH2-C-CH2-CH3 c tn l g ? CH2 A. 2-etylbut-1-en C. 3-etylbut-3-en B. 3-metylpentan D. 1,1 ietyleten Cu 4 : Trong cc cht di y cht no c gi tn l ivinyl? A. CH2=CH-CH=CH2 B CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2 C CH2=C=CH-CH3 D. CH2=CH-CH-CH3 Cu 5 : Cho 6,72 lt hn hp X (kc)gm Propan v propen sc vo bnh ng dung dch Brom d ,sau phn ng cn li 2,24 lt kh .Khi lng propan ,propen ln lt l : A. 0.44 g v 0.84 g C. 0,44 g v 8,4 g B. 4.4 g v 8,4 g D. 4.4 g v 0,84 g Cu 6 : Khi t chy hon ton 1,12 lit ankan X thu c 5,60 lit CO2 (Cc th tch o ktc). Cng thc phn t ca X l trng hp no sau y ? A. C6H14 C. C4H10 B. C5H12 D. C3H8 Cu 7 : Dn 4,48 lt propin (ktc) qua dung dch AgNO3/NH3 khi lng kt ta thu c l : A. 101,6 C. 58,8 B. 50,8 D. 29,4 Cu 8 : t chy hon ton 0,15 mol hn hp 2 ankan thu c 9,0 g nc .Sc hn hp sn phm vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th khi lng kt ta thu c l A. 35.0 g C. 25.0g B. 55,0 g D. 45.0 g

155

Cu 9 : Cho ankan c cng thc CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 C2H5 Tn gi no sau y theo danh php thay th ca IUPAC l ng ? A. 3-metyl pentan Cu 10 : A. C. Cu 11 : A. Cu 12 : A. C. Cu 13 : A. C. Cu 14 : A. Cu 15 : A. B. C. D. Cu 16 : A. B. Iso-hexan C. 2-etyl butan D. 1-etyl-1-metyl propan Etilen v axetilen phn ng c vi tt c cc cht trong dy no sau y ? B. CO2,H2,ddKMnO4 H2,NaOH,dd HCl D. Dd Br2 ,ddHCl,dd KMnO4 Dd Br2,dd HCl ,dd AgNO3 / NH3 Khi t chy hon ton 2 hidrocacbon mch h lin tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c 8,4 lit CO2(ktc) v 6,75 g nc .Hai hidrocacbon thuc dy ng ng no ? C. Xicloankan Ankan B. Ankin D. Anken Sn phm chnh ca phn ng cng nc vo But-1-en l : B. HO-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH3-CH2-CH2-OH D. CH3-CH (OH)-CH2-CH3 HO-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH Hidrocacbon X c cng thc phn t C6H14.Vy X l B. Hidrocacbon no , c 4 ng phn Hidrocacbon no, c 5 ng phn D. Hidrocacbon mch vng , c 5 ng phn Hidrocacbon no , c 6 ng phn H s trng hp trung bnh trong mu caosu buna (M 40 000u) l C. 714 471 B. 741 Hidrocacbon X c cng thc phn t C4H8.Vy X l D. 800

Hidroccbon mch h khng no c 5 ng phn Hidrocacbon no ,khng vng , c 4 ng phn Hidroccbon khng no c 5 ng phn Hidrocacbon khng no ,c 3 ng phn cu to v hidrocacbon no mch vng c 2 ng phn Phng php no sau y l tt nht phn bit kh metan v kh etilen?

B. Phn tch thnh phn nh lng ca cc Da vo t l v th tch kh oxi tham gia phn ng chy hp cht C. S thay i mu ca dung dch Brom D. So snh khi lng ring Cu 17 Trong s cc xicloankan sau y ,cht no khng tham gia phn ng cng m vng ? : A. Xiclopropan C. Xiclopentan B. Xiclobutan D. C A,B,C, Cu 18 nh ngha no sau y l ng ? : Hidrocacbon no l hidrocacbon A. Ch tham gia phn ng th v phn ng B. Khng tham gia phn ng cng phn hu C. Ch gm cc lin kt n trong phn t D. A,B,C u ng Cu 19 Dn propen vo dung dch Brom d th : : A. Mu ca dd Brom nht dn , c kh thot B. Mu ca dd Brom khng thay i ra C. Mu ca dd Brom nht dn ,khng c kh D. Khng c hin tng g thot ra Cu 20 Cht no khng tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3? : A. But-1-en C. Etin B. Propin D. But-1-in II. T lun: (5)

156

Cu1. (2) a. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng thc hin chui phn ng sau: (1,5)

b. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho But-1 en tc dng vi HBr (xc nh sn phm chnh, ph, ghi r iu kin phn ng) (0,5) Cu 2: (1) Nhn bit cc cht sau bng phng php ha hc: xiclopropan, etan, propin. Cu 3: (2) Cho 4,48lt kh gm metan v mt anken qua bnh ng dung dch Brm c d thy khi lng bnh tng 5,25g. t chy hon ton kh cn li to thnh 5,5g CO2. a. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch cc kh trong hn hp ban u. b. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca anken. (Cho C = 12, H = 1, O = 16, Br = 80)

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Bai 35 : BENZEN VA ONG ANG. MOT SO HIROCACBON THM KHAC

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet - Cau truc electron cua benzen . - ong ang , ong phan va danh phap cua ankyl benzen . - Tnh chat vat ly tnh chat hoa hoc cua benzen va ankylbenzen . HS hieu : - S lien quan gia cau truc phan t va tnh chat hoa hoc cua benzen . 2. Ky nang : HS van dung : - Qui tac the nhan benzen e viet phng trnh phan ng ieu che cac dan xuat cua benzen va ankyl benzen . 3. Trong tam : - S lien quan gia cau truc phan t va tnh chat hoa hoc cua benzen - ong ang , ong phan va danh phap cua ankyl benzen . - Van dung qui tac the nhan benzen e tong hp cac dan xuat cua benzen . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : GV mo hnh phan t benzen . HS : On lai tnh chat cua hirocacbon no , hirocacbon khong no . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. On nh lp : 2. Kiem tra : khong co 3. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua Hoat ong cua Noi dung thay tro Hoat ong 1 : 158

vao bai Aren la g ? co nhng tnh chat g ? trong i song thng gap au ? Hoat ong 2 : - Cho HS quan sat s o nhan xet ve lien ket va cau truc phan t C6H6 ? Do 6 obitan p con lai cua 6 nguyen t C xen vi nhau tao thanh lien ket chung cho ca vong do o lk benzen tng oi ben vng hn so vi lk cac hirocacbon khong no khac .

A BENZEN VA ONG ANG HS hoat ong I CAU TRUC , ONG theo nhom ANG , ONG PHAN VA DANH PHAP : - HS quan sat 1 - Cau truc cua phan mo hnh va t benzen : rut ra nhan a/ S hnh thanh lien xet : ket trong phan t - Trang thai lai benzen : hoa cua C - Xen phu ben - Nguyen t C trang cua cac obitan thai lai hoa sp2 . p tao lien ket - Cac obital p cua C xen . phu ben tao thanh obital - Mat phang chung cho ca vong ben phan t . zen . - Cat truc - Lien ket benzen tng phan t . oi ben vng . b/ Mo hnh phan t : - Phan t benzen co hnh luc giac eu . - Cac nguyen t nam trong mot mat phang cac goc hoa tr eu bang 1200 . c/ Bieu dien cau tao cua benzen : 2- ong ang ,ong phan va danh phap : a/ ong ang : -Khi thay cac nguyen t hiro trong phan t benzen bang cac nhom ankyl , ta c nhom ankylbenzen , hp thanh mot day ong ang cua benzen 159

-Hs quan sat mo hnh ac va mo hnh rong cua benzen .

GV hng dan hai kieu CTCT cua benzen

- HS tm hieu CTCT thu gon Hoat ong 3 : cua 1 so ong ang VD : C6H5CH3 cua benzen C6H5CH2CH3 :nhan xet C6H5CH2CH2CH3 : Toluen :Etylbenzen Propylbenzen . GV: hng dan hai cach oc ten cua ankyl benzen metylbenzen (toluen) HS goi ten theo hai cach cac vd

- CnH2n-6 (n 6) b/ ong phan va danh phap : - Ankylbenzen co ong phan mach cacbon va ong phan v tr nhom the tren vong benzen . - Goi ten : ch ro v tr cac nguyen t C cua vong bang cac ch cai o, m, p ( ortho , meta, para ) . etylbenzen 1,2imetylbenzen 0- imetylbenzen (0 xilen ) 1,4 imetyl benzen imetylbenzen p- imetylbenzen imetylbenzen (p- xilen) xilen ) 1,3 m (m

Nhom C6H5CH2la nhom benzyl , nhom C6H5 goi la nhom phenyl

II TNH CHAT VAT LY : 1 Nhiet o nong chay , t0s va khoi lng rieng : - Nhiet o nong chay nhn chung giam dan , co s bat thng p- xilen :o xilen : m xilen . - Nhiet o soi tang dan . HS nghien cu - Khoi lng rieng cac bang 8.1 nhan aren nho hn 1g/cm3 cac xet : aren nhe hn nc . 2 Mau sac,tnh tan va mui : Hoat ong 4 : - La nhng chat khong mau , hau nh khong tan 160

Cho HS nghien cu bang 7.1 nhan xet ? - Hs quan sat bnh ng benzen nhan xet mau sac va tnh tan . - Gv cho HS quan - Mach vong , sat bnh ng tao he lien benzen . ket lien hp v vay nhan Hoat ong 5 : benzen kha - Phan tch ac ben . iem cau tao cua benzen t o d oan tnh chat cua - HS viet benzen ? phng trnh - Gv thong bao phan ng the : cua benzen, Cac aren co toluen vi Br2 ; hai trung tam HNO3 phan ng - HS suy luan la nhan va kha nang mach nhanh . tham gia phan - GV hng ng cua aren dan - Hs viet ptp . GV bo sung : * Trang thai : brom khan , HNO3 boc -Toluen phan khoi , H2SO4 ng nitro hoa am ac un de dang hn nong . benzen va tao * ieu kien thanh san phan ng : pham the vao Bot sat , v tr ortho va 161

trong nc , tan nhieu trong dung moi hu c . - eu la chat co mui thm nhe , nhng co hai cho sc khoe , nhat la benzen . III - TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1 Phan ng the : a/ Phan ng halogen hoa : - Khi co bot sat benzen tac dung vi brom khan .
H
Br

+ Br2

Fe

+ HBr bromb

enzen Toluen phan ng nhanh hn : Neu chieu sang th brom the cho H nhanh
CH 2 -H

CH 2 -Br

+ Br2 bromua

as

+ HBr Benzyl

b/ Phan ng nitrohoa : -Benzen tac dung vi hon hp HNO3 + H2SO4 am ac tao thanh nitrobenzen :
H
NO 2

+ O-NO2 +H2O

H 2SO 4

nitrobe nzen -Nitrobenzen tac dung vi hon hp H2SO42 va HNO3

chieu sang . - Anh hng cua nhom the cua nhan thm ti mc o phan ng va hng phan ng ?

para . boc khoi, un nong +HONO2

H 2SO 4,t0 -H 2O
NO2

N O2

NO2

minitrobenzen - Toluen phan ng de hn :

CH3
N O
2

HNO3,H2SO4 -H2O

+ 0 nitrotoluen nitrotoluen

C 3 H

CH3

NO 2

p-

+3H2 GV dung s o mo ta qui luat the nhan benzen GV trnh bay c che the vong benzen * Th nghiem : cho benzen vao dung dch brom .

t0 ,a /s

HS quan sat , 0 Ni ,t nhanxet : C6H6 +3H2 C6H12 . Benzen khong 3 Phan ng oxihoa : lam mat mau 162 - Benzen khong tac dung

c/ Qui tac the vong benzen : Khi vong benzen aco san : - Nhom ankyl hay (-OH ,-NH2 , -OCH3 . ..) phan ng the vao vong de dang va u tien xay ra v tr ortho vapara. - Nhom NO2 , -COOH , -SO3H . . .,phan ng the vao vong kho hn va u tien v tr meta . 2 Phan ng cong : - Benzen va ankylbenzen khong lam mat mau dung dch brom . Khi chieu sang , benzen cong vi clo thanh C6H6Cl6 . C6H6 + Cl2 C6H6Cl6 - Khi un nong , co Ni hoac Pt lam xuc tac:

4.Cung co : Nhan xet cau truc cua benzen giong va khac g so vi cac hirocacbon khong no khac ? 5. Bai tap ve nha : - Lam bai tap trang 159 -161 sgk.Trang 50 52 sbt. - oc cac phan con lai cua bai.

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Bai 35 : BENZEN VA ONG ANG. MOT SO HIROCACBON THM KHAC (tiep theo)
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet : - Cau tao ,tnh chat , ng dung cua stiren va naphtalen HS hieu - Cach xac nh CTCT hp chat hu c bang phng phap hoa hoc . 2. Ky nang : - Van dung viet mot so phng trnh phan ng chng minh tnh chat hoa hoc cua stiren va naphtalen . 3. Trong tam : - Biet cau tao tnh chat , ng dung cua stiren va naphtalen . - Hieu cach xac nh cau tao hp chat hu c bang phng phap hoa hoc II. PHNG PHAP : Dien giang am thoai III. CHUAN B : -Dung cu : Coc thuy tinh 200ml ,ong nghiem ,en con . -Hoa chat :Naphtalen (bang phien) , HNO3 ac . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Bai 8/194 * bai 7/193 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai -Neu tnh chat vat l cua stiren ?. - Viet CTCT ? Hoat ong cua tro -Da vao sgk neu tnh chat vat l cua stiren . - HS viet CTCT : C 8H 8 164 Noi dung B MOT VAI HIROCACBON THM KHAC I STIREN : 1 . Cau tao : - La mot chat long khong mau , nhe hn

- T ac iem cau tao d oan tnh chat hoa hoc cua stiren ? GV thong bao : Stiren co phan ng cong vao noi oi , phan ng the vao vong benzen : Hoat ong 2 : Gv mo ta th nghiem : Cho stiren vao d2 nc Br2 giai thch viet phng trnh ?

nc, khong tan Stiren (vinylbenzen , trongnc . phenyletilen ) - t0nc :-310C .t0s: 1450C . - CTCT : - Co tnh chat giong aren . - Co tnh chat 2 Tnh chat hoa hoc : giong anken a. Phan ng cong :
C6H5-CH=CH2 +Br2 C6H5-CH CH2 | | Br Br C6H5-CH=CH2 + HCl C6H5 CH-CH3 | Cl

- Dung dch nc Br2 b mat mau :

- Halogen ( Cl2, Br2) , hiro halogenuacong vao - Viet phng trnh nhom vinyl tng t nh . cong vao anken . Phan ng cong HX theo qui tac b/ Phan ng trung hp Mac-cop-nhi cop va ong trung hp : . Phan ng ong trung hp : HS nhan xet : - Phan ng trung hp ch co 1 monome . - Phan ng ong trung hp co t hai loai monome tr len . Poli(butaien-stiren) c/ Phan ng oxihoa : - Stiren lam mat mau dung dch KMnO4 va b oxihoa nhom vinyl, con vong benzen van gi nguyen . II NAPTALEN : 1 . Tnh chat vat ly va cau tao : - La chat ran mau trang , co mui ac trng (mui bang phien ) . 165

Hoat ong 3 : - Gi y e HS viet phng trnh trung hp va ong trung hp ?

Hoat ong 4 : - Tng t nh etilen HS viet s o phan ng oxihoa cua stiren vi KMnO4 ? Cho HS quan sat naptalen nhan xet ve mui, mau ? GV bo sung tnh thang hoa. Hoat ong 5 : - GV neu CTCT va cac k hieu tren CTCT naptalen .

- Hs len bang viet ptp : 3CH=CH2+2KMnO4 +4 H2O C6H5 CHOHCH2OH + 2MnO2 + C 6H 5 HS da vao sgk neu tnh chat vat ly cua naptalen .

- Thang hoa ngay nhiet o thng , t0nc 800C , t0s 2180C , D = 1,025 g/cm3 (250C) . - Khong tan trong nc , tan trong dung moi hu c . - CTPT : C10H8 2 . Tnh chat hoa hoc : a/ Phan ng the : - Naptalen tham gia cac phan ng the de hn so vi ben zen , san pham the vao v tr 1( ) la san pham chnh . + Br2+HBr +HNO3+ H2O. b/ Phan ng cong hiro ( hirohoa ) C10H8 Naphtalen C10H12,tetralin C10H18ecalin c/ Phan ng oxihoa : Khong b oxiho bi KMnO4 . Khi co xuc tac V2O5 nhiet cao no b oxihoa bi oxi khong kh tao thanh anhirit phtalic .
O C

Hoat ong 6 : - GV neu v tr - HS viet phng u tien khi tham trnh gia phan ng the cua naphtalen

O2 (kk) V2O5,350-4500C

C O

Anhirit phtalic 3 .ng dung : - Dung e san xuat anhirit phtalic ,naphtol, naphtylamin .. . dung trong cong nghiep chat deo , dc pham pham nhuom 166

- GV gi y HS viet phan ng cong theo hai mc .

- HS viet phng trnh : - Viet s o phan ng tng t SGK - HS neu ng dung cua naphtalen da vao sgk .

Tetralin va ecalin c dung lam dung moi . - Naphtalen con dung lam chat chong gian .

- Chu y ieu kien - Da vao sgk neu ng dung cua naptalen ? 4. Cung co : Stiren giong va khac anken , benzen nh the nao ? 5. Bai tap ve nha : - Cac bai tap con lai trong sgk va sach bai tap. - Chuan b kien thc ly thuyet va phng phap giai cac bai tap trong bai luyen tap.

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Bi 36 : LUYN TP: HIROCACBON THM

I . MC TIU 1. Kin thc. - Cng c tnh cht ha hc c bn ca hirocacbon thm. - So snh tnh cht ha hc ca hirocacbon thm vi ankan v anken. 2. K nng. - Rn luyn k nng vit ptp minh ha tnh cht ha hc cu hirocacbon thm. - K nng gii bi ton v hirocacbon thm. II . PHNG PHP m thoi gi m. III . CHUN B GV : Bng ph v gio n. HS : n tp kin thc trong chng. IV . THIT K CAC HOT NG 1. n nh lp : 2. Kim tra : Kt hp trong qu trnh luyn tp. 3. Bi mi :
Hot ng ca gio vin Hot ng ca hc sinh I . KIN THC CN NM VNG

Hot ng 1 : - Vit CTCT v gi tn cc hirocacbon thm c CTPT C8H10, C8H8 ? - HD : Tn cc nhm ankyl (ch r v tr nhm ankyl) + benzen. nh s cc nguyn t C ca vng benzen theo qui tc.

- HS tho lun theo nhm nh. C i din ln bng vit (nu c yu cu). - Yu cu tr li c : C8H10

etylbenzen (toluen)

1,2-imetylbenzen o-imetylbenzen (o-xilen)

1,3-imetylbenzen m-imetylbenzen (m-xilen)

1,4-imetylbenzen p-imetylbenzen (p-xilen)

C8H8

168

C H =2 C H Hot ng 2 : - Vit cc pthh sau : + Toluen vi Brom (bt st) ; HNO3 (H2SO4 c) stiren (vinylbenzen, phenyletilen) + Benzen vi H2 (xt : Ni) + Etyl benzen vi Cl2 - HS tho lun theo nhm nh. C i din ln bng vit (iu kin AS), vi dung (nu c yu cu). dch KMnO4 (t0). - Yu cu tr li c : +Stiren vi dung dch Br2. t rt ra tnh cht ha hc chung ca hirocacbon thm?

2 4 + HO NO2

H SO H2O

C6H6 + 3H2 C6H12

AS C6 H5 CH 2 CH3 + Cl2 C6 H5 CHCl CH(42%) 3 + HCl

Ni, to

C6 H 5 CH 2 CH 3 +5O dd KMnO4 6 H 5 COOH HCOOH H 2+ ,t C + O C6H5CH=CH2+ Br2 C6H5 CH CH2

Br Br
| |

Tnh cht ha hc chung ca hirocacbon thm : - P th ngt H ca vng benzen (th alogen, th nitro, ); - P th ngt H ca nhm ankyl lin kt vi vng benzen; - P cng Br2, HBr, H2O vo lin kt bi nhnh ca vng benzen ; - P cng H2 vo vng benzen to thnh xiclohexan hoc akylxiclohexan; - P oxh nhnh ankyl bng dung dch KMnO4 un nng.
II . BI TP

1. Hy in nhng cm t thch hp vo cc ch trng trong cc cu sau : a) Phn t hirocacbon no ch c cc (1) 169

Hot ng 3 : Bi tp - GV rn luyn cho HS gii cc bi tp ha hc v hirocacbon thm thng qua vic giao bi tp cho HS gii, sau cha bi tp v cht li kin thc quan trng.

bn vng, v th chng (2) iu kin thng. Trong phn t (3) khng c (4) c bit no, nn khi tham gia phn ng th, (5), (6), th thng to ra (7) sn phm. b) hirocacbon (1) c nhng (2) km bn, l nhng (3), chng gy nn nhng (4) cho hirocacbon khng no. c) hirocacbon thm cc (1) to thnh (2) chung, do bn hn cc (3) ring r, dn n tnh cht c trng l: tng i (4) , kh cng, bn vng i vi tc nhn oxi ha. 1. a) lin kt / tng i tr v mt ha hc / hirocacbon no / trung tm p / p th / p tch / hn hp. b) khng no/ lin kt / trung tm p / p c trng. c) electron p / h electron lin hp / lin kt / d th. 2. Hy dng phng php ho hc phn bit cc cht trong mi nhm sau : a) Toluen, hept-1-en v heptan. b) Etylbenzen, vinylbenzen v vinylaxetilen. 2. a) Dng dung dch KMnO4: - Hept-1-en lm mt m dung dch KMnO4 iu kin thng. - Toluen lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 khi un nng. - Heptan khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4. b) Dng dung dch KMnO4: - Vinylbenzen, vinylaxetilen lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 iu kin thng. - Etylbenzen khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 iu kin thng. Dng dung dch AgNO3/NH3, vinylaxetilen to kt ta. 3 .Cho s bin i sau 170

A l cht no trong s cc cht cho di y? Chn mt p n di y A. B. C. D. . p n l : (C) 4 . Hirocacbon X c t khi hi so vi hiro l 46. X khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 nhit thp, nhng khi un nng, lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm v to ra sn phm Y c cng thc phn t l C7H5O2K. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch axit sunfuric long th to thnh sn phm Z c cng thc phn t l C7H5O2H. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y, Z ln lt l:
CH3 COOK COOH

A. ;

CH3

CH3

CH3

B. ;
HO CH3 CH3

;
OK HO CH3 OH OH OH

CH3 KO

CH3 OH HO

CH3 OH

C. ;

D. ;
OK OH

p n l : (A) 4 . Cng c : Kt hp trong bi mi. 5 . Hung dn v nh : Lm bi tp trong SGK v SBT. c trc bi 37.

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BI 37 NGUN HIROCACBON THIN NHIN

A. MC TIU 1. Hs bit: Ngun hirocacbon trong thin nhin, thnh phn, cch khai thc v cc phng php ch bin chng; Cc ng dng quan trng ca hirocacbon trong cng nghip v trong i sng. 2. Hs hiu: V sao du m c mi kh chu? Ti sao du m khng c nhit si nht nh? Ti sao kh thin nhin v kh m du c dng lm nhin liu cho cc nh my nhit in? 3. Hs vn dng: Bit phn bit thnh phn kh thin nhin, kh du m, kh l cc; Gii thch ngha qu trnh ch bin ho hc cc sn phm chng ct phn on du m (crckinh v rifominh) B. CHUN B GV: Tranh, nh, t liu v cc ging du, m than v cc sn phm c ch bin t du m. Hs: Tm hiu cc thng tin lin quan n bi hc. C. T CHC HOT NG DY HC

HOT NG GIO VIN I- DU M Hot ng 1 GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK, cho bit: Ti du l g? c im cu to ti du ra sao? GV nu vn : Vy th no l du m? Thnh phn ho hc ca du m ra sao? Chng ta hy nghin cu tip phn sau. Hot ng 2 1. Thnh phn GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK c nhng nhn xt v tnh cht ca du m. GV b sung thng tin tr li cu hi: Ti sao du m li c mi kh chu v gy hi cho ng c? Ti sao du m Min Nam

HOT NG HC SINH Hs: Ti du l cc lp nham thch c nhiu l xp cha du c bao quanh bi mt lp khong st khng thm nc v kh. Ti du c ba lp: lp trn cng l kh ng hnh, lp gia l du, lp cui cng l nc v cn.

NI DUNG
A- Du m I - Trng thi thin nhin, tnh cht vt l v thnh phn ca du m 1. Trng thi thin nhin v tnh cht vt l - Du m l mt hn hp lng, snh, mu sm, c mi c trng, nh hn nc v khng tan trong nc. 2. Thnh phn ho hc H,C : ankan, xicloankan, aren (ch yu) Cht hu c

HS nghin cu thng tin trong SGK tr li.

172

HOT NG GIO VIN Vit Nam li thun li cho vic ch ho v s dng? 2. Khai thc GV nu vn : khai thc du m, ngi ta phi lm g? Hin tng no khin ta xc nh c s c mt ca du m? (Hoc : GV c th m bng video t liu cho HS quan st hat ng khai thc du m bit c nhng thng tin cn thit). GV: Khi lng du gim (p sut kh gim) ngi ta phi lm g? Hot ng 3 3. Ch bin GV nu vn : Du m mi ly ln t ging du c gi l du th. Cn phi nng cao gi tr s dng du m bng cch no? Trc ht chng ta quan tm ti giai on chng ct. a)Chng ct GV t cu hi: Du m c chng ct u, trong iu kin no? Yu cu HS quan st hnh 7.5, SGK S chng ct, ch ho v ng dng du m tr li cu hi sau: Cc sn phm chnh no thu c khi chng ct phn on du m? ng dng ca chng l g? b) Ch bin ho hc Ti sao phi ch bin ho hc cc phn on du m? Phng php no thng dng trong cc qu trnh ? _ Ch bin ho hc cc phn on du m tng gi tr s dng ca

HOT NG HC SINH

NI DUNG
cha Oxi, Nit, Lu hunh (lng nh) Cht v c ( rt t) Thnh phn nguyn t: 83-87% C, 11-14%H, 0.01-7%S, 0,01-7%O, 0,01-2%N, cc kim loi nng vo khong phn triu n phn vn. II - Chng ct du m 1. Chng ct di p sut thng - Chng ct phn on trong phng th nghim. - chng ct phn on du m. 2.Chng ct di p sut cao - Phn on si nhit < 1800C c chng ct tip p sut cao: + C1-C2, C3-C4 dng lm nhin liu kh hoc kh ho lng. + C5-C6 l ete, du ho c dng lm dung mi hoc nguyn liu cho nh my ho cht. + C6- C10 l xng c cht lng thp phi qua ch ho. 3. Chng ct di p sut thp Phn cn li sau khi chng ct p sut thng l hn hp nht c mu en gi l cn mazut

Hs tho lun nhm tr li cu hi. Mun khai thc du, phi khoan nhng l khoan su xung lng t; u tin, du s t phun ln do p sut ca kh du m.) + Dng bm ht du ln. +Hoc bm nc xung (v sao).

_ Loi b nc, mui v ph nh tng. _ Chng ct phn on (phng php vt l). _ Dng phng php ho hc: nh crckinh, rifominh. Chng ct du m p sut thng, trong nhng thp ct lin tc. 173

HOT NG GIO VIN du m. _ Phng php thng dng l crckinh v rifominh. GV gii thch thut ng crckinh v vit pthh minh ho: (sgk) GV cho v d chuyn hirocacbon mch khng nhnh thnh phn nhnh, mch vng v cho HS bit hin tng c gi l rifominh v t cu hi: Th no l rifominh? _ II KH THIN NHIN V KH M DU Hot ng 4 GV k bng nh sgk, nhng trng cc phn ghi thng tin. Qu trnh ny c tin hnh vi s gip ca GV, GV c th gii thch HS hiu r hn v thnh phn v ng dng ca hai loi kh ni trn. III. THAN M Hot ng 5 GV nguyn nhn hnh thnh than m l g? C nhng loi than m no? -Than m nung nng 900-10000C than cc, nha than , kh l cc. c im thnh phn ca kh l cc l g? GV cung cp kin thc: Nha than l cht lng cha nhiu hirocacbon thm v phenol. T nha than tch ra c nhiu cht c gi tr nh benzen, toluen, phenol, naphtalen v hc n. -Cc hp cht thu c t chng ct than l ngun b sung nguyn liu

HOT NG HC SINH

NI DUNG

Sn phm ca qu trnh crckinh l: xng v kh Du nhn crckinh. Vazlin Rifominh l qu trnh Parafin dng xc tc v nhit lm Atphan bin i cu trc (dng ri ng) hirocacbon tf mch khng nhnh thnh mch III - Ch bin du m nhnh, t khng thm bng phng php ho hc thnh thm

Cn mazut Phn on l/ng(dng cho CRK

Mc ch: - p ng nhu cu v s lng, cht lng xng lm nhin liu. - p ng nhu cu v nguyn liu cho cng nghip ho cht. 1. Rifominh HS nghin cu SGK hon thin cc phn cn - Khi nim: L qu trnh dng xc tc v trng . nhit bin i cu trc ca H,C t khng phn nhnh thnh phn nhnh, t khng thm thnh thm. - Ni dung: HS tho lun nhm.

Than m l phn cn li ca cy c c i b bin ho. C ba loi than chnh: than m, than gy v than nu. HS tho lun nhm tham kho SGK tr li cu hi. -Kh l cc l hn hp cc cht kh d chy. -Thnh phn theo th tch: 59% H2, 25%CH4, cc 174

Chuyn ankan mch thng thnh ankan mch nhnh v xicloankan. Tch H chuyn xicloankan thnh aren. Tch H chuyn ankan thnh aren. 2. Crckinh L qu trnh b gy HC mch di thnh HC mch

HOT NG HC SINH ng k cho cng nghip. hirocacbon, 6% CO, 7% -Vit Nam c c s luyn cc Thi CO2, N2, O2. Nguyn, ch yu cung cp cho cc l luyn kim.

HOT NG GIO VIN

NI DUNG
ngn hn nh tc dng nhit hoc xc tc

Hot ng 6: Cng c bi GV t cu hi gip hc sinh khi qut kin thc trong bi. -C nhng ngun hidrocacbon no trong thin nhin? -Thnh phn, cch khai thc ch bin du m, kh thin nhin, kh du m, kh than ? -Nu ng dng ca cc ngun hirocacbon ?

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A- Mc tiu. 1- Kin thc: Cng c, h thng ho kin thc v hirocacbon quan trng: Ankan, Anken, Ankin, Ankylbenzen : cu to, tnh cht ho hc. 2- K nng: Rn k nng h thng v vn dng kin thc. 3- Thi : Rn cch lm vic khoa hc, cn thn. B- Phng php ch yu v chun b. 1- Phng php ch yu: Hot ng nhm, tho lun. 2- Chun b: a- Gv: Gio n. b- Hs: - Nghin cu ni dung bi hc. - n li kin thc v cc hirocacbon hc. C- Cc hot ng ln lp. Hot ng 1: Kim tra s s, n nh lp. Hot ng 2: Vo bi: t mc tiu bi hc. Hot ng 3: I- H thng ho v hirocacbon. Hot ng ca thy Hot ng ca tr * Yu cu Hs nghin cu SGK, * Nghin cu SGK, nh li kin nh li kin thc v cac thc v cac hirocacbon, hirocacbon, tho lun v tho lun v hon thnh bng hon thnh bng tm tt cc tm tt cc kin thc v kin thc v hirocacbon theo hirocacbon theo SGK. SGK. Cc ni dung h thng theo cc mc sau: Ni Ankan Anken Ankin Ankylbenz dung. en CTPT c im cu to. Tnh cht vt l. Tnh cht ho hc. 176

Bi 38. H thng ho v hirocacbon.

ng dng. Hot ng 4: II- S chuyn ho gia cc loi hirocacbon. Hot ng ca thy Hot ng ca tr * Yu cu Hs nu cc p chuyn * Nu cc p chuyn ho gia ho gia cc loi hirocacbon cc loi hirocacbon hon hon thnh s thnh s chuyn ho gia chuyn ho gia chng. chng. Ankan. S chuyn ho nh sau: CnH2n+2 Anken. CnH2n Ankin. CnH2n-2

Ankan. CnH2n+2 n = 5, 6, 7

Tch H2 Xicloankan. ng vng CnH2n Cng H2

Benzen Tch H2 v ng ng. Cng H2 CnH2n-6

Hot ng 5: Cng c. Hot ng ca thy * Nhn mnh kin thc bi hc,. * Yu cu Hs vn dng kin thc lm bi tp SGK.

Hot ng ca tr * Vn dng kin thc lm bi tp SGK: Tho lun, lm bi, trnh by, nhn xt, b sung, chnh sa.

Hot ng 6: Hng dn v nh. 1- Hon thnh bi tp, lm bi tp SBT. 2- Chun b bi sau: Bi 39- Dn xut Halogen ca hirocacbon. Nghin cu trc ni dung bi hc.

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BAI 39: DAN XUAT HALOGEN CUA HIROCACBON

I. MUC TIEU CUA BAI HOC 1. Kien thc: HS biet : Khai niem, phan loai dan xuat halogen cua hirocacbon, tnh chat hoa hoc ac trng va n g1 dung cua mot so dan xuat halogen. 2. K nang - Viet CTCT cac ong phan cua dan xuat halogen cu the - Viet PTHH: Phan ng thuy phan( phan ng the) va phan ng tach cua dan xuat halogen, goi ten mot so dan xuat halogen. II. CHUAN B -GV: Mot so t lieu ve ng dung cua dan xuat halogen, th nghiem thuy phan etyl bromua, phieu hoc tap. . . - HS: He thong hoa cac kien thc ve phan ng cua hirocacbon a hoc co tao ra cac hp chat cha halogen III. PHNG PHAP - am thoai ket hp vi dien giang - Neu van e - Trc quang IV. HOAT ONG DAY HOC HOAT ONG CUA GV - HS NOI DUNG HOAT ONG 1: I. KHAI NIEM, PHAN LOAI. 1.Khai niem. -GV yeu cau HS neu VD ve san Khi thay the nguyen t hiro pham phan ng cua cua phan t hirocacbon bang hirocacbon (no, khong no, thm) nguyen t halogen ta c dan vi halogen hoac hiro halogen xuat halogen cua hirocacbon tao ra hirocacbon cha nguyen VD t halogen trong phan t e t H-C CH4 CH2=CH2 o suy ra nh ngha C6H6 - HS: Mot vai HS tra li cau DX CH3Cl CH2=CH-Cl hoi, sau o GV tong ket lai C6H5Br halogen CH3Br CH2Cl2 Chu y: Co nhieu cach thu c dan xuat halogen theo nhieu cach khac nhau - GV: Yeu cau HS len bang neu - Thay the nhom OH trong phan VD cu the ve tng cach thu t ancol bang nguyen t halogen dan xuat halogen C2H5OH + HBr C2H5Br + H2O - HS len bang viet VD - Cong hp hirohalogenua vao -GV phat phieu hoc tap cho

178

tng nhom: Bai tap 1 trang 177 SGK

phan t hirocacbon khong no CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3-CH2-Br - The H cua hirocacnon bang nguyen t halogen as CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl - GV nh hng e giup HS 2. Phan loai: Da vao thuan li khi phan loai dan - Ban chat cua halogen xuat halogen bang cach a ra - So lng nguyen t halogen cac tieu ch phan loai nhtrong - ac iem cau tao cua goc SGK hirocacbon * Mot so loai dan xuat halogen hay gap - Dan xuat halogen cua - HS phan loai va cho them mot hirocacbon no, mach h so VD VD: C2H5Cl : etyl clorua CHCl3 : Clorofom( triclometan) - Dan xuat halogen cua hirocacbon khong no, mach h VD: CH2=CH-CH2Cl anlyl clorua - Dan xuat halogen cua - T cac VD, GV hng dan HS hirocacbon thm cach xac nh bac cua VD: C6H5Br : phenyl bromua hay nguyen t cacbon lien ket vi brom benzen halogen e xac nh bac cua * Bac cua dan xuat halogen dan xuat halogen bang bac cua nguyen t cacbon lien ket vi nguyen - HS van dung e xac nh bac t halogen cua mot so dan xuat halogen VD khac - Bac I : CH3-CH2-Cl etyl clorua HOAT ONG 2: GV hng dan - Bac II: CH3-CHCl-CH3 isopropyl HS tm hieu tnh chat vat l cua clorua halogen va lam bai tap so 3 - Bac III: ( CH3)3C-Br tert-butyl SGK trang 177 bromua II. TNH CHAT VAT L HOAT ONG 3 SGK 1/- GV hng dan cho 1 HS lam TN ( un hon hp etyl bromua trong dd NaOH ) , cac HS khac III, TNH CHAT HOA HOC quan sat va chu y 1. Phan ng the nguyen t + S thay oi cua dan xuat halogen bang nhom OH t halogen( phan khong tan trong dd R-X + NaOH R-OH + NaX NaOH) VD: t + Sau khi un hon hp mot CH3CH2-Br +NaOH loang CH3CH2-OH thi gian, axt hoa hon hp + bang axt HNO3, roi dung AgNO3 NaBr nhan biet Cl- sinh ra do phan ng thuy phan dan xuat halogen 2. Phan ng tach hiro

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HOAT ONG 5 : Cung co: phat phieu hoc tap cho tng nhon Phieu hoc tap Cau 1: Co bao nhieu ong phan cau tao co cong thc phan t C4H9Br A. 2 B.3 C. 4 D. 5 Cau 2: un nong hp chat X co CTPT C4H9Cl vi dd KOH/ C2H5OH thu c hon hp hai anken ong phan cua nhau. Ten X la A. 1- clobutan B. 2- clobutan C. 1- clo- 2- metyl butan D. tert- butylclorua HOAT ONG 6: Hng dan ve nha - Hoc bai, lam bai tap SGK,SBT - Xem trc bai ancol

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Bi 40: ANCOL
I. Mc tiu bi hc 1) Kin thc Bit Cu to phn t, lin kt hidr v tnh cht vt l ca ancol Hiu Mt s tnh cht vt l ca ancol 2) K nng: Gv gip hs rn luyn c tn.vit c cng thc ca ancol v ngc li Vit ng cng thc ng phn ca ancol Vn dung lin kt hidro gii thch tnh cht vt l ca ancol II. Chun b 1. dung dy hc M hnh lp ghp ancol m t phn nh ngha,ng phn ,bc ancol,so snh m hnh phn t nc v ru etylic 2. Phng php :m thoi nu vn II. Tin trnh ging dy nnh lp Kim tra bi c Ging bi mi M u bi mi bng mt th nghim vui hay cu chuyn Ging bi mi

1) 2) 3)

Hot ng gv Hot ng hs Hot ng 1:Tm hiu th

no l ancol Gv:cho hs vit mt vi cng thc ancol bit bi 49 ? Em thy c im g ging nhau trong CTPT hp cht hu c trn Gv ghi nhn cc pht biu ca hs chnh l li i n

Ni dung bi hc
I. nh ngha ,phn loi,ng phn v danh php 1) nh ngha:ancol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm hydroxyl(OH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C no

Hs: CH3OH,CH3CH2CH2OH CH2=CH CH2OH im ging nhau:u c nhm OH lin kt vi gc HC 181

nh ngha ?Nu nh ngha ancol Trong n gv lu c im :nhm hydroxyl (-OH) lien kt trc tip vi nguyn t HS tr li C no ?Nu v d Gv a CT chung ca dy ng ng ancol etylic:

VD:CH3OH,C2H5OH CTTQ ru no, n chc, mch h: CnH2n+1OH

Hot ng 2:Tm hiu v

cch phn loi ancol ?Ancol c phn loi theo nhng yu t no ?Hs cho v d mi loi v tng qut ha CT (nu c) HS: Cu to gc hidrocacbon S lng nhm hydroxyl VD:

2) Phn loi: da theo: - Cu to gc hidrocacbon: Ancol no (bc I, II, III), ancol khng no, ancol thm - S lng nhm hydroxyl: n chc (monoancol), a chc (poloiancol)

Hot ng 3: Tm hiu
th no l ng phn ca ancol ?C my loi ng phn ?Vit cc cng thc ru c cng thc C4H9OH HS tr li HS vit

Hot ng 4:Tim hiu v

danh php ca ancol GV :Trnh by qui tc c tn:tn thong thng v tn thay th GV: Cho v d yu cu hs 182

3) ng phn v danh php a) ng phn c 3 loi ng phn nhm chc ng phn mch cacbon ng phn v tr nhm chc chc b) Danh php Tn thng thng ancol+tn gc HC+ic VD:CH3OH: ancolmetylic (CH3)2CHOH: ancolisopropylic CH2=CH CH2OH: ancolarylic

c tn HS c tn Gv cho hs vn dng c tn cc cht khc bng 8.2.Nu hs c sai th gv sa HS c tn

C6H5 CH2OH: ancolbenzylic Tn thay th Tn HC tng ng theo mch chnh +s ch v tr +ol Qui tc: - Mch chnh l mch C di nht cha nhm OH - S ch v tr c bt u t pha gn nhm OH hn VD: CH3-OH :metanol C2H5OH :etanol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH: Butan-1-ol

Hot ng 5:Tm hiu v

tnh cht vt l ca ancol Gv hng dn hs nghin cu mt s tnh cht vt l ca ancol thng gp ghi trong bng 9.3 tr li cc cu hi sau ?Cn c vo nhit nng chy v nhit si , em cho bit nhit thng cc ancol l cht lng ,cht rn hay cht kh ?Cn c vo tan em hy HStr li cho bit iu kin thng cc ancol thng gp no c kh nng tan v hn trong nc ?Khi s nguyn t C tng th tan thay i nh th no HStr li Sau hs t c SGK kim tra kieens ca mnh ng hay sai v t b sung HStr li them cc t liu -

II. Tnh cht vt l v lin kt hidro ca ancol 1) Tnh cht vt l iu kin thng, cc ancol n chc no mch h t CH3OH n C12H25OH l cht lng, t C13H27OH tr ln l cht rn. Ancol c t 13C tan v hn trong nc. Khi s C tng, tan gim dn Cc poliol thng snh, nng hn nc v c v ngt Cc ng ng ca ancol etylic u khng mu.

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Hot ng 6:Tm hiu v

lin kt hidro Gv yu cu hs xem SGK bng 8.4 v nhn xt v nhit si ,nhit nng chy , tan ca cc cht khc nhau trong bng 8.4 Gv gii thch bng cch so snh s phn cc nhm CO-H ancol v phan t nc

2)

Lin kt hidro a) Khi nim v lin kt hidro:Nguyn t hidro mang mt phn in tch dng ca nhm OH ny khi gn nguyn t O mang mt phn in tch ca nhm -OH kia th to thnh mt lin kt yu gi l lin kt hidro ,biu din bng du nh hnh 8.3 (SGK) VD

?Yu cu hs rt ra khi nim

th no l lin kt hidro

O H O H O H H H H lie kehidro gi ca pha t c n t a c n n O H O H O H R H R lie kehidro gi ca pha t c va u n t a c n n r

HStr li
O H O H O H R R R lie kehidro gi ca pha t u n t a c n r

Hot ng 7:Tm hiu v

nh hng ca lin kt hidro n tnh cht vt l ca ancol Gv yu cu hs xem SGK Gv rt ra kt lun chung

b) nh hng ca lin kt hidro n tnh cht vt l - Hp cht c lin kt hidro c nhit si, nhit nng chy v tan trong nc cao hn nhng hp cht c cng PTK nhng khng c lin kt hidro.

III. Cng c: Cch phn loi ng phn v danh php Lin kt hidro IV. Dn d : V nh lm BT trong SGK :16

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Bi 40: ANCOL (tip theo)

I. Mc tiu bi hc 1. Kien thc Bit Cc ng dng ca ancol Hiu tnh cht ha hc ca ancol 2. K nng Vn dng cc tnh cht ha hc ca ancol dng ton s phn ng 3. Thi Bit c tm quan trng ca ru trong i sng,cng nghip t thy c ha hc lun gn lin vi thc t II. Chun b dng dy hc TN:C2H5OH+Na hoc phng to hnh 9.5 SGK TN:Glierin+Cu(OH)2 Phng Php dy hc m thoi nu vn III. Tin trnh dy hc 1. n nh 2. Kim tra bi c 3. Ging bi mi Hot ng gio vin Hot ng hc sinh Ni dung bi hc Hot ng 1:tm hiu chung tnh cht ha hc ca ancol Gv cho hc sinh nhc li v c im cu to ca phn t HS tra li ancol t hs vn dng suy ra tnh cht I. Tnh cht ha hc Do s phn cc ca cc lin kt ,cc phn ng ha hc ca ancol xy ra ch yu nhm chc OH. Bao gm: - Phn ng th nguyn t H trong nhm OH - Phn ng th c nhm OH - Phn ng tch nhm OH cng vi nguyn t H trong gc HC

185

Hot ng 2:tm hiu v phn ng th H ca nhm OH ancol Gv lm TN: C2H5OH+Na p HS viet ptp sau khi xy ra thm nc vo .HS quan st v vit ptp GV tiens hnh th nghim: Glierin+Cu(OH)2 HS viet ptp yu cu hs quan st ,gii thch hin tng v vit ptp GV kt lun :p u c dung nhn bit cc hlixerol v cc poliancol M cc nhm OH nh vi nhng nguyn t C cnh nhau ,chng hn nh etylen glicol

1) Phn ng th H ca nhm OH ancol a) Phn ng chung ca ancol C2H5OH+Na C2H5ONa+H2 Ancol hu nh khng p vi NaOH,m ngc li nattriancolat b thy phn hon ton C2H5ONa + H2O C2H5OH+NaOH TQ :CnH2n+1OH+Na CnH2n+1ONa+1/2H2 b) Phn ng ring vi glixerol Glixerol + Cu(OH)2phc cht tan mu xanh da tri

Hot ng 3:Yu cu hc sinh xem SGK gio vin m t th nghim v vit phng trnh phn ng v gii thch ?yu cu HS rt ra kt lun v kh nng phn ng ca ancol vi cc acid khc Gio vin m t th nghim C2H5OH + C2H5OH trong mi trng H2SO4, gii thch v yu cu HS

$ Dng phn ng ny phn bit ancol a chc c cc nhm OH cnh nhau vi ancol n chc 2) Phn ng th OH ancol Phn ng vi acid (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH+H2SO4$(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OSO3H+ H2O TQ:R-OH+HA$RA+H2O VD:C2H5OH+Br2$ C2H5 Br+H2O

_Ancol tac dung vi cac acd manh nh : H2SO4,HNO3,HX boc hi $nhom OH 186

vit PTPU

ancol b the bi goc acid HS viet ptp Phn ng vi ancol C2H5OH+ C2H5OH $ C2H5O C2H5+H2O 3) Phn ng tch nc

Hot ng 4: Tm hiu v phn ng tch nc ?Yu cu hc sinh vit ptpu tch nc ca C2H5OH v cn bng Gio vin gii thch v rt ra nhn xt :Hng ca phn ng tch nc tun theo quy tc Zaisep ?Yu cu HS xem sch gio khoa v pht biu quy tc Zaisep Hot ng 5:Tm hiu v phn ng OXH ?C my loi phn ng OXH. Vit PTPU minh ha cho tng loi

HS viet ptp

Quy tc Zaisep: Nhm OH u tin tch ra cng vi H nguyn t C bc cao hn bn cnh to lin kt i VD:

HS phat bieu

4) Phn ng oxy ha Oxh khong hoan toan

Co 4 loai. HS viet ptp

Hot ng 6:Tm cch v iu ch etanol 187

Oxh hoan toan CnH2n+1OH+3n/2O2$nCO2+(n+1)H2O II. iu ch v ng dng 1) iu ch Cho anken hp nc

Gio vin lin h tnh cht ca anken hc dn dt qua cch iu ch Hidrat ha etylen vi xc tc acid Gio vin hng dn hc sinh phng php iu ch glyxerol t propylen Gio vin lin h cch nu ru trong dn gian dn dt qua cch iu ch ln men tinh bt

ieu che etanol trong CN

CnH2n+H2O$ CnH2n+1OH Thy phn n xut halogen

CH3Cl+ NaOH$ CH3OH+Na Cl Glyxerol c iu ch t propylene CH2=CHCH3+Cl2$CH2=CHCH2 Cl+ Cl2$ClCH2C-CHOHCH2Cl+ NaOH$

Phng phap hoa sinh Nguyn liu tinh bt : Cc phn ng iu ch (C6H6O5)n+

Hot ng 7: Tm hiu cch iu ch etanol trong cng nghip Gio vin yu cu HS xem sch gio khoa v tr li cu hi ? C my cch iu ch etanol trong cng nghip

(C6H6O5)n+ H2O iu ch metanol trong CN Metanol c sn xut t metan theo hai cch sau: CH4+H2O$CO+3H2 CO+3H2$CH3OH 2CH4+O2$ 2CH3OH Co 2 cach

188

Hot ng 8:Tm hiu v cc ng dng ca etanol v metanol Gio vin yu cu HS xem SGK Cui cng gio vin tng kt Etanol l nhng ancol s dng nhiu, Hs xem SGK bn cnh cc li ch m etanol ancol em li cn bit tnh c hi ca chng i vi mi trng . III. CUNG CO : Tnh chat hoa hoc Phng phap ieu che IV. DAN DO : Ve nha lam BT trong SGK :18/229

2)

ng dng: a) ng dng ca etanol: SGK b) ng dng ca methanol:SGK

189

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Tun :26 Tit :52

Bi 41: PHENOL
I/ Mc tiu bi hc: 1. V kin thc: Hc sinh bit v tnh cht vt l v ng dng ca phenol Hc sinh hiu: nh ngha, s nh hng qua li gia cc nguyn t trong phn t 2. V k nng: - Vn dng phn bit ancol, phenol II/ Chun b: M hnh phn t ancol III/ T chc hot ng dy hc: 1. n nh lp: 2. Kim tra bi c: 3. Tin trnh: Hot ng ca thy Hat ng ca tr Ni dung Cho v d hc sinh nhn xt gia ancol thm v phenol dnh ngha phenol
I. NH NGHA, PHAN LOAI 1. nh ngha Nhn xt so snh Phenol la nhng hp chat cu to cc cht hu c trong phan t co nhom OH lien ket trc tiep vi nguyen t C cua vong benzen Phn loi da vo 2. Phan loai gc hidrocacbon v Da theo so nhom OH s nhm chc OH trong phan t cac phenol phan thanh 2 loai a. Phenol n chc: Phan t co mot nhom OH phenol b. Phenol a chc: Phan t o 2 hay nhieu nhom OH phenol II. PHENOL 1. Cau tao - Cong thc phan t C6H6O Vit cu to phn - CTCT C6H5OH t phenol hay . . . . . . - Goc phenyl C6H5- Nhom -OH

Hng dn hc sinh phn loi phenol

Gii thiu cu to phenol

190

2. Tnh chat vat l - ieu kien thng phenol la chat ran Dc sch khong mau, nong chay Yu cu hc sinh c t Phenol to lin kt 42oC sch gio khoa v rt ra kt hidro bn vng nn - e lau phenol chuyen lun chung v tnh cht vt nhit si, nng thanh mau hong do b l ca phenol chy cao oxi hoa cham trong khong kh - phenol rat oc - phenol t tan trong nc lanh, tan nhieu trong nc nong va trong etanol 3. Tnh chat hoa hoc a. Phan ng the nguyen t H cua nhom -OH Vit phn ng * Tac dung vi kim loai Phn tch cu to hng ti kiem ( Na, K..) tnh cht ha hc ca 2C6H5OH + 2Na 2C6H5ONa phenol + H2 Yu cu hc sinh vit ptp * Tac dung vi dd ca phenol vi Na baz ( NaOH, KOH. . .) C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O - Phenol co tnh axt rat Vit phn ng yeu, phenol khong lam oi mau qu tm. Yu cu hc sinh vit ptp - Phenol co tnh axt yeu ca phenol vi dd NaOH hn axt cacboxylic Vit phn ng chn minh C6H5ONa +CO2+ H2O tnh axit ca phenol rt yu. C6H5OH + NaHCO3 Nhan xet: Vong benzen lam tang kha nang phan ng nguyen t H thuoc nhom OH trong phan t phenol so vi Nhn xt v s nh ancol h7ng qau li gia b. Phan ng the => nh hng qua li gia cc nguyn t trong nguyen t H cua cc nguyn t trong phn t phn t vong benzen C6H5OH+3Br2 C6H2Br3OH +

191

Hng dn so snh kh nng phn ng th ca phenol v bezen Vit phn ng Pht tho s iu ch phenol. Yu cu hc sinh vit li cc phong trnh phn nh Vit cc phong trnh iu ch

3HBr ( 2,4,6- tri brom phenol) Nhan xet: Nguyen t H cua vong benzen trong phan t phenol de b thay the hn nguyen t H cua vong benzen trong phan t hirocacbon thm. o la anh hng cua nhom OH ti vong benzen 4. IEU CHE Trong cong nghiep - T cumen - T C6H6 C6H5BrC6H5ONa C6H5OH - Ngoai ra mot lng ang ke phenol c tach ra t nha than a trong qua trnh luyen coc 5. ng dung (SGK)

V nh lm cc bi tp trong SGK. Xem trc bi luyn tp IV/ Rt kinh nghim:

192

Ngy Son : Ngy Dy :

Tun :27 Tit :53

luyn tp dn xut halogen, phenol, ancol

I . Mc tiu bi dy 1. Kin thc - Cng c v h thng li tnh cht ha hc ca dn xut halogen - Mt s phng php iu ch dn xut halogen, ancol, phenol. - Mi quan h gia hirocacbon, dn xut halogen, ancol, phenol. 2.K nng - Vit phng trnh ha hc biu din cc phn ng ca ancol, phenol. - Vit phng trnh chuyn ha cc cht t hirocacbon thnh cc dn xut. II. Chun b. + H thng cu hi n tp + Bng tng kt tnh cht cc dn xut III . Ln lp 1) n nh t chc. 2) Bi mi. Tit 59 : luyn tp dn xut halogen, phenol, ancol I Kin thc c bn GV chiu ni dung bng tng kt Hp cht Dn xut halogen Ancol Phenol V d Danh php Nhit si Nhm chc CH3-CH2-Cl etyl clorua cloetan 12oC -Cl CH3-CH2-OH ancol etylic etanol 78,3oC -OH C6H5-OH phenol 182oC -OH

193

Phn ng th nhm chc Phn ng th H nhm chc Phn ng tch

CH3-CH2-Cl+NaOH CH3-CH2OH+NaCl

CH3-CH2-OH+HBr CH3-CH2Br+HOH

Lin kt OH v vng benzen rt bn

2CH3-CH2-OH+2Na 2C6H5-OH+2Na $ $ 2CH3-CH22C6H5-ONa+H2 ONa+H2

CH3CH2Cl $ CH2=CH2 CH3CH2OH $ +H CH2=CH2 Cl +H2O

Phn ng th H gc hirocac bon iu ch *Th H ca hirocacbon. *Cng vo hirocacbon khng no. *Th X ca dn *Th H ca benzen. xut halogen. *Oxi ha cumen. *Cng H2O vo hirocacbon khng no.

Danh php :- Hy c tn cc cht trn ? (cc cch gi khc nhau). -GV nu li cc cch gi tn tng qut +Dn xut halogen : Tn gc chc, tn thay th. +Ancol : Tn thng thng, tn thay th. +Phn tch s tng ng gia tn ancol v DX halogen Nhit si : Nhit si ph thuc yu t no? Ti sao etanol cao hn nhiu so vi cloetan? $ Lin kt hiro. Phn ng th nhm chc: Nhm no c th thay th Cl v OH trong cc v d trn Phng trnh phn ng? $ mi quan h gia DX halogen v ancol Phn ng th H nhm chc : H lin kt vi O linh ng hn H lin kt vi C 194

Phn ng tch: $ Mi lin h vi hirocacbon. Phn ng th H gc hirocacbon : DX halogen v ancol cng c phn ng iu ch : Vit y s mi quan h hirocacbon, DX halogen v ancol. B xung thm phenol. II Bi tp. Bi tp 1 : Cho ancol propan-2-ol, hy hon thnh 6 PTP trong s trn. Bi tp 2 : Cho 7,8 gam hn hp A gm ancol metylic v ancol etylic tc dng ht vi Na thu c 2,24 lt H2 (KTC). Phn trm khi lng ca ancol etylic trong hn hp A l: A.50%. B.58,97% C.41,03% D.46% Bi tp 3 : Vit cc ng phn l dn xut ca benzen c CTPT l C7H8O. Cho cc cht tc dng vi Na v dung dch NaOH, vit phng trnh phn ng(nu c). 3) V nh - Bi tp 3,4,5,6 Tr 195. - n tp chun b kim tra 1 tit.
Ngy Son : Ngy Dy : Tun :27 Tit :54

KIM TRA MT TIT BI KIM

I. Mc tiu bi hc - Kin thc - Cng c kin thc v dn xut halogen, ancol, phenol. - K nng 3. Rn luyn k nng vit phng trnh phn ng dn xut halogen, ancol, phenol. 4. Vn dng kin thc lm mt s dng bi tp c bn. II. Phng php ging dy - S dng cu hi trc nghim nhiu la chn. III. Chun b - Gio vin 5. Chun b ni dung kim tra nh gi. - Hc sinh 1. Cn chun b trc ni dung hc chng 8 kim tra. IV. Tin trnh ln lp - n nh lp - Ni dung kim tra Trc Nghim 100% =30 Cu

195

 Th thng nm2008 H v tn: Lp : . 45 ph ) im ngy

Bi kim tra s 4 Mn: Ho hc 11 ( Thi gian: Li ph ca c gio

1. S ng phn ru c cng thc phn t

l :

A. 8 ng phn B. 5 ng phn C. 14 ng phn D. 12 ng phn 2. .t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol A v B thuc dy ng ng ca ancol metylic ngi ta thu c 70,4 gam v 39,6 gam nc. Vy m c gi tr no sau y? D. 24,9 A. 3,32 gam B. 33,2 gam C. 16,6 gam gam 3.un nng hn hp propylclorua vi dd KOH v C2H5OH,sau phn ng thu c kh l: A. Metan B. Etilen C. Propilen D. Etin 4. Cho 2 cht lng sau ng trong 2 dung dch mt nhn: vinylclorua v brombenzen. nhn bit 2 cht lng ny ta dng: A. H2O v NaOH B. dd HCl v dd AgNO3 C. dd NaOH v dd AgNO3 D. dd HCl v H2O HCl 5.Cho s sau: CH4 C2H2 X Y . X v Y ln lt l: A. C2H2Cl , PVC B. C2H5Cl , PVC C. C2H3Cl , cao su buna D. C2H3Cl, PVC 6. Ch dng nc , dd NaOH v AgNO3 trong nhng iu kin thch hp c th phn bit c cc dd trong nhm no sau y? A . C2H5Cl , CH3CH=CHCl, CH3Cl B. C6H5Br, C6H5CHBrCH3, C6H5CH2Br C. C2H5Cl, CH3CH=CHCl, C6H5Cl D. C2H5Cl, C3H7Cl, C4H9Cl 7. Cp cht no sau y va c th tc dng vi Na va c th tc dng vi NaOH? A. C2H5OH, C6H5OH B.C6H5CH2OH, CH3-C6H5 C.C6H5CH2OH,CH3C6H4-OH D. C6H5OH,CH3C6H4OH 8. C bao nhiu ng phn c cng cng thc phn t khi oxi ho bng ( ) to sn phm c phn ng trng gng? 196
1500o C t o , p , xt

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

9. .t chy hon ton 2 ancol X, Y ng ng k tip nhau, ngi ta thy t s mol v tng dn. X, Y thuc loi ancol no sau y? A. ancol no B. ancol khng no C. ancol thm D. phenol
10. .Khi tch nc t mt cht X c cng thc phn t C4H10O to thnh ba anken l ng phn ca nhau (tnh c ng phn hnh hc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l

A.

B.

C.

D.

11. Cho 2,84 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol n chc A, B tc dng va vi . Sau phn ng thu c 4,6 gam cht rn v bao nhiu lt hiro (ktc)? D. 0,896 A. 2,24 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 1,792 lt lt
12. Sc kh phenol l n d vo bnh cha 1500 gam dung dch 25% natri phenolat thu c khi lng

A. 462,77 gam

gam 13. C 3 ng nghim ng dung dch ring bit khng dn nhn: Propanol,glixerol v phenol. nhn bit tng ng ,dng: A. Na, Br2 B. Cu(OH)2 , Br2 C. Cu(OH)2 , Na D. NaOH, HNO3 14. un nng mt hn hp gm 2 ru vi c thu c 21,6gam v 72gam hn hp 3 ete c s mol bng nhau. Cng thc hai ru l? A. B. C. D. 15. Khi cho 2,2-imetylpropanol tc dng vi thu c sn phm chnh l cht no sau y? B. 3-clo-2,2C. 2-clo-3D. 2-clo-2A. 1-clo-2,2-imetylpropan imetylpropan metylbutan metylbutan 16. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol A v B thuc dy ng ng ca ancol metylic ngi ta thu c 70,4 gam v 39,6 gam nc. Vy m c gi tr no sau y? D. 24,9 A. 3,32 gam B. 33,2 gam C. 16,6 gam gam 17. .Cho 1,52g hn hp 2 ancol n chc ng ng k tip nhau, tc dng vi natri va , c 2,18g cht rn. Cng thc phn t ca 2 ancol l cng thc no sau y? A. C. v v B. v D. C4H9OH v

B. 48,62 gam

C. 231,38 gam

D. 303,88

18. Ancol X n chc c 60% khi lng cacbon trong phn t. Cng thc phn t ca ancol l: A. B. 197 C. D. A, B, C u

19. t chy hon ton ancol n chc A thu c 4,4 gam thc phn t ca Al A. B. C.

sai v 3,6 gam nc. Cng D.

20. A, B l 2 ancol no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Cho hn hp gm 1,6 gam A v 2,3 gam B tc dng ht vi thu c 1,12 lt hiro (ktc). A, B c cng thc phn t ln lt l B. A. C. D. 21. t chy hon ton 2 ancol X, Y ng ng k tip nhau, ngi ta thy t s mol v tng dn. X, Y thuc loi ancol no sau y? A. ancol no
22. .un nng mt ru X vi thc tng qut ca X l:

B. ancol khng no

C. ancol thm

D. phenol

m c nhit thch hp thu c mt olefin duy nht. Cng

A.

B.

C.

D.

23. Cho bit sn phm chnh ca phn ng kh nc ca

A. 2-metyl B. 3-metyl butenD. 3-metyl butenC. 2-metyl buten-2 buten-1 1 2 24. Khi un nng 30g ru n chc no vi c th thu c mt anken. Hiu sut phn ng t 80%. Lng Aken trn c th phn ng vi 6,4g brm. Xc nh CTPT ru dng: C. 42,3% v D. 62,5% v A. 51,5% v 48,5% B. 32% v 68% 57,7% 37,5% 25. Mt dn xut halogen X khi un nng vi dd NaOH long trong C2H5OH s to ra 2 anken.X l cht no sau y? A. 1-clobutan B. 2-clobutan C.1-clo-2-metylpropan D. 2-clo-2metylpropan 26.Mt dung dch phenolo bo ho c ln tp cht NaBr.Dng cc ho cht no sau y tch c phenol? A. NaOH v H2O B. NaOH v kh CO2 C. NaOH v etanol D. Kh CO2 v metanol 27. Tn gi 3-metylbutan-2-ol ng vi cht no sau y? A. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH B. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 C. CH3CH(OH)CH(CH3)CH3 D. (CH3)3C-OH 28.ng vi cng thc C8H10O c bao nhiu ng phn l dn xut ca benzen? 198

A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12 29.X v Y cng c phn ng vi kim loi Na,vi CuO khi nung nng ngng khng phn ng vi NaOH.X c phn ng ho tan Cu(OH)2 cn Y khng c.X ,Y l ng phn ca nhau v cng 1 loi nhm chc. X, Y l: A.Propan-1,2-iol v propan-1-ol B.propan-1,3-iol v butan-1-ol C. propan-1,2-iol v propan-1,3-iol D. propan-1,2-iol v butan-1-ol 30. Dn 1 mol qua CuO nung nng. Sau phn ng cn li thy ng cha CuO gim 8g. Vy khi lng andhit to thnh l B. C. D. A. 11g 22g 23g 4,6g

199

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CHNG IX: ANDEHIT - XETON - AXIT CACBOXILIC

Bi 44: ANDEHIT - XETON

I. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: Cho hc sinh nm c cc khi nim v andehit v xeton : Tnh cht, s ging nhau v khc nhau gia chng. 2. K nng: - Vit c cc CTCT, tn gi cc andehit no, n chc, mch h. - Gii c cc bi tp v tnh cht ha hc ca andehit. 3. Tnh cm, thi : - Rn luyn thi lm vic khoa hc, nghim tc. - Xy dng tnh tch cc, ch ng, hp tc, c k hoch v to c s cho cc em yu thch mn ha hc. II. Chun b: Th nghim phn ng trng bc ca andehit, cc cu hi c lin quan n ancol, andehit, xeton cho phn kim tra bi c. III. Phng php: Dy hc nu vn . IV. T chc hot ng: Bi mi: Hot ng ca thy Hot ng ca tr Ghi bng A. ANDEHIT: I.nh ngha,phn loi,danh php: 1. Nu mt s v d v Andehit l cc hp cht hu 1. nh ngha: yu cu hc sinh nu c m phn t c nhm * Andehit l cc hp cht hu c m khi nim v andehit ? -CH=O lin kt trc tip vi phn t c nhm -CH=O lin kt trc nguyn t C khc tip vi nguyn t C khc hoc vi H. * VD: H-CH=O ; O=HC-CH=O.... 2. T cc v d, nu cc andehit no, khng no, thm, 2. Phn loi: C nhiu loi : andehit no, loi andehit ? V d ? a chc, n chc... ty vo khng no, thm, a chc, n chc... c im cu to v theo s ty vo c im cu to v theo s nhm -CHO. nhm -CHO. * No n chc . * VD: * Khng no n chc. No n chc : CnH2nO (n 1) * No a chc. CTCT thu gn : CxH2x+1CHO (x 0) * Khng no a chc ... 3. Danh php: 3. T cch gi tn * Tn thay th : dy no n chc. nu, hy vit ng phn Tn hidrocacbon no tng ng vi andehit v gi tn cht Hc sinh vit, c tn, gio mch chnh + al. c CTPT C5H10O ? vin cng c lp kim tra (Mch chnh l mch di nht bt u t li. nhm -CHO). * Tn thng thng :

200

4. Da vo CTCT ca HCHO, nu c im cu to ca cc andehit C nhm : -CH = O cha 1 no n chc ? lin kt i c 1 bn v 1 km bn. 5. Nu cc tnh cht vt l c bn ca anehit no - Cc andehit u dy l cht n chc ? kh, khng mu, xc, tan tt trong nc . Cc cht cn li l cht lng v rn, tan gim dn theo chiu tng ca M. - Dung dch HCHO trong nc gi l fomon, dd bo 6. T c im cu to ha 37-40% : fomalin. hy nu tnh cht ha hc ca andehit ? Do c lin kt i, nn andehit c tnh cht tng t 7. Gio vin lm th anken : cng, oxi ha... nghim phn ng trng bc, hc sinh quan st, Hc sinh nu, vit phn ng, vit phn ng v nu gio vin cng c lp kim ng dng ca phn ng tra li. ny ? * Kt lun andehit l cht va c tnh oxi ha, va l 8. Vit phn ng iu cht c tnh kh. ch HCHO, CH3CHO t ru tng ng ? CH3-OH + CuO -t0-> HCHO + H2O + Cu C2H5-OH + CuO -t0-> CH3-CHO + H2O + Cu. 9. Tham kho SGK, nu ca ng dng quan trng ca andehit ? - HCHO dng sn xut nha . - Dung dch fomon lm cht ty u, st trng, ngm mu ng vt lm tiu bn.

andehit + tn axit tng ng. * VD: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CHO 3-metylbutanal. CH3-CHO : andehit axetic hay etanal CH3-(CH2)3-CHO : andehit valeric hay pentanal. II.Cu to, tnh cht vt l: 1. Cu to: C nhm : -CH = O cha 1 lin kt i c 1 bn v 1 km bn. 2. Tnh cht vt l: - iu kin thng: HCHO, CH3CHO l kh, khng mu, xc, tan tt trong nc v trong cc dung mi hu c. Cc cht cn li l cht lng v rn, tan gim dn theo chiu tng ca M. - Dung dch HCHO trong nc gi l fomon, dd bo ha 37-40% : fomalin. III. Tnh cht ha hc: 1. Phn ng cng H2: R-CH=O + H2 -t0,Ni-> R-CH2-OH [OXH] 2. Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton: R-CHO+2AgNO3 + H2O + 3NH3 -t0-> R-COONH4 + NH4NO3 + 2Ag. Andehit l cht kh. * Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng trng bc. * Andehit va l cht oxi ha va l cht kh. IV. iu ch: 1. T ancol bc 1: R-CH2-OH + CuO -t0-> R-CHO + H2O + Cu. 2. T hidrocacbon: * CH4 + O2 -t0,xt-> HCHO + H2O. * CH2=CH2 + O2 -t0,xt-> CH3-CHO. * CHCH + H2O -xt-> CH3-CHO. V. ng dng: - HCHO dng sn xut nha phenolfomandehit, urefomandehit. - Dung dch fomon lm cht ty u, st trng, ngm mu ng vt lm tiu bn. - CH3-CHO dng sn xut axit axetic lm nguyn liu cho nhiu ngnh sn

201

- CH3-CHO dng sn xut xut. axit axetic lm nguyn liu - Mt s dng lm hng liu trong CN cho nhiu ngnh sn xut. thc phm, m phm... - Mt s dng lm hng liu trong CN thc phm, m phm... V.Cng c v dn d: - Lm bi tp 3/203 SGK ti lp. - Lm bi tp 4,5/203 SGK, hc v son bi mi cho tit sau.

202

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Bi 44: ANDEHIT - XETON

I. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: Cho hc sinh nm c cc khi nim v andehit v xeton : Tnh cht, s ging nhau v khc nhau gia chng. 2. K nng: - Vit c cc CTCT, tn gi cc andehit no, n chc, mch h. - Gii c cc bi tp v tnh cht ha hc ca andehit. 3. Tnh cm, thi : - Rn luyn thi lm vic khoa hc, nghim tc. - Xy dng tnh tch cc, ch ng, hp tc, c k hoch v to c s cho cc em yu thch mn ha hc. II. Chun b: Th nghim phn ng trng bc ca andehit, cc cu hi c lin quan n ancol, andehit, xeton cho phn kim tra bi c. III. Phng php: Dy hc nu vn . IV. T chc hot ng: 1. Kim tra bi c : Vit CTCT ca andehit axetic v vit cc phn ng th hin tnh cht ha hc ca n ? 2. Bi mi: Hot ng ca thy Hot ng ca tr Ghi bng B. XETON: I.nh ngha: * Xeton l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm >C=O lin kt trc tip vi 2 nguyn t C khc . * VD: CH3-CO-CH3 : dimetyl xeton (axeton) CH3-CO-C6H5 : metyl phenyl xeton. (axetophenol) CH3-CO-CH=CH2 : metyl vinyl xeton

1. Nu mt s v d v * Xeton l nhng hp cht yu cu hc sinh nu hu c m phn t c nhm khi nim v xeton ? >C=O lin kt trc tip vi 2 nguyn t C khc * VD: CH3-CO-CH3 : dimetyl xeton (axeton) CH3-CO-C6H5 : metyl phenyl xeton.(axetophenol) 2. T cch gi tn nu, hy vit ng phn xetn v gi tn cht c CTPT C5H10O ? 3. Da vo CTCT ca xetn nu tnh cht ha hc ca chng v cho v d ? Hc sinh vit, gi tn, gio vin cng c lp kim tra li. Tham gia phn ng cng ging andehit to ancol bc hai . Tuy nhin khng cho phn ng trng bc.

II. Tnh cht ha hc : * Ging andehit : Cng H2 to thnh ancol bc 2. VD : CH3-CO-CH3 + H2 -Ni,t0-> CH3-CH(OH)-CH3.

203

* Khc vi andehit : khng tham gia phn ng trng bc. 4. Nu cch iu ch Oxi ha ancol bc hai ta xetn ? c xetn. IV. iu ch: VD: CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 + CuO 1. T ancol bc 2: --t0-> CH3-CO-CH3 + Cu + R-CH(OH)-R1 + CuO -t0-> H2O. R-CO-R1 + H2O + Cu. VD:..... 2. T hidrocacbon: * Oxi ha khng hon ton cumen ta c axeton v phenol: C6H5-CH(CH3)2 + O2 -t0,ddH2SO4xt-> Axeton c dng lm dung CH3-CO-CH3 + C6H5OH. mi trong qu trnh sn xut 5. Tham kho SGK, nu nhiu hp cht trong nghnh V. ng dng: cc ng dng quan CN m phm, lm nguyn - Axeton c dng lm dung mi trng ca xetn ? liu tng hp clorofom, trong qu trnh sn xut nhiu hp cht iodofom... trong nghnh CN m phm, lm nguyn - Xiclohexanol c dng liu tng hp clorofom, iodofom... lm nguyn liu sn xut mt - Xiclohexanol =O s polime nh t capron, c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut nilon-6,6... mt s polime nh t capron, nilon6,6... V.Cng c v dn d: - Lm bi tp 6/203 SGK ti lp. - Lm bi tp 7,8,9/203 SGK, hc v son bi mi cho tit sau.

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AXIT CACBOXILIC
A. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: Cho hc sinh nm c cc khi nim , nh ngha, phn loi v gi tn ca axit cacboxilic. Nm c v hiu c cu to ca axit, t hiu c cc tnh cht ha hc c bn ca axit trn c s axit axetic. 2. K nng: - Vn dng cc tnh cht ca axit axetic vit c cc phn ng ca cc axit ng ng. - Vit c cc phng trnh dng ion thu gn v lm cc bi tp c bn. 3. Tnh cm, thi : - Rn luyn thi lm vic khoa hc, nghim tc. - Xy dng tnh tch cc, ch ng, hp tc, c k hoch v to c s cho cc em yu thch mn ha hc. B. Chun b: Dng c : ng nghim, n cn, giy ch th pH. Ha cht : ancol etilic, axit axetic 0,1M, axit HCl 0,1M v H2SO4 c. C. Phng php: Dy hc nu vn . D. T chc hot ng: 1. Kim tra bi c : Vit CTCT cc xetn ng vi cng thc phn t C4H8O v gi tn chng ? Vit phn ng cng H2 ca axeton v phn ng iu ch n ? 2. Bi mi: Hot ng ca thy Hot ng ca tr Ghi bng I.nh ngha - Phn loi - Danh php Gii thiu nh ngha v 1. nh ngha : L nhng hp cht hu axit cacboxylic (phn t Da vo cc axit hu c c m phn t c nhm cacboxyl (c nhm COOH) bit a ra cc trc phn COOH) lin kt trc tip vi nt cacbon Yu cu hc sinh vit t axit cacboxylic v cng khc hoc vi nt hidro. cng thc tng qut ca thc tng qut ca axit * VD: H-COOH ; CH3-COOH... axit cacboxylic Phn loi axit cacboxylic Nhm -COOH l nhm chc ca axit theo gc hidrocacbon v s cacboxilic. nhm chc 2. Phn lai: Hng dn hc sinh gi Gi tn cc axit theo tn a. Axit no, n, mch h: tn cc axit theo tn quc t v tn thng thng CTchung : CnH2n+1COOH (n 0) thng thng, tn gc theo s hng dn ca gio Hoc CmH2mO (m 1) chc v tn thay th vin b. Axit khng no, n, mch h: CT chung : CnH2n+1-2kCOOH (n 2) c. Axit thm, n chc: VD: C6H5-COOH... d. Axit a chc: Phn t c nhiu nhm COOH> 3. Danh php : axit no n, mch h. * Tn thng thng :... * Tn thay th : Axit + tn hidrocacbon no tng ng

205

Phn t c nguyn t O tc d0in tch m cao v nguyn t H tch in tch dng cao to s phn cc mnh nn phn t to lin kt hidro bn vng v ln kt O-H phn cc mnh to tnh axit ca chng Phn tch cu to nm cacboxyl Yu cu hc sinh l gii tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca axit da vo cc to nhm chc

vi mch chnh + oic. VD:...... II. c im cu to: * Do nhm chc c cha nhm -C=O c O c A ln nn: - H trong COOH ca axit linh ng hn trong phenol v ancol. - nhm -OH trong axit cng d b t ra trong ca phn ng hn phenol v ancol. III. Tnh cht vt l: * To lin kt hidro bn hn ancol nn - k thng : cht lng hoc rn. - t0s tng khi M tng, v cao hn cc ancol c cng M. - HCOOH, CH3COOH tan v hn trong nc, tan gim dn theo chiu tng ca M. - Chua.

E.Cng c v dn d: - Lm bi tp 6/203 SGK ti lp. - Lm bi tp 7,8,9/203 SGK, hc v son bi mi cho tit sau.

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Tun :29 Tit :58

AXIT CACBOXILIC
A. Mc tiu: 1. Kin thc: Cho hc sinh nm c cc khi nim , nh ngha, phn loi v gi tn ca axit cacboxilic. Nm c v hiu c cu to ca axit, t hiu c cc tnh cht ha hc c bn ca axit trn c s axit axetic. 2. K nng: - Vn dng cc tnh cht ca axit axetic vit c cc phn ng ca cc axit ng ng. - Vit c cc phng trnh dng ion thu gn v lm cc bi tp c bn. 3. Tnh cm, thi : - Rn luyn thi lm vic khoa hc, nghim tc. - Xy dng tnh tch cc, ch ng, hp tc, c k hoch v to c s cho cc em yu thch mn ha hc. B. Chun b: Dng c : ng nghim, n cn, giy ch th pH. Ha cht : ancol etilic, axit axetic 0,1M, axit HCl 0,1M v H2SO4 c. C. Phng php: Dy hc nu vn . D. T chc hot ng: 1. Kim tra bi c : Vit CTCT cc xetn ng vi cng thc phn t C4H8O v gi tn chng ? Vit phn ng cng H2 ca axeton v phn ng iu ch n ? 2. Bi mi: Hot ng ca thy Hot ng ca tr Ghi bng IV. Tnh cht ha hc: ? Em hy cho v d v 1. Tnh axit : s ph thuc ca gc a. Phn li trong nc: (R-) i vi lc axit cua CH3-COOH <---> CH3-COO- + H+. axit cacboxylic Lm qu ha . Hc sinh vit. b. Tc dng vi baz, oxit baz : VD: CH3COOH + NaOH --> ? Em hy lin h vi cc CH3COOH + ZnO ---> bi trc vit phng c. Tc dng vi mui: ca cc axit yu trnh phn ng gia mt hn nh CO32- , SO32-... axit cacboxylic vi Br2. VD: CH3COOH + Na2CO3 ---> Cu to ca axit cacboxylic d. Tc dng vi KL: ng trc H. ? Em hy vit phng VD: CH3COOH + Na ---> gm 2 phn l gc trnh phn ng gia axit cacboxyl(-COOH) v 2. Phn ng th nhm OH: cacboxylic vi Cl2 khi gc(R-), s khc nhau gia Gi l phn ng este ha . H2SO4,t0 c xc tc l (P) -> cac axit cacboxylic l do gc VD: CH3COOH + CH3OH V.iu ch : (R-) khc nhau. Do lc ? Em hy vit phng 1. Ln men gim: axit ca axit cacboxlic ph trnh phn ng gia axit thuc vo tnh cht ca C2H5OH + O2 --lmg-> CH3COOH + benzonic v axit nitric. H2O. gc(R-). 2. Oxi ha andehit:

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VD:... ? Hon thnh cc phn 3. Oxi ha ankan: ng sau VD: 2C4H10 + 5O2 -180,50atm,xt-> Hc sinh hon thnh phng 4CH3COOH + 2H2O. trnh phn ng trn bng 4. T metanol: CH3OH + CO -t0,xt--> CH3COOH VI. ng dng: Lm nguyn liu cho mt s nghnh cng nghip nh : m phm, dt, ha hc... E.Cng c v dn d: - Lm cc bi tp cn li. - hc v son bi mi cho tit sau.

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Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic

I. Mc tiu bi hc : 1. V kin thc : - Hc sinh bit s ging nhau v khc nhau v tnh cht ho hc gia AnehitXeton- Axit Cacboxylic - Mi lin quan gia cu trc v tnh cht Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic 2. V k nng : - Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho tnh cht ca Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic II. Chun b : 1. dng dy hc: Bng h thng kin thc cn nh v Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic III. Phng php : m thoi, nu vn IV. T chc hot ng dy hc: 1. n nh lp : 2. Kim tra bi c : 3. Bi mi :
HOAT ONG CUA GV HOAT ONG CUA HS NOI DUNG

Bi 46: LUYN TP

HOAT ONG 1: GV dung cau hoi van HS tra li theo 1. Cau tao, danh phap ap HS e hoan chnh cac cau hoi cua theo bang: GV. Va lay th du ANEHIT AXIT Cau tao R- CHO( R: CxHy; H; -CHO) R-COOH ( R: CxHy; H; -COOH)
- Ma h chnh baa t C HO c t u 1

- Ma h chnh baa t-COOH c t u

Ten thay the

- Ten = Ten hirocacbon no tng ng vi mach chnh + al Th du: HCHO , CH3CHO Metanal etanal

Phan loai

- Ten = Axit + Ten hirocacbon no tng ng vi mach chnh + oic. Th du: HCOOH, CH3COOH Axit metanoic, Axit etanoic Theo ac iem cua R: no, khong no, thm. Theo so lng nhom chc trong phan t: n chc, a chc.

209

Th du: - Ancol bac I $anehit$ axit cacboxylic. xt t0 Th du: R-CH2OH + CuO R-CHO + Cu + H2O, 2RCHO + O2 ieu che
2RCOOH

- Oxi hoa hirocacbon HgSO4 xt Th du: CH CH+HOH CH3CHO, 2CH3CHO 800

2CH3COOH

GV dung he thong cac HS tra li theo 2. Tnh chat. cau hoi e HS tra li cac cau hoi cua cac tnh chat quan trong GV. Va lay th du cua anehit, xeton va minh hoa ve tnh axit cacboxylic, QV co chat hoa hoc the trnh bay th t ien vao bang. hoac di dang bang: Anehit Xeton Axit Cong thc R- CHO( R: CxHy; H; -CHO) R- COOH chung R-O-R ( R: CxHy) 1. Tnh oxi hoa: Anehit 1. Tnh axit: Tac dung vi qu va xeton b kh thanh tm, kim loai trc H2, baz, oxit ancol. baz, muoi. Th du: Th du: t0 ,xt * RCHO + H2 RCH2OH t0 , Ni * RCOR+ H2 R-CH(OH) Tnh chat
R

2. Tnh kh: Anehit b oxi hoa thanh axit tng ng. Th du: xt * 2RCHO + O2 2RCOOH

2. Tac dung vi ancol tao ete. Th du: TQ:

RC OOH +H O-R' t0, xt RCOOR' +H2O

V.Dn d : chun b bi tp VI.Rt kinh nghim :

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Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic

I. Mc tiu bi hc : 1. V kin thc : - Hc sinh bit s ging nhau v khc nhau v tnh cht ho hc gia AnehitXeton- Axit Cacboxylic - Mi lin quan gia cu trc v tnh cht Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic 2. V k nng : - Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho tnh cht ca Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic II. Chun b : 1. dng dy hc: Bng h thng kin thc cn nh v Anehit- Xeton- Axit Cacboxylic III. Phng php : m thoi, nu vn IV. T chc hot ng dy hc: 1. n nh lp : 2. Kim tra bi c : 3. Bi mi :

Bi 46: LUYN TP

211

Hot ng ca thy v tr Hot ng 1: GV: Chp ln bng, yu cu HS chp vo v. Bi 1: Mt hp cht hu c Y gm cc nguyn t C, H, O ch cha mt loi nhm chc c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng bc. Khi cho 0,01 mol Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong ammoniac th thu c 4,32 g Ag. Xc nh CTPT v vit CTCT ca Y, bit Y c cu to mch cacbon khng phn nhnh v cha 37,21% oxi v khi lng. GV: Yu cu HS tho lun lm bi. HS: Tho lun lm bi GV: Cho HS xung phong ln bng gii HS: Ln bng trnh by, cc HS cn li ly nhp lm bi GV: Gi HS nhn xt ghi im

Ni dung

Bi 1: Mt hp cht hu c Y gm cc nguyn t C, H, O ch cha mt loi nhm chc c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng bc. Khi cho 0,01 mol Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong ammoniac th thu c 4,32 g Ag. Xc nh CTPT v vit CTCT ca Y, bit Y c cu to mch cacbon khng phn nhnh v cha 37,21% oxi v khi lng. Gii
nY = 0,01(mol ) n 4,32 0,01 1 n Ag = = 0,04(mol ) Y = = 108 n Ag 0,04 4

C 2 trng hp + Nu Y l HCHO %mO = %mO =

16.100% = 53% 37,21% (loi) 30
32.100% = 37,21% M Y = 86 MY

+ Nu Y l R(CHO)2 = CxHyO2 12x + y = 86 suy ra x = 4, y = 6 CTCT: CHO CH2 CH2 CHO

Hot ng 2: GV: Chp ln bng, yu cu HS chp vo v. Bi 2: Cho 10,2 g hn hp X gm anehit axetic v anehit propioic tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong ammoniac d, thy c 43,2 g bc kt ta. a/ Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng xy ra. b/ Tnh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u. HS: Chp GV: Yu cu HS tho lun lm bi. HS: Tho lun lm bi

Bi 2: Cho 10,2 g hn hp X gm anehit axetic v anehit propioic tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong ammoniac d, thy c 43,2 g bc kt ta. a/ Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng xy ra. b/ Tnh % khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u. Gii a/ CH3CHO + 2AgNO3 + 4NH3 + H2O CH3COONH4 + 2NH4NO3 + 2Ag C2H5CHO + 2AgNO3 + 4NH3 + H2O C2H5COONH4 + 2NH4NO3 + 2Ag b/ Gi x, y ln lt l s mol anehit axetic, GV: Cho HS xung phong ln bng anehit propioic. gii 44x + 58y = 10,20 2x + 2y = 0,4 Gii h x = y = 0,1 212 HS: Ln bng trnh by, cc HS cn %CH3CHO =
0,1.44 .100 % = 43,14 % 10 ,2

V.Dn d : v nh chun b bi thc hnh VI.Rt kinh nghim :

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